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Статті в журналах з теми "Spinal cord injury, physical activity, efficiency"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 березня 2023

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1

Przysada, Grzegorz, Justyna Wyszyóska, Mariusz Drużbicki, Anna Pajda, Justyna Leszczak, Justyna Podgórska-Bednarz, and Krzysztof Kołodziej. "Selected factors affecting the efficiency of wheelchair mobility in individuals with spinal cord injury." Advances in Rehabilitation 30, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rehab-2015-0039.

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Abstract Introduction: Locomotion efficiency levels in individuals with spinal cord injury deal cord injury depend upon the level of spinal cord injury. Rehabilitation of people with spinal cord injury aims to prepare them to function in society in the best possible manner. One of the significant tasks of rehabilitation is to develop the skill of moving in a wheelchair, which becomes the only means of locomotion for most people. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of selected factors such as age, sex, time from the occurrence of the injury, the level of spinal cord injury, participation in Active Rehabilitation camps and the level of physical activity on the efficiency of locomotion in a wheelchair in individuals with spinal cord injury. Material and methods: The study included 55 patients after a complete spinal cord injury (39 males and 16 females using manual wheelchairs), aged 19 to 59. The level of spinal cord injury was assessed on the basis of a subjective classification of ASIA. The efficiency of wheelchair mobility was evaluated using the wheelchair manoeuvring technique test by Tasiemski (evaluation of performance of 14 tasks taking into account architectural barriers). Results: The majority of respondents (n = 28) obtained medium level of the efficiency, 16 participants scored low, while 11 individuals scored high. The highest score which women obtained was the medium level. It was men only (n = 11) who scored high. There was no statistically significant correlation between the efficiency of wheel-chair mobility and the level of spinal cord injury. It was observed that younger individuals and those practising sport daily achieved the best test results. Conclusions: Participants’ age affected their locomotion efficiency in a wheelchair. Females demonstrated lower levels of efficiency wheelchair mobility than their male counterparts. Regular physical activity affected the participants’ efficiency of wheeled mobility significantly.

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2

Saraf, Poonam, Miriam R. Rafferty, Jennifer L. Moore, Jennifer H. Kahn, Kathryn Hendron, Kristan Leech, and T. George Hornby. "Daily Stepping in Individuals With Motor Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury." Physical Therapy 90, no. 2 (February 1, 2010): 224–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20090064.

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BackgroundIn individuals with motor incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI), ambulatory function determined in the clinical setting is related to specific measures of body structure and function and activity limitations, although few studies have quantified the relationship of these variables with daily stepping (steps/day).ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to quantify daily stepping in ambulatory individuals with SCI and its relationship with clinical walking performance measures and specific demographics, impairments, and activity limitations.DesignA cross-sectional study was performed to estimate relationships among clinical variables to daily stepping in self-identified community versus non–community (household) walkers.MethodsAverage daily stepping was determined in 50 people with chronic, motor incomplete SCI. Data for clinical and self-report measures of walking performance also were collected, and their associations with daily stepping were analyzed using correlation and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses. Relationships between daily stepping and the measures of demographics, impairments, and activity limitations were identified using correlation and regression analyses.ResultsThe ROC analyses revealed a significant discriminative ability between self-reported community and non–community walkers using clinical gait measures and daily stepping. Stepping activity generally was low throughout the sample tested, however, with an average of approximately 2,600 steps/day. Knee extension strength (force-generating capacity) and static balance were the primary variables related to daily stepping, with metabolic efficiency and capacity and balance confidence contributing to a lesser extent.LimitationsThe small sample size and use of specific impairment-related measures were potential limitations of the study.ConclusionsDaily stepping is extremely limited in individuals with incomplete SCI, with a potentially substantial contribution of impairments in knee extension strength and balance.

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3

Lipert, Anna, Kacper Wróbel, Michał Spychała, Paweł Rasmus, Dariusz Timler, Michał Marczak, and Remigiusz Kozłowski. "The Effectiveness of Active Rehabilitation Camp on Physical Performance of Disabled People Moving in Wheelchairs." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 16, 2021): 7572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147572.

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(1) Background: Regular participation in physical activity (PA) prevents many medical complications and improves the physical fitness of people with spinal cord injury, and in turn improves the functional independence, psychosocial status and quality of life. The goal of Active Rehabilitation Camps (ARCs) is to use various forms of PA in order for the participants to obtain the greatest efficiency and independence in everyday life. (2) Purpose: To evaluate the improvement in physical performance of people with chronic spinal cord disabilities moving in wheelchairs taking part in the Active Rehabilitation Camp depending on (a) sex, (b) type of disability, (c) the level of injury and (d) the type of wheelchair. (3) Methods: The study included 42 wheelchair users: 28 men and 14 women aged 18–65 years (34.7 ± 14.9 years) taking part in the Active Rehabilitation Camp. Finally, the study involved 27 paraplegics, 9 tetraplegics and 6 individuals with myelomeningocele. The participants took part in four fitness tests: (1) sprint test (SP)—individual time to cover a distance of 15 m in the wheelchair; (2) slalom test (SL)—time to ride between four cones front and back; (3) basketball ball throw at a distance (BT), (4) zig-zag test (ZZ)—riding continuously for 6 min on the designated track. The tests were performed at the beginning and at the end of the ACR. Active wheelchairs were used by 32 participants, and 10 participants used the classic wheelchairs. (4) Results: Paraplegics achieved the best average results in all the tests and the best improvement in physical performance in comparison to individuals with myelomeningocele and tetraplegics. People in active wheelchairs achieved a statistically significant improvement in the results of SL and ZZ (p < 0.001). People with injury above Th-9 level of the spinal cord achieved a statistically significant improvement in the results of SP (p < 0.01), SL and ZZ (p < 0.01). People with injury below Th6 achieved a statistically significant improvement (p < 0.05) in SP, SL and ZZ. (5) Conclusions: Regular PA during the Active Rehabilitation Camp improves the physical performance of disabled people in wheelchairs, but the scale of improvement of physical performance fitness depends on the type of wheelchair used and the level and the type of injury.

