Дисертації з теми "SPONTANEOUS INTERACTIONS"

La simulation quantique consiste à réaliser expérimentalement des systèmes artificiels équivalent à des modèles proposés par les théoriciens. Pour réaliser ces systèmes, il est possible d'utiliser des atomes dont les états individuels et les interactions sont contrôlés par la lumière. En particulier, une fois excités dans un état de haute énergie (appelé état de Rydberg), les atomes peuvent être contrôlés individuellement et leurs interactions façonnées arbitrairement par des faisceaux laser. Cette thèse s'intéresse à deux types de simulateurs quantiques à base d'atomes de Rydberg, et en particulier à leurs potentielles limitations.Dans l'expérience du Joint Quantum Institute (USA), nous observons la décohérence dans une structure cubique contenant jusqu'à 40000 atomes. A partir d'atomes préparés dans un état de Rydberg bien défini, nous constatons l'apparition spontanée d'états de Rydberg voisins et le déclenchement d'un phénomène d'avalanche. Nous montrons que ce mécanisme émane de l'émission stimulée produite par le rayonnement du corps noir. Ce phénomène s'accompagne d'une diffusion induite par des interactions de type dipole-dipole résonant. Nous complétons ces observations avec un modèle de champ moyen en état stationnaire. Dans un second temps, l'étude de la dynamique du problème nous permet de mesurer les échelles de temps caractéristiques. La décohérence étant globalement néfaste pour la simulation quantique, nous proposons plusieurs solutions pour en atténuer les effets. Nous évaluons notamment la possibilité de travailler dans un environnement cryogénique, lequel permettrait de réduire le rayonnement du corps noir.Dans l'expérience du Laboratoire Charles Fabry à l'Institut d'Optique (France), nous analysons les limites d'un simulateur quantique générant des structures bi- et tridimensionnelles allant jusqu'à 70 atomes de Rydberg piégés individuellement dans des pinces optiques. Le système actuel étant limité par le temps de vie des structures, nous montrons que l'utilisation d'un cryostat permettrait d'atteindre des tailles de structures jusqu'à 300 atomes. Nous présentons les premiers pas d'une nouvelle expérience utilisant un cryostat à 4K, et en particulier les études amont pour le développement de composants optomécaniques placés sous vide et à froid
Quantum simulation consists in engineering well-controlled artificial systems that are ruled by the idealized models proposed by the theorists. Such toy models can be produced with individual atoms, where laser beams control individual atomic states and interatomic interactions. In particular, exciting atoms into a highly excited state (called a Rydberg state) allows to control individual atoms and taylor interatomic interactions with light. In this thesis, we investigate experimentally two different types of Rydberg-based quantum simulators and identify some possible limitations.At the Joint Quantum Institute, we observe the decoherence of an ensemble of up to 40000 Rydberg atoms arranged in a cubic geometry. Starting from the atoms prepared in a well-defined Rydberg state, we show that the spontaneous apparition of population in nearby Rydberg states leads to an avalanche process. We identify the origin of the mechanism as stimulated emission induced by black-body radiation followed by a diffusion induced by the resonant dipole-dipole interaction. We describe our observations with a steady-state mean-field analysis. We then study the dynamics of the phenomenon and measure its typical timescales. Since decoherence is overall negative for quantum simulation, we propose several solutions to mitigate the effect. Among them, we discuss the possibility to work at cryogenic temperatures, thus suppressing the black-body induced avalanche.In the experiment at Laboratoire Charles Fabry (Institut d'Optique), we analyze the limitation of a quantum simulator based on 2 and 3 dimensional arrays of up to 70 atoms trapped in optical tweezers and excited to Rydberg states. The current system is limited by the lifetime of the atomic structure. We show that working at cryogenic temperatures could allow to increase the size of the system up to N=300 atoms. In this context, we start a new experiment based on a 4K cryostat. We present the early stage of the new apparatus and some study concerning the optomechanical components to be placed inside the cryostat

The study of plant-pollinator relationship and the degree of their specialization is among the most lively and debated issues in plant biology and ecology. The fates of plants and bee pollinators are strictly connected: the severe decline lately encountered by wild Apoidea, which in turn results in a lower pollination rate, trigger the so-called “extinction vortex” phenomenon. This study was finalized to improve knowledge on plant-pollinator interactions, in ecological context with conservation needs. Field work on the natural populations of Dictamnus albus allowed us to define practical methods for the joint protection of wild Apoidea and endangered plants applicable in several contexts. In order to define the pollinator importance of single taxa and of the whole pollinator guild of D. albus, an index distinguishing between potential (PPI) and realized (RPI) pollinator importance was created. Moreover, it was assessed the effect of some abiotic and biotic factors on the abundance and activity pattern of flower-visiting insect groups. Laboratory experiments on Gentiana lutea nectar pointed out a gender-specific amino acid solution preference in Bombus terrestris, one of the main pollinator of this plant, and confirm a negative influence of high amino acid concentration diet on insect mortality. The behavioural study showed that β-alanine may affect either positively or negatively bumble bees walking and flying activities depending on its concentration, and that GABA enriched solution greatly increase bumble bee survival time. Studies on B. terrestris colony development and reproductive strategies led to define an inbreeding risk index (IRI) for the colony and highlighted the lack of an inbreeding-avoidance system in this species. Finally, three years of rearing practice allowed to provide new guidance methods for diapause and deposition in bumble bee artificial rearing. In conclusion, this thesis may help to better understand of the complex world of plant-pollinator relationships.

Master of Arts
Department of Modern Languages
Janice McGregor
The current study investigates phrase-initial parts of speech as found in intermediate German textbooks and compares these findings to utterance-initial parts of speech as found in spontaneous speech in German-language interactions. This is important, because learning and using German word order appears to be a struggle for German learners whose first language is English. Research has shown that possible word order realizations in a language are partly restricted by the parts of speech system of that language (Hengeveld, Rijkhoff, & Siewierska, 2004; Vulanovic & Köhler, 2009). This is important because English and German have different parts of speech systems (Hengeveld et. al., 2004; Hengeveld & van Lier, 2010). Doherty (2005) analyzed English to German translations of an international science magazine and found that almost every second sentence begins differently. Instead, this study looks at talk in contexts of use and compares these findings with textbook language because, in recent years, communicative approaches to language teaching have been adopted by a large number of US German language programs. One would thus expect that textbooks used in these classrooms would contain at least some input with constructions that are typical to contexts of use. The results of the study indicate that construction-initial parts of speech in textbooks and in contexts of use are quite different. These differences imply that if it is a communicative approach that is being promoted, textbook authors and German educators would do well to expose students to actual talk from contexts of use so that they might learn to make meaning based on considerations of context.

La dégradation des éléments semi-naturels du paysage agricoleet l’intensifi cation des pratiques agricoles ont conduit à l’altérationdes services écosystémiques. Une meilleure compréhensiondes mécanismes de la régulation des bioagresseurs permet ledéveloppement de systèmes agricoles économes en produitsphytosanitaires. Les espèces végétales des habitats semi-naturels,notamment des bordures de parcelles, peuvent constituerdes refuges et proposer des ressources pour les insectes inféodésaux cultures. La thèse vise à expliciter le rôle de la végétationdes bords de champ pour alimenter l’ingénierie agroécologique.Les analyses s’appuient sur des relevés botaniques et entomologiques,sur des enquêtes agronomiques, sur des relevésd’occupation des sols dans le paysage, ainsi que sur la mise enplace de mélanges d’espèces tests le long des cultures.Nous avons mis en évidence l’importance de la végétation spontanéede bordures et surtout du couvert des plantes entomophiles enfl eurs dans la régulation des ravageurs. En comparaison avec lepaysage entourant les parcelles, les facteurs locaux (pratiquesagricoles, fl ore des bordures) ont une plus grande infl uence surles populations des ravageurs. La mise en place d’une nouvelleméthode de marquage du nectar au 13C nous a permis de suivrel’alimentation et le déplacement de parasitoïdes. Les bandesfl euries optimisées pour la production des ressources fl oralesaméliorent la régulation des ravageurs. Les résultats obtenusdans ce travail permettent de formuler de nouvelles pistes degestion de l
The degradation of semi-natural habitats and land use intensifi cationhave resulted in a loss of ecosystem services. A better understandingof the mechanisms of crop herbivore regulation is neededto improve plant protection and to reduce insecticide treatments.Plant species of semi-natural habitats such as herbaceous fi eldmargins, provide shelter and food resources for crop insects. Thethesis aims to evaluate the role of the fi eld margin vegetation toimprove our knowledge on interaction with crop herbivores and naturalenemies and to optimise ecological engineering approaches.The studies are based on botanical and entomological surveys, onquestionnaire information (land use) and on landscape mapping.In one experiment we manipulated fi eld margin vegetation, to compareeffects of vegetation rich in fl oral resources with control treatments(spontaneous vegetaion, grass strips).We demonstrated theimportance of spontaneous vegetation, particularly the abundanceof fl owering entomophilous plants in regulating crop herbivores.Local factors such as land use intensity and fi eld margin vegetationhad a stronger infl uence on crop herbivores and natural enemiesthan landscape features. A new method of labelling soruce plantnectar with 13C sugar was tested to analyse nectar uptake andthe movements of parasitoids between fi eld margin and crop. Marginvegetation optimised for fl oral resource provisioning improvedregulation service. The results are discussed in terms of managementrecommendations for agri-envrionment schemes

The aim of this project is to understand the structure of the Standard Model of the particle physics. Therefore quantum field theories (QFT) are studied in the both cases of abelian and non-abelian gauge theories i.e. quantum electrodynamics (QED), quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and electroweak interaction are reviewed. The solution to the mass problem arising in these theories i.e. spontaneous symmetry breaking is also studied.
Syftet med detta projekt är att förstå strukturen för partikelfysikens standardmodell. Därför studeras kvantfältsteorier (QFT) i båda fallen av abelska och icke-abelska gaugeteorier, dvs kvantelektrodynamik (QED), kvantkromodynamik (QCD) och elektrosvag växelverkan granskas. Lösningen på massproblemet som uppstår i dessa teorier, dvs. spontant symmetribrott studeras också.

In this dissertation, we study properties of quantum interaction phenomena in two-dimensional (2D) and one-dimensional (1D) electronic systems in p-GaAs micro- and nano-scale devices. We present low-temperature magneto-transport data from three forms of low-dimensional systems 1) 2D hole systems: in order to study interaction contributions to the metallic behavior of 2D systems 2) Bilayer hole systems: in order to study the many body, bilayer quantum Hall state at nu = 1 3) 1D hole systems: for the study of the anomalous conductance plateau G = 0.7 ???? 2e2/h The work is divided into five experimental studies aimed at either directly exploring the properties of the above three interaction phenomena or the development of novel device structures that exploit the strong particle-particle interactions found in p-GaAs for the study of many body phenomena. Firstly, we demonstrate a novel semiconductor-insulator-semiconductor field effect transistor (SISFET), designed specifically to induced 2D hole systems at a ????normal???? AlGaAs-on-GaAs heterojunction. The novel SISFETs feature in our studies of the metallic behavior in 2D systems in which we examine temperature corrections to ????xx(T) and ????xy(T) in short- and long-range disorder potentials. Next, we shift focus to bilayer hole systems and the many body quantum Hall states that form a nu = 1 in the presence of strong interlayer interactions. We explore the evolution of this quantum Hall state as the relative densities in the layers is imbalanced while the total density is kept constant. Finally, we demonstrate a novel p-type quantum point contact device that produce the most stable and robust current quantization in a p-type 1D systems to date, allowing us to observed for the first time the 0.7 structure in a p-type device.

