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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Zheng, Jun, Jing-Jing Jin, Xin Zhao, Chun-Lei Li, and Yong Guo. "Spin and Charge Nernst Effects in Four-Terminal Ferromagnetic Graphene." SPIN 08, no. 01 (March 2018): 1840001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010324718400015.

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The spin and charge Nernst effects in a four-terminal ferromagnetic graphene are theoretically investigated by using the nonequilibrium Green’s function method. The results of this study reveal that (1) when the four leads are normal graphene, the pure charge Nernst effect can be obtained under the assistance of magnetic field, (2) when the ferromagnetic graphene leads are in a parallel configuration of the magnetizations, both the spin and charge Nernst effects can be generated simultaneously, it is worth noting that, for the first two cases, the Nernst effect cannot be obtained without the [Formula: see text] direction magnetic field, and (3) the pure spin Nernst effect (without charge Nernst effect) emerged only by the temperature difference for the antiparallel configuration. In addition, the magnitude of the spin and charge Nernst coefficients can be tuned by adjusting the strength of magnetic flux and exchange field. All the results indicate that the proposed multi-terminal graphene nanosystem is a promising candidate for spin caloritronics devices.

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2

Brechet, Sylvain D., and Jean-Philippe Ansermet. "Magnetic Nernst effect." Modern Physics Letters B 29, no. 35n36 (December 30, 2015): 1550246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984915502462.

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The thermodynamics of irreversible processes in continuous media predicts the existence of a magnetic Nernst effect that results from a magnetic analog to the Seebeck effect in a ferromagnet and magnetophoresis occurring in a paramagnetic electrode in contact with the ferromagnet. Thus, a voltage that has DC and AC components is expected across a Pt electrode as a response to the inhomogeneous magnetic induction field generated by magnetostatic waves of an adjacent YIG slab subject to a temperature gradient. The voltage frequency and dependence on the orientation of the applied magnetic induction field are quite distinct from that of spin pumping.

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3

Meyer, S., Y. T. Chen, S. Wimmer, M. Althammer, T. Wimmer, R. Schlitz, S. Geprägs, et al. "Observation of the spin Nernst effect." Nature Materials 16, no. 10 (September 11, 2017): 977–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat4964.

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4

Sheng, Peng, Yuya Sakuraba, Yong-Chang Lau, Saburo Takahashi, Seiji Mitani, and Masamitsu Hayashi. "The spin Nernst effect in tungsten." Science Advances 3, no. 11 (November 2017): e1701503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1701503.

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5

Yang, Ning-Xuan, Yan-Feng Zhou, Zhe Hou, and Qing-Feng Sun. "Anomalous spin Nernst effect in Weyl semimetals." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 31, no. 43 (July 26, 2019): 435301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ab2c7d.

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6

Bose, Arnab, and Ashwin A. Tulapurkar. "Recent advances in the spin Nernst effect." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 491 (December 2019): 165526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2019.165526.

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7

Zhang, Hantao, and Ran Cheng. "A perspective on magnon spin Nernst effect in antiferromagnets." Applied Physics Letters 120, no. 9 (February 28, 2022): 090502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0084359.

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Анотація:

Magnon excitations in antiferromagnetic materials and their physical implications have helped to facilitate the emergence of device concepts not presently available in ferromagnets. A unique characteristic of antiferromagnetic magnons is the coexistence of opposite spin polarization, which mimics the electron spin in a variety of transport phenomena. Among them, the most prominent spin-contrasting phenomenon is the magnon spin Nernst effect (SNE), which refers to the generation of a transverse pure magnon spin current through a longitudinal temperature gradient. We introduce selected recent progress in the study of magnon SNE in collinear antiferromagnets with focus on its underlying physical mechanism entailing profound topological features of magnon band structures. By reviewing how the magnon SNE has inspired and enriched the exploration of topological magnons, we offer our perspective on this emerging frontier that holds potential in future spintronic nano-technology.

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8

Bose, A., S. Bhuktare, H. Singh, S. Dutta, V. G. Achanta, and A. A. Tulapurkar. "Direct detection of spin Nernst effect in platinum." Applied Physics Letters 112, no. 16 (April 16, 2018): 162401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5021731.

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9

Wooten, Brandi L., Koen Vandaele, Stephen R. Boona, and Joseph P. Heremans. "Combining Spin-Seebeck and Nernst Effects in Aligned MnBi/Bi Composites." Nanomaterials 10, no. 10 (October 21, 2020): 2083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10102083.

