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1
Rodríguez-Morales, Dulce, Helena Ajuria-Ibarra, Laura T. Hernández-Salazar, Víctor Rico-Gray, José G. García-Franco, and Dinesh Rao. "Response of flower visitors to the morphology and color of crab spiders in a coastal environment of the Gulf of Mexico." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 66, no. 1-2 (December 19, 2019): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22244662-20191065.
Анотація:
Abstract Predation is one of the main interactions between organisms and one of the primary selective agents for their survival. Both prey and predators have developed different strategies and characteristics that allow them to be conspicuous or go undetected. In sit and wait predators, their shape and appearance are important factors that allow them to remain undetected by their potential prey. Sit and wait predators such as crab spiders are difficult to identify when they sit on flowers or areas of flowers with colors similar to the color of their bodies. In this study, we aimed to determine if insects can recognize the morphology and color polymorphism of crab spiders by evaluating the response of flower visitors. We quantified the visits and approaches of floral visitors to the flowerheads of Palafoxia lindenii with spider morphology and color polymorphism treatments. Our results show that insects in general, and bees in particular, avoid visiting flowers with a real spider or a spider model and visit vacant flowers more frequently. In the case of the color polymorphism, insects approached flowerheads with spiders with a similar frequency independently of the color of the spiders, but did not visit them. Insects appeared to identify spiders through their morphological characteristics rather than their color characteristics, since flower visitors did not discriminate between the evaluated spider colors (white, lilac, and purple). This study emphasizes the differential response of different insect prey to the presence, color, and morphology of sit and wait predators.
2
Su, Qichen, Lin Qi, Wei Zhang, Yueli Yun, Yao Zhao, and Yu Peng. "Biodiversity Survey of Flower-Visiting Spiders Based on Literature Review and Field Study." Environmental Entomology 49, no. 3 (April 13, 2020): 673–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa022.
Анотація:
Abstract Many arthropods exhibit flower-visiting behavior, including a variety of spider species. However, as spiders are assumed to be strictly predatory, flower-visiting spiders are an often neglected group. We conducted a systematic biodiversity study of flower-visiting spiders based on published papers and field surveys. Most previous studies have focused on the herbivorous behavior of flower-visiting spiders (nectivory or pollinivory) and their effects on host flowers (tritrophic interactions with flower-visiting insects). In our field survey, we utilized standard transect walks (active sampling) and colored pan traps (passive sampling) to investigate species occurrence, diurnal and seasonal variation, and flower color preference of flower-visiting spiders. From the transect walks, crab spider species were found to be the dominant flower-visiting spiders and, based on all spider species, juvenile visitors were significantly more common than adults. Furthermore, in terms of spider number and species richness, tulips were the preferred flower to visit. For the pan traps, wolf spiders were found to be the dominant spider species. No significant differences were observed in the number of spiders caught in different colored pans, suggesting that color may not be an important flower trait in regard to spider preference. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to propose the term ‘flower-visiting spiders’ and conduct a systematic investigation of their diversity. However, this is preliminary research and further studies are required, especially as biodiversity is often closely linked to survey sites and ecotopes.
3
Rodríguez-Gironés, Miguel A., and Olga M. Jiménez. "Encounters with predators fail to trigger predator avoidance in bumblebees, Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 128, no. 4 (October 12, 2019): 901–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz155.
Анотація:
Abstract Many species must learn to identify their predators, but little is known about the effect of direct encounters on the development of predator avoidance. We asked whether bumblebees, Bombus terrestris, learn to avoid predators, whether learning depends on the conspicuousness of predators and whether bumblebees learn to identify predators or simply to avoid dangerous patches. To answer these questions, we allowed bumblebees to forage in an enclosed meadow of 15 artificial flowers containing a yellow female crab spider, Thomisus onustus. Flowers were yellow in half of the trials and white in the other half. Spiders could remain at the same flower throughout the experiment or swap flowers between bee foraging bouts. Of the 60 bees used in the experiment, eight were killed by the spiders and nine stopped foraging without finishing the trial. Death or refusal to forage typically occurred early in the trial. Regardless of the treatment, the probability of landing at the spider-harbouring flower increased with time. Previous encounters with heterospecific individuals can therefore be a poor source of information about their predatory nature.
4
Bjärtå, Anna, Anders Flykt, and Örjan Sundin. "The Effect of Using Different Distractor Sets in Visual Search with Spiders and Snakes on Spider-Sensitive and Nonfearful Participants." Swiss Journal of Psychology 72, no. 4 (January 2013): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000111.
Анотація:
In two visual search experiments, we investigated the impact of distractor sets on fear-relevant stimuli by comparing a search set with spiders, snakes, flowers, and mushrooms to one with spiders, snakes, rabbits, and turtles. We found speeded responses to spider and snake targets when flowers and mushrooms, but not when rabbits and turtles served as distractors. In Experiment 2, we compared spider-sensitive to nonfearful participants. Spider-sensitive participants responded faster than nonfearful participants to spider targets when we used flowers and mushrooms as distractors, but not when we used rabbit and turtle distractors. These results indicate that behavioral responses to the visual search task not only depend on the individual’s relationship to the stimuli included in the search set, but also on the context in which the feared or fear-relevant objects are presented.
5
Anderson, Sarah Elizabeth, and Andrea Lucky. "Rusty Spider Wasp Tachypompilus ferrugineus." EDIS 2019, no. 5 (September 23, 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-in1247-2019.
Анотація:
The rusty spider wasp, Tachypompilus ferrugineus, is a large, reddish orange wasp with conspicuous iridescent blue to violet wings. Aptly named, the rusty spider wasp specializes in hunting large spiders which it paralyzes and provides for its offspring to consume. These eye-catching wasps can be seen perusing loose soil for spider burrows, nectaring at flowers, or dragging large spiders back to their nests.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1247
6
Ings, Thomas C., and Lars Chittka. "Predator crypsis enhances behaviourally mediated indirect effects on plants by altering bumblebee foraging preferences." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1664 (March 4, 2009): 2031–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1748.
Анотація:
Predators of pollinators can influence pollination services and plant fitness via both consumptive (reducing pollinator density) and non-consumptive (altering pollinator behaviour) effects. However, a better knowledge of the mechanisms underlying behaviourally mediated indirect effects of predators is necessary to properly understand their role in community dynamics. We used the tripartite relationship between bumblebees, predatory crab spiders and flowers to ask whether behaviourally mediated effects are localized to flowers harbouring predators, or whether bees extend their avoidance to entire plant species. In a tightly controlled laboratory environment, bumblebees ( Bombus terrestris ) were exposed to a random mixture of equally rewarding yellow and white artificial flowers, but foraging on yellow flowers was very risky: bees had a 25 per cent chance of receiving a simulated predation attempt by ‘robotic’ crab spiders. As bees learnt to avoid ‘dangerous’ flowers, their foraging preferences changed and they began to visit fewer yellow flowers than expected by chance. Bees avoided spider-free yellow flowers as well as dangerous yellow flowers when spiders were more difficult to detect (the colour of yellow spiders was indistinguishable from that of yellow flowers). Therefore, this interaction between bee learning and predator crypsis could lead flower species harbouring cryptic predators to suffer from reduced reproductive success.
7
Peira, Nathalie, Armita Golkar, Maria Larsson, and Stefan Wiens. "What You Fear Will Appear." Experimental Psychology 57, no. 6 (January 1, 2010): 470–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000058.
Анотація:
Various experimental tasks suggest that fear guides attention. However, because these tasks often lack ecological validity, it is unclear to what extent results from these tasks can be generalized to real-life situations. In change detection tasks, a brief interruption of the visual input (i.e., a blank interval or a scene cut) often results in undetected changes in the scene. This setup resembles real-life viewing behavior and is used here to increase ecological validity of the attentional task without compromising control over the stimuli presented. Spider-fearful and nonfearful women detected schematic spiders and flowers that were added to one of two identical background pictures that alternated with a brief blank in between them (i.e., flicker paradigm). Results showed that spider-fearful women detected spiders (but not flowers) faster than did nonfearful women. Because spiders and flowers had similar low-level features, these findings suggest that fear guides attention on the basis of object features rather than simple low-level features.
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Jevremovic, Sladjana, Milana Trifunovic, Marija Nikolic, Angelina Subotic, and Ljiljana Radojevic. "Clonal fidelity of chrysanthemum regenerated from long term cultures." Genetika 38, no. 3 (2006): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr0603243j.
