Статті в журналах: "Spending behaviors"

1

Palmer, Lance, Donna L. Bliss, Joseph W. Goetz, and Diann Moorman. "Helping Undergraduates Discover The Value Of A Dollar Through Self-Monitoring." American Journal of Business Education (AJBE) 3, no. 7 (July 1, 2010): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/ajbe.v3i7.462.

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Many college undergraduates lack basic financial management knowledge and skills while bearing ever increasing debt burdens upon graduation. In order to encourage students to become aware of their spending patterns and weigh those patterns against personal values, a self-monitoring project was implemented as a class activity. The resulting effect on financial behavior was examined. Analysis of participants’ self-reflection papers revealed that awareness of spending behaviors increased universally among participants, and a significant proportion of students spontaneously modified spending behaviors to more closely conform to personal values. Participants consistently reported the importance of a spending management tool in modifying spending behavior.

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Chatterjee, Pranab, and Kathleen J. Farkas. "Spending Behaviors: Implications for Human Service Practitioners." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 73, no. 10 (December 1992): 613–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104438949207301005.

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Recent studies in consumer behavior have focused on characteristics of a group of “compulsive consumers” and the urge to buy in a general population. However, little has been published on the assessment or treatment of dysfunctional spending behaviors. This article (1) sets forth a heuristic continuum of spending behaviors, (2) provides several case examples to illustrate the continuum, (3) offers suggestions for assessment and therapeutic intervention, and (4) sets forth an agenda for practice-based research on spending behaviors.

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Tang, Qi, and Douglas M. Turco. "Spending Behaviors of Event Tourists." Journal of Convention & Exhibition Management 3, no. 2 (August 20, 2001): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j143v03n02_04.

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4

Theingi, Suchira Phoorithewet, Yunmei Wang, and Sikankaew Panthongprasert. "The Antecedents and Consequences of Customer Engagement: An Exploratory Study on the Mobile Business in Thailand." Journal of International Business and Economy 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.51240/jibe.2016.2.4.

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This study explores the antecedents and consequences of customer engagement behaviors in the Thai mobile network business. This study found that the approach to switching behavior and cross-buying behavior is connected to customer loyalty behaviors. However, the spending behaviors of customers may not be a good indicator of customer loyalty in the mobile network business because those who do not have the intention to switch to another brand do not necessarily increase their spending. In addition, most respondents are concerned with competitive promotional packages, which influence customer engagement behaviors. Hence, it was proposed that service quality and competitive promotional packages are antecedents to customer engagement behaviors and all these factors are important in explaining customer loyalty toward mobile network providers in Thailand.

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Wohn, Donghee Yvette, and Guo Freeman. "Live Streaming, Playing, and Money Spending Behaviors in eSports." Games and Culture 15, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1555412019859184.

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Live streaming has enabled eSports to become more accessible, ranging from professionally organized tournaments to individuals hosting from their bedroom. While different aspects of eSports have been investigated in separate contexts, in this article, we report findings of two survey studies to explore eSports as a holistic media ecosystem that includes playing, streaming, viewing, and spending. Study 1 looks at cross-platform patterns between playing and spending within the game as well as between viewing, streaming, and spending on live streaming platforms in the context of Fortnite. Study 2 examines the relationships between viewing and spending patterns on live streaming platforms. Results indicate that playing, viewing, and in-game spending are strongly related. Yet none of these behavioral metrics explain why people spend money on live streaming platforms to support streamers. Rather, psychological factors such as emotional attachment to the streamer and appreciation of the streamers’ talents are what drive streamer support.

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Kosovski, Irina-Bianca, Dana-Valentina Ghiga, Monica Tarcea, Cristina Nicoleta Ciurea, Ana Ioana Savin, and Anca Bacârea. "The Association between Various Lifestyle Patterns and the Body Mass Index in Adolescents." Acta Medica Marisiensis 65, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amma-2019-0023.

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AbstractObjective: The study aims to analyze obesogenic behavioral patterns of adolescents living in Mureş County, Romania, as well as to establish a relationship between these behaviors and their Body Mass Index (BMI), in an attempt to provide effective prevention strategies for obesity.Material and Methods: 153 students between 9th to 12th grade, aged between 14 and 19 years old, from the Vocational and Art Highschool of Târgu Mureş were included in the study. All the candidates filled out an evaluation questionnaire of lifestyle and risky behaviors. The analyzed data were sex, age, residence, BMI and risky eating behavior defined as the consumption of carbohydrates (bread, potatoes, sweets), sodas, junk food, alcohol (wine, distilled beverages, beer), beer separately, level of physical activity (school and extra-school sports activities), sedentary behaviors (≥2 hours/day in front of a screen: personal computer-PC and television-TV), and spending ≥2 hours/day separately on the PC and on the TV.Results: A statistically significant association was observed between BMI and consumption of fast-food, tobacco, beer, sedentary behavior and spending ≥2 hours/day in front of the PC. Moreover, there was a statistically significant difference between the BMI values of adolescents presenting all studied risk behaviors compared to those who did not.Conclusions: Obesity among adolescents from Mureş County is influenced by lifestyle choices like fast-food, tobacco, beer, sedentary behavior and spending ≥2 hours/day in front of the PC.

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7

Rosenbaum, Mark S., and Daniel L. Spears. "An Exploration of Spending Behaviors among Japanese Tourists." Journal of Travel Research 44, no. 4 (May 2006): 467–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287505282949.

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8

Durante, Kristina M., and Juliano Laran. "The Effect of Stress on Consumer Saving and Spending." Journal of Marketing Research 53, no. 5 (October 2016): 814–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmr.15.0319.

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In examining how stress influences consumer saving and spending, the authors propose that consumers who experience a stressful situation allocate their resources strategically to gain control of their environment. A series of studies shows that this strategic allocation of resources occurs in two ways. Consumers experiencing stress may show increased saving behavior, which assures them that monetary resources will be available when needed. Alternatively, consumers experiencing stress may show increased spending behavior, directed specifically toward products that the consumer perceives to be necessities and that allow for control in an otherwise uncontrollable environment. This conceptualization and the related findings can inform assessments of when stress will lead to beneficial or impulsive consumer behaviors.