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The spin-Seebeck effect (SSE) is an advective transport process traditionally studied in bilayers composed of a ferromagnet (FM) and a non-magnetic metal (NM) with strong spin-orbit coupling. In a temperature gradient, the flux of magnons in the FM transfers spin-angular momentum to electrons in the NM, which by the inverse spin-Hall effect generates an SSE voltage. In contrast, the Nernst effect is a bulk transport phenomenon in homogeneous NMs or FMs. These effects share the same geometry, and we show here that they can be added to each other in a new combination of FM/NM composites where synthesis via in-field annealing results in the FM material (MnBi) forming aligned needles inside an NM matrix with strong spin-orbit coupling (SOC) (Bi). Through examination of the materials’ microstructural, magnetic, and transport properties, we searched for signs of enhanced transverse thermopower facilitated by an SSE contribution from MnBi adding to the Nernst effect in Bi. Our results indicate that these two signals are additive in samples with lower MnBi concentrations, suggesting a new way forward in the study of SSE composite materials.

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10

Taniguchi, Tomohiro. "Phenomenological Spin Transport Theory Driven by Anomalous Nernst Effect." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 85, no. 7 (July 15, 2016): 074705. http://dx.doi.org/10.7566/jpsj.85.074705.

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11

Zhang, Yang, Qiunan Xu, Klaus Koepernik, Chenguang Fu, Johannes Gooth, Jeroen van den Brink, Claudia Felser, and Yan Sun. "Spin Nernst effect in a p-band semimetal InBi." New Journal of Physics 22, no. 9 (September 2, 2020): 093003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/abaa87.

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12

Pires, A. S. T. "Magnon spin Nernst effect on the antiferromagnetic checkerboard lattice." Physics Letters A 383, no. 32 (November 2019): 125887. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2019.125887.

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13

Kolincio, Kamil K., Max Hirschberger, Jan Masell, Shang Gao, Akiko Kikkawa, Yasujiro Taguchi, Taka-hisa Arima, Naoto Nagaosa, and Yoshinori Tokura. "Large Hall and Nernst responses from thermally induced spin chirality in a spin-trimer ferromagnet." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 33 (August 13, 2021): e2023588118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023588118.

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The long-range order of noncoplanar magnetic textures with scalar spin chirality (SSC) can couple to conduction electrons to produce an additional (termed geometrical or topological) Hall effect. One such example is the Hall effect in the skyrmion lattice state with quantized SSC. An alternative route to attain a finite SSC is via the spin canting caused by thermal fluctuations in the vicinity of the ferromagnetic ordering transition. Here, we report that for a highly conducting ferromagnet with a two-dimensional array of spin trimers, the thermally generated SSC can give rise to a gigantic geometrical Hall conductivity even larger than the intrinsic anomalous Hall conductivity of the ground state. We also demonstrate that the SSC induced by thermal fluctuations leads to a strong response in the Nernst effect. A comparison of the sign and magnitude of fluctuation–Nernst and Hall responses in fundamental units indicates the need for a momentum–space picture to model these thermally induced signals.

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14

Martini, Mickey, Helena Reichlova, Yejin Lee, Dominika Dusíková, Jan Zemen, Kornelius Nielsch, and Andy Thomas. "Magneto-thermal transport indicating enhanced Nernst response in FeCo/IrMn exchange coupled stacks." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 21 (November 21, 2022): 212405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0113485.

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We present an analysis of magneto-thermal transport data in IrMn/FeCo bilayers based on the Mott relation and report an enhancement of the Nernst response in the vicinity of the blocking temperature. We measure all four transport coefficients of the longitudinal resistivity, anomalous Hall resistivity, Seebeck effect, and anomalous Nernst effect, and we show a deviation arising around the blocking temperature between the measured Nernst coefficient and the one calculated using the Mott rule. We attribute this discrepancy to spin fluctuations at the antiferromagnet/ferromagnet interface near the blocking temperature. The latter is estimated by magnetometry and magneto-transport measurements.

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15

Lyapilin, I. I. "The Nernst spin effect in a two-dimensional electron gas." Low Temperature Physics 39, no. 11 (November 2013): 957–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4830264.

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16

Liu, Xuele, and X. C. Xie. "Spin Nernst effect in the absence of a magnetic field." Solid State Communications 150, no. 11-12 (March 2010): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2009.12.017.