Анотація:
Morphological characteristics of flowers of long term regenerated chrysanthemum, cv. "White Spider", after ten years of micropropagation are investigated. Shoot cultures are established and maintained more than ten years by stem segment culture on MS medium supplemented with BAP and NAA (1.0, 0.1 mgL-1, respectively). Rooting of shoots (100 %) has done on MS medium without hormones and it was very successful after ten years, as well as, after two or eight years of micropropagation. Acclimation of rooted chrysanthemum plantlets at greenhouse conditions was excellent and after appropriate photoperiod "in vitro" plants flowered 90.3 % and have the same flower color, shape and size as mother plants. Flower color changes of "in vitro" plants are observed during another flowering cycle one year after acclimatization. Observed variations of chrysanthemum flowers could be attributed to epigenetic factors.
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Meena, Narottam Kumar, Ram Pal, Rajendra Prasad Pant, and Rajendra Prasad Medhi. "Seasonal Incidence of Mite and Infuence of Pesticidal Application on Orchid Flower Production." Journal of Plant Protection Research 53, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jppr-2013-0018.
Анотація:
Abstract Investigations were carried out in 2010 to determine the influence of abiotic factors on the incidence of the two spotted spider mite; Tetranychus urticae Koch and to determine the influence of pesticides on orchid flower production. Initially, in January, the mite population was very low (1.0 mite/10 cm2 leaf area). The population gradually increased and peaked to 22.98 mites/10 cm2 leaf area in the first fortnight of May along with the rise in temperature and sunshine. Then, the population declined to a low level of 3.43 mites/10 cm2 leaf area in the first fortnight of December. Maximum and minimum temperatures had a significant positive correlation and sunshine had a non-significant positive correlation, whereas relative humidity and rainfall had a non-significant negative correlation with the mite population. Infestation of the two spotted spider mite was more severe in untreated conditions in comparison to the treated ones. The difference was due to various abiotic factors and natural pest infestation occurrence which drastically affected the flower quality and yield. In unprotected conditions, the number of flower spikes/plant (1.90±0.44 spikes), number of flowers/spike (7.35±1.04 flowers), spike length (42.59±5.69 cm), flower spike diameter (5.26±0.66 mm), and flower size (6.27±0.86 cm) was very low. In protected conditions, flower quality and yield were superior than in unprotected conditions i.e. number of flower spike/plant (2.92±0.57 spikes), number of flowers/spike (11.78±1.16 flowers), spike length (57.59±7.35 cm), diameter of flower spikes (9.09±1.01 mm), and flower size (6.73±1.16 cm).
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Diniz, Suzana, Everton Tizo-Pedroso, Denise Lange, Andréa Andrade Vilela, Danielle G. Justino, Fernanda Alves Martins, Erika Germanos, Rafael Arruda, and Vanessa Stefani. "Might Heterostyly Underlie Spider Occurrence on Inflorescences? A Case Study ofPalicourea rigida(Rubiaceae), a Common Shrub from Brazilian Cerrado." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/791395.
Анотація:
We carried out a research on thePalicourea rigida(Rubiaceae) inflorescences, a distylous shrub of Brazilian Cerrado. Our objective was to compare the inflorescence architectural complexity and its quality in the two floral morphs and search for any relationship with spider occurrence. In order to assess the quality of inflorescence resources, we quantified the nectar volume and its sugar concentration and the number of fruits and flowers (intact and aborted) for both inflorescence morphs with and without spiders. For the architectural heterogeneity, we quantified floral structures and inflorescence levels of branching. Spider occurrence was higher in longistylous inflorescences than in brevistylous ones. The sampled spiders were classified into the guilds ambushers, jumpers, or orb-weavers. Ambushers, jumpers, and total richness were much higher among longistylous inflorescences. We found no difference between morphs neither in volume or nectar concentration nor in amount of fruits and flowers. However, longistylous inflorescences presented greater architectural heterogeneity than brevistylous ones. Therefore, we suggested that architectural heterogeneity is an important factor underlying the occurrence of cursorial spiders onP. rigidainflorescences, which possibly arose from the relationship between refuge availability and inflorescence architecture.
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Antropova, N. V. "DURATION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF FLOWERING OF ELITE HYBRIDS OF DAYLILY HEMEROCALLIS L.IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE FOREST-STEPPE OF THE ALTAI TERRITORY." Vestnik Altajskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta, no. 9 (2021): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.53083/1996-4277-2021-203-09-25-29.
Анотація:
he results of studying daylily hybrids (Hemerocallis L.) are discussed. The research goal is tostudy daylily hybrids with different colors, long and productive flowering, and adapted to the conditions of the Altai Region’s forest-steppe. The research targets were as following: the control variety Golden Gift and 9 promising hybrids of 2006-2008 obtained by crossing of the daylily developed in the Altai Region. The studies were carried out according to the gen-erally accepted methodology. In 2015, 2019, and 2020, no winter damage was observed in daylily hybrids. Shoot growth was observed from April 13to April 20; the begin-ning of flowering –from June 10 to August 2. The total duration of the hybrids’ ornamental value made over 2.5 months (from June 10 to September 7). The generative productivity in the studied hybrids was 18-270 flowers per plant. Most hybrids were red in color. The hybrid 20-07-17 had a spider-like flower shape; 3-07-3 -star-shaped; the rest had rounded and triangular flowers. Flower diameter in the hybrids varied within 7.4-16.2 cm; in the control -10.2 cm. The hybrid plants grew in width to 37-62 cm. The plant height varies from 40 to 64 cm which is important for creating flower arrangements for urban and household plot landscaping. All the studied hybrids have high ornamental and productive characteristics; among them there arecan-didate varieties for further selective breeding and expan-sion of genetic diversity. As a result, profusely blooming hybrids of daylily Hemerocallis L.with early, medium, and late flowering were studied; this would allow increasing the duration of ornamental value for more than 2.5 months. The best are the following hybrids: 1-06-15 -tall, red-colored and triangular-shaped flower; 20-07-17 -tall, large-flowered, red-colored and spider-shaped flower; 4-07-150 -crimson-red color and triangular shape ofthe flower; 7-07-5 -bright red color and triangular shape of the flower; 19-08-2 -crimson color and triangular shape of the flower.
12
Théry, Marc, and Jérôme Casas. "The multiple disguises of spiders: web colour and decorations, body colour and movement." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1516 (November 6, 2008): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0212.
Анотація:
Diverse functions have been assigned to the visual appearance of webs, spiders and web decorations, including prey attraction, predator deterrence and camouflage. Here, we review the pertinent literature, focusing on potential camouflage and mimicry. Webs are often difficult to detect in a heterogeneous visual environment. Static and dynamic web distortions are used to escape visual detection by prey, although particular silk may also attract prey. Recent work using physiological models of vision taking into account visual environments rarely supports the hypothesis of spider camouflage by decorations, but most often the prey attraction and predator confusion hypotheses. Similarly, visual modelling shows that spider coloration is effective in attracting prey but not in conveying camouflage. Camouflage through colour change might be used by particular crab spiders to hide from predator or prey on flowers of different coloration. However, results obtained on a non-cryptic crab spider suggest that an alternative function of pigmentation may be to avoid UV photodamage through the transparent cuticle. Numerous species are clearly efficient locomotory mimics of ants, particularly in the eyes of their predators. We close our paper by highlighting gaps in our knowledge.
13
Mayer, Birgit, Harald Merckelbach, Peter J. de Jong, and Ina Leeuw. "Skin Conductance Responses of Spider Phobics to Backwardly Masked Phobic Cues." Journal of Psychophysiology 13, no. 3 (July 1999): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0269-8803.13.3.152.
Анотація:
Abstract The present study was carried out to test Öhman's (1994) hypothesis that a pre-attentive analysis of phobic stimuli is sufficient for a fear response to occur. Spider phobic (n = 47) and nonphobic (n = 41) subjects were exposed to phobic slides (spiders) and nonphobic slides (flowers, mushrooms, and snakes) that were presented for 30 ms, 20 ms, or 15 ms. Slides were backwardly masked for 100 ms. This technique was used to prevent conscious identification. During each trial, SCRs were measured. Following each trial, subjects indicated what they had seen (forced choice awareness check). Awareness check data revealed that only 15 ms stimuli remained genuinely subliminal. No convincing evidence was found to suggest that masked spider pictures elicit stronger SCRs in spider phobics than neutral control pictures. All in all, the present data fail to provide straightforward support for the idea that subliminal phobic cues elicit differential autonomic reactions in phobics.