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9

Budden, Michael C., Heather L. Budden, Michael A. Jones, and Teri Root. "Gender-based Consumer Behavior Impacts of a Pandemic: Two Semesters In." European Journal of Education and Pedagogy 3, no. 6 (November 4, 2022): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejedu.2022.3.6.409.

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Gender differences in consumer behaviors of college students in the US resulting from the move to online education as a result of a stay-at-home order relative to the pandemic are investigated. The findings of a survey of students who were forced to attend online classes due to the Covid-19 pandemic are reported. The students in the study had experienced two semesters of online education resulting from Louisiana’s emergency health order encouraging people to social distance, take precautionary health measures, reduce travel and basically stay home as much as possible. The impact of Covid-19 on retailing and spending habits of college students is discussed. Findings of consumer behavior impacts relative to gender are presented. The analysis revealed differences existed between male and female students in their spending patterns and consumer behaviors.

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10

Kopańska, Agnieszka. "Local governments' revenue and expenditure autonomy as a determinant of local public spending on culture. An analysis for Polish rural municipalities." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 5, no. 1 (May 19, 2017): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v5i1.p222-233.

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The aim of this paper is to define expenditure and revenue decentralization indicators for Polish municipalities and to analyze if and how the limits of spending and revenue autonomy influence local government spending behaviors. The expenditure decentralization is difficult to measure, that is why the analysis of the effects of limits on spending autonomy are less common in the literature than those which relate to the revenue autonomy. In this paper, I propose indicators of revenue but also expenditure decentralization for Polish municipalities. Using statistical analysis and econometric panel analysis for rural municipalities in years 2000-2014 I study if and how these indicators explain local spending policy. I focus on spending for culture using median voter demand framework. Expenditure for culture is a small part of local budgets, but vital from the social point of view. Municipalities in Poland are important creators of local cultural life, which is especially important in less developed or peripheral regions, where citizens do not have access to private cultural institutions. I present that limits in local governments spending and revenue autonomy influences the local spending behaviors. I found that those limits caused not necessarily effective cost minimizing and create the important problem of horizontal equity. At the same time in less autonomous municipalities spending are less related to citizens demand- so there are problems to attend allocative efficiency. My study presents that the problem of the effects of incomplete expenditure decentralization is very important but poorly recognized in the literature.

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11

Fischer, Marc, Hyun Shin, and Dominique M. Hanssens. "Marketing Spending and Brand Performance Volatility." GfK Marketing Intelligence Review 10, no. 1 (May 1, 2018): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gfkmir-2018-0008.

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Abstract If company revenues fluctuate, the resulting volatility makes it more difficult to project the company’s future revenues and earnings and ensure steady cash-flow. This lessens investor confidence and, as such, can harm the financial health of a brand. So, effective marketing can have undesired financial side effects. The optimal marketing behaviors derived with and without volatility calculations will be quite different. Analytically savvy companies will be able to gain competitive advantage from this realization.

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12

Chiou, Jyh-Shen, Szu-Yu Chou, and George Chung-Chi Shen. "Consumer choice of multichannel shopping." Internet Research 27, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 2–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/intr-08-2013-0173.

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Purpose Consumers display complex shopping behaviors in the multichannel environment, which includes traditional retail stores and the internet. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of the customer-sales associate relationship, customers’ receptiveness to online store shopping, and their interaction effects on the customer’s attitude toward multichannel shopping behavior when the firm decides to establish an online store as the online channel. The authors also examine how customers’ multichannel shopping behavior affects their future spending intentions. Design/methodology/approach Survey data were collected by soliciting 231 customers who purchased cosmetics in department stores within the past three months. Subjects were asked to give their overall evaluation of their offline and online shopping experiences in the last three months. Findings Results show that the customer-sales associate relationship significantly reduces customers’ attitude toward searching offline but purchasing online. Receptiveness to online store shopping has significant effects on customers’ attitude toward multichannel shopping behaviors regardless of whether they search or purchase via the online channel. The customer-sales associate relationship also moderates the relationship between customers’ receptiveness to online store shopping and multichannel shopping behaviors. Finally, unlike other types of online and offline multichannel shoppers who display higher future spending intentions when the physical store decides to open an online store, those who prefer physical stores for both information searching and product purchasing display lower spending intentions. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first to use customer-sales associate relationships to investigate consumers’ attitude toward multichannel shopping behavior. The findings provide meaningful implications for service providers that use sales associates to increase consumers’ value via face-to-face service, but find it challenging to go online.

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13

Fachrudin, Khaira Amalia. "The Role of Financial Behavior in Mediating the Influence of Socioeconomic Characteristic and Neuroticism Personality Traits on Financial Satisfaction." 12th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 12, no. 1 (October 8, 2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2021.12(44).

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The inherent socioeconomic characteristics and personality traits of individuals can have direct effects on their financial satisfaction. There has been no research that examines the effects of these two factors on financial satisfaction with financial behavior acting as the mediating variable even though it is very important to know whether individuals with certain characteristics and personality traits are able to increase their financial satisfaction by improving their financial behavior. 2. Methods This research involved 600 respondents in Medan, Indonesia. The primary data were obtained from the questionnaire. Data analyses were performed by using the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method. 3. Results and findings The test results show that at 5% of alpha, the financial behavior, which consists of investment behavior, debt behavior, and spending behavior, is able to mediate the effects of gender, age, level of education, income, and neuroticism traits on financial satisfaction. In addition, it is also found that the higher the individuals' scores on neuroticism are, the worse their investment, debt, and spending behaviors will be; however, their herding behavior and financial dissatisfaction increase. Moreover, these people are also not financially well-off. Keywords: Debt behavior, financial satisfaction, investment behavior, neuroticism personality traits, spending behavior.