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17

Miao, B. F., S. Y. Huang, D. Qu, and C. L. Chien. "Absence of anomalous Nernst effect in spin Seebeck effect of Pt/YIG." AIP Advances 6, no. 1 (January 2016): 015018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4941340.

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18

Chiang (Tszyan), Yu N., and M. O. Dzyuba. "Transverse spin effects in electron transport." Low Temperature Physics 49, no. 1 (January 2023): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/10.0016487.

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In the samples of nonmagnetic Al, Pt, and W metals of an asymmetric shape, which causes a nonequilibrium distribution of charge carriers, the transverse spin contributions of the spin-orbit interaction to the Hall and Nernst-Ettingshausen effects were studied by direct electric measurement. It is found a difference in the behavior of the spin contributions of thermal diffusion and electric nature in a magnetic field. The dependence of this behavior on the band structure that controls the profiles of spin magnetization, which is established at the edges of the sample by the accumulation of spins, is shown. An oscillographic visualization of the spin Hall effect on alternating current was carried out.

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19

Gusynin, V. P., S. G. Sharapov, and A. A. Varlamov. "Spin Nernst effect and intrinsic magnetization in two-dimensional Dirac materials." Low Temperature Physics 41, no. 5 (May 2015): 342–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4919372.

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20

Tian, Dai, Yufan Li, D. Qu, Xiaofeng Jin, and C. L. Chien. "Separation of spin Seebeck effect and anomalous Nernst effect in Co/Cu/YIG." Applied Physics Letters 106, no. 21 (May 25, 2015): 212407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4921927.

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21

Wu, H., X. Wang, L. Huang, J. Y. Qin, C. Fang, X. Zhang, C. H. Wan, and X. F. Han. "Separation of inverse spin Hall effect and anomalous Nernst effect in ferromagnetic metals." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 441 (November 2017): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2017.05.031.

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22

Lin, Zhi. "Progress Review on Topological Properties of Heusler Materials." E3S Web of Conferences 213 (2020): 02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021302016.

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Starting from crystal, electronic and magnetic structures of Heusler compounds, this paper studies the new topological materials related to Heusler compounds and their topological properties, such as anomalous Hall effect, skyrmions, chiral anomaly, Dirac fermion, Weyl fermion, transverse Nernst thermoelectric effect, thermal spintronics and topological surface states. It can be discovered that the topological state of Heusler compound can be well protected due to its high symmetry, thus producing rich topological properties. Heusler materials belonged to Weyl semimetals usually have strong anomalous Hall effect, and the Heusler materials with doping or Anomalous Nernst Effect (ANE) usually have higher thermoelectric figure of merit. These anomalous effects are closely related to the strong spin–orbit interaction. In application, people can use the non-dissipative edge state of quantum anomalous Hall effect to develop a new generation of low-energy transistors and electronic devices. The conversion efficiency of thermoelectric materials can be improved by ANE, and topological superconductivity can be used to promote the progress of quantum computation.

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23

Lima, Leonardo S. "Influence of spin Nernst effect on continuum spin conductivity in antiferromagnets in the checkerboard lattice." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 500 (April 2020): 166427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2020.166427.

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24

Pan, Yu, Congcong Le, Bin He, Sarah J. Watzman, Mengyu Yao, Johannes Gooth, Joseph P. Heremans, Yan Sun, and Claudia Felser. "Giant anomalous Nernst signal in the antiferromagnet YbMnBi2." Nature Materials 21, no. 2 (November 22, 2021): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41563-021-01149-2.

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AbstractA large anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) is crucial for thermoelectric energy conversion applications because the associated unique transverse geometry facilitates module fabrication. Topological ferromagnets with large Berry curvatures show large ANEs; however, they face drawbacks such as strong magnetic disturbances and low mobility due to high magnetization. Herein, we demonstrate that YbMnBi2, a canted antiferromagnet, has a large ANE conductivity of ~10 A m−1 K−1 that surpasses large values observed in other ferromagnets (3–5 A m−1 K−1). The canted spin structure of Mn guarantees a non-zero Berry curvature, but generates only a weak magnetization three orders of magnitude lower than that of general ferromagnets. The heavy Bi with a large spin–orbit coupling enables a large ANE and low thermal conductivity, whereas its highly dispersive px/y orbitals ensure low resistivity. The high anomalous transverse thermoelectric performance and extremely small magnetization make YbMnBi2 an excellent candidate for transverse thermoelectrics.