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Lucarezi, Anderson. "Quatro poemas de Jerome Rothenberg." Cadernos de Literatura em Tradução, no. 13 (October 8, 2020): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2359-5388.i13p89-100.
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Caleb, John T. D., S. K. Sajan, and Vikas Kumar. "New jumping spiders from the alpine meadows of the Valley of Flowers, western Himalayas, India (Araneae, Salticidae)." ZooKeys 783 (September 5, 2018): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.783.25225.
Анотація:
Two new jumping spider species: Nandiciusvallisflorumsp. n., (♀) and Pelleneshimalayasp. n. (♂, ♀), are diagnosed, described and illustrated in detail. The specimens were collected from the Valley of Flowers, western Himalayas, Uttarakhand State of India.
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Greco, Carlos F., and Peter G. Kevan. "POLYETHISM IN FORAGING IN A POLYMORPHIC PREDATOR, ENOPLOGNATHA OVATA (ARANEAE: THERIDIIDAE): A CASE FOR BALANCE." Canadian Entomologist 131, no. 2 (April 1999): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent131259-2.
Анотація:
AbstractTwo colour morphs of Enoplognatha ovata (Clerck), “redimita” and “lineata” the abdomens of which are whitish with two pink stripes and greyish-yellow, respectively, differ in their foraging strategies. When placed in artificial arenas with flowering stems to ascend, we noted that both morphs had a strong tendency to wander over the ground rather than ascend a stem [unlike the crab spider, Misumena vatia Clerck (Araneae: Thomisidae)], but that lineata was significantly more prone to wander than was redimita. Neither morph showed choice for the type of stem or colour of flower. Nevertheless, redimita showed a greater preference for choosing white artificial flowers (discs) atop 30-cm wooden rods than did lineata. We propose that the relative abundances of the two colour morphs in the natural population represents a balanced polymorphism which is maintained in part by polyethism in hunting strategies, with redimita being more fastidious in its selection of cryptic hunting sites in flowers than is lineata, and the latter being more cryptic and more errant on the ground.
17
Hammad, E. Abou-Fakhr, M. Akkary, N. Saliba, M. Farran, and S. Talhouk. "Bioactivity of Indigenous Medicinal Plants against the Two-Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 7 (June 7, 2017): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n7p123.
Анотація:
Forty two methanol extracts and 12 aqueous extracts of 29 indigenous medicinal plant species were tested for their acaricidal bioactivity against the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae adults at the laboratory. Fourteen methanol plant extracts caused significant mortality in mites. This is the first report for the potential effect on survival of mites for 27 tested endemic plant species. Methanol whole plant extracts (WPEs) of Lotus carmeli, Alchemilla diademata, Eryngium deserlorum and aqueous fruit extracts (FrEs) of Melia azedarach caused toxic effects against the adult mites in the range of 41-46% mortality. The methanol WPE of L. carmeli and the aqueous FrE of M. azedarach (1:5) caused the highest mite mortality of 43.55% and 45.55%, respectively and each was used as reference sample for potential acaricidal activity in the methanol and aqueous treatment groups. The latter extract was not significantly different in its effect from aqueous extracts of M. azedarach leaf extract (LE) and Achillea damascena WPE. Methanol extracts of Salvia rubifolia flowers and Calendula palestina FrE were found to be more active against the adult mite than their extracts of other plant parts as leaves and flowers, respectively. The former two extracts, flower extracts of Anthemis scariosa, Echinops gaillardoti, Nepeta curviflora, and Ranunculus cuneatus, leaves and stems extract of An. scariosa and WPEs of Melissa inodora, Ranunuculus myosuroides, Origanum libanoticum and Ac. damascena were found to be comparable in their acaricidal activity to that of the whole plant extract of L. carmeli. Thus, these bioactive extracts of some local plant species can cause toxicity to adult T. urticae mites and consequently could be an alternative control for mite pests.
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Choi, Y. J., W. Mulenko, J. H. Park, and H. D. Shin. "First Report of Downy Mildew of Spider Flower Caused by a Hyaloperonospora sp. in Korea." Plant Disease 96, no. 4 (April 2012): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-11-1062.
Анотація:
Spider flower, Tarenaya hassleriana (Chodat) H. H. Iltis (synonym Cleome hassleriana; C. spinosa), which is native to South America, is now cultivated as an ornamental plant worldwide. In Korea, this plant has recently become popular in gardens and parks because of its beautiful flowers. During July 2010, plants showing typical symptoms of downy mildew were observed in public gardens along the lakeside in Ganghwa, South Korea. Infection resulted in chlorotic areas on the leaves with a white mildew developing on the abaxial surface and finally leading to necrosis of the lesions. Representative samples of infected leaves were deposited at the herbarium of Korea University, Seoul, Korea (KUS-F25091 and F25462). Microscopic examination of fresh material was performed under a light microscope. Conidiophores emerging from stomata were hyaline, 250 to 650 × 10 to 15 μm, straight, and monopodially branched in five to eight orders. Ultimate branchlets were mostly in pairs, flexuous to sigmoid, 15 to 30 μm long, and had obtuse or subtruncate tips. Conidia were hyaline, subglobose, and measured 23 to 26.5 × 21 to 24 μm with a length/width ratio (L/W) of 1.05 to 1.15. Up to now, the downy mildew pathogen of the spider flower has been considered to be Hyaloperonospora parasitica, Peronospora capparidis or P. cleomes, but the latter two names were considered as synonyms of the former (1). In the current study, the spider flower pathogen was morphologically distinct from H. parasitica; in the Korean specimen, conidia were subglobose with a low L/W value, while in H. parasitica sensu stricto, originated from Capsella bursa-pastoris, conidia were broadly ellipsoidal and measured 22.5 to 26.5 × 18 to 21.5 μm with a L/W ratio of 1.17 to 1.31 (1). To confirm this morphological difference, the amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA of the Korean specimen were performed using procedures outlined by Göker et al. (3). The resulting 874-bp sequence of the region was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. JQ301468). A comparison with the ITS sequences available in the GenBank database revealed that the Korean accession exhibits a high dissimilarity of approximately 11% (99 of 882 characters are different) from that of H. parasitica from C. bursa-pastoris (AY210987). On the basis of morphological and molecular data, the spider flower pathogen found in Korea was clearly distinct from H. parasitica. Therefore, we provisionally indicate this pathogen as a Hyaloperonospora sp. To our knowledge, there is no previous record of a downy mildew on spider flower in Asia, although this disease has been previously recorded in Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, New Zealand, Poland, Romania, the United States, and Venezuela (2). The presence of a downy mildew on spider flower in Asia can be considered a potentially new and serious threat to this ornamental plant. References: (1) O. Constantinescu and J. Fatehi. Nova Hedwigia 74:291, 2002. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , December 13, 2011. (3) M. Göker et al. Mycol. Res. 113:308, 2009.
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Machado, Miguel, Renato A. Teixeira, and Arno A. Lise. "Cladistic analysis supports the monophyly of the Neotropical crab spider genus Epicadus and its senior synonymy over Tobias (Araneae : Thomisidae)." Invertebrate Systematics 31, no. 4 (2017): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is16074.
Анотація:
The present paper presents a cladistic analysis of the spider genus Tobias Simon, 1895. The analyses were based on a matrix with 29 terminal taxa scored for 86 morphological characters, with a dataset tested under two methodologies for character weighting (i.e. equal and implied weighting). Both analyses supported the paraphyletic relationship of Tobias with Epicadus Simon, 1895, with the former considered a junior synonym of the latter (new synonymy). Onocolus, Epicadinus and Epicadus form a clade supported by two synapomorphies, corroborating previous taxonomic assumptions regarding the proximity of these genera. Epicadus has two lineages: the ‘pustulosus clade’, comprising bark-like individuals that camouflage themselves on tree trunks and branches, and the ‘heterogaster clade’, which consists of a group of spiders that present a wide range of polychromatism and use flowers as hunting sites. Synonymies are presented and a new combination for all species previously assigned as part of Tobias is proposed. Epicadus now comprises nine species.