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14

Birkenmaier, Julie, and Qiang (John) Fu. "Financial Behavior and Financial Access: A Latent Class Analysis." Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning 31, no. 2 (March 16, 2020): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jfcp-18-00067.

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This article examined the relationship of household financial behaviors and accesses. Using the 2015 National Financial Capability Study, the current study conducted latent class analysis of financial behaviors to identify latent classes (N = 27,564). The distribution of access was investigated among latent classes, which were regressed on the financial behaviors of financial planning and financial spending factors and other covariates using multinomial logistic regression. After controlling for other variables, the odds of being in Thinly Banked, Limited Access, and Working Families classes instead of being in Investors class decreased by 90%, 88%, and 66% for every point higher in financial planning behavior, respectively. Results suggest that desirable financial behaviors such as planning are important for consumers with the least financial access.

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15

Richards, Michael R., and Joachim Marti. "Heterogeneity in the smoking response to health shocks by out-of-pocket spending risk." Health Economics, Policy and Law 9, no. 4 (May 6, 2014): 343–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133114000152.

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AbstractAn existing literature demonstrates that adverse changes to health can lead to improvements in health behaviors. Although the exact explanations for these empirical findings are debated, some posit that individuals learn about their true health risks through health shocks. Updated health risk information can then induce changes in health behaviors. While we follow a learning framework, we argue that past work has neglected the role of health insurance and medically related financial risk within this decision making context. Using longitudinal data from 11 European countries, we investigate the impact of a new cardiovascular (CV) health shock on smoking decisions among older adults and examine whether personal exposure to medical spending risk influences the smoking response. We then explore two potential mechanisms for this link: larger updates to health risk beliefs and higher medical expenditures to incentivize behavior change. We find that CV shocks impact the propensity to smoke, with relatively more impact among individuals with high financial risk exposure to medical spending. We also see larger increases in out-of-pocket expenditures following a shock for this group – consistent with the latter mechanism for behavior change.

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Lim, Jae Young, and Kuk-Kyoung Moon. "Perceived Environmental Threats and Pro-Environmental Behaviors: Investigating the Role of Political Participation Using a South Korean Survey." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9 (May 6, 2020): 3244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093244.

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Climate change and environmental pollution are increasingly ravaging countries around the world. This study examines the direct effects of perceived environmental threats and political participation, as well as their joint effects, on individuals’ support for a lower standard of living and the increased government spending necessary for environmental protection. Using the 2014 South Korean General Social Survey and an ordered probit, the study finds that individuals’ perceptions of environmental threats are associated positively with their support for government spending and a lower standard of living. Political participation is statistically significant and positive only in its relationship with support for a lower standard of living. Nevertheless, political participation is a powerful moderator and amplifies positive relationships between individuals’ perceptions of environmental threats and their support for a lower standard of living and government spending on environmental protection. In estimating predicted probabilities of strong support, perceived environmental threats and political participation jointly increased support for lower living standards by 35.67% and for government spending by 69.58%.

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Ke, Xuehua, Ilene H. Zuckerman, Naimish B. Pandya, Thomas Shaffer, Claire Frances Snyder, Bruce C. Stuart, and Amy J. Davidoff. "How do elderly cancer survivors fare? A comparison of characteristics, health status, health behaviors, and spending between Medicare beneficiaries with and without a cancer history." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): 6028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.6028.

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6028 Background: Prior research on cancer (Ca) survivors has been limited to small cohorts or claims data with limited measures. In this study we used population-based survey data to characterize multiple dimensions of the survivor experience including socioceonomic status, health status and behaviors, and healthcare spending, comparing survivors to beneficiaries w/o a Ca history. Methods: Data were pooled from the 1997-2007 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS) including linked claims (3 yrs prior to MCBS enrollment to concurrent). Ca survivors were identified from ICD-9-CM codes on claims or self report of a prior Ca dx, survived 2+ yrs from observed Ca dx, and had no active treatment, hospice enrollment or death in the selected survivorship yr. Beneficiary characteristics and healthcare use were based on self report augmented by claims-based measures. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to compare survivors’ characteristics and spending to controls. Results: The study included 3,921 survivors and 7,056 subjects w/o Ca. Among survivors, breast (21%), prostate (21%), and colorectal (16%) were most common Ca sites. Compared to controls without (w/o) Ca, survivors had higher income and assets, were more likely to have supplemental medical and prescription drug coverage (74% vs. 70%), had more comorbid conditions as measured by Charlson Comorbidity Index score >=2 (18% vs. 15%), and a smoking history (60% vs. 53%); survivors were less likely to avoid visiting doctors (22% vs. 30%), and more satisfied with the quality of medical care received (96% vs. 92%). Survivors had higher annual healthcare spending (mean $12,095 vs. $8,928) and outpatient drug spending ($2,205 vs. $1,898). All differences in healthcare use and spending remained significant after adjusting for socioeconomic status, health conditions, and behaviors. Conclusions: Elderly Ca survivorshad more supplemental insurance coverage, stronger preferences for medical care, used more preventive services, and had higher spending compared to beneficiaries w/o Ca. These patterns may reflect the effects of survivorship on need for healthcare and care seeking behaviors.

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Khan, Arsalan Ahmad, Saranjam Baig, and Abid Hussain. "Examining the Spending Patterns of Compensated Displaced Households (CDHs): Empirical Evidence from DiamerBasha Dam Site." Global Regional Review IV, no. IV (December 30, 2019): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(iv-iv).09.

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This research has two objectives. First, it explores the spending patterns of the households who receive monetary compensation for their land that government takes over for initiating national projects; in our case, it is about building the countrys largest dam. Second, it examines what we call the demonstration effects. Literature abounds with cases examining behaviors of internally displaced individuals while the opposite is true for the compensated displaced households. This is the backdrop, this research carried out a field survey to collect data for 192 households. The compensation received is divided into communal land compensation and private land compensation. In line with arguments with the Keynesian consumption function that provides the theoretical foundation to our empirical work, findings suggest a positive and significant correlation between spending patterns and private land compensation while the communal compensation appears to be insignificant. Education and one out of two demonstration effects have positive influence on spending behaviors.