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4

Somredngan, Sirilak, Kasem Theerakittayakorn, Hong Thi Nguyen, Apichart Ngernsoungnern, Piyada Ngernsoungnern, Pishyaporn Sritangos, Mariena Ketudat-Cairns, et al. "The Efficiency of Neurospheres Derived from Human Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Spinal Cord Injury Regeneration in Rats." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4 (February 14, 2023): 3846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043846.

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Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes inflammation and neuronal degeneration, resulting in functional movement loss. Since the availability of SCI treatments is still limited, stem cell therapy is an alternative clinical treatment for SCI and neurodegenerative disorders. Human umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hWJ-MSCs) are an excellent option for cell therapy. This study aimed to induce hWJ-MSCs into neural stem/progenitor cells in sphere formation (neurospheres) by using neurogenesis-enhancing small molecules (P7C3 and Isx9) and transplant to recover an SCI in a rat model. Inducted neurospheres were characterized by immunocytochemistry (ICC) and gene expression analysis. The best condition group was selected for transplantation. The results showed that the neurospheres induced by 10 µM Isx9 for 7 days produced neural stem/progenitor cell markers such as Nestin and β-tubulin 3 through the Wnt3A signaling pathway regulation markers (β-catenin and NeuroD1 gene expression). The neurospheres from the 7-day Isx9 group were selected to be transplanted into 9-day-old SCI rats. Eight weeks after transplantation, rats transplanted with the neurospheres could move normally, as shown by behavioral tests. MSCs and neurosphere cells were detected in the injured spinal cord tissue and produced neurotransmitter activity. Neurosphere-transplanted rats showed the lowest cavity size of the SCI tissue resulting from the injury recovery mechanism. In conclusion, hWJ-MSCs could differentiate into neurospheres using 10 µM Isx9 media through the Wnt3A signaling pathway. The locomotion and tissue recovery of the SCI rats with neurosphere transplantation were better than those without transplantation.

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5

Park, Jae Hyeon, Hyeon Seong Kim, Seong Ho Jang, Dong Jin Hyun, Sang In Park, JuYoung Yoon, Hyunseop Lim, and Mi Jung Kim. "Cardiorespiratory Responses to 10 Weeks of Exoskeleton-Assisted Overground Walking Training inChronic Nonambulatory Patients with Spinal Cord Injury." Sensors 21, no. 15 (July 24, 2021): 5022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21155022.

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Exercise intensity of exoskeleton-assisted walking in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) has been reported as moderate. However, the cardiorespiratory responses to long-term exoskeleton-assisted walking have not been sufficiently investigated. We investigated the cardiorespiratory responses to 10 weeks of exoskeleton-assisted walking training in patients with SCI. Chronic nonambulatory patients with SCI were recruited from an outpatient clinic. Walking training with an exoskeleton was conducted three times per week for 10 weeks. Oxygen consumption and heart rate (HR) were measured during a 6-min walking test at pre-, mid-, and post-training. Exercise intensity was determined according to the metabolic equivalent of tasks (METs) for SCI and HR relative to the HR reserve (%HRR). Walking efficiency was calculated as oxygen consumption divided by walking speed. The exercise intensity according to the METs (both peak and average) corresponded to moderate physical activity and did not change after training. The %HRR demonstrated a moderate (peak %HRR) and light (average %HRR) exercise intensity level, and the average %HRR significantly decreased at post-training compared with mid-training (31.6 ± 8.9% to 24.3 ± 7.3%, p = 0.013). Walking efficiency progressively improved after training. Walking with an exoskeleton for 10 weeks may affect the cardiorespiratory system in chronic patients with SCI.

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6

Shokouhyan, Seyed Mohammadreza, Mathias Blandeau, Laura Wallard, Thierry Marie Guerra, Philippe Pudlo, Dany H. Gagnon, and Franck Barbier. "Sensorimotor Time Delay Estimation by EMG Signal Processing in People Living with Spinal Cord Injury." Sensors 23, no. 3 (January 18, 2023): 1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031132.