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25

Tölle, Sebastian, Michael Dzierzawa, Ulrich Eckern, and Cosimo Gorini. "Spin Hall Magnetoresistance and Spin Nernst Magnetothermopower in a Rashba System: Role of the Inverse Spin Galvanic Effect." Annalen der Physik 530, no. 3 (December 28, 2017): 1700303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/andp.201700303.

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26

Gamino, M., J. G. S. Santos, A. L. R. Souza, A. S. Melo, R. D. Della Pace, E. F. Silva, A. B. Oliveira, R. L. Rodríguez-Suárez, F. Bohn, and M. A. Correa. "Longitudinal spin Seebeck effect and anomalous Nernst effect in CoFeB/non-magnetic metal bilayers." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 527 (June 2021): 167778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2021.167778.

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27

Liang, Feng, Dong Zhang, Ben-Ling Gao, Guang Song, and Yu Gu. "Spin and charge Nernst effect in a four-terminal double-dot interferometer." Physics Letters A 382, no. 42-43 (October 2018): 3135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2018.08.025.

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28

Yang, Xi, Jun Zheng, Chun-Lei Li, and Yong Guo. "Spin and charge Nernst effect in a four-terminal quantum dot ring." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 27, no. 7 (January 28, 2015): 075302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/27/7/075302.

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29

Wongjom, Poramed, and Supree Pinitsoontorn. "Investigation of the spin Seebeck effect and anomalous Nernst effect in a bulk carbon material." Results in Physics 8 (March 2018): 1245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2018.02.022.

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30

Ono, Tatsuyoshi, Satoshi Hirata, Yoshiteru Amemiya, Tetsuo Tabei, and Shin Yokoyama. "Anomalous Nernst effect of Ni–Al alloys and application to spin Seebeck devices." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 57, no. 4S (February 22, 2018): 04FN05. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjap.57.04fn05.

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31

Chiang (Tszyan), Yu N., and M. O. Dzyuba. "Spin component in the nernst–Ettingshausen effect in metals with different band structure." Low Temperature Physics 48, no. 2 (February 2022): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/10.0009294.

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32

Zheng Jun, Li Chun-Lei, Yang Xi, and Guo Yong. "Spin and charge Nernst effect in a four-terminal double quantum dot system." Acta Physica Sinica 66, no. 9 (2017): 097302. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.66.097302.

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33

Lima, L. S. "Spin Nernst effect and quantum entanglement in two-dimensional antiferromagnets on checkerboard lattice." Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 128 (April 2021): 114580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2020.114580.

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34

Gribov, Yurii, Anatolii A. Klopotov, and Aleksandr I. Potekaev. "Phase Transformation in Multicomponent Ni₃(Mn,Ti) Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 1013 (October 2014): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1013.115.

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The paper presents neutron diffraction analysis and X-ray investigation of ordered alloys Ni3(Mn,Ti) within the concentration range from 0 to 12.5 at.% Ti. The significant effect of the third alloying element Ti on the atomic long-range order was observed in superstructure L12 of alloy Ni3Mn. Experimental study has showed that a rapid quenching in ice water does not provide disordered Ni3(Mn,Ti) alloys. The two-phase region of internmetallic bonds was detected in compounds L12 and D024. The paper presents results estimation of electrical resistivity, normal and abnormal values of hall coefficient, Nernst–Ettingshausen effect, thermal electromotive force, and average atomic magnetic moment in quenched and annealed Ni3(Mn,Ti) alloys. Positive values of abnormal hall coefficient and Nernst–Ettingshausen effect were detected that confirms the predominant contribution of antiparallel spin 3d holes in conductivity. It is shown that in 2.2 at.% annealed Ti alloys ordering promotes 3d electron localization.

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35

Wu, Stephen M., Jason Hoffman, John E. Pearson, and Anand Bhattacharya. "Unambiguous separation of the inverse spin Hall and anomalous Nernst effects within a ferromagnetic metal using the spin Seebeck effect." Applied Physics Letters 105, no. 9 (September 2014): 092409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4895034.

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36

Seki, T., I. Sugai, Y. Hasegawa, S. Mitani, and K. Takanashi. "Spin Hall effect and Nernst effect in FePt/Au multi-terminal devices with different Au thicknesses." Solid State Communications 150, no. 11-12 (March 2010): 496–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2009.11.018.

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37

Park, Sungjoon, Naoto Nagaosa, and Bohm-Jung Yang. "Thermal Hall Effect, Spin Nernst Effect, and Spin Density Induced by a Thermal Gradient in Collinear Ferrimagnets from Magnon–Phonon Interaction." Nano Letters 20, no. 4 (February 26, 2020): 2741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00363.