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Handra, Hefrizal, and Zamzami Zamzami. "ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCE SMOKING BEHAVIOR IN POOR HOUSEHOLDS IN WEST SUMATERA PROVINCE." AFEBI Economic and Finance Review 1, no. 01 (March 10, 2017): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47312/aefr.v1i01.11.

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This research is purposed to learn the behaviors of poor households in managing their income for buying cigarettes using data from the National Social Economic Survey of West Sumatera Province in 2013 using OLS method as a tool of analysis. Results of the analysis show that the cigarette spending in percentage of income in smoker households in West Sumatera Province is very large, far larger than the percentage of spending for education and health. Household cigarette spending is influenced by income factors, cigarette prices, number of adult male household members, area of residence, age category of the household head, and education of the household head.JEL Classification: D10, D31, P46 Keywords: Cigarette Spending, OLS Regression, Smoking Household, Taste Intervention

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Huang, Kuan-Ming, Ana Claudia Sant’Anna, and Xiaoli Etienne. "How did Covid-19 impact US household foods? an analysis six months in." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): e0256921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256921.

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Using a nationwide survey of primary grocery shoppers conducted in August 2020, we examine household food spending when the economy had partially reopened and consumers had different spending opportunities in comparison to when the Covid-19 lockdown began. We estimate the impact of Covid-19 on household spending using interval and Order Probit regressions. Income levels, age, access to grocery stores and farmers markets, household demographic information, along with other independent variables are controlled in the model. Findings show that middle-class households (with income below $50,000, or with income between $50,000 and $99,999) are less likely to increase their grocery expenditures during the pandemic. Households with children or elderlies that usually require higher food quality and nutrition intakes had a higher probability of increasing their spending during Covid-19 than before. Furthermore, consumers’ spending behaviors were also significantly affected by their safe handing levels and the Covid-19 severity and food accessibility in their residences.

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Park, Ji Hyung, and Sungho Park. "The effect of revenue diversification and form of government on public spending." Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 30, no. 2 (June 4, 2018): 211–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbafm-02-2018-0012.

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Purpose Revenue diversification interacting with form of government that has different management behaviors may produce a variation in the level of public spending. The purpose of this paper is to understand how revenue diversification interacts with form of government in determining the level of public spending. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional research design with the analysis of interaction effects was employed in order to achieve this research objective. Drawing from the economic and financial management perspectives on revenue diversification, this study proposes the following hypotheses: in the council-manager form, greater revenue diversification leads to less spending; in the mayor-council form, greater revenue diversification leads to more spending; and mayor-council governments with diversified revenues spend more than council-manager governments. Findings The regression results support the second and third hypotheses, but not the first hypothesis. Originality/value This study offers a robust link between revenue diversification and form of government by examining how their interaction produces a variation in the level of public spending.

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Kim, Yusun. "How Does a Reduction in Mandated Medicaid Spending Affect Local Fiscal Behaviors? Evidence from New York State." Public Finance Review 49, no. 4 (July 2021): 495–547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10911421211036008.

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In 2005, New York (NY) state capped the growth of county-level Medicaid spending, which abruptly decreased counties’ Medicaid outlay in both relative and absolute terms. This study exploits this discontinuity in county Medicaid outlay to estimate the impact of the relief mandate policy on county budgets and property tax levies. It bridges a gap in the public finance literature by addressing local government responses to a sudden decrease in the outlay of a large mandatory spending category. We find a compositional change but no income effect on non-Medicaid spending. However, the policy reduced the effective property tax rate significantly by 6.6 to 8.1 percent on average among affected NY counties after the enactment of the policy relative to control counties. This study advances our understanding of local fiscal responses to an intergovernmental fiscal policy that changes how state and local governments share the costs of a large public social insurance program.

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Jones, Damon, David Molitor, and Julian Reif. "What do Workplace Wellness Programs do? Evidence from the Illinois Workplace Wellness Study*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 134, no. 4 (August 16, 2019): 1747–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjz023.

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Abstract Workplace wellness programs cover over 50 million U.S. workers and are intended to reduce medical spending, increase productivity, and improve well-being. Yet limited evidence exists to support these claims. We designed and implemented a comprehensive workplace wellness program for a large employer and randomly assigned program eligibility and financial incentives at the individual level for nearly 5,000 employees. We find strong patterns of selection: during the year prior to the intervention, program participants had lower medical expenditures and healthier behaviors than nonparticipants. The program persistently increased health screening rates, but we do not find significant causal effects of treatment on total medical expenditures, other health behaviors, employee productivity, or self-reported health status after more than two years. Our 95% confidence intervals rule out 84% of previous estimates on medical spending and absenteeism.

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Fan, Chaozhi, Siong Hook Law, Saifuzzaman Ibrahim, and N. A. M. Naseem. "Research on the Correlation between Information and Communication Technology Development and Consumer Spending Based on Artificial Intelligence and Time Series Econometric Model." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2022 (June 13, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1645232.

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In order to explore the correlation between ICT development and consumer spending, this paper uses artificial intelligence and time series econometric models to study the correlation between ICT development and consumer spending. Moreover, this paper organically combines the advantages of wavelet analysis and hidden Markov model to construct a wavelet domain hidden Markov chain model. It is used to examine the flow of information on different scales related to the development of communication technology and consumer spending, so as to infer the potential mechanism of the interaction of different traders’ behaviors from the other side. Through cluster analysis, it can be seen that the correlation analysis method of information and communication technology development and consumption expenditure based on artificial intelligence and time series econometric model proposed in this paper has certain reliability. At the same time, there is a strong correlation between the development of communication technology and consumer spending.

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Kiang, Lisa, Sara Mendonça, Yue Liang, Ayse Payir, Lia T. O’Brien, Jonathan R. H. Tudge, and Lia B. L. Freitas. "If children won lotteries: materialism, gratitude and imaginary windfall spending." Young Consumers 17, no. 4 (November 21, 2016): 404–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/yc-07-2016-00614.