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Neuro mechanical time delay is inevitable in the sensorimotor control of the body due to sensory, transmission, signal processing and muscle activation delays. In essence, time delay reduces stabilization efficiency, leading to system instability (e.g., falls). For this reason, estimation of time delay in patients such as people living with spinal cord injury (SCI) can help therapists and biomechanics to design more appropriate exercise or assistive technologies in the rehabilitation procedure. In this study, we aim to estimate the muscle onset activation in SCI people by four strategies on EMG data. Seven complete SCI individuals participated in this study, and they maintained their stability during seated balance after a mechanical perturbation exerting at the level of the third thoracic vertebra between the scapulas. EMG activity of eight upper limb muscles were recorded during the stability. Two strategies based on the simple filtering (first strategy) approach and TKEO technique (second strategy) in the time domain and two other approaches of cepstral analysis (third strategy) and power spectrum (fourth strategy) in the time–frequency domain were performed in order to estimate the muscle onset. The results demonstrated that the TKEO technique could efficiently remove the electrocardiogram (ECG) and motion artifacts compared with the simple classical filtering approach. However, the first and second strategies failed to find muscle onset in several trials, which shows the weakness of these two strategies. The time–frequency techniques (cepstral analysis and power spectrum) estimated longer activation onset compared with the other two strategies in the time domain, which we associate with lower-frequency movement in the maintaining of sitting stability. In addition, no correlation was found for the muscle activation sequence nor for the estimated delay value, which is most likely caused by motion redundancy and different stabilization strategies in each participant. The estimated time delay can be used in developing a sensory motor control model of the body. It not only can help therapists and biomechanics to understand the underlying mechanisms of body, but also can be useful in developing assistive technologies based on their stability mechanism.

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7

Zehr, E. Paul. "Evidence-based risk assessment and recommendations for physical activity clearance: stroke and spinal cord injury1This paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled Evidence-based risk assessment and recommendations for physical activity clearance, and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 36, S1 (July 2011): S214—S231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h11-055.

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Physical activity (PA) has potential benefits after stroke or spinal cord injury (SCI), especially in improving efficiency and functional capacity in activities of daily living. Currently, many who could benefit from PA may be routinely excluded from participation because of myths related to functional capacity and the concern for harm. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the literature for reports of adverse events during exercise after stroke or SCI, and to provide recommendations regarding exercise participation in supervised and unsupervised environments. Studies were evaluated for quality, and the summary level and quality of evidence were evaluated using the AGREE rubric, modified to address the main outcome measure of adverse events. Levels of exercise stress were evaluated for aerobic activities, using an established rubric. Included in the current analysis were 32 studies for stroke and 4 for SCI. In aggregate, this yielded a total of 730 experimental participants with stroke and 143 with SCI. It should be noted that almost all studies were not designed to examine naturally occurring adverse events from PA. Significant contraindications to unsupervised exercise include manifestation of autonomic dysreflexia in SCI and cardiovascular comorbidity after stroke. There are clear benefits of exercise training on physiological outcomes in stroke and SCI, but the relation between outcomes and safety remains unclear. However, taken on balance, the risk-to-benefit ratio favors the recommendation of exercise. This recommendation is based on studies in which participants were almost universally screened for participation in supervised environments. Thus, the grading of evidence for finding adverse events to support this conclusion is inadequate.

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8

Galea, M. P. "Spinal cord injury and physical activity." Injury 41 (July 2010): S45—S46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2010.01.061.

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9

Butler, Jolene A., Terrya Miller, and Eileen Collins. "PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN PEOPLE WITH A SPINAL CORD INJURY." Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 25, no. 5 (September 2005): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-200509000-00043.

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10

Coelho-Magalhães, Tiago, Emerson Fachin-Martins, Andressa Silva, Christine Azevedo Coste, and Henrique Resende-Martins. "Development of a High-Power Capacity Open Source Electrical Stimulation System to Enhance Research into FES-Assisted Devices: Validation of FES Cycling." Sensors 22, no. 2 (January 11, 2022): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22020531.

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Since the first Cybathlon 2016, when twelve teams competed in the FES bike race, we have witnessed a global effort towards the development of stimulation and control strategies to improve FES-assisted devices, particularly for cycling, as a means to practice a recreational physical activity. As a result, a set of technical notes and research paved the way for many other studies and the potential behind FES-assisted cycling has been consolidated. However, engineering research needs instrumented devices to support novel developments and enable precise assessment. Therefore, some researchers struggle to develop their own FES-assisted devices or find it challenging to implement their instrumentation using commercial devices, which often limits the implementation of advanced control strategies and the possibility to connect different types of sensor. In this regard, we hypothesize that it would be advantageous for some researchers in our community to enjoy access to an entire open-source FES platform that allows different control strategies to be implemented, offers greater adaptability and power capacity than commercial devices, and can be used to assist different functional activities in addition to cycling. Hence, it appears to be of interest to make our proprietary electrical stimulation system an open-source device and to prove its capabilities by addressing all the aspects necessary to implement a FES cycling system. The high-power capacity stimulation device is based on a constant current topology that allows the creation of biphasic electrical pulses with amplitude, width, and frequency up to 150 mA, 1000 µs, and 100 Hz, respectively. A mobile application (Android) was developed to set and modify the stimulation parameters of up to eight stimulation channels. A proportional-integral controller was implemented for cadence tracking with the aim to improve the overall cycling performance. A volunteer with complete paraplegia participated in the functional testing of the system. He was able to cycle indoors for 45 min, accomplish distances of more than 5 km using a passive cycling trainer, and pedal 2400 m overground in 32 min. The results evidenced the capacity of our FES cycling system to be employed as a cycling tool for individuals with spinal cord injury. The methodological strategies used to improve FES efficiency suggest the possibility of maximizing pedaling duration through more advanced control techniques.