20
Cai, Junhuo, Junjun Fan, Xuying Wei, and Lu Zhang. "A Three-dimensional Analysis of Summer Dormancy in the Red Spider Lily (Lycoris radiata)." HortScience 54, no. 9 (September 2019): 1459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14080-19.
Анотація:
Lycoris radiata has beautiful bright-red flowers with both medicinal and ornamental value. However, the mechanisms underlying an unusual characteristic of Lycoris radiata, flowering without leaves, remain unclear. In this study, climatic influences, biomass composition, and yearly variations in bulb contents across eight developmental stages of L. radiata were analyzed. Thus, L. radiata summer dormancy was investigated in three dimensions: climate-associated phenology, biomass distribution characteristics, and physiologic bulb changes. The results showed that dormancy was most strongly affected by high ambient temperature, followed by scape development, flowering, leafing out, vigorous leaf growth, flower bud differentiation, flower bud predifferentiation, and leaf maturation. Biomass allocation, bulb contents, oxidoreductase activity, and root activity fluctuated significantly in L. radiata among developmental stages. Relative bulb dry weight was greatest during the dormant period (95.95% of total dry weight) and lowest during vigorous leaf growth (November–December). Root biomass was also significantly greater during dormancy than during flowering, leaf maturation, and flower bud differentiation. Only root biomass during vigorous leaf growth was greater than root biomass during dormancy. However, in dormant bulbs, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content, root activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and peroxidase (POD) activity decreased. Thus, summer dormancy in L. radiata only constitutes a morphologic dormancy of the aboveground plant; the bulb and root remain physiologically active. The results suggest that L. radiata is sensitive to both ambient temperature and light, and that summer dormancy is triggered by the synergistic stimulation of these two factors. Although temperature controls dormancy, it plays only a limited regulatory role during the L. radiata flowering period. Thus, it is difficult to induce flowering or regulate annual flowering in this species through temperature control alone.
21
Mutoro, Kenneth. "Effect of Spider Plant Accessions on Phenotypic Traits: Implications for Breeders and Farmers in Kenya." East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology 1, no. 1 (July 30, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajab.1.1.16.
Анотація:
Spider plant (Cleome gynandra L.) is an important African leafy vegetable (ALV) that has been used by local African communities as a source of nutrition in their diets for many years. The plant has recently attracted an increasing demand for its highly nutritive and health-promoting bioactive compounds important in combating malnutrition and reducing human degenerative diseases. Despite the great value of the spider plant, its supply and cultivation remain low, a factor attributed to unavailability of superior genotypes. This study carried out at Ruiru Sub-county, Kiambu County in Kenya sought to establish the influence of genotypic variation on spider plant phenotypic diversity for future breeding and conservations. Experimental plots were set up in the field in Ruiru using split-plot design with three replications. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the significance of variables. Results indicated that genotypes MLSF3, UGSF36, UGSF14, and MLSF17 produced the highest number of flowers, large petioles, big stem sizes and large leaf area respectively. In conclusion, the study recommends the adoption of genotypes MLSF17, UGSF14, UGSF36 and MLSF3 by farmers considering their outstanding positive effect on phenotypic traits.
22
Greco, Carlos F., and Peter G. Kevan. "Contrasting patch choosing by anthophilous ambush predators: vegetation and floral cues for decisions by a crab spider (Misumena vatia) and males and females of an ambush bug (Phymata americana)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 9 (September 1, 1994): 1583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-210.
Анотація:
Field-collected individuals of Misumena vatia and Phymata americana were compared experimentally as to the kind of vegetation and flower cues they use to choose a hunting site, by introducing them into choice arenas with variously manipulated natural stems of three species of plant and with artificial flowers. Misumena vatia showed a strong preference for stems with flowers or leaves or both; P. americana did not prefer normal stems as strongly and it did not show a statistically significant preference among the various manipulated patches. Both predators discriminated among Solidago canadensis, Daucus carota, and Cirsium arvense, showing a clear preference for the first. Misumena vatia showed a clear preference for yellow artificial flowers on wooden sticks when given a choice of four different colours. Phymata americana preferred yellow or blue to white or red, showing no discrimination between colours of the same group (yellow vs. blue or white vs. red). Misumena vatia took the longest time (ca. 43 min) to complete its choice of stem; female and male P. americana took 18 and 15 min, respectively. In all the experiments P. americana showed sexual diethism, the females being more choosy than the males. The ranking of discrimination from greatest to least was as follows: M. vatia, females of P. americana, and males of P. americana. We suggest that both species of predators have different strategies of patch choice and that in the case of P. americana, males and females have different patterns of patch selection, the males searching not only for prey but also for mates.
23
Young, Orrey P. "RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ASTER PILOSUS (COMPOSITAE), MISUMENOPS SPP. (ARANEAE: THOMISIDAE), AND LYGUS LINEOLARIS (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)." Journal of Entomological Science 24, no. 2 (April 1, 1989): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-24.2.252.
Анотація:
Sweep sampling and whole-plant examinations of the Hairy Aster, Aster pilosus (Compositae), were conducted in habitats adjacent to cotton in Mississippi. A strong negative correlation was demonstrated between population densities of the crab spider, Misumenops spp. (Araneae: Thomisidae), and the tarnished plant bug (TPB), Lygus lineolaris (Heteroptera: Miridae). Misumenops spp. populations were highest on large, isolated, bush-like A. pilosus individuals and lowest on small, sparsely branched plants in clusters. When differences in the number of flowers and flower buds between the two growth forms were accounted for, TPB were five times more abundant on small plants. Predation on TPB by Misumenops spp. was observed, and the sampling data suggest that TPB populations are negatively impacted by high population levels of Misumenops spp. Changes in the management of road and field margins and fallow fields are suggested that could increase bush-like A. pilosus densities, leading to larger populations of Misumenops and subsequent smaller populations of TPB.
24
CHAUHAN, USHA, PREM R. GUPTA, and AJAY SHARMA. "Management of the two spotted spidermite on carnation with the use of biopesticides and the predator Neoseiulus longispinosus (Evans) (Acari: Tetranychidae, Phytoseiidae)*." Zoosymposia 6, no. 1 (December 20, 2011): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.6.1.23.
Анотація:
Carnation holds a prominent place and a good market among the various cut flowers in Himachal Pradesh, India, but it can be severely attacked by the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. Indiscriminate use of pesticides has led to development of resistance in this species, affected human health and caused environmental pollution. The determination of safer and more cost effective and eco-friendly alternative approaches for the management of this pest is desirable. Different combinations of three weekly applications of a predator [the phytoseiid Neoseiulus longispinosus (Evans)], a fungus [a commercial formulation of Lecanicillium (= Verticillium) lecanii (Zimmerman)], a plant extract (a commercial neem formulation), a conventional chemical mitecide (Profenofos) or water (control) were tested in 2008 and 2009. In both years, the best results were obtained by three subsequent weekly releases of N. longispinosus and three subsequent applications of Profenofos. These results show the potential of this predatory mite as a control agent of two spotted spider mite on carnation under greenhouse conditions in Himachal Pradesh.
25
Goodwin, S., and T. M. Wellham. "Gamma Irradiation for Disinfestation of Cut Flowers Infested by Twospotted Spider Mite (Acarina: Tetranychidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 83, no. 4 (August 1, 1990): 1455–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/83.4.1455.
26
Gagnon, Serge, and Blanche Dansereau. "Effects of Chlormequat Chloride Rate on Growth and Development of Several Aster Cultivars." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 846B—846. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.846b.
Анотація:
Our purpose was to determine growth regulators rate effects on growth and development of aster Callistephus chinensis. During Spring 1993 and 1994, six aster cultivars were sown into 200-unit plug trays containing Pro-Mix PGX. Seedlings were transplanted into 10-cm pots containing Pro-Mix. Two weeks after transplanting, seedlings were sprayed with chlormequat chloride (CCC) at 750 or 1500 ppm and were compared to nontreated plants. A second application was applied 2 weeks later. Growth and development of asters were affected differently depending on cultivars and experimental season. During Spring 1994, a CCC treatment of 750 and 1500 ppm significantly reduced height and width of Dwarf Carpet Mix and Dwarf Spider Mix without affecting the number of flowers and total production time compared to nontreated plants. Growth regulator treatments had no effect on height and width of `Milady Mix' and `Starlight Rose'. However, the 750 ppm CCC treatment reduced the number of flowers produced by these two cultivars. Results obtained in 1993 also are presented.