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38

Owerre, S. A. "Topological magnon nodal lines and absence of magnon spin Nernst effect in layered collinear antiferromagnets." EPL (Europhysics Letters) 125, no. 3 (March 4, 2019): 36002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/125/36002.

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39

Park, Seondo, and Yun Daniel Park. "Geometrical considerations to discern the transverse spin Nernst effect in an all-metallic permalloy/platinum bilayer system." Applied Physics Letters 118, no. 22 (May 31, 2021): 222403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0053147.

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40

Pal, Ojasvi, Bashab Dey, and Tarun Kanti Ghosh. "Berry curvature induced magnetotransport in 3D noncentrosymmetric metals." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 34, no. 2 (October 29, 2021): 025702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ac2fd4.

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Анотація:

Abstract We study the magnetoelectric and magnetothermal transport properties of noncentrosymmetric metals using semiclassical Boltzmann transport formalism by incorporating the effects of Berry curvature (BC) and orbital magnetic moment (OMM). These effects impart quadratic-B dependence to the magnetoelectric and magnetothermal conductivities, leading to intriguing phenomena such as planar Hall effect, negative magnetoresistance (MR), planar Nernst effect and negative Seebeck effect. The transport coefficients associated with these effects show the usual oscillatory behavior with respect to the angle between the applied electric field and magnetic field. The bands of noncentrosymmetric metals are split by Rashba spin–orbit coupling except at a band touching point (BTP). For Fermi energy below (above) the BTP, giant (diminished) negative MR is observed. This difference in the nature of MR is related to the magnitudes of the velocities, BC and OMM on the respective Fermi surfaces, where the OMM plays the dominant role. The absolute MR and planar Hall conductivity show a decreasing (increasing) trend with Rashba coupling parameter for Fermi energy below (above) the BTP.

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41

Saito, Yoshiaki, Nobuki Tezuka, Shoji Ikeda, Hideo Sato та Tetsuo Endoh. "Increase in spin-Hall effect and influence of anomalous Nernst effect on spin-Hall magnetoresistance in β-phase and α-phase W100−x Ta x /CoFeB systems". Applied Physics Express 12, № 5 (1 травня 2019): 053008. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/1882-0786/ab1a66.

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42

Nakatsuji, Satoru, and Ryotaro Arita. "Topological Magnets: Functions Based on Berry Phase and Multipoles." Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics 13, no. 1 (March 10, 2022): 119–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031620-103859.

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Анотація:

Macroscopic responses of magnets are often governed by magnetization and, thus, have been restricted to ferromagnets. However, such responses are strikingly large in the newly developed topological magnets, breaking the conventional scaling with magnetization. Taking the recently discovered antiferromagnetic (AF) Weyl semimetals as a prime example, we highlight the two central ingredients driving the significant macroscopic responses: the Berry curvature enhanced because of nontrivial band topology in momentum space, and the cluster magnetic multipoles in real space. The combination of large Berry curvature and multipoles enables large macroscopic responses such as the anomalous Hall and Nernst effects, the magneto-optical effect, and the novel magnetic spin Hall effect in antiferromagnets with negligible net magnetization, but also allows us to manipulate these effects by electrical means. Furthermore, nodal-point and nodal-line semimetallic states in ferromagnets may provide the strongly enhanced Berry curvature near the Fermi energy, leading to large responses beyond the conventional magnetization scaling. These significant properties and functions of the topological magnets lay the foundation for future technological development such as spintronics and thermoelectric technology.

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43

Hu, Chia-Ren. "Qualitative Picture of a New Mechanism for High-Tc Superconductors." International Journal of Modern Physics B 17, no. 18n20 (August 10, 2003): 3284–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979203020879.

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Анотація:

Xu et al. observed enhanced Nernst effect and Iguchi et al. observed patched diamagnetism, both well above Tc in underdoped high-Tc superconductors (HTSCs). A new mechanism is proposed here, which seems to naturally explain, at least qualitatively, these observations, as well as the d-wave nature and continuity of pseudogap and pairing gap, the tunneling conductance above Tc, as well as T*(x), Tν(x), Tc(x), etc. This mechanism combines features of dynamic charged stripes, preformed pairs, and spin-bags: At appropriete doping levels, the doped holes (and perhaps also electrons) will promote the formation of anti-phase islands in short-range anti-ferromagnetic order. On the boundary of each such island reside two doped carriers; the unscreened Coulomb repulsion between them stabilizes the island's size. Superconductivity results when such "pre-formed pairs" Bose-condense.