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11

Sweet, Shane N., Kathleen A. Martin Ginis, and Amy E. Latimer-Cheung. "Examining physical activity trajectories for people with spinal cord injury." Health Psychology 31, no. 6 (2012): 728–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0027795.

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12

Galea, M. P. "Spinal cord injury and physical activity: preservation of the body." Spinal Cord 50, no. 5 (December 13, 2011): 344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sc.2011.149.

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13

Filipcic, Tjasa, Vedrana Sember, Maja Pajek, and Janez Jerman. "Quality of Life and Physical Activity of Persons with Spinal Cord Injury." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (August 30, 2021): 9148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179148.

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The higher quality of life of people with spinal cord injury is closely related with their reintegration into the social environment. Social reintegration is a demanding and complex process, requiring individuals to become active again and acquire age-, gender-, and culture-appropriate roles and social status. It also involves independence and productive behavior as part of multiple interpersonal relationships with family, friends, and others. In order to establish whether individuals with spinal cord injury who are physically active subjectively rate their quality of life to be higher compared to those who are not, sixty-two respondents from Slovenia with spinal cord injury were interviewed. Thirty-one of them were physically active, and 31 were not. The level of injury of the responders was from Th6–Th12. The participants gave the highest assessments to their interpersonal relationships, and the lowest to their satisfaction with material prosperity. Data comparison showed that subjective estimates in all areas of quality of life are higher in respondents who were involved in physical activity after their injury. The results may encourage persons with spinal cord injury to participate more often in sports programs, and also encourage others to do so.

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Babar, Usman Ishfaq, Khwaja Muhammad Musa, Babar Ali, Usman Farooq, Syed Alamdar Hussain, and Shafiq ur Rehman. "Level of physical activity and its association with depression among chronic spinal cord injury patients at a paraplegic centre in Peshawar." Iberoamerican Journal of Medicine 4, no. 4 (September 5, 2022): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.53986/ibjm.2022.0037.

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Introduction: Spinal cord injury results in disability, limited participation in physical activities, and mental health problems which greatly affects the quality of life of the injured person. Engaging in physical activity is necessary for optimal recovery in individuals with spinal cord injury. Chronic spinal cord injury patients suffer from many secondary complications which become a challenge for the patient and the health care community to manage due to which recovery will be complex and difficult. The aim of this study is to find out the association of physical activity with depression among chronic spinal cord injury patients at Paraplegic Centre Peshawar. Material and methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey in which a consecutive sampling technique was used. Data was collected from n=109 spinal cord injury patients in which 85 (78.0%) were males and 24 (22.0%) were females. Physical activity was measured using the PARA-SCI scale and the CESD-R-10 questionnaire was used to assess depression. Results: The average minutes of participating in mild physical activity was 67.72 ± 17.98 minutes/week, moderate physical activity was 140.79 ± 33.47 minutes/week, heavy physical activity was 21.92 ± 9.18 minutes/week and total PA was 247.93 ± 55.76. P value= .004 for mild physical activity with depression, p value= .097 for moderate physical activity with depression, p value= .137 for heavy physical activity with depression and p value= .001 for total physical activity with depression. Conclusions: Mild and total physical activity was associated with depression. Moderate and heavy physical activity was not associated with depression.

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15

Murphy, Susan L., Anna L. Kratz, and Aaron J. Zynda. "Measuring Physical Activity in Spinal Cord Injury Using Wrist-Worn Accelerometers." American Journal of Occupational Therapy 73, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 7301205090p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2019.027748.

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LATIMER, AMY E., KATHLEEN A. MARTIN GINIS, B. CATHARINE CRAVEN, and AUDREY L. HICKS. "The Physical Activity Recall Assessment for People with Spinal Cord Injury." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, no. 2 (February 2006): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000183851.94261.d2.

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Pelletier, Chelsea A. "Incorporating physical activity into the rehabilitation process after spinal cord injury." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 39, no. 4 (April 2014): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2013-0482.

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It is well established that physical activity can improve aspects of physical fitness in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Despite reports of declining health and fitness post-discharge from rehabilitation, there is a limited amount of research exploring exercise status or interventions during this period. The purpose of this dissertation was to investigate the integration of structured exercise into the rehabilitation process following SCI, and to optimize exercise prescription in the community setting. Findings from the first study indicate that exercise is well tolerated among individuals with subacute SCI; performance of a peak exercise test on an arm ergometer was feasible for all injury types. At this stage post-injury, interventions should be mindful of the greater risk of orthostatic intolerance in individuals with complete tetraplegia and focus on building task-specific self-efficacy. The second study involved a direct referral and physical activity counselling intervention post-discharge. Adherence rates were excellent among those participants who received the intervention, suggesting that this model of care can facilitate adherence to community exercise after discharge. The final 2 studies took place in the community. Several modes of adapted exercise were compared and findings indicated that while there were no differences in measures of physiological intensity or enjoyment between the different modes, arm-only exercise was perceived as safer than passive hybrid (arm and leg) exercise. Further, the validity of using ratings of perceived exertion to attain prescribed exercise intensity was established. The efficacy of the physical activity guidelines for improving fitness in adults with SCI were evaluated in a community-based randomized controlled trial and the results revealed that the guidelines were effective in improving both aerobic capacity and muscle strength. Taken together, this series of studies describes a model of care that links rehabilitation with community exercise and suggests options for sustained engagement.