27
Borkent, Christopher J., and Evert I. Schlinger. "Pollen loads and pollen diversity on bodies of Eulonchus tristis (Diptera: Acroceridae): implications for pollination and flower visitation." Canadian Entomologist 140, no. 2 (April 2008): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n07-061.
Анотація:
AbstractAcroceridae is a family of spider-parasitic flies that often visit flowers as adults, although little is known about their possible role as pollinators. Eulonchus tristis Loew visiting flowers of Brodiaea elegans Hoover (Liliaceae s.l.) and Iris douglasiana Herbert (Iridaceae) were collected in California. Individuals carried large pollen loads, although visitors to B. elegans carried significantly more pollen grains than visitors to I. douglasiana. Visitors to B. elegans also carried a higher percentage of focal-plant pollen (91%) than visitors to I. douglasiana (38%). There was no difference in the diversity of pollen species (approximately nine) carried by visitors to either plant species. For visitors to B. elegans, no difference was seen in the amount or diversity of pollen carried with respect to the sex of the visitor. The behaviour potentially resulting in the acquisition of these pollen loads is discussed. These results show that E. tristis has the potential to be an important pollinator for these plant species, particularly B. elegans.
28
Riba-Hernandez, Pablo, and Kathryn E. Stoner. "Massive Destruction of Symphonia globulifera (Clusiaceae) Flowers by Central American Spider Monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi)1." Biotropica 37, no. 2 (June 2005): 274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2005.00037.x.
29
Petit, Sophie, Manfred Jusaitis, and Doug Bickerton. "Effect of pollen load, self-pollination and plant size on seeds and germination in the endangered pink-lipped spider orchid, Caladenia behrii." Australian Journal of Botany 57, no. 4 (2009): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt08117.
Анотація:
Caladenia behrii Schltdl. (Orchidaceae) (syn. Arachnorchis behrii) is a sexually deceptive, endangered orchid that produces aggregated pollen as pollinia. It is pollinated by a thynnine wasp, and may also be pollinated incidentally by other insects. Pollinator effectiveness may depend on the number of pollinia that pollinators carry and deposit, and on whether they mediate cross-pollination or self-pollination. To understand the role of pollinators and guide conservation programs, we determined the effect of pollen load (one pollinium v. two pollinia) and self-pollination on seed number, seed (embryo) size and germination at 35 days. We also examined the effect of plant size on seed size and seed number. By using partial correlations with leaf width, seed size, seed number, capsule volume and stem length, we found that leaf width was a good predictor for seed number, and that seed size was not correlated with any of the variables examined. Flowers pollinated with one pollinium and two pollinia did not produce seeds that differed in size or number. Cross-pollinated flowers produced fewer but larger seeds, which germinated faster than did seeds from self-pollinated flowers. We conclude that seed production in the field may be estimated from leaf size, that pollinators carrying one pollinium are as effective as those carrying two pollinia and that selfing affects germination negatively, partly because of the smaller size of selfed seeds. Conservation programs aiming to perform hand-pollination of this species should use crossing with a single pollinium.
30
Keter, Stella, Samuel Nyalala, and Joshua Ogweno. "Effects of Biofumigation of Spider Plant (Cleome gynandra L.) Against Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne Spp.) on Quality of Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.)." African Phytosanitary Journal 3, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52855/imwl9974.
Анотація:
Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) is a perennial summer flower grown by smallholders in Kenya for export as it requires low technical and financial input. However, its production and export volumes in Kenya - have been declining drastically. This declining trend has been attributed to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp) infestation, leading to rejection of cut flowers. This study evaluated the effect of biofumigation of Cleome gynandra against root-knot nematodes. Two experiments were conducted at Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya, using a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments were: accessions of C. gynandra; ‘Egerton’ volunteer; ‘Taastrup’; ‘PS’ and ‘IP8’applied at 6 kg/m-2 compared with fumigant (97% dazomet), Brassica napus, solarization and untreated control. Data was collected on nematode infestation and quality of tuberose in terms of stem length, number of leaves and stem diameter. Biofumigation with different C. gynandra accessions was as effective as the fumigant and Brassica napus in reducing nematode population by 34%, gall numbers by 83% and galling index by 96% when compared with the control. Biofumigation with different C. gynandra accessions enhanced the spike length by 32%, marketable spikes by 80%, and reduced non-marketable spikes by 95% when compared with the control. C. gynandra can be used as a biofumigant for management of root knot nematodes and improvement of yield and quality of tuberose. Keywords: Tuberose; Nematode management; Biofumigantion; Flower Quality
31
Dolzhenko, T. V., V. I. Makarenko, and L. A. Burkova. "Methodological aspects related to biological assessment of insectoacaricides on flower cultures of protected ground." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 6 (December 18, 2019): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2019-6-105-108.
Анотація:
Relevance. Analysis of the present range of pesticides that are used in flower orangeries showed critical shortage of allowed pesticides. Now there are no methods for registration testing of insecticides designed to protect flowers in greenhouses. Thus, the purpose of our research is to develop methodological approaches to assessment of abundance of major pests for flower cultures of protected ground and determination of biological effectiveness of new insectoacaricides.Methods. The following phytophages represent flower pests that are predominant in the protected ground: aphids: green peach – Myzus persicae Sulz., melon and cotton – Aphis gossypii Glov., greenhouse-potato – Aulacorthum solani Kalt., potato – Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thom., green rose – Macrosiphum rosae Linn.; whiteflies: greenhouse whitefly – Trialeurodes vaporariorum Wstw., silverleaf whitefly – Bemisia tabaci Genn.; thrips: tobacco – Thrips tabaci Lind., rose – Th. fuscipennis Hal., western flower – Frankliniella occidentalis Perg., heterophagous – F. intonsa Tryb., greenhouse – Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Bouche; mites: red spider – Tetranychus urticae Koch.; red greenhouse – T. cinnabarinus BoisdResults. Researches related to assessment of abundance of major pests for flower cultures and choosing methods related to determination of biological effectiveness of insectoacaricides were performed in flower orangeries of Leningrad Region on hybrid tea roses Rosa L., chrysnatemums Chrysanthemum L., gerberas Gerbera G. As a result, the algorithm for performing tests related to study of new insectoacaricides on flower cultures in greenhouses is developed. Methodology instructions that we offer for assessment of abundance of major pests for flower cultures of protected ground and determination of biological effectiveness of new insectoacaricides are intended for ensuring the uniform methodological approach to performance of registration tests of modern means to fight against these pests and opportunity for analysis of tests in various agroclimatic areas and obtaining a reasonable general conclusion and findings related to pesticides taking into account international requirements.
32
Argañaraz, Carina, and Raquel M. Gleiser. "Does urbanization have positive or negative effects on Crab spider (Araneae: Thomisidae) diversity?" Zoologia 34 (August 15, 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e19987.
Анотація:
Urbanization has a great impact on the diversity of living organisms. Spiders, for example, have been shown to respond negatively (some orb weaving species) and positively (ground dwelling species) to urbanization. The effects of urbanization on crab spiders (Thomisidae) (sit-and-wait predators that generally ambush their prey on flowers and leaves) are not sufficiently known. This paper describes the Thomisidae community that inhabits green patches in a temperate Neotropical city, Cordoba, Argentina, and its surroundings, and ascertains whether there are differences in species richness, abundance and composition between urban and exurban sites. Samples were collected from 30 sites during the summer and spring of 2013 and 2014, using the garden-vacuum method. We compared the abundance, richness and composition of Thomisidae among three habitat categories (urban, suburban and external). Seven species in three genera, Misumenops, Wechselia and Tmarus, were detected. Misumenops was the most abundant genus in Córdoba, and Tmarus elongates Mello-Leitão, 1929 was collected in Argentina for the first time. The abundance, richness and composition of thomisid spiders did not differ between habitat categories, indicating that urbanization does not have a negative effect on the communities of these spiders in open green spaces. Site variability, on the other hand, does, suggesting that local factors may be more relevant than broad-scale factors to explain community patterns in this family.