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Purpose Despite USA’s emphasis on children as consumers with great spending power, little is known about their actual spending preferences and how they might be linked to personal character traits such as materialism and gratitude. This study aims to address this literature gap by examining children’s spending preferences in an imaginary windfall scenario, as well as main and interactive effects of materialism and gratitude on such preferences. Design/methodology/approach This was a school-based research study. Survey methodology was used in which self-report measures were collected from 247 7-14-year-old children (58 per cent male). Findings Results suggest that materialism was significantly associated with saving resources and allocating less money to charity. Gratitude was related to more charitable giving. One interactive effect was found whereby the link between more materialism and saving was attenuated by high levels of gratitude. Contrary to expectations, no age or gender differences in spending preferences or materialism were found, but older children and girls reported higher gratitude than did younger children and boys. Research limitations/implications Although cross-sectional data limit conclusions regarding directionality, the results have implications for understanding children’s consumer behavior, as well as children’s well-being, self-regulation and ability to delay gratification. Practical implications The results suggest that materialism, with its emphasis on consumption, and gratitude, with its positive feedback loop that encourages prosocial connections, are particularly relevant avenues to continue examining in future research on youth consumer patterns. Social implications Gratitude not only promotes social connectedness but also is more environmentally sustainable in promoting appreciation for what one has rather than wanting more. Uncovering ways that these characteristics are linked to hypothetical and, ultimately, actual spending behavior reflects a meaningful contribution to the field. Originality/value This paper fills gaps in the literature by examining links between specific character traits and potential spending behaviors, with deeper implications for children’s psychosocial development, self-regulation and environmental sustainability.

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HE, JING, XIANTAO LIU, YONG SHI, WEIXUAN XU, and NIAN YAN. "CLASSIFICATIONS OF CREDIT CARDHOLDER BEHAVIOR BY USING FUZZY LINEAR PROGRAMMING." International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 03, no. 04 (December 2004): 633–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021962200400129x.

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Behavior analysis of credit cardholders is one of the main research topics in credit card portfolio management. Usually, the cardholder's behavior, especially bankruptcy, is measured by a score of aggregate attributes that describe cardholder's spending history. In real-life practice, statistics and neural networks are the major players to calculate such a score system for prediction. Recently, various multiple linear programming-based classification methods have been promoted for analyzing credit cardholders' behaviors. As a continuation of this research direction, this paper proposes a heuristic classification method by using the fuzzy linear programming (FLP) to discover the bankruptcy patterns of credit cardholders. Instead of identifying a compromise solution for the separation of credit cardholder behaviors, this approach classifies the credit cardholder behaviors by seeking a fuzzy (satisfying) solution obtained from a fuzzy linear program. In this paper, a real-life credit database from a major US bank is used for empirical study which is compared with the results of known multiple linear programming approaches.

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Garbinsky, Emily N., Joe J. Gladstone, Hristina Nikolova, and Jenny G. Olson. "Love, Lies, and Money: Financial Infidelity in Romantic Relationships." Journal of Consumer Research 47, no. 1 (October 31, 2019): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucz052.

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Abstract Romantic relationships are built on trust, but partners are not always honest about their financial behavior—they may hide spending, debt, and savings from one another. This article introduces the construct of financial infidelity, defined as “engaging in any financial behavior expected to be disapproved of by one’s romantic partner and intentionally failing to disclose this behavior to them.” We develop and validate the Financial Infidelity Scale (FI-Scale) to measure individual variation in consumers' financial infidelity proneness. In 10 lab studies, one field study, and analyses of real bank account data collected in partnership with a couples’ money-management mobile application, we demonstrate that the FI-Scale has strong psychometric properties, is distinct from conceptually related scales, and predicts actual financial infidelity among married consumers. Importantly, the FI-Scale predicts a broad range of consumption-related behaviors (e.g., spending despite anticipated spousal disapproval, preferences for discreet payment methods and unmarked packaging, concealing bank account information). Our work is the first to introduce, define, and measure financial infidelity reliably and succinctly and examine its antecedents and consequences.

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Chiu, Su-Lin, Fu-Yuan Hong, and Shao-I. Chiu. "Undergraduates' day-to-day lying behaviors: Implications, targets, and psychological characteristics." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 44, no. 8 (September 15, 2016): 1329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2016.44.8.1329.

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We analyzed undergraduates' (N = 232) day-to-day lying behavior in order to explore the frequency of occurrence, kinds of lying behavior, and gender differences, and to analyze the relationship between lying behaviors and individual undergraduates' psychological characteristics. We developed a questionnaire and analyzed the results using descriptive statistics, t tests, and Pearson product-moment correlation analysis. Results showed that the undergraduates' day-to-day behavior could be divided into the following 5 types of lying: excuse, absenteeism, cheating, negative, and spending. More than 80% of the undergraduates said they had told a lie in a day-to-day situation within the 1-year period covered in this study. There was no significant gender difference in any aspect of the undergraduates' day-to-day lying behavior, although there was a significant correlation between day-to-day lying behavior and negative psychological characteristics.

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Henager, Robin, and Brenda J. Cude. "Financial Literacy and Long- and Short-Term Financial Behavior in Different Age Groups." Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning 27, no. 1 (2016): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1052-3073.27.1.3.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between financial literacy and financial behaviors among various age groups. Financial literacy was measured in three ways: objective financial knowledge, subjective financial knowledge or confidence, and subjective financial management ability. The age groups were 18–24, 25–34, 35–44, 45–54, 55–64, and 65 and older. Long-term financial behavior referred to retirement saving and investing behavior, whereas short-term financial behavior referred to spending and emergency saving behavior. In the full sample, both objective and subjective financial literacy variables were positively associated with long- and short-term financial behaviors. In the age subsamples, subjective financial knowledge or confidence was more strongly related to long- and short-term financial behavior than either objective financial knowledge or subjective financial management ability in the younger age groups. In the older age groups, objective financial knowledge was more strongly related to long-term financial behavior than either of the other two measures of financial literacy.