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Wyndaele, J. J. "Evidence-informed physical activity guidelines for people with spinal cord injury." Spinal Cord 49, no. 11 (November 2011): 1087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sc.2011.122.

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Gorgey, Ashraf S., Refka Khalil, and Timothy Lavis. "Exoskeleton Training Improves Level of Physical Activity after Spinal Cord Injury." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 96, no. 10 (October 2015): e50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2015.08.165.

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Ma, Jasmin K., Laura A. McCracken, Christine Voss, Franco H. N. Chan, Christopher R. West, and Kathleen A. Martin Ginis. "Physical activity measurement in people with spinal cord injury: comparison of accelerometry and self-report (the Physical Activity Recall Assessment for People with Spinal Cord Injury)." Disability and Rehabilitation 42, no. 2 (October 1, 2018): 240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1494213.

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Zbogar, Dominik, Janice J. Eng, William C. Miller, Andrei V. Krassioukov, and Mary C. Verrier. "Reliability and validity of daily physical activity measures during inpatient spinal cord injury rehabilitation." SAGE Open Medicine 4 (January 1, 2016): 205031211666694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312116666941.

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Objectives: To assess the test–retest reliability and convergent validity of daily physical activity measures during inpatient spinal cord injury rehabilitation. Design: Observational study. Setting: Two inpatient spinal cord injury rehabilitation centres. Subjects: Participants ( n = 106) were recruited from consecutive admissions to rehabilitation. Methods: Physical activity during inpatient spinal cord injury rehabilitation stay was recorded on two days via (1) wrist accelerometer, (2) hip accelerometer if ambulatory, and (3) self-report (Physical Activity Recall Assessment for People with Spinal Cord Injury questionnaire). Spearman’s correlations and Bland–Altman plots were utilized for test–retest reliability. Correlations between physical activity measures and clinical measures (functional independence, hand function, and ambulation) were performed. Results: Correlations for physical activity measures between Day 1 and Day 2 were moderate to high (ρ = 0.53–0.89). Bland–Altman plots showed minimal bias and more within-subject differences in more active individuals and wide limits of agreement. None of these three physical activity measures correlated with one another. A moderate correlation was found between wrist accelerometry counts and grip strength (ρ = 0.58) and between step counts and measures of ambulation (ρ = 0.62). Functional independence was related to wrist accelerometry (ρ = 0.70) and step counts (ρ = 0.56), but not with self-report. Conclusion: The test–retest reliability and convergent validity of the instrumented measures suggest that wrist and hip accelerometers are appropriate tools for use in research studies of daily physical activity in the spinal cord injury rehabilitation setting but are too variable for individual use.

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Hong, James, Alex Chang, Yang Liu, Jian Wang, and Michael G. Fehlings. "Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury Reverses the Level-Dependence of Spinal Cord Injury Immune Deficiency Syndrome." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 15 (August 1, 2019): 3762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153762.

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Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with an increased susceptibility to infections, such as pneumonia, which is the leading cause of death in these patients. This phenomenon is referred to as SCI immune deficiency syndrome (SCI-IDS), and has been shown to be more prevalent after high-level transection in preclinical SCI models. Despite the high prevalence of contusion SCIs, the effects of this etiology have not been studied in the context of SCI-IDS. Compared to transection SCIs, which involve a complete loss of supraspinal input and lead to the disinhibition of spinally-generated activity, contusion SCIs may cause significant local deafferentation, but only a partial disruption of sympathetic tone below the level of injury. In this work, we investigate the effects of thoracic (T6-7) and cervical (C6-7) moderate–severe contusion SCIs on the spleen by characterizing splenic norepinephrine (NE) and cortisol (CORT), caspase-3, and multiple inflammation markers at 3- and 7-days post-SCI. In contrary to the literature, we observe an increase in splenic NE and CORT that correspond to an increase in caspase-3 after thoracic SCI relative to cervical SCI. Further, we found differences in expression of leptin, eotaxin, IP-10, and IL-18 that implicate alterations in splenocyte recruitment and function. These results suggest that incomplete SCI drastically alters the level-dependence of SCI-IDS.

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Heinemann, Allen W., Nancy Goranson, Karen Ginsburg, and Sidney Schnoll. "Alcohol use and activity patterns following spinal cord injury." Rehabilitation Psychology 34, no. 3 (1989): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0090-5550.34.3.191.

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Heinemann, Allen W., Nancy Goranson, Karen Ginsburg, and Sidney Schnoll. "Alcohol use and activity patterns following spinal cord injury." Rehabilitation Psychology 34, no. 3 (1989): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0090-5550.34.3.191.

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25

Dolber, Paul C., Baojun Gu, Xiaoyang Zhang, Matthew O. Fraser, Karl B. Thor, and Jerome P. Reiter. "Activation of the external urethral sphincter central pattern generator by a 5-HT1A receptor agonist in rats with chronic spinal cord injury." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 292, no. 4 (April 2007): R1699—R1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00142.2006.