33
Maggi, Livilla Angela, Thomas Abeli, Graziano Rossi, and Mauro Gobbi. "Flower-visiting and pollen-carrying arthropods of Leucojum aestivum L. (Amaryllidaceae) in wild, reintroduced and ex situ populations." Plant Ecology 222, no. 8 (June 30, 2021): 965–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-021-01154-0.
Анотація:
AbstractLeucojum aestivum L. is a wetland-dependent perennial geophyte occurring in Europe and western Asia. It is self-incompatible, with high level of fruit-set and seed-set. Yet, its pollinators are poorly known. Here, we present the most recent research on potential pollinators of L. aestivum. We collected data on flower-visiting and pollen-carrying arthropods in three populations of the species in the River Po plain (N-Italy), where L. aestivum occurs mainly in forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus sp. pl. close to rivers. We studied a wild population, a new reintroduced population and an ex situ population located at the Botanical Garden of the University of Pavia. Our study identified 18 arthropod taxa carrying L. aestivum pollen; the soft-winged flower beetle Dasytes plumbeus (Coleoptera: Melyridae) and the sac-spider Clubiona sp. pl. (Araneae: Clubionidae) were the most frequent visitors. Hymenoptera only occasionally visited L. aestivum flowers (e.g. the sweat bee Lasioglossum punctatissimum). D. plumbeus, the long-horned beetle Grammoptera ruficornis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), Clubiona sp. pl. and L. punctatissimum resulted in the taxa with the highest average abundance of pollen grains on their body suggesting a potential role in L. aestivum pollination. Differences in flower-visiting and pollen-carrying arthropods were observed between the three populations, with a decreasing taxonomic diversity of visiting species from the wild population to the ex situ population. Our results, based on direct observation in the field, are partially in contrast with a previous study on L. aestivum pollinators that suggested diurnal and nocturnal Lepidoptera and occasionally bees as main pollinators for the species.
34
Sun, Limei, Suriguga Li, Naifeng Zhang, Xuena Xu, Liluo Shi, Yao Zhang, and Yajiao Song. "Spider chrysanthemum-like Co flowers on a Ni foam for highly efficient H2O2 electroreduction in alkaline media." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 932 (January 2023): 167720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.167720.
35
M. Bani-Khair, Baker. "Little Sounds." International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies 5, no. 4 (October 31, 2017): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijclts.v.5n.4p.65.
Анотація:
The Spider and the Fly You little spider,To death you aspire...Or seeking a web wider,To death all walking,No escape you all fighters…Weak and fragile in shape and might,Whatever you see in the horizon,That is destiny whatever sight.And tomorrow the spring comes,And the flowers bloom,And the grasshopper leaps high,And the frogs happily cry,And the flies smile nearby,To that end,The spider has a plot,To catch the flies by his net,A mosquito has fallen down in his net,Begging him to set her free,Out of that prison,To her freedom she aspires,Begging...Imploring...crying, That is all what she requires,But the spider vows never let her free,His power he admires,Turning blind to light,And with his teeth he shall bite,Leaving her in desperate might,Unable to move from site to site,Tied up with strings in white,Wrapped up like a dead man,Waiting for his grave at night, The mosquito says,Oh little spider,A stronger you are than me in power,But listen to my words before death hour,Today is mine and tomorrow is yours,No escape from death...Whatever the color of your flower… Little soundsThe AntThe ant is a little creature with a ferocious soul,Looking and looking for more and more,You can simply crush it like dead mold,Or you can simply leave it alone,I wonder how strong and strong they are!Working day and night in a small hole,Their motto is work or whatever you call…A big boon they have and joy in fall,Because they found what they store,A lesson to learn and memorize all in all,Work is something that you should not ignore! The butterfly:I’m the butterflyBeautiful like a blue clear sky,Or sometimes look like snow,Different in colors, shapes and might,But something to know that we always die,So fragile, weak and thin,Lighter than a glimpse and delicate as light,Something to know for sure…Whatever you have in life and all these fields,You are not happier than a butterfly The beetle:The beetle is a legend,Calm and quiet,Never harm or hurt,But live in the dark,A beetle can say something,We are peaceful creatures…Never interfere, sulking alone,We do sometimes eat together,But we are lazy and sleepy…Something we care about most,Is to see all in peace!That is all…. I shall back to sleep …… (Yawning) The Cricket:I’m the gift of the spring,Black, green, white and yellow,My music is beyond imagination,Sharp and loud my message is,Proud to feel this creation,My heart is bigger than a hill,Peaceful and loving to all,So close to joyful hearts,In deep sleep or isolation,The best thing I always do,Is to sing for my determination! The Cat:I’m the cat,No name or identity,No house or food,I’m the lovely cat,So poor but so happy,My motto is joy,Whatever ups and downs,I’m always happy,I run and jump,I speak my language,I cook my food, I eat...Canned food, mice, bread, grass,That is what I like,Whatever joy you shall have,Will it feel like chasing a mouse!!
36
Acipa, A., M. Kamatenesi-Mugisha, and H. Oryem-Origa. "Nutrtional profile of some selected food plants of Otwal and Ngai sub counties Oyam district, northern Uganda." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 13, no. 57 (April 25, 2013): 7428–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.57.10450.
Анотація:
Wild food plants play an important role in the diet of inhabitants of Oyam District. Some of these plants are drought -resistant and gathered throughout the year . These wild foods are an important source of nutrients. However, there is a lack of comprehensive data re garding the nutrient content s of these indigenous plants. The purpose of this study was to document and assess the nutrient and mineral content s of the selected food plants. Ethnobotanical surveys were used to collect data through formal and informal inter views and focused group discussions. Voucher specimens were collected during field excursions and taken to Makerere Herbarium for proper identification . Nutrients and mineral analyses of wild and cultivated fruits, seeds, underground organs and vegetables from Ngai and Otwal sub counties were carried out using known procedures. They were analysed for mineral nutrients such as calcium, iron, potassium, and phosphorus concentrations. Additionally nutrients such proteins, beta carotene, vitamin C and dietary fibre were determined . On average, vegetables were found to be richer in organic nutrients and minerals followed by fruits and seeds in that order . Generally the wild food plant species were found to be richer sources of mineral nutrient than their cultivated relatives. F or example , the highest concentration of calcium 867.59 mg/100g was found in Acalypha bipartita leaves compared to 294.18 mg/100g in Cleome gynandra . Plant species that showed high iron contents [>30% ] were leaves of swamp hibiscus , African spider flowers , fruits of Tamarind , Black night shade and Jews mallow . It was also noted that among the food plant species analysed, fruits were low in nutrients and mineral elements. Some of these food plants were also considered to have medicinal properties by the locals such as African spider flower, Rattle pod among others. However, it should be noted that there is a general decline in the consumption of wild plants , despite the apparent high nutritional values . T he conservation of wild food plants is not taking place among the communities in the study area, thus the poor rural communities who are limited on balancing their diet could be faced with diseases associated with nutrient deficiencies .
37
Sanito, Raynard C. "Record of Animals Association with Xanthostemon novoguineensis (Valeton)." JURNAL BIOLOGI PAPUA 10, no. 2 (December 24, 2018): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31957/jbp.610.
Анотація:
Xanthostemon novoguineenis (vernacular name: Sowang), an endemic plant in Papua from Myrtaceae family, is found widely near the buffer zone area and Mt. Cyclops Nature Reserve (MCNR) area. This research aimed to record the association of animals towards X. novoguineensis on its natural habitat. The survey was conducted in Cyclops buffer zone near Sentani City, Papua Province, Indonesia. The result showed that an interaction of animals directly to X. novoguineensis was documented and identified. Some insects species have an association with X. novoguineensis, namely black wasp (Isodontia sp 1), black-orange wasp (Isodontia sp 2), red weaver ant (Oecophylla sp 1) and black weaver ant (Oecophylla sp 2) have an association directly to flowers of X. novoguineensis. Furthermore, stick insect (Scepthrophasma sp) and spider (possibly from Araneae family) have an association with the leaves and trunks of this plant. Based on the finding, some leaves of these plant are fed by insects. It is indicated by a pattern of insect bites on the leaves. Key words: buffer zone area, cyclops, insect, sowang, Papua
38
Edelson, J. V., Tom A. Royer, and B. Cartwright. "Control of Arthropod Pests on Cantaloupe, 1986." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/12.1.108.