A spontaneous otoacoustic emission (SOAE) and external tones (XTs) were used as primaries f₂ and f₁, respectively (frequency of f₂ > f₁) to create 2f₁-f₂ distortion products (DPOAEs). The DPOAEs primarily reflect active processes in the cochlea because low- to medium-level primaries less than 60 dB SPL were employed. DPOAE characteristics were determined and compared to what is known from the literature about DPOAEs created using two XTs. SOAE frequency and amplitude were also described. One hundred twenty-two women were screened for the presence of SOAEs to obtain 10 subjects for the study. XTs were presented to the ear at SOAE/f₁ ratios between 1.08 and 1.22. Sound pressure levels were incremented in 5 dB steps and extended from levels equal to the initial SOAE amplitudes to levels at which the SOAEs and DPOAEs disappeared into the noise floor. Amplitude and frequency of the SOAE, XT, and DPOAE were recorded by placing a low-noise microphone in the ear canal and extracted using Fast Fourier Transform analysis. Results indicated that the DPOAE amplitudes and SOAE suppression characteristics were variable across subjects. Despite the variability, the following trends were noted: (1) at larger frequency ratios, DPOAE generation and SOAE suppression were associated with greater XT levels; (2) DPOAE growth functions were characterized by slopes less than 1 dB/dB, a maximum, rollover and disappearance into the noise floor with increasing XT levels; (3) maximum amplitude DPOAEs were observed at frequencies approximately one-half octave lower than the SOAE; (4) DPOAE thresholds were associated with little SOAE suppression whereas the maximum DPOAEs were associated with a greater amount of SOAE suppression; (5) the most common SOAE frequency shift, in the presence of XT stimulation, was a shift to a higher frequency just prior to total SOAE suppression. Results are interpreted using an electrical circuit model (modified from Yates, 1990) and pictorial representations of the SOAE, XT, and DPOAE vibrational patterns on the basilar membrane (modified from Yates, Geisler, Patuzzi, & Johnstone, 1989).

Molteplici meccanismi sono responsabili delle interazioni cardiorespiratorie osservate nell’uomo. L’azione di questi meccanismi risulta in specifici ritmi di variabilità cardiaca (HRV) e ha effetti sulle interazioni tra attività cardiaca e respiratoria. I quattro principali tipi di fenomeni che derivano dalle interazioni tra cuore e sistema respiratorio sono: i) aritmia respiratoria sinusale (RSA); ii) accoppiamento cardioventilatorio; iii) sincronizzazione cardiorespiratoria in fase; iv) sincronizzazione cardiorespiratoria in frequenza. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è la descrizione e quantificazione di diversi aspetti delle interazioni cardiorespiratorie tramite l’utilizzo di una varietà di metodologie derivate dalla letteratura, adattate e ottimizzate per i tipici contesti sperimentali in cui HRV e segnale respiratorio sono comunemente acquisiti. Sei metodi analitici sono stati sfruttati a questo scopo per valutare l’entropia di trasferimento (TE), l’entropia cross-condizionata tramite entropia corretta cross-condizionata normalizzata (NCCCE), la coerenza quadratica (K2), l’accoppiamento cardioventilatorio tramite entropia normalizzata di Shannon (NSE) dell’intervallo temporale tra complesso QRS e inizio di fase inspiratoria o espiratoria, la sincronizzazione in fase tramite un indice di sincronizzazione (SYNC%) e il quoziente pulsazione-respirazione (PRQ). Questi approcci sono stati utilizzati con la finalità di testare gli effetti di uno stimolo simpatico, ovvero stimoli posturali quali l’head-up tilt (TILT) e l’ortostatismo attivo (STAND) sulle interazioni cardiorespiratorie. Gli approcci proposti sono stati testati in tre protocolli: i) atleti amatoriali sottoposti a un allenamento muscolare inspiratorio (IMT) durante clinostatismo supino (REST) e STAND; ii) volontari sani sottoposti a un decondizionamento da allettamento prolungato (HDBR), durante REST e TILT; iii) pazienti affetti da sindrome da tachicardia posturale ortostatica (POTS), durante REST e TILT, in condizione basale e durante approfondimento un anno dopo. I risultati principali della presente tesi di dottorato concernono l’effetto degli stimoli posturali sulle interazioni cardiorespiratorie in soggetti sani e patologici. Infatti, tutti gli indici proposti danno una visione coerente dell’intensità dell’interazione cardiorespiratoria in risposta a uno stimolo ortostatico, in quanto essa diminuisce in tutti i protocolli. Tuttavia, il potere statistico degli indici è differente. TE e K2 appaiono essere particolarmente deboli nell’identificare l’effetto dello stimolo posturale sulle interazioni cardiorespiratorie. NCCCE, NSE, e SYNC% dimostrano una capacità molto maggiore a tale riguardo, mentre PRQ appare troppo intimamente collegata alla frequenza cardiaca, in assenza di cambiamenti significativi della frequenza respiratoria. Per contro, tutti gli indici appaiono deboli nell’identificare gli effetti cronici di IMT e HDBR in una popolazione sana o le conseguenze croniche della gestione clinica in pazienti POTS. La tesi conclude che diversi aspetti delle interazioni cardiorespiratorie possono essere modificati in modo acuto ma gli effetti cronici di un trattamento o intervento a lungo termine sono irrisori sulla magnitudine delle interazioni cardiorespiratorie e/o possono essere confusi con la variabilità intrinseca degli indici. Considerazioni sulle differenze metodologiche e sull’efficacia degli indici proposti suggeriscono che un utilizzo simultaneo di molteplici metodi bivariati è vantaggiosa negli studi cardiorespiratori, in quanto diversi aspetti delle interazioni cardiorespiratorie possono essere valutati contemporaneamente. Questa valutazione simultanea può essere effettuata a un costo computazionale trascurabile e in contesti applicativi in cui il solo segnale ECG è disponibile.
Several mechanisms are responsible for cardiorespiratory interactions observed in humans. The action of these mechanisms results in specific patterns in heart rate variability (HRV) and affects the interaction between heart and respiratory activities. The four main types of phenomena resulting from the interactions between heart and respiratory system are: i) respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA); ii) cardioventilatory coupling; iii) cardiorespiratory phase synchronization; iv) cardiorespiratory frequency synchronization. The aim of this thesis is to describe and quantify different aspects of cardiorespiratory interactions employing a variety of methods from literature, adapted and optimized for the usual experimental settings in which HRV and respiratory signal are commonly acquired. Six analytical methods were exploited for this purpose assessing transfer entropy (TE), cross-conditional entropy via normalized corrected cross-conditional entropy (NCCCE), squared coherence (K2), cardioventilatory coupling via normalized Shannon entropy (NSE) of the time interval between QRS complex and inspiratory, or expiratory, onsets, phase synchronization via a synchronization index (SYNC%) and pulse-respiration quotient (PRQ). These approaches were employed with the goal of testing the effects of a sympathetic challenge, namely postural stimuli like head-up tilt (TILT) and active standing (STAND), on cardiorespiratory interactions. The proposed approaches were tested on three protocols: i) amateur athletes undergoing an inspiratory muscle training (IMT) during supine rest (REST) and STAND; ii) healthy volunteers undergoing a prolonged bed rest deconditioning (HDBR), during REST and TILT; iii) patients suffering from postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), during REST and TILT, at baseline and at one-year follow-up. The most important findings of the present doctoral thesis concern the effect of postural stimuli on cardiorespiratory interactions in health and disease. Indeed, all proposed indexes gave a coherent view of cardiorespiratory interaction strength in response to the orthostatic challenge, as it decreased in all protocols. However, the statistical power of the indexes was different. TE and K2 appeared to be particularly weak in detecting the effect of postural challenge on cardiorespiratory interactions. NCCCE, NSE and SYNC% exhibited much stronger ability in this regard, while PRQ seemed too closely related to heart rate, in presence of no significant modification of the respiratory rate. Conversely, all indexes appeared to be weak in detecting the chronic effects of IMT and HDBR on a healthy population and the long-term consequences of the clinical management in POTS patients. The thesis concludes that the different aspects of cardiorespiratory interactions can be modified acutely but the chronic effects of a long-term treatment or intervention on the magnitude of cardiorespiratory interactions are negligible and/or could be confused with the variability of markers. Considerations about the methodological dissimilarities and differences in effectiveness of the proposed indexes suggest that the simultaneous exploitation of all bivariate methodologies in cardiorespiratory studies is advantageous, as different aspects of cardiorespiratory interactions can be evaluated concurrently. This simultaneous evaluation can be carried out with a relatively negligible computational cost and in applicative contexts when only an ECG signal is available.

Human sensorimotor control is remarkably adept at utilising contextual information to learn and recall systematic sensorimotor transformations. Here, we investigate the motor representations that underlie such learning, and examine how motor memories acquired based on different contextual information interact. Using a novel three-dimensional robotic manipulandum, the 3BOT, we examined the spatial transfer of learning across various movement directions in a 3D environment, while human subjects performed reaching movements under velocity-dependent force field. The obtained pattern of generalisation suggested that the representation of dynamic learning was most likely defined in a target-based, rather than an extrinsic, coordinate system. We further examined how motor memories interact when subjects adapt to force fields applied in orthogonal dimensions. We found that, unlike opposing fields, learning two spatially orthogonal force fields led to the formation of separate motor memories, which neither interfered with nor facilitated each other. Moreover, we demonstrated a novel, more general aspect of the spontaneous recovery phenomenon using a two-dimensional force field task: when subjects learned two orthogonal force fields consecutively, in the following phase of clamped error feedback, the expression of adaptation spontaneously rotated from the direction of the second force field, towards the direction of the first force field. Finally, we examined the interaction of sensorimotor memories formed based on separate contextual information. Subjects performed reciprocating reaching and object manipulation tasks under two alternating contexts (movement directions), while we manipulated the dynamics of the task in each context separately. The results suggested that separate motor memories were formed for the dynamics of the task in different contexts, and that these motor memories interacted by sharing error signals to enhance learning. Importantly, the extent of interaction was not fixed between the context-dependent motor memories, but adaptively changed according to the task dynamics to potentially improve overall performance. Together, our experimental and theoretical results add to the understanding of mechanisms that underlie sensorimotor learning, and the way these mechanisms interact under various tasks and different dynamics.

Cars are becoming increasingly automated and expected to become fully autonomous in the near future. How will this a ect the car and its position of a symbol of freedom? This thesis investigates how an autonomous vehicle can evolve this symbolic value and be adapted to the use case of an explorative road trip. Based on learnings from travellers and experts the starting point has been the positive experience of a road trip in a conventional vehicle. The target has been to enhance the current experience and create an even more spontaneous and explorative atmosphere with the help of a future scenario and emerging technology. This project gives an example of an interface that supports and en- courages spontaneity which lets the travellers direct and control the vehicle intuitively in order to explore and enjoy what they nd during their journey. Furthermore it extends the travel experience beyond what a road trip has been by connecting travellers to locals.