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We recently demonstrated that treatment with the 5-HT1A/7 receptor agonist [(R)-(+)-8-hydroxy-2-di-n-propylamino]tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) increases bladder capacity in chloralose-anesthetized female cats with chronic spinal cord injury. In the current study, we investigated the effects of 8-OH-DPAT on bladder capacity and external urethral sphincter (EUS) activity in urethane-anesthetized female rats (initial body mass 175–200 g) with chronic spinal cord injury (transsection at T10). Cystometric study took place 8–12 wk posttranssection. Intravesical pressure was monitored in urethane-anesthetized rats with a transvesical catheter, and EUS activity was assessed electromyographically. Spinal cord injury disrupts phasic activity of the EUS, resulting in decreased voiding efficiency and increased residual volume. 8-OH-DPAT induced a dose-dependent decrease in bladder capacity (the opposite of its effect in chronic spinal cord-injured cats) with an increase in micturition volume and decrease in residual volume resulting from improvement in voiding efficiency. The unexpected improvement in voiding efficiency can be explained by the 8-OH-DPAT-induced emergence of phasic EUS relaxation. Phasic EUS relaxation was also altered by 8-OH-DPAT in spinally intact rats, whereas the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist N-tert-butyl-3-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-2-phenylpropanamide (WAY-100635), on its own, was without effect. It remains to be determined when phasic relaxation is restored after spinal cord injury, and indeed whether it is ever truly lost or is only temporarily separated from excitatory input.

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26

Keegan, John, Jessica Brooks, John Blake, Veronica Muller, Sandra Fitzgerald, and Fong Chan. "Perceived Barriers to Physical Activity and Exercise for Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury." Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling 20, no. 2 (November 28, 2014): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jrc.2014.10.

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This study investigated the relationship between functional disability and perceived barriers to physical activity and exercise in persons with Spinal Cord Injury (SCI). Participants were 144 individuals with SCI (mean age was 44 years old; 61% were male participants; 41.3% had spinal cord lesion at the cervical level, 43.7% at the thoracic level, and 14.3% at the lumbar level) from the National Spinal Cord Injury Association in the United States. Data on physical activity and exercise participation were collected using a cross-sectional online survey and analysed using multivariate analysis of variance and hierarchical regression analysis. The primary research findings indicate that level of functional disability was a predictor of perceived barriers to physical activity and exercise. Moreover, health barriers were found to be a partial mediator for functional disability and physical health-related quality of life, suggesting perceived barriers may help to explain the association between functional disability and physical health-related quality of life.

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27

Crespo-Ruiz, Beatriz, Antonio J. del-Ama, Fernando J. Jimnez-Daz, Jennifer Morgan, Ana de la Pea-Gonzlez, and ngel M. Gil-Agudo. "Physical activity and transcutaneous oxygen pressure in men with spinal cord injury." Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 49, no. 6 (2012): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1682/jrrd.2011.05.0087.

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28

Ramkrapes, Ana Paula B., Renata G. Duft, Ivan L. P. Bonfante, Keryma C. S. Mateus, Joice C. S. Trombeta, Bruno Rodrigues, Mara Patrícia T. Chacon-Mikahil, Ricardo A. Tanhoffer, and Claudia R. Cavaglieri. "Higher Physical Activity Level Improves Leptin Concentrations in Spinal Cord Injury Subjects." BioMed Research International 2021 (September 28, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9415253.

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The present study was designed to compare the body composition and indicators of chronic inflammatory grade, such as leptin, adiponectin, and resistin concentrations in irregularly active and active SCI subjects. Thirty-two male subjects participated in this study. They were divided into three groups: able-bodied control irregularly active (control, n = 11 ), irregularly active with SCI (SCI-IA, n = 8 ), and physically active with SCI (SCI-PA, n = 13 ). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assessed serum concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, and resistin. All volunteers performed the maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) test, 24 h total energy expenditure (TEE), and body composition by skinfold thicknesses. Leptin concentrations were higher in the SCI-IA group when compared to the other groups, while no significant differences were found between the SCI-PA and control cohorts. In addition, no significant differences were found among groups for serum adiponectin and resistin concentrations either. The SCI-PA group showed significantly higher values for TEE and VO2max when compared to the other groups. Percentages of body fat and circumference were decreased in the control and SCI-PA groups when compared to the SCI-IA cohort. Associations between leptin and cardiorespiratory capacity and anthropometric markers were also observed. Our findings highlight that the lack of physical activity in the SCI subjects leads to poor general physical fitness and higher levels of body adiposity, which may induce hyperleptinemia, an essential marker for cardiometabolic disorders.

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29

Warms, Catherine A., Basia L. Belza, JoAnne D. Whitney, Pamela H. Mitchell, and Steven A. Stiens. "Lifestyle Physical Activity for Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study." American Journal of Health Promotion 18, no. 4 (March 2004): 288–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-18.4.288.

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30

Stevens, Sandy L., Jennifer L. Caputo, Dana K. Fuller, and Don W. Morgan. "Physical Activity and Quality of Life in Adults With Spinal Cord Injury." Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 31, no. 4 (January 2008): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10790268.2008.11760739.

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31

Rodríguez, I., S. Martín Manjarrés, M. Martín-García, S. Vila-Maldonado, M. Solís-Mozos, I. Ara, and E. Mata. "Physical activity and bone mineral health in people with spinal cord injury." Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte 8, no. 1 (March 2015): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ramd.2014.10.054.