Анотація:
Abstract ‘Magnum 45’ variety cantaloupe was direct seeded in beds on 2 m centers on 17 Mar at the Texas Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX. Soil type was a Willacy fine sandy loam. Plants were thinned to 45 cm spacing on 15 Apr. Sixty-eight kg N-32 per ha was applied prior to planting. Pesticide treatments were applied 22 Apr and 6 Jun to single bed, 9 m long plots with a tractor mounted, C02 powered sprayer calibrated to deliver 143 liter/ha (2.8 kg/cm2, 4 TX-4 nozzles, 6.4 kmph). Arthropod populations were monitored by surveying 3 primary vines per plot on 29 Apr and 14 May and recording number of cucumber beetle adults, melon aphids, spider mites, flea beetle adults, leafhopper nymphs and adults, leaves with leaf miner mines, leaves, flowers, and fruit. Melon yield was determined as wt/melon and total wt of melons/plot on 3, 6, 10 and 13 Jun. Aphid and mite counts were transformed by taking the loglO + 1 of counts, due to the aggregated nature of populations of these species.
39
Li, Xinran, and Diying Huang. "Predators or Herbivores: Cockroaches of Manipulatoridae Revisited with a New Genus from Cretaceous Myanmar Amber (Dictyoptera: Blattaria: Corydioidea)." Insects 13, no. 8 (August 15, 2022): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13080732.
Анотація:
Manipulator modificaputis Vršanský and Bechly, 2015 (Manipulatoridae, Corydioidea) is a purported predatory cockroach from Cretaceous Myanmar amber, based on a single male. It is distinctive by the nimble head, elongate pronotum and legs, and particularly by the extraordinarily long maxillary palpi. In the present study, we redescribe Manipulator modificaputis based on six new fossils including males and females, and comment on the original description. The closely related Manipulatoides obscura gen. & sp. nov. is proposed on the basis of five fossils, including males and females. It differs from Manipulator in weaker spination of the legs, including the type-C forefemoral spination instead of the type-A of Manipulator. Some undetermined adults and nymphs are also described. We discuss the ethology of Manipulatoridae and speculate that they might feed on flowers. They are unlikely to be specialized predators since they lack necessary weaponry for capturing prey; in contrast, their unique morphotype appears to be suitable for efficient foraging and locomotion amid flowering twigs. The possibility of being kleptoparasites of the spider-web is also discussed. In addition, regenerated four-segmented tarsi are found from the new species.
40
Ximenes, Nathalia G., Vinicius De Souza Moraes, Jean C. G. Ortega, and Felipe M. Gawryszewski. "Color lures in orb-weaving spiders: a meta-analysis." Behavioral Ecology 31, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 568–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz210.
Анотація:
Abstract Lures are deceptive strategies that exploit sensory biases in prey, usually mimicking a prey’s mate or food item. Several predators exploit plant–pollinator systems, where visual signals are an essential part of interspecific interactions. Many diurnal, and even nocturnal, orb-web spiders present conspicuous body coloration or bright color patches. These bright colors are regarded as color-based lures that exploit biases present in insect visual systems, possibly mimicking flower colors. The prey attraction hypothesis was proposed more than 20 years ago to explain orb-web spider coloration. Although most data gathered so far has corroborated the predictions of the prey attraction hypothesis, there are several studies that refute these predictions. We conducted a multilevel phylogenetic meta-analysis to assess the magnitude of the effect of conspicuous orb-web spider body coloration on prey attraction. We found a positive effect in favor of the prey attraction hypothesis; however, there was substantial heterogeneity between studies. Experimental designs comparing conspicuous spiders to painted spiders or empty webs did not explain between-studies heterogeneity. The lack of theoretical explanation behind the prey attraction hypothesis makes it challenging to address which components influence prey attraction. Future studies could evaluate whether color is part of a multicomponent signal and test alternative hypotheses for the evolution of spider colors, such as predator avoidance and thermoregulation.
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Put, H., and C. Conway. "INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE INFLUENCE OF THE MICROFLORA FROM STEMS OF CUT FLOWERS ON THE VASE-LIFE OF ROSE "SONIA"; GERBERA "FLEUR" AND CHRYSANTHEMUM "SPIDER"." Acta Horticulturae, no. 181 (March 1986): 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1986.181.56.
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R, Lokesha. "The African Spider Plant (Gynandropsis pentaphylla – DC. Syn. Cleome gynandra Linn.) (Capparaceae): Phytochemistry, Pharmacological and Biotechnological Properties - A Review." International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine 2, no. 4 (2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ipcm-16000144.
Анотація:
African Spider Plant or Cat’s Whisker (Gynandropsis pentaphylla syn to Cleome gynandra Linn. (Family: Capparaceae) is an important leafy vegetable that grows in wild form as a ruderal weed throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world; mainly near human settlements. It is believed to have originated from African and Southeast Asia and might have spread to other parts of the world. It has been used as a medicinal plant in Ayurveda and other systems of medicine as a curative medicine for several ailments such as neuralgia, headache, cough, wounds, anthelmintic, rubefacient, counterirritant, anti-malarial, anti-cancer, anti-HIV and anti-fever etc. Even it has been widely used against snake bite and scorpion stings. Except stem, all other parts (leaves, seed, flowers, and roots) proved to have medicinal properties. In fact, the interest in Phytochemistry has began as early as 1906; so far more than 50 compounds have been isolated from different parts of the plant such as Saponnins, Glycosides, lectins, steroids, flavanoids, tannins, triterpenes, resins, phenolic compounds, Glucosinates and arthoquinones. Nutritionally the leaves are rich in Vitamin C, iron and Ca. The seed has high contents of glutamic acid, arginine, aspartic acid, lysine, tyrosine and histidine. Further, the seed also contain higher levels of polyunsaturated oils with high content of oleic and linoleic acids. It has rich anti-oxidants hence it helps in counteracting carcinogenesis. It has antimicrobial and anti-bacterial property with most species showing sensitivity including those that are highly problematic organisms such as Alternaria, Fusarium, Candida Colletotrichum etc. These properties have applications in the fields of Agriculture and human medicines. Biotechnologically it is promising because it is a C4 species that has high growth rate and has the ability to maintain high photosynthetic activity at elevated day temperature. It is closely related to Arabidopsis thaliana (a C3 species) and has NAD-ME type of photosynthesis mechanism. Through comparative analysis of genes and proteins, it is possible to understand the C4 photosynthetic pathway in general and gene expression and protein function that have altered the evolution of C3 to C4 pathway in particular. Further, the transfer of genes from G. pentaphylla to A. thaliana cannot be precluded and is theassertively investigating area of research globally. Genetic transformation using GUS for G. pentaphylla has been successful. Technique like RAPD has been used to assess the diversity of the morphotypes. The paper discusses the several of the issues related to its origin, Phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and biotechnological interventions
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Ximenes, Nathalia G., and Felipe M. Gawryszewski. "Prey and predators perceive orb-web spider conspicuousness differently: evaluating alternative hypotheses for color polymorphism evolution." Current Zoology 65, no. 5 (September 6, 2018): 559–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoy069.
Анотація:
Abstract Color polymorphisms have been traditionally attributed to apostatic selection. The perception of color depends on the visual system of the observer. Theoretical models predict that differently perceived degrees of conspicuousness by two predator and prey species may cause the evolution of polymorphisms in the presence of anti-apostatic and apostatic selection. The spider Gasteracantha cancriformis (Araneidae) possesses several conspicuous color morphs. In orb-web spiders, the prey attraction hypothesis states that conspicuous colors are prey lures that increase spider foraging success via flower mimicry. Therefore, polymorphism could be maintained if each morph attracted a different prey species (multiple prey hypothesis) and each spider mimicked a different flower color (flower mimicry hypothesis). Conspicuous colors could be a warning signal to predators because of the spider’s hard abdomen and spines. Multiple predators could perceive morphs differently and exert different degrees of selective pressures (multiple predator hypothesis). We explored these 3 hypotheses using reflectance data and color vision modeling to estimate the chromatic and achromatic contrast of G. cancriformis morphs as perceived by several potential prey and predator taxa. Our results revealed that individual taxa perceive the conspicuousness of morphs differently. Therefore, the multiple prey hypothesis and, in part, the multiple predator hypothesis may explain the evolution of color polymorphism in G. cancriformis, even in the presence of anti-apostatic selection. The flower mimicry hypothesis received support by color metrics, but not by color vision models. Other parameters not evaluated by color vision models could also affect the perception of morphs and influence morph survival and polymorphism stability.