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Padovano, Fabio. "Distribution of transfers and soft budget spending behaviors: evidence from Italian regions." Public Choice 161, no. 1-2 (October 25, 2013): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11127-013-0119-1.

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Agha, Nola, and Marijke Taks. "Modeling Resident Spending Behavior During Sport Events: Do Residents Contribute to Economic Impact?" Journal of Sport Management 32, no. 5 (September 1, 2018): 473–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2017-0207.

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The role of residents in the calculation of economic impact remains a point of contention. It is unclear if changes in resident spending caused by an event contribute positively, negatively, or not at all. Building on previous theory, we develop a comprehensive model that explains all 72 possible behaviors of residents based on changes in (a) spending, (b) multiplier, (c) timing of expenditures, and (d) geographic location of spending. Applying the model to Super Bowl 50 indicates that few residents were affected and positive and negative effects were relatively equivalent; thus, their overall impact is negligible. This leaves practitioners the option to engage in the challenging process of gathering data on all four variables on all residents or to revert back to the old model of entirely excluding residents from economic impact. From a theoretical perspective, there is a pressing need to properly conceptualize the time variable in economic impact studies.

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LeemaPriyadharshini, L., S. Florence, K. Prema, and C. Shyamala Kumari. "Predicting implicit search behaviors usinglog analysis." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 1.7 (February 5, 2018): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.7.9582.

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Search engines provide ranked information based on the query given by the user. Understanding user search behavior is an important task for satisfaction of the users with the needed information. Understanding user search behaviors and recommending more information or more sites to the user is an emerging task. The work is based on the queries given by the user, the amount of time the user spending on the particular page, the number of clicks done by the user particular URL. These details will be available in the dataset of web search log. The web search log is nothing but the log which contains the user searching activities and other details like machine ID, browser ID, timestamp, query given by the user, URL accessed etc., four things considered as the important: 1) Extraction of tasks from the sequence of queries given by the user 2) suggesting some similar query to the user 3) ranking URLs based on the implicit user behaviors 4) increasing web page utilities based on the implicit behaviors. For increasing the web page utility and ranking the URLs predicting implicit user behavior is a needed task. For each of these four things designing and implementation of some algorithms and techniques are needed to increase the efficiency and effectiveness.

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Kelly, Owen, Janell Pisegna, Christopher Taylor, Stephanie Fanelli, and Satya Jonnalagadda. "Would You Want to Be What You Eat? Food Behaviors Associate with Diabetes Status in U.S. Adults." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa059_034.

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Abstract Objectives Diabetes and prediabetes are a major public health concern in the United States. It is unknown how food-related behaviors are influenced by diabetes status. Therefore this study assessed the association between diabetes status and food behaviors (meal preparation, food procurement, and food spending) among U.S. adults. Methods Data from 8799 adults from the 2005–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were categorized by glycated hemoglobin levels (A1c%): nondiabetes (<5.7%; n = 5455), prediabetes (5.7–6.4%; n = 2273), and diabetes (>6.5%; n = 1071). A1c levels were compared with meal preparation, food procurement, and spending data. Age-adjusted analyses for total and by sex (n = 4481 females and n = 4318 males) were performed. Results All adults (P = 0.002) and males (P = 0.001) with diabetes and prediabetes spent less money dining out than those without diabetes. Those with diabetes had a significantly further distance to grocery stores among the adult (P = 0.018) and male samples (P = 0.032). Females with diabetes spent more on carryout/delivered foods (P = 0.025) and ate fewer meals per week with family (P = 0.039) than those without diabetes. Females with diabetes were less likely to serve as the main food shoppers (P = 0.012) and males with diabetes were less likely to share meal planning/preparation responsibilities (P = 0.034). Conclusions Diabetes status associates with meal preparation, food procurement, and spending behaviors, and differs for males and females. These findings support the importance of addressing the behavioral context of food choices to help support a healthier diet and lifestyle for all adults. Funding Sources Abbott Nutrition.

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Shapiro, Stephen L., Lynn L. Ridinger, and Galen T. Trail. "An Analysis of Multiple Spectator Consumption Behaviors, Identification, and Future Behavioral Intentions Within the Context of a New College Football Program." Journal of Sport Management 27, no. 2 (March 2013): 130–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.27.2.130.

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The growth of college sport over the last several years, combined with increased competition for the sport consumer dollar, has created a need to understand spectator consumption behavior. In addition, the impact of a new football program can generate interest that influences future spectator spending decisions. Using identity theory as a framework, the current study examined the differential effects of past sport consumer behaviors on various future sport consumer intentions within the context of a new college football program. Consumption intentions included attendance, sponsor support, and merchandise purchases. Furthermore, this investigation helped to determine how much variance past behaviors would explain in behavioral intentions after controlling for nine points of attachment. Data were collected from spectators of a Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) football program located in the Mid-Atlantic region. The findings suggest past behavior predicted future intentions; however, the amount of variance explained varied dramatically depending on specific past behaviors and points of attachment. These results can help sport marketers develop strategies to capitalize on the interest generated through new athletic programs.

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Minh Hieu, Vo. "Research on the behavior and activities of Vietnamese female travelers before and during outbound trips." Science & Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities 4, no. 4 (February 14, 2021): first. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v4i4.634.

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In 2020, more than 33 million people in Vietnam, over 50% of whom are women, join the middle class, living in large cities. Tourism, especially outbound tourism, is one of the 3 main spending needs of middle-class women. The female traveler market in Vietnam is gradually increasing in scale and considered to be a unique segment. In this research, based on the theory of planned behavior and diagram analyzing the process of visiting destinations, the author classified 4 groups of behaviors including destination selection, destination activities, destination spending, and reference information from 270 Vietnamese women on outbound trips by using descriptive statistics methods. The result showed that they share the common desires of culinary discoveries, the prevalence of self-sufficiency, technology proficiency, and the need to expand the geographical scope of destinations outside of Asia. From that, the research assisted international tour operator groups in Vietnam to formulate tour programs, PR and marketing strategy development proficiently, to offer the female travelers segment an excellent traveling experience.