This study uses the mindset of Bryan Eisenbergs four behavior types (Competitive, Spontaneous, Humanistic, and Methodical), to in- crease the conversion rate and the user experience while shopping online. Traditional retailers, i.e physical stores, are not a priority anymore and a challenge for an e-commerce site is to maintain a relationship to the customer online. The mindset of the four be- havior types is aimed to be used to target the universe of buyers. This mindset and theory will be applied to a CRO-design process, where the focus is to increase the conversion rate optimization of a website. An extensive literature study, an analysis phase, user tests and a questionnaire were used to decide whether this concept is worth using as a part of the process or not. The results indicate that the concept of the four behavior types can be used to target the audience. The thesis states that the concept could be used as a general foundation to further develop this mindset.

L'objet de ce travail de thèse est la description linguistique de la modalité interrogative en conversation spontanée et en synchronie. Il s'agit d'abord de relever et d'évaluer tous les indices morphosyntaxiques qui permettent de faire état de l'information transmise. Puis, l'objectif est de mesurer l'implication dialogique du locuteur. On considère, à l'instar de [Damourette, 1911], qu'un énoncé interrogatif n'est complet que lorsqu'une réponse est apportée. Un locuteur formule sa question en fonction d'une image de réponse qu'il a présente à l'esprit et qui véhicule l'informalion-réponse tout autant qu'un contexte interactif et argumentatif. On peut émettre l'hypothèse que l'intentionnalité d'un locuteur se mesure en se fondant sur la réponse qu'il escompte, c'est-à-dire sur celle qu'il considère être non seulement la plus plausible au sein de sa représentation du monde, mais aussi la plus adéquate à la situation énonciative et dialogique. À partir de cette hypothèse, l'analyse a permis, de procéder à une description modélisée de l'interrogation en fonction de trois axes complémentaires. Cette description modélisée de l'interrogation a ensuite fait l'objet d'une confrontation à des données attestées de deux natures. Un premier corpus de Système de Questions/Réponses a permis de tester la modélisation tandis qu'un second corpus de SMS a permis de valider les modifications apportées. Cette ultime version du modèle a autorisé une description de l'interrogation en conversation spontanée dans la totalité des pratiques langagières observées.

Ce travail de recherche s’inspire de l’approche d’énaction élaborée par F.-J Varela lorsqu’il développa sa théorie de la cognition incarnée. Pour qu’une propriété cognitive soit incarnée, il faut que l’organisme vivant s’engage perceptivement dans un processus dynamique avec le monde environnant. Afin de développer les moyens musicaux pour motiver les auditeurs à s’approprier leurs expériences vécues, nous proposons le terme « d’espace sensible » dans le but d’articuler le jeu d’écoute musicale et de l’expérience inter-sensorielle et corporelle. Cette dernière consiste en l’expérience d’interaction sensorielle entre l’extéroception et la proprioception. De même, nous spécifions l’expérience corporelle sur ses deux aspects : le corps physique et le corps virtuel – leschéma corporel et l’image du corps. La relation inharmonieuse de ces deux aspects du corps entraînera chez un sujet-percevant une tension, voire une souffrance, physique et psychique. Pour entraîner le sujet-percevant à prendre conscience de cette discordance, différentes méthodes de rééducation somatique sont développées. Dans ce contexte, émettons l’hypothèse que l’utilisation de dispositifs musicaux interactifs peut contribuer à l’exploration de l’espace sensible et ainsi exercer un impact bénéfique dans le cadre de la rééducation somatique. Les moyens de démonstration consistent en la construction et le test de protocoles de jeux d’écoute, à exposer le public à des dispositifs multimédia interactifs ainsi que l’étude de cas propre aux enfants atteints d’autisme. Nous nous approprions plusieurs techniques pour mettre en place des dispositifs musicaux interactifs : l’improvisation collaborative, la synchronisation spontanée de la posture et du mouvement corporel, l’empathie kinesthésique réciproque. Enfin, nous mettons en évidence les effets bénéfiques de l’introduction des dispositifs musicaux numériques dans le cadre du soin somatique. A la vue de ces résultats expérimentaux, nous sommes autorisés à affirmer que l’exploration de l’écoute peut avoir un impact bénéfique dans un contexte de rééducation somatique à condition que l’écoute soit en acte et vécue musicalement
This research was inspired by the enactive approach elaborated by F.-J Varelawhen he developed the embodied cognition theory; a living organism has to be involved physically and perceptually in a dynamic process with its surrounding environment so that a cognitive property can be embodied. To develop musical possibilities to motivate the listeners to appropriate their real life experiences, we are proposing the term "sensitive space" to articulate two practices of inter-sensory and physical experience : gameplay of musical listening and somatic exercise. This inter-sensory experience consists of the sensory interaction between exteroception and proprioception. We also focus on two specific aspects of this physical experience: the physical body and the virtual body - the body schema and the body image. The inharmonious relation of these two aspects will lead to a tension, sometimes to physical and psychic pain. To help the perceiving subject to become aware of this conflict, various somatic techniques are developed. We emit the hypothesis that the use of interactive musical devices can contribute to the exploration of the sensitive space, and thus bring a beneficial impact in somatic learning and rehabilitation. Several ways of demonstrating are: 1) the construction and tests of listening gameplay protocols, 2) the public exhibition of interactive multimedia devices 3) the case study on children affected by autism. We use different techniques to set up interactive musical devices: collective improvisation, spontaneous synchronization of the posture or the physical movement, kinesthetic empathy, etc. Finally, we highlight the beneficial aspects of introducing the interactive musical devices within the framework of healthcare. With these experimental results, we can then assert that the exploration of musical listening can have a beneficial impact in the context of somatic learning, on the condition that the listening is an act and lived musically

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
Sorria você está sendo filmado foi desenvolvido em uma perspectiva interdisciplinar, valendo-se de fundamentos jurídicos, sociológicos e filosóficos com o intuito de demonstrar, em uma análise global e também local (através do estudo sobre a implantação do Projeto Olho Vivo BH), que em decorrência da crescente violência que assola a sociedade contemporânea, transformando-a em uma sociedade de risco, o monitoramento através de câmeras em espaços públicos e privados vem sendo largamente utilizado como instrumento para a garantia da segurança. A implantação, no entanto, de uma política de videovigilância tanto pelas autoridades públicas como também pelos particulares, lançando seus olhares sobre os indivíduos, não leva em conta os riscos inerentes a tal sistema como, por exemplo, a consolidação de uma sociedade de controle permanente sobre o comportamento dos cidadãos, privando-os do exercício da privacidade, da liberdade e da espontaneidade na interação democrática nesses espaços. A atual era do medo é, ainda, responsável pela alteração do modo de viver das pessoas nos centros urbanos, pois os indivíduos passam a viver em espaços vigiados e segregados ou passam a transitar nas ruas e praças públicas permanentemente monitoradas por câmeras. Assim sendo, a cidade de muros, enquadrada no que poderia ser conceituado como o panoptismo moderno ou até mesmo no atento olhar de uma gama de Big Brothers sobre os indivíduos, sob o fundamento da busca pela segurança, reproduz a desigualdade, o isolamento e a fragmentação, corroendo a cidadania e o exercício do direito fundamental à privacidade.
Smile you are being watched was developed under an interdisciplinary perspective, making use of philosofical, sociological and judicial grounds, in order to demonstrate, through a global and also a local analysis (taking into account the study about the implantation of Projeto Olho Vivo BH), that, as a consequence of the ever rising violence, which permeates our present-day society, the video-camera surveillance , in either public or private spaces, has been widely used as a necessary tool to ensure safety. However, the use of a video-monitoring policy either by the public authorities, or the private, casting their looks over the individuals, do not take into account the common risks of such a system as, for example, the consolidation of a society in permanent control of its citizens behavior, depriving them the use of privacy, freedom and spontaneity in the democratic interaction of these spaces. The present age of fear is still responsible for the alteration in the way people s living in urban centers, since the individuals start living in monitored and segregated areas or they start walking on streets and squares which are permanently watched by video-cameras. This time, the city walls, pictured through the concept of the modern panoptism, or even under the keen eyes of a score of Big Brothers, in order to justify a search for safety, reproduces the inequality, the isolation and the fragmentation, corroding the idea of citizenship and the free exercise of the fundamental right to privacy.