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44

Posti, Raghvendra, Abhishek Kumar, Dhananjay Tiwari, and Debangsu Roy. "Emergence of considerable thermoelectric effect due to the addition of an underlayer in Pt/Co/Pt stack and its application in detecting field free magnetization switching." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 22 (November 28, 2022): 223502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0125607.

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Application of sufficient lateral current to a heavy metal (HM) can switch the perpendicular magnetization orientation of an adjacent ferromagnetic layer through spin–orbit torques (SOTs). The choice of the HM and its arrangement plays a major role for the SOT induced magnetization switching in magnetic heterostructures. Generally, thin Ta is used as an underlayer to the HM layer for better adhesion and smoothness of the HM layer. Here, we show that Ta addition to the asymmetric stack Pt/Co/Pt gives rise to several compelling effects, viz., thermoelectric effects [particularly, anomalous Nernst effect (ANE)], and enhanced perpendicular magnetic anisotropy which was negligible in a Pt/Co/Pt stack. For this Ta/Pt/Co/Pt stack, the antidamping-SOT values are evaluated after carefully removing the contribution from the ANE and it is found to match the AD-SOT of the Pt/Co/Pt stack. We have observed current-induced field-free magnetization switching Ta/Pt/Co/Pt stack with Co thickness gradient. Furthermore, we have utilized the thermoelectric effects to develop a technique to detect the field-free magnetization switching. This technique detects the second harmonic ANE signal as a reading mechanism. Using ANE symmetry with the applied current, the switching can be detected in a single current sweep which was corroborated to the conventional DC Hall method.

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45

Fu, Huarui, Caiyin You, Li Ma, and Na Tian. "Large and temperature-stable anomalous Nernst effect under a favorable out-of-plane thermal gradient in the epitaxial Heusler spin gapless-like CoFeMnSi thin film." Materials Research Express 6, no. 11 (October 16, 2019): 116119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab48ae.

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46

Zhang, Yun-Hai, and Ming-Hua Zhang. "Hall and Nernst effects in monolayer MoS2." International Journal of Modern Physics B 30, no. 08 (March 30, 2016): 1650041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979216500417.

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We study Hall and Nernst transports in monolayer MoS2based on Green’s function formalism. We have derived analytical results for spin and valley Hall conductivities in the zero temperature and spin and valley Nernst conductivities in the low temperature. We found that tuning of the band gap and spin-orbit splitting can drive system transition from spin Hall insulator (SHI) to valley Hall insulator (VHI). When the system is subjected to a temperature gradient, the spin and valley Nernst conductivities are dependent on Berry curvature.

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47

Zhu, Guo-Bao. "Spin Hall and spin Nernst effects in graphene with intrinsic and Rashba spin—orbit interactions." Chinese Physics B 21, no. 11 (November 2012): 117309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/21/11/117309.

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48

Dyrdał, A., and J. Barnaś. "Intrinsic contribution to spin Hall and spin Nernst effects in a bilayer graphene." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 24, no. 27 (June 20, 2012): 275302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/24/27/275302.

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49

Prando, Giacomo. "Spin Nernst effect." Nature Nanotechnology, December 6, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2017.239.

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50

Dau, Minh Tuan, Céline Vergnaud, Alain Marty, Cyrille Beigné, Serge Gambarelli, Vincent Maurel, Timotée Journot, et al. "The valley Nernst effect in WSe2." Nature Communications 10, no. 1 (December 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13590-8.

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AbstractThe Hall effect can be extended by inducing a temperature gradient in lieu of electric field that is known as the Nernst (-Ettingshausen) effect. The recently discovered spin Nernst effect in heavy metals continues to enrich the picture of Nernst effect-related phenomena. However, the collection would not be complete without mentioning the valley degree of freedom benchmarked by the valley Hall effect. Here we show the experimental evidence of its missing counterpart, the valley Nernst effect. Using millimeter-sized WSe$${}_{2}$$2 mono-multi-layers and the ferromagnetic resonance-spin pumping technique, we are able to apply a temperature gradient by off-centering the sample in the radio frequency cavity and address a single valley through spin-valley coupling. The combination of a temperature gradient and the valley polarization leads to the valley Nernst effect in WSe$${}_{2}$$2 that we detect electrically at room temperature. The valley Nernst coefficient is in good agreement with the predicted value.

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