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32

PHILLIPS, AARON A., ANITA T. COTE, SHANNON S. D. BREDIN, ANDREI V. KRASSIOUKOV, and DARREN E. R. WARBURTON. "Aortic Stiffness Increased in Spinal Cord Injury When Matched for Physical Activity." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 44, no. 11 (November 2012): 2065–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3182632585.

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33

Sato, Karina L., Lisa M. Johanek, Luciana S. Sanada, and Kathleen A. Sluka. "Spinal cord stimulation (scs) improves decreased physical activity induced by nerve injury." Behavioral Neuroscience 128, no. 5 (2014): 625–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bne0000004.

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34

Ginis, Kathleen A. Martin, Kelly P. Arbour-Nicitopoulos, Amy E. Latimer-Cheung, Andrea C. Buchholz, Steven R. Bray, B. Catharine Craven, Keith C. Hayes, et al. "Predictors of Leisure Time Physical Activity Among People with Spinal Cord Injury." Annals of Behavioral Medicine 44, no. 1 (May 19, 2012): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12160-012-9370-9.

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35

Tomasone, Jennifer R., Natascha N. Wesch, Kathleen A. Martin Ginis, and Luc Noreau. "Spinal Cord Injury, Physical Activity, and Quality of Life: A Systematic Review." Kinesiology Review 2, no. 2 (May 2013): 113–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/krj.2.2.113.

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Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) tend to report poorer quality of life (QOL) than people without a physical disability. Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) has been shown to improve the QOL of people with and without disabilities and chronic conditions. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the LTPA-QOL relationship among people with SCI by focusing on both objective and subjective QOL for both global QOL and domain-specifc (physical, psychological, social) QOL. Results suggest that LTPA is significantly associated with increases in both objective and subjective QOL in global QOL and all three QOL domains, with relatively few studies demonstrating a negative or nonsignificant relationship. Recommendations for future QOL research and interventions are discussed.

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36

Raymond, J., A. R. Harmer, J. Temesi, and C. van Kemenade. "Glucose tolerance and physical activity level in people with spinal cord injury." Spinal Cord 48, no. 8 (January 5, 2010): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sc.2009.180.

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37

Deng, Lingxiao, Tao Sui, Dong V. Wang, Shaoping Hou, Xiaojian Cao, Kaiwen Peng, Zaocheng Xu, and Xiaoming Xu. "Locomotor Exercise Enhances Supraspinal Control of Lower-Urinary-Tract Activity to Improve Micturition Function after Contusive Spinal-Cord Injury." Cells 11, no. 9 (April 20, 2022): 1398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11091398.

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The recovery of lower-urinary-tract activity is a top priority for patients with spinal-cord injury. Historically, locomotor training improved micturition function in both patients with spinal cord injury and animal models. We explore whether training augments such as the supraspinal control of the external urethral sphincter results in enhanced coordination in detrusor-sphincter activity. We implemented a clinically relevant contusive spinal-cord injury at the 12th thoracic level in rats and administered forced wheel running exercise for 11 weeks. Awake rats then underwent bladder cystometrogram and sphincter electromyography recordings to examine the micturition reflex. Subsequently, pseudorabies-virus-encoding red fluorescent protein was injected into the sphincter to trans-synaptically trace the supraspinal innervation of Onuf’s motoneurons. Training in the injury group reduced the occurrence of bladder nonvoiding contractions, decreased the voiding threshold and peak intravesical pressure, and shortened the latency of sphincter bursting during voiding, leading to enhanced voiding efficiency. Histological analysis demonstrated that the training increased the extent of spared spinal-cord tissue around the epicenter of lesions. Compared to the group of injury without exercise, training elicited denser 5-hydroxytryptamine-positive axon terminals in the vicinity of Onuf’s motoneurons in the cord; more pseudorabies virus-labeled or c-fos expressing neurons were detected in the brainstem, suggesting the enhanced supraspinal control of sphincter activity. Thus, locomotor training promotes tissue sparing and axon innervation of spinal motoneurons to improve voiding function following contusive spinal-cord injury.

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38

Nash, Mark S. "Exercise as a Health-Promoting Activity Following Spinal Cord Injury." Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy 29, no. 2 (June 2005): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.npt.0000282514.94093.c6.

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39

Kim, In Taek, Jong Hyun Mun, Po Sung Jun, Ghi Chan Kim, Young-Joo Sim, and Ho Joong Jeong. "Leisure Time Physical Activity of People with Spinal Cord Injury: Mainly with Clubs of Spinal Cord Injury Patients in Busan-Kyeongnam, Korea." Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine 35, no. 5 (2011): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.5535/arm.2011.35.5.613.

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40

Gioia, M. C., A. Cerasa, L. Di Lucente, S. Brunelli, V. Castellano, and M. Traballesi. "Psychological impact of sports activity in spinal cord injury patients." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 16, no. 6 (December 2006): 412–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00518.x.

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41

Alhammad, Nora, and Hmood Al-Dossari. "Recognizing Physical Activities for Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Using Wearable Sensors." Sensors 21, no. 16 (August 14, 2021): 5479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165479.