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Rahayu, Rita, Syahril Ali, Amalda Aulia, and Retnoningrum Hidayah. "The Current Digital Financial Literacy and Financial Behavior in Indonesian Millennial Generation." Journal of Accounting and Investment 23, no. 1 (January 24, 2022): 78–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jai.v23i1.13205.

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Research aims: This study aims to investigate the relationship between the level of digital financial literacy (DFL) and financial behaviors, namely saving behavior, spending behavior, and investment behavior among the millennial generation in Indonesia.Design/Methodology/Approach: A survey method was performed in this study, and 741 millennial generations aged 25–40 years from several cities in Indonesia participated in this study. The Structural Equation Model using SmartPLS was employed to estimate the relationship of the latent variable.Research findings: Based on the data, it was found that DFL had a positive effect on spending behavior, saving behavior, and investment behavior. In addition, this study also revealed that social factors such as income had a significant influence on the DFL.Theoretical contribution/Originality: This research provides a map of the level of digital financial literacy among the millennial generation in Indonesia. In addition, since there is a limited study related to digital financial literacy, this research contributes to the enrichment of literature, especially related to digital financial literacy.Practitioner/Policy implication: It is expected that this result will be used by policymakers to make a policy regarding digital financial literacy, especially for millennial generations.Research limitation/Implication: Most respondents who participated in this study came from West Sumatra, affecting the generalization of the research results.

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Sinclair, Deborah Louise, Steve Sussman, Maarten De Schryver, Cedric Samyn, Sabirah Adams, Maria Florence, Shazly Savahl, and Wouter Vanderplasschen. "Substitute Behaviors following Residential Substance Use Treatment in the Western Cape, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23 (December 5, 2021): 12815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312815.

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The dynamics of substitute behaviors and associated factors remain poorly understood globally, and particularly in low- and middle-income contexts. This prospective study describes the prevalence and types of substitute behaviors as well as predictors, correlates, and motivations associated with substitution in persons (n = 137) admitted to residential substance use treatment in the Western Cape province of South Africa. The brief assessment of recovery capital, overall life satisfaction scale, and an adapted version of the addiction matrix self-report measure were completed during and post-treatment. Results indicate that substitutes were employed consciously for anticipated appetitive effects, for time-spending, (re)connecting with others, and enjoyment. At follow-up, 36% of service users had substituted their primary substance(s) with another substance or behavior; 23% had relapsed and 40% had maintained abstinence. While some service users may be especially vulnerable to developing substitute behaviors, targeted prevention and intervention efforts can reduce this risk.

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Zorzi, Simone, Eva Marangone, Fabrizio Giorgeschi, and Laura Berteotti. "Promoting Choice Using Switches in People With Severe Disabilities: A Case Report." SAGE Open 12, no. 1 (January 2022): 215824402210821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221082141.

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People with severe intellectual disabilities have a remarkably high risk of spending most of their lifetime without the possibility of engaging their surroundings. This study aimed to verify if it is possible to teach operant and choice behaviours for autonomus managment of leisure activity throught switches to people with severe intellectual disabilities. A two-switches training program was implemented following three subsequent steps: (1) switch pressure learning; (2) choice behavior learning (Level 1: choices between preferred and non-preferred stimuli; Level 2: choices between preferred and neutral stimuli); (3) subjective satisfaction. A single subject (N=1) multiple probe design, using intermittent probe sessions across behaviors, demonstrated experimental control. Results confirm the effectiveness of training in promoting both repertoires of switch pressure and choice behavior. The response rate and accuracy were statistically significant ( r range: .83–.99). The study shed light on the possibility of autonomous activity management through switches for persons with severe intellectual disabilities.

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Thorpe, Kenneth E., and Peter Joski. "Association of Social Service Spending, Environmental Quality, and Health Behaviors on Health Outcomes." Population Health Management 21, no. 4 (August 2018): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/pop.2017.0136.

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Beskin, Kera M., and Rachel Caskey. "Parental Perspectives on Financial Incentives for Adolescents: Findings From Qualitative Interviews." Global Pediatric Health 6 (January 2019): 2333794X1984592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333794x19845926.

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Background. Financial incentives are becoming more common to promote health behaviors; however, little is known about the acceptability of incentivizing adolescent health behaviors. Design. Qualitative semistructured phone interviews were conducted with 26 parents who had participated in a research study involving incentivizing a recommended, preventive adolescent health behavior (human papillomavirus vaccination). Data were coded and analyzed to identify themes. Interview domains included the following: preferred incentive distribution, ideal financial incentive amount, and general reactions to economic incentives for preventative services. Results. Parents held positive perceptions about incentives and most parents felt that the incentive could be provided directly to their adolescent child, rather than to the parent. Parents stated several benefits from incentivizing adolescent health behavior including creating an opportunity to teach their child about money, reimbursing families for time and effort, and motivating the adolescent to complete the health behavior. Topics for consideration when providing cash incentives to adolescents included the adolescent’s maturity level, parents’ desire to monitor adolescent’s spending, and parents’ want to remain involved in health care and financial decisions for their adolescent. Conclusions. This study demonstrates the potential for parental acceptance of financial incentives for adolescent health behaviors and explores areas of parental concern around financial incentives, which could help inform future health care–based incentive programs.

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Hungenberg, Eric, James Gould, and Sean Daly. "An examination of social psychological factors predicting skiers’ skill, participation frequency, and spending behaviors." Journal of Sport & Tourism 18, no. 4 (November 2013): 313–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2014.933357.

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Martin, Barbara Alvarez, Thomas P. McCoy, Heather Champion, Maria T. Parries, Robert H. DuRant, Ananda Mitra, and Scott D. Rhodes. "The Role of Monthly Spending Money in College Student Drinking Behaviors and Their Consequences." Journal of American College Health 57, no. 6 (May 1, 2009): 587–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/jach.57.6.587-596.