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This research aimed at investigating a procedure to install a chain of verbal responses that initiated verbal interactions about objects toys (non-verbal discriminative stimuli) , and that had varying topographies. Such chain had three links, and for each link three topographies were trained: (a) the first link was composed of the following topographies: What is this? , Which is the toy? , and What are we going to play with? ; (b) the second link consisted in the training of the following topographies: May I see? , Show the toy , and I want to see! ; and (c) in the third link the following topographies: I want to touch! , Give it to me. , and Can I play? . The emission of each link produced a specific natural consequence. The first was followed by the name of the toy hidden in the box; the second received as consequence the visualization of the toy, and the third produced access to the toy and the possibility of playing with it for 20 seconds. A procedure of training of fading out of the verbal model for the responses that should be installed was used. In such procedure the researcher provided, at first, the complete verbal model for the sentence (step 1) and the participant emitted anechoic response; gradually, parts of the model were withheld (in several steps), and the participant s responses were transferred to an intraverbal control. Applying a multiple baseline design between topographies, the training, carried out in individual sessions of approximately 40 minutes, was started with the last link in the chain. At first, two topographies in this link were trained, and at the end of the training, a procedure to establish variability of the responses was carried out. In such procedure, named variability training I, the reinforcer was delivered only when the response topographies varied in relation to the response emitted in the previous attempt. Then both trainings fading followed by variability I were carried out for the topographies in links 2 and 1. During training, all the links in the chain took place in each attempt, either on baseline condition or on training condition (that was maintained for the links already trained). Finally, another procedure to establish variability, variability training II, was carried out in order to generate responses differing from the ones that had been trained. In this procedure, the training for a third topography for each link was carried out. Once the training was over, two generalization test sessions were carried out for two of the participants. The first of such sessions was held by another researcher, and the second was carried out by the same researcher present at training in a setting that was different from the one in which the training sessions were held. Results indicated that the procedure of fading out of the verbal model was effective in installing the nine different topographies of spontaneous verbal responses. However, the number of independent responses in the three topographies of each link varied; usually there was a preponderance of one of the trained topographies. Among the links, topographies referring to the third link in the chain, that produced access to the toy, were the most emitted. The variability I procedure generally produced variation in the trained topographies, manly in the second and third links of the chain. It is possible to say that the responses of topographies that were not trained were emitted more frequently after variability II training, in spite of this happening before this training, especially in the case of one of the participants. There was evidence of the effects of variability trainings I and II, carried out in one link of the chain, over the varied responses of the other links. During the generalization tests, the participants did not emit three of the trained topographies (two in the first link and one in the second), and the most emitted were the ones in the third and second links in the chain
A presente pesquisa pretendeu investigar um procedimento para instalar em três crianças com desenvolvimento atípico, classificadas com autismo, uma cadeia de respostas verbais que iniciavam interações verbais sob objetos brinquedos (estímulos discriminativos não verbais) e que tinham topografias variadas. Essa cadeia continha três elos e para cada um, treinaram-se três topografias: (a) o 1º elo foi composto das topografias O que é isto? , Qual é o brinquedo? e Com o que vamos brincar? ; (b) o 2º consistiu do treino das topografias Posso ver? , Mostra o brinquedo? e Quero olhar! e (c) no 3º elo as topografias Quero pegar! , Dá para mim? e Posso brincar? . A emissão de cada elo produzia uma conseqüência natural específica: o 1º elo era seguido pela nomeação do brinquedo escondido na caixa; o 2º recebia como conseqüência a visualização do brinquedo e o 3º produzia o acesso e a possibilidade de brincar com ele por 20 segundos. Foi utilizado um procedimento um de treino de fading out do modelo verbal das respostas a serem instaladas no qual inicialmente o experimentador fornecia o modelo verbal total da frase (passo 1) e o participante emita uma resposta ecóica; gradativamente partes do modelo foram sendo retidas (em vários passos), passando o responder do participante a um controle intraverbal. Empregando um delineamento de linha de base múltipla entre as topografias, o treino, realizado em sessões individualizadas de aproximadamente 40 minutos, foi iniciado pelo último elo da cadeia. A princípio duas topografias deste elo foram treinadas e ao final deste treino, um procedimento para promover a variabilidade das respostas foi realizado. Em tal procedimento, nomeado treino de variabilidade I, o reforço só era liberado quando as topografias de respostas variavam em relação àquela emitida na tentativa anterior. A seguir, ambos os treinos de fading seguido pelo de variabilidade I foram realizados para as topografias dos elos 2 e 1, respectivamente. Durante o treino ocorriam todos os elos da cadeia em cada tentativa, ou em condição de linha de base ou em condição de treino (que se mantinha para os elos já treinados). Finalmente, outro procedimento para propiciar a variabilidade, treino de variabilidade II, foi realizado com o objetivo de gerar respostas diferentes das treinadas. Nele, ocorreu o treino de uma terceira topografia para cada elo. Depois de encerrado o treino duas sessões de teste de generalização foram realizadas para dois participantes. A primeira foi conduzida por um outro experimentador e a segunda foi realizada com o mesmo experimentador do treino em um ambiente diferente daquele onde as sessões de treino ocorreram. Os resultados indicaram que o procedimento de fading out do modelo verbal foi efetivo para instalar as nove topografias diferentes de respostas verbais espontâneas. Entretanto o número de respostas independentes nas três topografias de cada elo variou, houve, em geral predomínio de uma das topografias treinadas. Verificou-se , entre os elos, as topografias referentes ao 3o elo da cadeia, que dava acesso ao brinquedo, foram as mais emitidas. O procedimento de variabilidade I produziu, em geral, variação nas topografias treinadas, principalmente nos 2o e 3o elos da cadeia. É possível dizer que as respostas de topografias não treinadas foram mais emitidas após o treino de variabilidade II apesar de, especialmente para um dos participantes isto ter ocorrido antes deste treino. Ficou evidente que os treinos de variabilidade I e II realizados em um elo da cadeia tiveram efeito nas respostas variadas dos outros elos. Durante os testes de generalização, os participantes não emitiram três das topografias treinadas, (duas do 1º elo e uma do 2º) e as mais emitidas foram as do 3o e 2o da cadeia

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Large amounts of herbicides are used in agriculture to control weeds that pose risks to crops, resulting in increased production cost of farms. Also, if not applied properly, its use can cause resistance of spontaneous plants and result in residues in the environment, in the soil, the water or in toxicity to the crops. The objective of this research was to evaluate the residue of the 2,4-D herbicide in soil and its correlation with yield, as well as physical and chemical properties of the soil. The experiment was conducted on a farm in the city of Nova Santa Rosa, in the state of Paraná in the years 2011 and 2012. The main crops grown in the area are corn and soybeans, in rotation. Soil samples were collected to determine their physical and chemical properties and for analysis of residual 2,4-D before implementation (RI) and after application (RF) of the 2,4-D herbicide. Initially, the glyphosate herbicide was applied in a single dose (2.5 L ha-1) and then the 2,4-D herbicide was applied at two doses (1,0 and 1,5 L ha-1) with boom sprayer and, after 5 days of application, soil samples were collected for analysis of RF. After extracting the 2,4-D from the soil, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was carried out to detect the active ingredient. In order to map the spontaneous plants, before and after spraying the herbicide the method of systematic sampling was used. The soybean yield for both years were also analyzed, and finally, spatial correlation of the parameters evaluated was performed. The results of RI of 2,4-D in the soil in both years, demonstrating that this is a herbicide that can remain retained in the soil over time and, depending on the soil characteristics, the preparation of the area and climatic conditions, this time can be longer. In 2011, the maximum detection of the active ingredient was 609 μg kg-1 and in 2012 was 652 μg kg-1. The RI of 2,4-D in the soil showed negative spatial correlation for chemical attributes K, organic matter and pH and for physical density, macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity and soil moisture it showed positive spatial correlation with sand and the chemical attributes Cu, Mg, Mn, P and Zn in the first year assessed. In 2012 the spatial correlation was positive with clay. The spontaneous plants type horseweed (Conyza bonariensis), did not present spatial correlation among the parameters evaluated in 2011, however, showed a positive correlation with the micropores of the soil in 2012. As residual 2,4-D in the soil and many attributes analyzed presented spatial correlation, spatial correlation among the variables analyzed proved to be an important tool to understand the influence of a parameter over the other. Both doses satisfactorily controlled the incidence of spontaneous plants. The 2,4-D showed some points with detection and other with no detection of the active ingredient in the soil, a fact that demonstrates the importance of assessing the spatial correlation of soil properties (chemical and physical) with residual herbicide in the soil, determining the influence of one attribute over the other.
Grandes quantidades de herbicidas são utilizadas na agricultura para controlar plantas espontâneas que oferecem riscos às plantações, acarretando aumento do custo de produção das propriedades agrícolas. Além disso, se não forem aplicados corretamente podem ocasionar a resistência das plantas espontâneas e resultar em residual no ambiente, quer seja no solo, na água ou na toxidez para as culturas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o residual do herbicida 2,4-D no solo e a sua correlação com a produtividade e os atributos químicos e físicos do solo. O experimento foi desenvolvido em uma propriedade agrícola, do município de Nova Santa Rosa/Paraná nos anos de 2011 e 2012. As principais culturas cultivadas na área são o milho e a soja em sistema de rotação. Foram realizadas amostragens de solo para determinação dos seus atributos químicos e físicos e para análise do residual de 2,4-D antes da aplicação (RI) e após a aplicação (RF) do herbicida 2,4-D. Inicialmente, foi aplicado o herbicida glifosato em dosagem única (2,5 L ha-1) e, em seguida, aplicou-se o herbicida 2,4-D em duas doses (1,0 e 1,5 L ha-1) com pulverizador de arrasto e, após 5 dias da aplicação, amostras de solo foram coletadas para análise do RF de 2,4-D. Após a extração do 2,4-D do solo foi efetuada a determinação por meio de cromatografia líquida de alto desempenho (HPLC) para detecção do ingrediente ativo. Para o mapeamento das plantas espontâneas, antes e após a pulverização do herbicida foi utilizado o método da amostragem sistemática. Também foi avaliada a produtividade da soja para ambos os anos e, por fim, foi efetuada a correlação espacial dos parâmetros avaliados. Os resultados do RI de 2,4-D no solo em ambos os anos, demonstram que este é um herbicida que pode permanecer retido no solo com o passar do tempo e, dependendo das características do solo, do preparo da área e das condições climáticas será maior ou menor. Em 2011, o valor máximo de detecção do ingrediente ativo foi de 609 μg kg-1 e em 2012 foi de 652 μg kg-1. O RI de 2,4-D no solo apresentou correlação espacial negativa para os atributos químicos K, matéria orgânica e pH e para os atributos físicos densidade do solo, macroporosidade, microporosidade, porosidade total e umidade do solo e correlação espacial positiva com a areia e com os atributos químicos Cu, Mg, Mn, P e Zn no primeiro ano avaliado. Já em 2012, a correlação espacial foi positiva com a argila. As plantas espontâneas do tipo buva (Conyza bonariensis) não apresentaram correlação espacial com os parâmetros avaliados em 2011, porém apresentaram correlação positiva com os microporos do solo em 2012. Como residual de 2,4-D no solo e muitos atributos analisados apresentaram dependência espacial, a correlação espacial entre as variáveis analisadas mostrou-se uma ferramenta importante para se conhecer a interferência de um parâmetro sobre o outro. Ambas as doses controlaram de modo satisfatório a incidência de plantas espontâneas. O 2,4-D apresentou alguns pontos com detecção e outros sem detecção do ingrediente ativo no solo, fator que demonstra a importância de avaliar a correlação espacial dos atributos do solo (químicos e físicos) com o residual do herbicida no solo, determinando a influência de um atributo sobre outro.

Cette thèse propose une analyse morphosyntaxique, prosodique et conversationnelle des marqueurs discursifs dans le débat présidentiel et dans le talkshow politique télévisuel. L’objet d’étude principal est le rôle des marqueurs discursifs dans la structuration séquentielle et dans l’organisation énonciative du débat présidentiel aux Etats-Unis. Les marqueurs discursifs, en corrélation avec la gestualité et l’intonation, participent considérablement à la construction de l’échange entre les différents participants au débat. Pour atteindre ses objectifs, cette thèse convoque plusieurs cadres théoriques traitant de l’oral spontané (la Macro et Micro-Grammaire de Benveniste 1990 et Berrendoner 1990, la Grammaire Fonctionnelle Dik 1997 ; la Grammaire Thétique de Kaltenbôck et al. 2011, la Théorie du Paragraphe Oral de Morel et Danon-boileau 1998) et met un accent particulier sur la Grammaire Emergente ou syntaxe cognitive d’Alexander Haselow 2015, 2016, 2017. Pour l’analyse, l’approche proposée par Haselow (2017) a été adoptée car elle émane de la prise en compte de toutes les autres approches citées plus haut tout en y ajoutant les théories cognitives.Sur le plan de l’organisation de l’interaction pendant le débat présidentiel ou les talkshows,les marqueurs discursifs, accompagnés de la gestualité et de l’intonation, jouent un rôle important dans la gestion des tours de parole et dans l’organisation séquentielle des actions. Sur le plan énonciatif, ils interviennent, accompagnés des gestes manuels et du regard, dans l’expression de l’emphase, de la reformulation et de l’opposition. Ils permettent également aux candidats d’attirer l’attention de leurs interlocuteurs dans le but d’introduire une justification, un changement d’optique, un discours rapporté, ou dans l’optique d’interrompre ces derniers, ou tout simplement pour rassurer les potentiels électeurs. Ils permettent aussi aux candidats d’anticiper ou de prendre en compte le point de vue de leur interlocuteurs (passifs ou actifs), en s’inscrivant ou en se positionnant dans une logique d’acceptation ou de rupture avec ces derniers
This thesis proposes a morphosyntactic, prosodic and conversational analysis of discourse markers in presidential debates and televised political talkshows in the United States of America. The main object of the study is the role of discourse markers in the sequential structuring and in the enunciative organisation of presidential debates in the United States of America. Discourse markers, in correlation with gestures and intonation, contribute significantly to the construction of the verbal exchange between the various participants in mediated political discourse. To achieve its goals, this thesis draws on several theoretical frameworks dealing with spontaneous speech (Benveniste and Berrendonner’s Macro and micro-grammar,Dik’s Functional Grammar; Kaltenbock et al. Thethical Grammar, Morel and Danon-Boileau’s Oral Paragraph theory) and lays a particular emphasis on Alexander Haselow's Emergent Grammar or Cognitive Syntax. For the analysis, the approach proposed by Haselow (2017) was adopted because it considers all the other approaches mentioned above and takes into account cognitive theories.Concerning the organisation of interaction during presidential debates or talkshows, discourse markers, accompanied by gestures and intonation, play an important role in the management of turn takings and in the sequential organization of actions. On the enunciative level, in correlation with manual gestures and gaze, they participate in expressing emphasis, reformulation and opposition. They also help candidates to draw the attention of their interlocutors in order to introduce a justification, a change of point of view, a reported speech, or with the aim of interrupting them. Discourse markers in presidential debates, also allow speakers to anticipate or consider the point of view of their interlocutors (passive or active) by positioning themselves in a logic of acceptance or opposition with them