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Milne, Tim, C. Michael Bull, and Mark N. Hutchinson. "Use of burrows by the endangered pygmy blue-tongue lizard, Tiliqua adelaidensis (Scincidae)." Wildlife Research 30, no. 5 (2003): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr02087.
Анотація:
The pygmy blue-tongue lizard, Tiliqua adelaidensis, had been considered extinct until its recent rediscovery near Burra in the mid-north of South Australia. The lizards apparently rely on spider burrows with a single entrance as refuge sites. In this paper we describe observations from all-day video recordings of the entrances of burrows occupied by lizards on 31 days across the spring and early summer of 1996. The lizards spent most of each day either retreated down the burrow or basking at the burrow entrance. Early in the season, when temperatures were cooler, lizards spent more of each day basking, and more of their basking time fully emerged from the burrow, than later in the season. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that the lizards thermoregulate by moving in and out of the burrow. Lizards also fed by making short excursions from the burrow, often to catch passing invertebrate prey, although they also fed on flowers early in spring. Later in the season lizards were more likely to vacate their burrows for longer times, or to move away from their burrows, and mating activity was observed when males approached burrows occupied by females. The observations suggest that pygmy blue-tongue lizards rely heavily on burrows for many activities, and that any conservation management scheme for this endangered species will rely on maintaining an adequate supply of burrows.
45
Numa, Stephanie, Lorena Rodríguez-Coy, Daniel Rodríguez, and Ericsson Coy-Barrera. "EXAMINATION OF THE ACARICIDAL EFFECT OF A SET OF COLOMBIAN NATIVE PLANTS-DERIVED EXTRACTS AGAINST TETRANYCHUS URTICAE KOCH UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS." Journal of Biopesticides 11, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.11.1.30-37.
Анотація:
The spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is one of the main pests of greenhouse cut flowers. Different alternative strategies have been pursued for the management of this pest to avoid the excessive use of chemical products of high toxicological levels. Within these strategies is included the use of ethanolic and oily extracts from plants belonging to various plant families exhibiting acaricidal activity. For this reason, the objective of this work was the selection and evaluation of some botanical extracts from native plants in Colombia that can be used to manage T. urticae. Thus, as part of our research on bioacaricides, the direct effect of five plant extracts on the mortality and fecundity of the egg, larva, nymph and adult stages of the mite and the chemical composition of each extract was additionally determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC/MS). It was found that the test extracts showed a low efficiency on eggs, larvae and nymphs of T. urticae, since mortalities did not reach 50%. However, in the case of adults, the extracts of Cnidoscolus aconitifoluis, Copaifera oficinalis and Anadenanthera peregrina could be suggested as promissory extracts for the management of adults of T. urticae, since they caused mortalities greater than 60% and reduced female fecundity. The main secondary metabolites identified were flavonoids, whose presence in test extracts would be associated with the acaricidal potentiality referred to.
46
Novo, Reinaldo Rodrigo, Jefferson Thiago Souza, and Cibele Cardoso de Castro. "First report of predation on floral visitors by crab spiders on Croton selowii Baill. (Euphorbiaceae)." Acta Botanica Brasilica 24, no. 2 (June 2010): 592–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062010000200029.
Анотація:
In the literature it has been extensively mentioned that crab spiders (Araneae: Thomisidae) prey on floral visitors of several plant species. Here we present observations of Croton selowii Baill. (Euphorbiaceae), a monoecious species harboring individuals of crab spiders in an area of coastal vegetation of Pernambuco state, Brazil. The species is visited by several invertebrate orders, and some of them were preyed upon by the spiders, mainly Diptera species. The spiders rubbed the forelimbs within the flowers, which may constitute a strategy to camouflage these structures. Croton selowii seems to represent a suitable foraging site for the spiders, because it has a generalist pollination system (thus being visited by a wide range of invertebrate species) and blooms in a period of low flower resource availability in the area.
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Kloos, Wesley E., Carol G. George, and Laurie K. Sorge. "Inheritance of the Flower Types of Gerbera hybrida." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 129, no. 6 (November 2004): 802–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.129.6.0802.
Анотація:
Cultivated gerbera daisies [Gerbera hybrida (G. jamesonii Bolus ex Adlam × G. viridifolia Schultz-Bip)] have several different flower types. They include single and crested cultivars that have normal florets with elliptical (ligulate) outer corolla lips and spider cultivars that have florets with laciniated (split) outer corolla lips appearing as several pointed lobes. The objective of this investigation was to determine the mode of inheritance of the major flower types of gerberas in the North Carolina State Univ. collection. The collection contained parents and four generations of progeny representing a wide range of single and crested cultivars and some spider cultivars. Genotypes of parents used in crosses were determined by testcrosses to single-flowered, ligulate floret cultivars similar in phenotype to the wild, parental gerbera species. Testcrosses indicated that the wild type was recessive to the crested and spider flower types and given the genotype crcrspsp. For each of the types, a series of crosses were made to produce PA, PB, F1, F2, BC1A, and BC1B progeny. Allelism was tested operationally by crossing genotypes in all possible combinations and observing single-gene-pair ratios. Linkage relationships among the crested and spider loci were tested using dihybrid crosses and testcrosses. Phenotypic segregation ratios suggested the presence of two dominant alleles, Crd and Cr, determining the enlarged disk and trans floret, male-sterile and enlarged trans floret, male-fertile crested types, respectively, and an unlinked dominant gene, Sp, determining the spider type. Dominance appeared to be incomplete due to the reduction of trans floret length in most Crdcr and Crcr heterozygotes compared to crested homozygotes and the appearance of the quasi-spider type (spider trans and disk florets and ligulate and/or slightly notched ray florets) among certain crested Spsp heterozygotes.
48
Struthers, Rolf. "Toward an Original Forestry." UnderCurrents: Journal of Critical Environmental Studies 3 (April 1, 1991): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/2292-4736/37930.
Анотація:
On a day in early spring, I was sitting on a small hummock eating lunch, enjoying the warmth of the spring sun and relieving my legs after a good, long walk in the Woods when it happened. It takes a while, it never happens right away but sometimes, after hours of walking, thinking, and feeling my way along the paths of the Woods, it can happen. The wall drops and conversation begins. I breathe in fresh spring air and I feel my blood go rushing through me in a flood of exhilaration. "LIVE, BREATHE, AWAKEN" the Woods say, "Let us begin again." The ground, the smell of fresh rotting leaves, the sound of the trickling water, the hum of the first bumblebee in the nearby leaves, the unhurried wariness of the wolf spider hunting in the leaf mold, the up-shooting lush green of the trilliums and other wood spring flowers--all these things create a rhythm. I feel the rhythm coursing through me; I feel like I too am being renewed. I leap up and caper around briefly, then stop. And the moment is gone. But it is not completely gone. Many times now I have re-called that moment, and I am there. I and the Woods are speaking, the Woods saying LIFE and I exclaiming yes! here, life dig, root, push, lift, spread! The rhythm of spring echoes in my ears and fills my nose with its vibrant odour.
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Su, Qichen, Lin Qi, Yueli Yun, Wei Zhang, and Yu Peng. "Visual preference of flower‐visiting crab spiders ( Ebrechtella tricuspidata ) for host flowers." Ecological Entomology 45, no. 3 (January 23, 2020): 626–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/een.12835.
50
Prethesa Mercy, S., and C. Selva Smiley. "A Study on Economic Conditions of Jasmine Flower Cultivators at Thovalai Village in Thovalai Taluk of Kanyakumari District." Shanlax International Journal of Economics 8, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/economics.v8i1.864.
Анотація:
Jasmine is one of the oldest fragrant flowers cultivated by man. The flower is used for various purposes viz; making garlands, bouquet, dew rating hair of women and religious offerings. It is also used for the production of jasmine concrete which is used in cosmetics and perfumery industries. More than 80 jasmine spices are found in India of which only three spices are used for commercial cultivation. The objectives are (i) To know about the economic conditions of flower cultivators, (ii) To know about the problems of flower cultivators. Agriculture is being a state subject. Many states have established state marketing boards with representatives of farmers including small and marginal farmers. They should be given more power and provided with the necessary facilities and resources. Unless the farmers themselves become up, on amount of state assistance can substantially improve their economic conditions.