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The research area of activity recognition is fast growing with diverse applications. However, advances in this field have not yet been used to monitor the rehabilitation of individuals with spinal cord injury. Noteworthily, relying on patient surveys to assess adherence can undermine the outcomes of rehabilitation. Therefore, this paper presents and implements a systematic activity recognition method to recognize physical activities applied by subjects during rehabilitation for spinal cord injury. In the method, raw sensor data are divided into fragments using a dynamic segmentation technique, providing higher recognition performance compared to the sliding window, which is a commonly used approach. To develop the method and build a predictive model, a machine learning approach was adopted. The proposed method was evaluated on a dataset obtained from a single wrist-worn accelerometer. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method in recognizing all of the activities that were examined, and it achieved an overall accuracy of 96.86%.

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42

McHugh, Conor, Clare Taylor, David Mockler, and Neil Fleming. "Epidural spinal cord stimulation for motor recovery in spinal cord injury: A systematic review." NeuroRehabilitation 49, no. 1 (August 14, 2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/nre-210093.

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BACKGROUND: Epidural spinal cord stimulation (ESCS) emerged as a technology for eliciting motor function in the 1990’s and was subsequently employed therapeutically in the population with spinal cord injury (SCI). Despite a considerable number of ESCS studies, a comprehensive systematic review of ESCS remains unpublished. OBJECTIVE: The current review of the existing literature evaluated the efficacy of ESCS for improving motor function in individuals with SCI. METHODS: A search for ESCS studies was performed using the following databases: Medline (Ovid), Web of Science and Embase. Furthermore, to maximize results, an inverse manual search of references cited by identified articles was also performed. Studies published between January 1995 and June 2020 were included. The search was constructed around the following key terms: Spinal cord stimulation, SCI and motor response generation. RESULTS: A total of 3435 articles were initially screened, of which 18 met the inclusion criteria. The total sample comprised of 24 participants with SCI. All studies reported some measure of improvement in motor activity with ESCS, with 17 reporting altered EMG responses. Functional improvements were reported in stepping (n = 11) or muscle force (n = 4). Only 5 studies assessed ASIA scale pre- and post-intervention, documenting improved classification in 4 of 11 participants. Appraisal using the modified Downs and Black quality checklist determined that reviewed studies were of poor quality. Due to heterogeneity of outcome measures utilized in studies reviewed, a meta-analysis of data was not possible. CONCLUSION: While the basic science is encouraging, the therapeutic efficacy of ESCS remains inconclusive.

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43

Todd, Kendra R., and Kathleen A. Martin Ginis. "Physical Activity and Spinal Cord Injury: Lessons Learned at the Lowest End of the Physical Activity Spectrum." Kinesiology Review 8, no. 1 (February 2019): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/kr.2018-0062.

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Hiremath, S. V., D. Ding, J. Farringdon, N. Vyas, and R. A. Cooper. "Physical activity classification utilizing SenseWear activity monitor in manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury." Spinal Cord 51, no. 9 (May 21, 2013): 705–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sc.2013.39.

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45

Roberton, Terri, Romola S. Bucks, Timothy C. Skinner, Gary T. Allison, and Sarah A. Dunlop. "Barriers to Physical Activity in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury: A Western Australian Study." Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/jrc.17.2.74.

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AbstractThis study examined barriers to physical activity reported individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) and the degree to which these barriers differed across varying degrees of independence. Participants were 65 individuals recruited from the Western Australian Spinal Cord Injury database. Data on physical activity participation and perceived barriers to physical activity participation were collected using a cross-sectional survey and analysed using independent samples t-tests. We found that, regardless of level of ambulation or ability to transfer, few participants reported being physically active. While there were no significant differences in the amount of barriers reported by individuals with different levels of independence, the type of barriers reported varied across groups.

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46

da Silva Alves, Eduardo, Valdir de Aquino Lemos, Francieli Ruiz da Silva, Fabio Santos Lira, Ronaldo Vagner Thomathieli dos Santos, João Paulo Pereira Rosa, Erico Caperuto, Sergio Tufik, and Marco Tulio de Mello. "Low-Grade Inflammation and Spinal Cord Injury: Exercise as Therapy?" Mediators of Inflammation 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/971841.

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An increase in the prevalence of obesity in people with spinal cord injury can contribute to low-grade chronic inflammation and increase the risk of infection in this population. A decrease in sympathetic activity contributes to immunosuppression due to the lower activation of immune cells in the blood. The effects of physical exercise on inflammatory parameters in individuals with spinal cord injury have not been well described. We conducted a review of the literature published from 1974 to 2012. This review explored the relationships between low-grade inflammation, spinal cord injury, and exercise to discuss a novel mechanism that might explain the beneficial effects of exercise involving an increase in catecholamines and cytokines in people with spinal cord injury.

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47

Krause, J. Stuart. "Activity Patterns after Spinal Cord Injury: Relationship to Gender and Race." Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation 4, no. 1 (July 1998): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1310/edt6-0u8n-qxru-lmgm.

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48

Backus, Deborah. "Activity-Based Interventions for the Upper Extremity in Spinal Cord Injury." Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation 13, no. 4 (April 2008): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1310/sci1304-1.

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49

Canori, Alexandra, Rithika Lakshminarayanan, Aditya Ponnada, Stephen Intille, and Shivayogi Hiremath. "Engaging Social Connections to Promote Physical Activity in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 102, no. 10 (October 2021): e83-e84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2021.07.721.

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50

Miller, Larry E., and William Herbert. "Health and economic benefits of physical activity for patients with spinal cord injury." ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research Volume 8 (October 2016): 551–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/ceor.s115103.

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