Cette thèse questionne les manifestations de la convergence (i.e. le rapprochement entre les productions des participants) au niveau interactionnel. Pour cela, les termes d'alignement (défini en rapport avec l'activité en cours) et d'affiliation (l'expression d'un même stance par les participants) sont empruntés à l'Analyse Conversationnelle. Le corpus utilisé est le CID-Corpus of Interational Data, corpus de conversation (interaction non-contrainte, hautement coopérative et globalement symétrique).Nous interrogeons le lien entre la convergence et la similarité lexicale, grâce à l'analyse d'une collection de 300 hétéro-répétitions (recueillie grâce à un outil d'aide au repérage des répétitions). Nous proposons ensuite une analyse quantitative de l'évolution des réponses des auditeurs, puis une analyse qualitative de discours rapportés directs, phénomènes susceptibles de faire émerger de l'affiliation. Nous montrons que les hétéro-répétitions lexicales et les discours rapportés « en écho » (discours rapportés produits par l'auditeur de la narration) peuvent être utilisés (entre autres) pour exprimer l'alignement et l'affiliation, ce qui, en cas de ratification, crée les conditions propices à l'émergence d'un moment de convergence interactionnelle. Nous montrons également que ces mêmes phénomènes peuvent servir à créer le désalignement temporaire nécessaire à l'engagement dans une séquence oblique convergente. Ainsi, ce travail décrit l'établissement et le fonctionnement de séquences convergentes, à travers l'étude de phénomènes interactionnels méconnus
This thesis investigates the manifestations of convergence (i.e. the rapprochement between the participants' productions) at the level of interaction. With this aim, the terms of alignment (defined in relation to the current activity) and affiliation (display of the same stance by both participants) are borrowed from Conversation Analysis. The conversational corpus (non-constrained, highly cooperative and globally symmetrical interaction) used is the CID-Corpus of Interactional Data. Firstly, the link between convergence and lexical similarity is investigated thanks to the analysis of a collection of 300 other-repetitions (collected using a tool to assist in the detection of OR). Secondly, storytelling is studied and a quantitative analysis of the evolution of listeners' responses is proposed together with a qualitative analysis of direct reported speech phenomena, which are likely to make affiliation emerge. These analyses show that lexical other-repetitions and "echo" reported speech (reported speech which is produced by the listener of the narrative) can be used by participants to, inter alia, express alignment and affiliation, which, in case of ratification, creates the adequate conditions for the emergence of interactional convergence. The same phenomena can be used to create the temporary disalignment necessary to engage in an oblique (and potentially convergent) sequence. This work then describes the establishment and the conduct of convergent sequences through the analysis of interactional phenomena

Aesthetic criticism very often has been overlooked and considered a lesser form. However, many interpretations, applications and discernments can be obtained from this kind of art writing. Using Osvaldo Sánchez's work as a case study, this thesis examines how writerly art criticism offers an active reading framework of the work of art by using philosophical, literary and poetic constructions. In this regard, I will see how the "writerly" condition has contributed compelling insights to the History of Aesthetics, highlighting the connections and disconnections between Sánchez and other writerly critics, which demonstrates the significance of developing a flexible, available and aesthetic learning model of art appreciation. I will analyze as well various models of experience, subjective and objective, that release certain "openness" as a premise for their existences. Here are included the Kantian sublime, Heidegger's ontological Being, the surrealist cultivation of chance, Kaprow's happenings, and the attitude of disinterest developed by the vanishing poets as defended by the scholar Rafael Hernández Rodríguez. I will show that, by choosing an accommodating approach to discover forms of knowledge, an assortment of valuable empirical content can be found. Finally, I investigate the writerly work of Cuban critic Osvaldo Sánchez that does not adopt a fixed critical pattern. Instead, Sánchez's art writing passes through fields, providing us with a heuristic methodology in which the aesthetic emerges not as a preconditioned set of principles/procedures, but as a true lived experience.

Cette recherche qualitative et exploratoire porte sur la construction identitaire de l’homme marié violent au Liban. Elle s’appuie notamment sur les discours de l’homme violent et de la femme violentée (récits de vie, interrogatoires juridiques, questionnaires) et aussi sur le discours de personnes-ressources non violentes. La construction identitaire de l’homme violent au Liban est liée au système patriarcal fortement ancré dans la culture, les institutions et la vie des Libanais. L’homme évolue en fonction de 3 prototypes :- masculin : dominant, pourvoyeur, protecteur, agressif- féminin : soumise, femme au foyer, disponible, douce- du couple : verrouillage des autres prototypes dans une complémentarité sexisteLa violence masculine traduit la place de l’homme dans le couple (violences symboliques et violences spontanées), elle traduit aussi sa volonté de conserver l’ordre patriarcal dans la famille car toute évolution des prototypes notamment celui de la femme est sentie par l’homme comme une menace contre sa masculinité (violences interactionnelles). La violence est accentuée car le Liban évolue sous l’empire de stress, ce qui met les rôles patriarcaux en question en permanence. La trajectoire identitaire de l’homme violent libanais montre qu’il a un père autoritaire et sévère, parfois faible. Sa mère pourrait être envahissante, absente ou ambivalente. Du point de vue couple l’homme violent cherche le couple fusionnel car il traduit parfaitement la complémentarité patriarcale sexiste. L’ordre social patriarcal libanais est en perpétuelle reproduction engendrant des hommes sexistes prêts à devenir violents. La femme est encerclée par la violence même, sa honte d’être femme battue et/ou femme divorcée, mais aussi à cause du tiers d’idéologie sexiste : parents, amis, société, institutions concernées. La lutte contre la violence conjugale au Liban doit être totale : contre la violence, les inégalités de genre et la culture patriarcale
This qualitative and exploratory research is about the construction of the identity of the violent married man in Lebanon. It is based on different sources, the violent man, the battered woman discourse (biography, court records, and questionnaires) and the discourse of non-violent resource-person. The construction of the identity of the violent man in Lebanon is related to the patriarchal system which is strongly anchored in the culture, institution and life of the Lebanese. In this environment man evolves into three prototypes:- The masculine: dominant, protector, provider, aggressive.- The feminine: submissive, housewife, available, soft.- The couple: the clamping of the two other prototypes in one complementary sexist relationship.The masculine violence can reflect the man’s place in the couple (symbolic violence, spontaneous violence), and can also show the willingness to conserve the patriarchal order in the family because every evolution of prototypes especially the women’s role is felt by man as a threat against his masculinity (interaction violence). Violence is accentuated because Lebanon is a society under stress, which permanently distorts the masculine image. The identity trajectory of the Lebanese violent man shows that he has an authoritarian and severe father figure, or a feeble one. His mother can be overbearing, absent or ambivalent. Concerning the couple, the violent man searches for the fusional couple because it reflects perfectly the sexist patriarchal complementarity. The Lebanese social patriarchal order is in perpetual reproduction generating sexist man ready to become violent. The woman is surrounded by violence, and shame feeling of being a battered woman and/or divorced woman, and because of the others that are sexist: parents, friends, society institutions and concerned responsible. The struggle against violence can only be total: it must be against violence, gender inequality and against patriarchal society

Aquesta tesi aborda el reconeixement automàtic d'emocions espontànies basat en l'anàlisi del senyal de veu. Es realitza dins del Grup de recerca de Tecnologies Mèdia d’Enginyeria i Arquitectura La Salle, tenint el seu origen en un moment en el qual existeixen obertes diverses línies de recerca relacionades amb la síntesi afectiva però cap d’elles relacionada amb la seva anàlisi. La motivació és millorar la interacció persona-màquina aportant un mòdul d'anàlisi en l'entrada dels sistemes que permeti, posteriorment, generar una resposta adequada a través dels mòduls de síntesis en la sortida dels mateixos. El focus d'atenció se situa en l'expressivitat afectiva, intentant dotar d'habilitats d'intel•ligència emocional a sistemes d'intel•ligència artificial amb l'objectiu d'aconseguir que la interacció persona-màquina s'assembli, en la major mesura possible, a la comunicació humana. En primer lloc es realitza una anàlisi preliminar basada en locucions gravades en condicions ideals. L'expressivitat vocal en aquest cas és actuada i els enregistraments responen a un guió previ que determina a priori l'etiqueta que descriu el contingut afectiu de les mateixes. Si bé aquest no és el paradigma de la interacció en un entorn realista, aquest primer pas serveix per provar les primeres aproximacions a la parametrització dels corpus, els mètodes de selecció de paràmetres i la seva utilitat en l'optimització dels procediments, així com la viabilitat de considerar el sistema de reconeixement afectiu com un exercici de classificació categòrica. Així mateix, permet comparar els resultats obtinguts en aquest escenari amb els que s'obtenen posteriorment en l'escenari realista. Si bé pot considerar-se que la utilitat d'un marc de treball com l'aquí proposat manca d'interès més enllà de l’exercici de comprovació citat, en aquesta tesi es proposa un sistema basat en aquest plantejament la finalitat del qual és la validació automàtica d'un corpus de veu expressiva destinat a síntesi, ja que en síntesi sí és necessari que el corpus estigui gravat en condicions òptimes posat perquè serà emprat per a la generació de noves locucions. En segon lloc la tesi aprofundeix en l'anàlisi del corpus FAU Aibo, un corpus multilocutor de veu expressiva espontània gravat en alemany a partir d'interaccions naturals d'un grup de nens i nenes amb un robot dotat d'un micròfon. En aquest cas el plantejament és completament diferent a l'anterior partint de la definició del propi corpus, en el qual les locucions no responen a un guió previ i les etiquetes afectives s'assignen posteriorment a partir de l'avaluació subjectiva de les mateixes. Així mateix, el grau d'expressivitat emocional d'aquestes locucions és inferior al de les gravades per un actor o una actriu perquè que són espontànies i les emocions, atès que es generen de forma natural, no responen necessàriament a una definició prototípica. Tot això sense considerar que les condicions d'enregistrament no són les mateixes que les que s'obtindrien en un estudi d'enregistrament professional. En aquest escenari els resultats són molt diferents als obtinguts en l'escenari anterior raó per la qual es fa necessari un estudi més detallat. En aquest sentit es plantegen dues parametritzacions, una a nivell acústic i una altra a nivell lingüístic, ja que la segona podria no veure's tan afectada pels elements que poden degradar la primera, tals com a soroll o altres artefactes. Es proposen diferents sistemes de classificació de complexitat variable malgrat que, sovint, els sistemes més senzills produeixen resultats adequats. També es proposen diferents agrupacions de paràmetres intentant aconseguir un conjunt de dades el més petit possible que sigui capaç de dur a terme un reconeixement afectiu automàtic de forma eficaç. Els resultats obtinguts en l'anàlisi de les expressions espontànies posen de manifest la complexitat del problema tractat i es corresponen amb valors inferiors als obtinguts a partir de corpus gravats en condicions ideals. No obstant això, els esquemes proposats aconsegueixen obtenir resultats que superen els publicats a data d’avui en estudis realitzats en condicions anàlogues i obren, per tant, la porta a recerques futures en aquest àmbit.
Esta tesis aborda el reconocimiento automático de emociones espontáneas basado en el análisis de la señal de voz. Se realiza dentro del Grup de recerca de Tecnologies Mèdia de Enginyeria i Arquitectura La Salle, teniendo su origen en un momento en el que existen abiertas varias líneas de investigación relacionadas con la síntesis afectiva pero ninguna relacionada con su análisis. La motivación es mejorar la interacción persona-máquina aportando un módulo de análisis en la entrada de los sistemas que permita, posteriormente, generar una respuesta adecuada a través de los módulos de síntesis en la salida de los mismos. El centro de atención se sitúa en la expresividad afectiva, intentando dotar de habilidades de inteligencia emocional a sistemas de inteligencia artificial con el objetivo de lograr que la interacción persona-máquina se asemeje, en la mayor medida posible, a la comunicación humana. En primer lugar se realiza un análisis preliminar basado en locuciones grabadas en condiciones ideales. La expresividad vocal en este caso es actuada y las grabaciones responden a un guion previo que determina a priori la etiqueta que describe el contenido afectivo de las mismas. Si bien este no es el paradigma de la interacción en un entorno realista, este primer paso sirve para probar las primeras aproximaciones a la parametrización de los corpus, los métodos de selección de parámetros y su utilidad en la optimización de los procedimientos, así como la viabilidad de considerar el sistema de reconocimiento afectivo como un ejercicio de clasificación categórica. Asimismo, permite comparar los resultados obtenidos en este escenario con los que se obtienen posteriormente en el escenario realista. Si bien pudiera considerarse que la utilidad de un marco de trabajo como el aquí propuesto carece de interés más allá del mero ejercicio de comprobación citado, en esta tesis se propone un sistema basado en este planteamiento cuya finalidad es la validación automática de un corpus de voz expresiva destinado a síntesis, ya que en síntesis sí es necesario que el corpus esté grabado en condiciones óptimas puesto que será empleado para la generación de nuevas locuciones. En segundo lugar la tesis profundiza en el análisis del corpus FAU Aibo, un corpus multilocutor de voz expresiva espontánea grabado en alemán a partir de interacciones naturales de un grupo de niños y niñas con un robot dotado de un micrófono. En este caso el planteamiento es completamente distinto al anterior partiendo de la definición del propio corpus, en el que las locuciones no responden a un guion previo y las etiquetas afectivas se asignan posteriormente a partir de la evaluación subjetiva de las mismas. Asimismo, el grado de expresividad emocional de estas locuciones es inferior al de las grabadas por un actor o una actriz en tanto que son espontáneas y las emociones, dado que se generan de forma natural, no responden necesariamente a una definición prototípica. Todo ello sin considerar que las condiciones de grabación no son las mismas que las que se obtendrían en un estudio de grabación profesional. En este escenario los resultados son muy diferentes a los obtenidos en el escenario anterior por lo que se requiere un estudio más detallado. En este sentido se plantean dos parametrizaciones, una a nivel acústico y otra a nivel lingüístico, ya que la segunda podría no verse tan afectada por los elementos que pueden degradar la primera, tales como ruido u otros artefactos. Se proponen distintos sistemas de clasificación de complejidad variable a pesar de que, a menudo, los sistemas más sencillos producen resultados buenos. También se proponen distintas agrupaciones de parámetros intentando conseguir un conjunto de datos lo más pequeño posible que sea capaz de llevar a cabo un reconocimiento afectivo automático de forma eficaz. Los resultados obtenidos en el análisis de las expresiones espontáneas ponen de manifiesto la complejidad del problema tratado y se corresponden con valores inferiores a los obtenidos a partir de corpus grabados en condiciones ideales. Sin embargo, los esquemas propuestos logran obtener resultados que superan los publicados hasta la fecha en estudios realizados en condiciones análogas y abren, por lo tanto, la puerta a investigaciones futuras en este ámbito.
The topic of this thesis is about automatic spontaneous emotion recognition from the analysis of the speech signal. It is carried out in the Grup de recerca de Tecnologies Mèdia of Enginyeria i Arquitectura La Salle, and it was started when several research lines related to the synthesis of emotions were in progress but no one related to its analysis. The motivation is to improve human-machine interaction by developing an analysis module to be adapted as an input to the devices able to generate an appropriate answer at the output through their synthesis modules. The highlight is the expression of emotion, trying to give emotional intelligence skills to systems of artificial intelligence. The main goal is to make human-machine interaction more similar to human communication. First, we carried out a preliminary analysis of utterances recorded under ideal conditions. Vocal expression was, in this case, acted and the recordings followed a script which determined the descriptive label of their emotional content. Although this was not the paradigm of interaction in a realistic scenario, this previous step was useful to test the first approaches to parameterisation of corpora, feature selection methods and their utility optimizing the proposed procedures, and to determine whether the consideration of the emotion recognition problem as a categorical classification exercise is viable. Moreover, it allowed the comparison of the results in this scenario with the results obtained in the realistic environment. This framework can be useful in other contexts, additionally to this comparison utility. In this thesis we propose a system based on it with the goal of validating automatically an expressive speech corpus for synthesis. In the synthesis field, corpora must be recorded under real conditions to create new speech utterances. Second, we present an analysis of the FAU Aibo corpus, a multispeaker corpus of emotional spontaneous speech recorded in German from the interaction of a group of children with a robot with a microphone. In this case the approach was different because of the definition of the corpus. The recordings of the FAU Aibo corpus did not follow a script and the emotion category labels were assigned after a subjective evaluation process. Moreover, the emotional content of these recordings was lower than in those recorded by actors because of their spontaneity and emotions were not prototypical because they were generated naturally, not following a script. Furthermore, recording conditions were not the same that in a professional recording studio. In this scenario, results were very different to those obtained in the previous one. For this reason a more accurate analysis was required. In this sense we used two parameterisations, adding linguistic parameters to the acoustic information because the first one could be more robust to noise or some other artefacts than the second one. We considered several classifiers of different complexity although, often, simple systems get the better results. Moreover, we defined several sets of features trying to get a reduced set of data able to work efficiently in the automatic emotion recognition task. Results related to the analysis of the spontaneous emotions confirmed the complexity of the problem and revealed lower values than those associated to the corpus recorded under ideal conditions. However, the schemas got better results than those published so far in works carried out under similar conditions. This opens a door to future research in this area.

碩士
國立海洋大學
海洋生物研究所
91
Heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70) is known to act as an ATP-dependent molecular chaperone that interacts with a cochaperone to assist the refolding of denatured proteins (Walter and Bunchner, 2002). A spontaneous high expression of HSP 70 was previously detected in 72 to 84-hr-old developing zebrafish (Danio rerio) (Yeh and Hsu, 2000) and no coordinate increase in HSP 70 mRNA synthesis could be found in these zebrafish, suggesting that the spontaneous HSP 70 productions was controlled at the translation level (Yeh and Hsu, 2002). Heat shock cognate 70 (HSC 70) generally present in unstressed conditions appeared to be the predominant form of the highly expressed HSP 70 in developing zebrafish after immunoblot analysis of 36 to 108-hr-old zebrafish extract proteins separated by 2-D gel electrophoresis. A low level of spontaneous expression of stress-inducible HSP 70 that had a more basic pI than HSC 70 was also observed. RT-PCR using different set of primers targeting various positions of zebrafish HSC 70 cDNA gave no difference in band intensity. Immunoblot analysis detected the presence of a 42-kDa molecule structurally similar to the human cochaperone dj-2 in zebrafish extracts and the expression of this molecule was found to increase parallely with HSC 70 in developing zebrafish. Although incubation of 36, 80, and 84-hr-old zebrafish extracts with the protein crosslinking agent EGS all generated protein complexes with similar eletrophoretic mobility, HSC 70 and the dj-2 like molecule were present only in complexes produced from 80 an 84-hr-old zebrafish extracts. The covalent protein complexes containing HSC 70 and dj-2 could be partially purified by anion exchange chromatography eluting with 0.3M NaCl. Two polypeptides estimated to be 40 and 25 kDa in molecular mass were specifically released from EGS-crosslinked 72 and 84-hr-old zebrafish protein complexes, as shown by hydroxylamine cleavage and SDS-PAGE. It is very likely that the two polypeptides were proteins chaperoned by HSC 70 and dj-2 highly expressed in 72 to 84-hr-old zebrafish. The nature of the possibly chaperoned proteins remains to be determined.

IT: La tesi presenta la creazione di un corpus multimodale pilota dell’italiano parlato in contesto spontaneo, indagando le principali questioni metodologiche. Il metodo adottato può essere definito percettivo-pragmatico, in riferimento alla Teoria della Lingua in Atto (Cresti, 2000; Cresti e Moneglia, 2010; Moneglia & Raso, 2014) e agli studi sul gesto di Adam Kendon (2004), e propone una soluzione alle questioni semiologiche – derivanti dalla multimodalità della lingua – individuando nell’azione linguistica un’unità multimodale. La tesi è divisa in due parti. La prima parte introduce i problemi teorici legati alla nozione di lingua e all’approccio multimodale. Il primo capitolo è dedicato alla definizione di lingua parlata nelle caratteristiche fisiche e testuali che ne determinano la complessità. Nel secondo capitolo vengono introdotti gli studi sulla gestualità. Partendo da un excursus storico dei principali studi sul gesto, viene poi introdotta la nascita dei moderni gesture studies grazie al contributo di Adam Kendon (2004) e David McNeill (2005). In particolare, si pone l’attenzione sul dibattito intorno alla natura verbale del gesto, che vede protagonista McNeill, e alle unità gestuali individuate da Kendon. Il capitolo si chiude con un’analisi delle principali funzioni che sono state riconosciute al gesto. Il terzo capitolo introduce la nozione di multimodalità con le principali correnti e approcci. Vengono indagate anche le principali nozioni di unità che fanno riferimento alla multimodalità come utterance as visible action (Kendon, 2004), il Growth Point (McNeill, 2005), il composite utterance (Enfield, 2009) e le prove che emergono dalla lingua dei segni e che corroborano la visione del linguaggio come sistema multimodale. La seconda parte della tesi è dedicata alla costruzione del corpus. In particolare, il quarto capitolo è dedicato all’analisi del significato gestuale analizzando i diversi approcci (Kendon 1988, McNeill 1992, Cienki, 2013, Bressem 2013, Müller, 2013, Mondada, 2013-2011, Boutet 2018). Il quinto capitolo, dopo una rassegna delle caratteristiche e delle procedure che la letteratura indica come necessarie per la costruzione del corpus (Knight e Adolphs, 2006), illustra il metodo utilizzato per la compilazione del corpus CORMIP(Corpus Multimodale dell’Italiano Parlato). Infine, la tesi si chiude con un capitolo dedicato alla presentazione di un case-study. Lo studio ha due principali finalità: da un lato illustrare un possibile uso del corpus CORMIP, dall’altro verificare la nostra ipotesi di utilizzare l’azione linguistica come mezzo di analisi del sistema multimodale. _________________________ENG: This thesis shows the creation of a pilot multimodal corpus of spoken Italian in spontaneous context, investigating the main methodological issues. The method adopted can be defined as perceptual-pragmatic, referring to the Theory of Language in Act (Cresti, 2000; Cresti & Moneglia, 2010; Moneglia & Raso, 2014) and Adam Kendon's gesture studies (2004), and proposes a solution to the semiological issues - arising from the multimodality of language - by identifying language action as a multimodal unit. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part introduces the theoretical problems related to the notion of language and the multimodal approach. The first chapter is devoted to the definition of spoken language in the physical and textual characteristics that determine its complexity. The second chapter introduces gestural studies. Starting with a historical survey of major gesture studies, the emergence of modern gesture studies is then introduced through the contribution of Adam Kendon (2004) and David McNeill (2005). In particular, attention is given to the debate around the verbal nature of gesture, which features McNeill, and the gestural units identified by Kendon. The chapter closes with an analysis of the main functions that have been recognized for gesture. The third chapter introduces the notion of multimodality with the main currents and approaches. The main notions of unity that refer to multimodality such as utterance as visible action (Kendon, 2004), the Growth Point (McNeill, 2005), composite utterance (Enfield, 2009), and evidence emerging from sign language that corroborates the view of language as a multimodal system are also investigated. The second part of the thesis is devoted to corpus construction. In particular, the fourth chapter is devoted to the analysis of gestural meaning by analyzing different approaches (Kendon 1988, McNeill 1992, Cienki, 2013, Bressem 2013, Müller, 2013, Mondada, 2013-2011, Boutet 2018). The fifth chapter, after a review of the features and procedures that the literature indicates as necessary for corpus construction (Knight and Adolphs, 2006), illustrates the method used to compile the CORMIP(Corpus Multimodale dell'Italiano Parlato) corpus. Finally, the thesis closes with a chapter devoted to the presentation of a case-study. The study has two main purposes: on the one hand to illustrate a possible use of the CORMIP corpus, and on the other hand to test our hypothesis of using linguistic action as a means of analyzing the multimodal system.

碩士
國立中央大學
物理研究所
96
Two sets of gold nanoparticles were fabricated by the thermal evaporation method. X-ray diffraction patterns and TEM images showed the mean particle diameters for the two sets of samples to be 3.5 and 6 nm. TEM images reveal an icosahedral shape for the 3.5 nm Au nanoparticles, which corresponds to 923 atoms packed in six icosahedral shells. Magnetic properties were studied by ac magnetic susceptibility and magnetization measurements. The M-H curves of 3.5 nm Au nanoparticles can be well described by a Langevin profile plus a Brilliun Zeeman one and a linear diamagnetic term. We found that the spin arrangements of 3.5 nm Au particles are ferrimagnetic in nature, which contained a net spontaneous magnetic moment of 26 μB per particle. The effect of interparticle separation was also studied. The low temperature saturated magnetization MS and induced magnetization Mi of the fully packed power were 84% and 59% that of very loosely packed power.

碩士
國立中央大學
物理研究所
97
Two sets of nano-sized bismuth powder samples were fabricated by the thermal evaporation method. The atomic force microscope image, x-ray diffraction patterns, and x-ray fluorescence pattern were used to determine the particle size and composition. AFM images and XRD patterns showed that the mean particle diameters of samples are 5.7 nm and 24.3 nm. A very thin layer of bismuth oxide covers the surface Bi particles, other then that there is no trace of impurity. Magnetic properties were studied by magnetization measurement. The M-H curves of the 5.7 nm and 24.3 nm nanoparticles can be described by a modified Langevin function plus a modified diamagnetic term. Influence of the interparticle interactions on the magnetic characters of Bi nanoparticles is studied. The interparticle separation between Bi nanoparticles are tuned by cold press the particle assembly, indicated by packing fraction f of the assembly that ranging from 1% to 77% of the mass density of bulk Bi. The variations of the particle moment μP and the saturation magnetization Ms are investigated as well. The particle moment of the samples decreases as f is increased. The saturation magnetization of those samples with f smaller than 60 % increase as f is increased. The saturation magnetizations of those samples with f larger than 60 % decrease with increasing of f. The variation of the particle moment is discussed by consider of the Fermi energy of the surface and core atoms in the nanoparticles. The variation of the saturation magnetization may be understood by the crosslinking effect and magnetic dipole-dipole interaction.

La majorité des individus exposés au virus de l’hépatite C (VHC) développent une infection chronique. Une réponse immunitaire adaptative forte et soutenue est associée avec la guérison spontanée du VHC, mais les mécanismes sous-jacents demeurent mal définis. Le rôle des cellules NK et des cellules dendritiques (DC) dans la guérison spontanée du VHC est encore méconnu. Les cellules NK sont la population effectrice la plus importante de l’immunité innée car elles tuent les cellules infectées et sécrètent diverses cytokines. Les DC reconnaissent des agents infectieux et elles sont les premières à initier et réguler l’immunité adaptative. Les cellules NK et les DC interagissent également entre elles afin de réguler l’immunité innée et adaptative. L’hypothèse du projet de doctorat est que l'activité des cellules NK pendant la phase aiguë de l'infection par le VHC module la fonction des DC afin que ces dernières puissent générer une réponse immunitaire adaptative capable d'éliminer le VHC. Le premier objectif était d’établir une corrélation entre l'activité des cellules NK et l'évolution de l'infection au VHC. Nous avons observé une augmentation de la cytotoxicité, mais une diminution de la sécrétion de cytokines par les cellules NK chez les patients chroniques et qui ont résolu spontanément pendant la phase aiguë en comparaison aux contrôles non infectés, démontrant alors une dissociation entre ces deux fonctions. Nos résultats suggèrent que les cellules NK sont activées pendant la phase aiguë indépendamment de l’évolution de l’infection. Le deuxième objectif était d’établir une corrélation entre le phénotype et la fonction des DC, et l'évolution de l'infection. Nous avons d’abord observé que les DC plasmacytoïdes de tous les patients infectés ont un phénotype plus immature que les contrôles, et que ce phénotype est plus prononcé chez les patients ayant résolu spontanément. De plus, en réponse à des stimulations, nous avons observé que pendant la phase aiguë précoce, les DC myéloïdes (mDC) de tous les patients infectés indépendamment de l’évolution de l’infection produisent davantage de cytokines en comparaison aux contrôles. Cependant, cette hyperréactivité n’est pas soutenue au cours de l’évolution chronique. Le troisième objectif était d’établir une corrélation entre les interactions NK/DC et l’évolution de l’infection. Nous avons étudié la capacité des cellules NK à lyser les DC potentiellement tolérogéniques, ainsi que la capacité des DC matures à activer les cellules NK, et nous avons observé aucune différence entre les patients infectés et les contrôles. Finalement, nous avons démontré pour la première fois la capacité des DC immatures à inhiber la fonction des cellules NK. En conclusion, nous avons démontré que les cellules NK sont activées pendant la phase aiguë de l’infection par le VHC indépendamment de l’évolution de l’infection. De plus, la capacité des cellules NK à éliminer les DC potentiellement tolérogéniques est intacte. Finalement, les mDC sont hyperréactives pendant la phase aiguë de l’infection, mais cette hyperréactivité n’est pas soutenue avec la persistance de l’infection. Cette perte d’hyperréactivité des mDC ne semble pas affecter la capacité des DC à activer les cellules NK, mais elle pourrait jouer un rôle dans l’inefficacité de l’immunité adaptative à éliminer le VHC.
The majority of individuals exposed to the hepatitis C virus (HCV) develop a chronic infection. It is known that a strong and sustained adaptive immune response is associated with the spontaneous clearance of HCV, however the underlying mechanisms are not well defined. The role of natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells (DCs) during the spontaneous resolution of HCV remains unknown. NK cells are the primary effector population of the innate immune response which are able to kill infected cells and secrete various cytokines. On the other hand, DCs are the first cell type to initiate and regulate adaptive immunity after recognizing infectious pathogens. NK cells and DCs can also interact reciprocally to further regulate innate and adaptive immunity. Our hypothesis is that NK cell activity during acute HCV will modulate DC function to prime a highly efficient adaptive immune response resulting in viral clearance. The first aim of my project was to establish a correlation between NK cell activity and the outcome of HCV infection. We observed increased NK cell cytotoxicity, but decreased cytokine secretion during acute HCV in patients with chronic evolution as well as spontaneous resolution, further demonstrating a dissociation between these two NK cell functions. Our results suggest that NK cells are activated during acute HCV infection regardless of infection outcome. The second aim was to establish a correlation between DC phenotype, function and the outcome of infection. We observed that plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) from all HCV-infected patients have a more immature phenotype as compared to negative controls, yet this is more pronounced in spontaneous resolvers. Furthermore, we observed that during the early acute phase, myeloid DCs (mDCs) from all HCV-infected patients, regardless of outcome, have increased production of cytokines as compared to un-infected controls in response to stimulation. However, this hyperresponsiveness of mDCs is not sustained with chronic evolution. The third aim was to establish a correlation between the NK/DC cross-talk and infection outcome. We studied the capacity of NK cells to kill potentially tolerogenic DCs, as well as the capacity of mature DCs to activate NK cells, and we observed no major differences between different stages of HCV infection and un-infected controls. However, we obtained unprecedented data which suggests that immature DCs have the capacity to inhibit NK cell function. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that NK cells are activated during acute HCV infection regardless of its outcome. Furthermore, the capacity of NK cells to kill potentially tolerogenic DCs is intact for all groups of patients. Finally, mDCs are hyperresponsive during acute HCV, but this hyperresponsiveness is not sustained with persistence of viremia. The loss of mDC hyperresponsiveness does not seem to affect the capacity of DCs to activate NK cells, but might play a role in the capacity of DCs to prime a highly efficient adaptive immune response resulting in viral clearance.

碩士
國立中央大學
物理研究所
96
An Al nanoparticle powder was fabricated by the thermal evaporation method.The mean particle diameter was determined to be 10.1 nm by the X-ray diffraction profiles and the AFM images. No trace of oxidation may be found. Magnetic properties were studied by magnetization measurement. The M-H curve may be described by a modified Langevin function plus a diamagnetic linear term. The results show that the saturation magnetization Ms decreases with increasing temperature, while the average particle moment μp increase with increasing temperature. It was found that μp decreases as the interparticle separation is decreased. A hysteresis loop was also found around 55 K.

In this thesis we investigate the electronic band structures and the correlations in chirally (ABC) stacked N-layer graphene with N ≥ 2. We use ab initio density-functional theory and k · p theory to fit the parameters of a p-band tightbinding model. External potential differences between top and bottom layers are strongly screened by charge transfer but still open an energy gap at overall neutrality. Perpendicular magnetic field drives the system into the quantum Hall region with 4N-fold zero energy Landau levels. We predict that Coulomb interactions spontaneously break the SU(4N) symmetry and drive quantum Hall effects at all integer fillings n from −2N to 2N with exotic spin and pseudospin polarizations. Based on mean-field theory and perturbative renormalization group analysis, we predict that the ground state of bilayer graphene spontaneously breaks inversion symmetry for arbitrarily weak electron-electron interactions and conclude that this instability is not suppressed by quantum fluctuations but that, because of trigonal warping, it may occur only in high quality suspended bilayers. Remarkably flat conduction and valence bands that touch at charge neutrality point and Bloch states with large pseudospin chirality combine to make the bilayer graphene gapless band state strongly susceptible to a family of broken symmetry states in which each spinvalley flavor spontaneously transfers charge between layers. We explain how these states are distinguished by their charge, spin, and valley Hall conductivities, by their orbital magnetizations, and by their edge state properties. We further analyze how these competing states are influenced by Zeeman fields that couple to spin and by interlayer electric fields that couple to layer pseudospin, and comment on the possibility of using response and edge state signatures to identify the character of the bilayer ground state experimentally. We demonstrate that similar insulating broken symmetry states and spontaneous topological orders also occur in bilayer’s thicker cousins, chirally stacked multilayer graphene systems.
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碩士
明道大學
課程與教學研究所
104
This study is designed to investigate the effectiveness of role-playing teaching helps enhance spontaneous social interaction among children with learning disabilities. The method of research is by applying single-subject research of the Reversal Design (A1-B1-A2-B2) among two pre-school students with learning disabilities as samples diagnosed with either autism and/or cognitive disabilities in order to better understand the effectiveness spontaneous social interaction. Study variables: independent variable for role-playing, dependent variable on child's spontaneous social interaction, control variables are experimenter, observer, scene and experimental time study. The two subjects of study were individually tested for baseline assessment phase 1, treatment period phase 1, baseline assessment phase 2, treatment period phase 2, 4 phases in total while visual analysis and C static were also included later on as further assessments. Research activities included using dolls, situational life stories, and visual cue cards while children without learning disabilities were also incorporated as part of the role-play activities to help classify interactions while maintaining their social skills. Research result is as follows: 1.Role-playing teaching has immediate positive impact on subject's " expression of needs and wants", "response"," taking-turns", and "wait-time" during spontaneous social interaction. 2.Role-playing teaching helps maintain subject's " expression of needs and wants", "response"," taking-turns", "wait-time" during spontaneous social interaction. 3.Role-playing during "Reversal mainstream Conner inclusin" activity helps enhance spontaneous social interaction among pre-school children with learning disability's.

The purpose of this research is to investigate and describe the optimum conditions under which collaborative improvised musical expression in performance can be established. This study is an exhaustive examination of selected performances of an ensemble in which I perform. This ensemble was newly formed, specifically for this research study. The research investigates the impact of the ensemble dynamic on the improvisations of each individual within the ensemble and the way in which this affects and informs my own playing. Performances and recordings by this ensemble are used as the basis of the research presented in the accompanying exegesis. The weighting of this project is 80% folio and 20% exegesis. The recordings have not been analysed in the traditional harmonic, melodic and rhythmic manner as the focus of this study is on the way in which musicians connect at an intuitive level. The manner in which each participant’s contributions affect their co-­‐performers has been analysed and discussed. Aural perception and the collective and individual musical history of the participants are seen as significant factors and as such have been investigated through interviews. It is proposed that a musician’s familiarity with repertoire should be such that conscious decision making in performance becomes redundant. In fact, it is felt that the need to deliberately think about both physical and material requirements of music making, when playing, is a hindrance to high quality musical performance, both during improvisation and interpretation of pre-­‐composed materials. To this end, there is a need to separate the manner in which a musician accumulates musical knowledge via practice, from the way they present music, as a performer. The study explores this important relationship in the context of the case study of the project album. These issues have also been examined with a view to offering some insight into the mindset and methods that best support the development of high-­‐level improvisation and interpretive skills.

The aim of this thesis was to investigate the stimulatory action of human gamma-globulin on the spontaneous activity of the rat mesenteric portal vein. Previous studies in our laboratory have identified human gamma-globulin and IgG as stimulatory factors which may be responsible for the smooth muscle abnormality associated with the etiology of essential hypertension (Pillai, 1989). This thesis is comprised of three studies. The first study examined whether or not human gamma-globulin exerts its stimulatory action only on spontaneously-active smooth muscles. The second study was to determine if the stimulatory action of human gamma-globulin on the spontaneous activity of the rat mesenteric portal vein is due to decreased potassium conductance. The aim of the third study was to determine if prostaglandins play a role in the stimulatory effects of human gamma-globulin. Human gamma-globulin significantly increased the contractile activity of spontaneously-active muscles (rat mesenteric portal vein and guinea-pig taenia-caeci) with respect to frequency, force, and integrated response of contraction, whereas it had no significant effect on the contractile activity of quiescent muscles (rat aorta and guinea-pig trachea). At a concentration of 4.35 mg/ml human gamma-globulin caused a 63% increase above the maximum integrated response obtained with the time/volume/pH control in the rat mesenteric portal vein and a 23% increase in integrated response above that of the time/volume/pH control in guinea-pig taenia-caeci. Human gamma-globulin had no significant effect on the actions of noradrenaline on the rat mesenteric portal vein. Glibenclamide, a potassium channel antagonist, potentiated the action of human gamma-globulin on the portal vein by 45% and on its own had a biphasic (increase followed by a decrease) effect on the spontaneous activity of the portal vein . Glibenclamide and human gamma-globulin in combination increased the degree of contracture or baseline tone of the portal vein . Diazoxide, a potassium channel opener, noncompetitively inhibited the action of human gamma-globulin on the rat mesenteric portal vein by 63%. Both concentrations of pinacidil (0.5 and 5 μM), which is a potassium channel opener, non-competitively inhibited the action of human gamma-globulin by 61% and 78%, respectively. Lemakalim, a potassium channel opener, decreased the spontaneous activity of the portal vein in a concentration-dependent manner. Lemakalim non-competitively antagonized the actions of both noradrenaline and glibenclamide on the rat mesenteric portal vein. Lemakalim potentiated the stimulatory action of human gamma-globulin on the integrated force of the spontaneous contractions of the rat mesenteric portal vein by 40% and 49% at concentrations of 0.5 and 5 μM, respectively. It did so in a manner similar to glibenclamide by interacting with human gamma-globulin to increase the contracture or baseline tone of the portal vein. Indomethacin, meclofenamic acid, corticosterone, phenylbutazone, aspirin, ibuprofen, and piroxicam all inhibited the stimulatory action of human gamma-globulin on the rat mesenteric portal vein, but only indomethacin, meclofenamic acid, and corticosterone did so to a significant level . Indomethacin was the most potent inhibitor of human gamma-globulin, decreasing the maximum integrated response of the rat mesenteric portal vein to human gamma-globulin by 40% and 60% at concentrations of 1x10⁻¹⁰ M and 1x10⁻⁶ M . Meclofenamic acid was the second most potent inhibitor of human gamma-globulin, decreasing the maximum integrated response of the rat mesenteric portal vein to human gamma-globulin by 15% and 52% at concentrations of 1x10⁻¹⁰ M and 1x10⁻⁶ M. Corticosterone decreased the maximum integrated response to human gamma-globulin in the rat mesenteric portal vein by 22% at a concentration of 1x10⁻⁵ M . The order of potency for the remaining NSAIDs was found to be phenylbutazone > aspirin > ibuprofen > piroxicam. In the ex vivo experiment, 10 mg/kg of indomethacin caused a statistically significant decrease in the response of the rat mesenteric portal vein to human gamma-globulin. It is concluded from these studies that human gamma-globulin exerts its stimulatory effects only on spontaneously active smooth muscle preparations. Findings from these studies may be taken to suggest that human gamma-globulin, which is a protein, may act by directly modulating a potassium channel such as the maxi-K⁺ channel. It also appears that prostaglandins play a role in the stimulatory action of human gamma-globulin on the rat mesenteric portal vein.

Atomic nuclei form an excellent playground to investigate the primary building blocks of nature in the context of fundamental interactions between particles. Long-range electroma- gnetic Coulomb interaction, short-range strong interaction which binds nucleons into atomic nuclei (nucleon-nucleon interaction), and weak interaction responsible for beta decay pose a serious challenge in theoretical description of the nuclear chart where a deep understanding of all of them is a must. The eld of study is highly interdisciplinary as the understanding of fundamental interactions have been the main goal of the Standard Model of particle physics - the theory which pretends to account for the fundamental laws of nature. Binary structure of atomic nucleus - the quantum system composed of two types of par- ticles protons and neutrons causes the asymmetry of the nucleon-nucleon interaction due to, for instance, electromagnetic interaction which acts only between protons. The analysis of bre- aking of the isospin symmetry in the so-called superallowed Fermi beta decay provides a unique opportunity to verify the basic assumption of the Standard Model, where hadronic structure is built upon three generations of quarks. For that reason one of the key point of the thesis was to focus on the research of unitarity of the Cabbibo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) quark mixing matrix (Nobel prize 2008 "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature"). So far, the calculation of nuclear beta decay with an e ective nucleon-nucleon interaction does not contradict with this assumption. Therefore either, we live indeed in the three-generation-quark world or quarks of next generation are so massive that we need much more precise calculation to reach the required level of accuracy of the unitarity of CKM matrix. The Fermi beta decay is by no means the only channel of beta transition. With nearly the same probability the nucleus may decay in the Gamow-Teller channel where the spin change is involved. Many years ago it turned out that the transition probability is systematically overestimated by the theory with respect to experimental data. The observed reduction is re- sponsible for coining the term quenching for the reduction e ect related to the coupling constant of Gamow-Teller type of electroweak currents. The coupling constant has been studied within both nuclear and particle physics. The conclusion that has been made within this work allowed to reject the main hypothesis behind the quenching. Instead of suspecting the drawbacks of the theoretical approach itself it turned out that the solution of the puzzle of the quenching was most probably related to many-body currents, which had been not included at any point in the calculation. Only very recently this statement has been con rmed by the ab initio calculations in several examples of the Gamow-Teller beta decay. Furthermore, the Gamow-Teller transitions are crucial to settle up the research on neutri- noless double beta decay. It is one of the most sought-after process in physics as if measured, would indicate the existence of new physics beyond the Standard Model with neutrino being its own antiparticle with the non-zero mass. The discovery of the neutrino oscillation (Nobel prize 2015) made the subject even more vivid among scientists. It meant that neutrinos are massive. It is therefore obligatory for nuclear theory to perform extremely precise calculation indicating possible isotopes that may decay in that exciting neutrinoless double decay channel. The model that has been widely tested and explored within the thesis, especially in the context of Gamow-Teller transitions, is now almost ready for the calculation of the 0 channel.