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King, Daniel L., Alex M. T. Russell, Paul H. Delfabbro, and Dean Polisena. "Fortnite microtransaction spending was associated with peers’ purchasing behaviors but not gaming disorder symptoms." Addictive Behaviors 104 (May 2020): 106311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106311.

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Zawadka, Jan. "Preferencje i zachowania osób wypoczywających w gospodarstwach agroturystycznych w sąsiedztwie Kampinoskiego Parku Narodowego." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 108 (December 20, 2014): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2014.108.45.

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The article presents the results of research on the preferences and behaviors of people vacationing in the countryside. Surveys were conducted during the summer 2013 years among 133 tourists vacationing in agritourist farms in the surroundings of Kampinos National Park. The paper presents the characteristics and behavior of an average tourist visitor in rural areas. The reasons for choosing this form of tourism were analysed, as well as the choice of a specific offer. Moreover, the study covered sources of information about the object used by tourists, preferred ways of spending free time and expectations of diversifying and improving the offer. Finally, the determinants of behavior and expectations of tourists, such as age, education level and financial situation of the respondents was analysed.

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Damian, Lavinia E., Oana Negru-Subtirica, Iulia M. Domocus, and Mihaela Friedlmeier. "Healthy Financial Behaviors and Financial Satisfaction in Emerging Adulthood: A Parental Socialization Perspective." Emerging Adulthood 8, no. 6 (April 14, 2019): 548–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167696819841952.

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To understand the relation between financial behaviors and satisfaction in emerging adults (EAs) and parental financial socialization, we conducted a cross-sectional study focusing on families from a collectivistic, former communist country, Romania, a cultural context marked by extreme financial dependence of youth on their parents. Participants were 143 parent–EAs child dyads from Romania (83% mothers, M age = 47.5 years and 80% girls, M age = 20.7 years). Results showed significant relations between parents’ and EAs’ view on parental financial socialization. EAs’ healthy financial behaviors were predicted by previous healthy financial behaviors in parents and previous parental financial monitoring of spending habits, only as reported by EAs. Moreover, EAs’ financial satisfaction was predicted by high socioeconomic status, previous healthy financial behaviors in parents, and current healthy financial relationship with parents, only as reported by EAs. We discuss the implications for supporting healthy financial behaviors and satisfaction in EAs.

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Angelova, Natasha Virmozelova. "AGE AND GENDER-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN MONEY BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES." Psychological Thought 13, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 169–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/psyct.v13i1.404.

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This article presents research on the relationships of gender role identification, biological sex, and age to the beliefs and behaviors about money. The participants were 240 whose age varied from 17 to 91 years (M = 38.68, SD = 1.81). Bulgarian adaptations of Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) and Furnham's Money Beliefs and Behavior Scale (MBBS) were used. The results indicated that people with different gender role patterns (masculine type, feminine type, androgynous type, undifferentiated type) differed in their beliefs and behaviors towards money. According to the results of this research, biological sex was related to male attitudes and beliefs that money could be the main purpose and value, and may be used to demonstrate excellence. The data showed that women tended to feel more tension, anxiety, and guilt when spending money, and also perceived money as a means of security and protection. The assumption that the participants from different age groups would have different beliefs and attitudes about money was also confirmed.

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Crane, Adam L., Carly E. McGrane, and Alicia Mathis. "Behavioral and Physiological Responses of Ozark Zigzag Salamanders to Stimuli from an Invasive Predator: The Armadillo." International Journal of Ecology 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/658437.

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When new predators invade a habitat, either through range extensions or introductions, prey may be at a high risk because they do not recognize the predators as dangerous. The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) has recently expanded its range in North America. Armadillos forage by searching soil and leaf litter, consuming invertebrates and small vertebrates, including salamanders. We tested whether Ozark zigzag salamanders (Plethodon angusticlavius) from a population coexisting with armadillos for about 30 years exhibit antipredator behavior in the presence of armadillo chemical cues and whether they can discriminate between stimuli from armadillos and a nonpredatory sympatric mammal (white-tailed deer,Odocoileus virginianus). Salamanders appeared to recognize substrate cues from armadillos as a threat because they increased escape behaviors and oxygen consumption. When exposed to airborne cues from armadillos, salamanders also exhibited an antipredator response by spending more time in an inconspicuous posture. Additionally, individually consistent behaviors across treatments for some response variables suggest the potential for a behavioral syndrome in this species.

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Singh Sarna, Ishaan. "IMPACT OF DIGITAL WALLETS ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOR IN INDIA." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 09 (September 30, 2021): 220–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13397.

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In todays tech-driven world, digital wallets such as Paytm, GPay, MobiKwik, and so on, are gaining immense popularity among consumers. With economies becoming digital as more and more consumers opt for computerized alternatives to the traditional leather wallet, the industry has become a profitable base for potential investors. In India, specifically, the growth of digital wallets has been propelled by the demonetization policy, which significantly reduced the volume of currency in circulation, implemented by the government in 2016. One of the major consequences of an increase in the popularity of digital wallets has been a shift in the behaviors and spending habits of consumers, particularly in India, where the transition to a cashless economy has been considerably rapid. The goal of this study is to assess the apparent impact of the transition to digital economies on consumer behavior, and the various factors associated with this shift. This assessment was made by surveying users of digital wallets, between the ages 18 and 65, to seek their responses on how shifting to digital wallets has impacted them, their spending habits, etc. The responses were closely analyzed and interpreted to come to a conclusion.

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Nazarian, Roya S., Michael Pan, Sarah Utz, and Lauren Geller. "Adolescent Sun Protection Behaviors and Beliefs." SKIN The Journal of Cutaneous Medicine 3, no. 6 (December 2, 2019): 410–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25251/skin.3.6.8.

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The incidence of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer has increased among children and adolescents. Studies in the pediatric population have shown low rates of sun protection with modest improvement over the past several decades. This descriptive study characterizes photo protection behaviors and knowledge, specifically among pediatric dermatology patients in order to identify gaps in knowledge and guide discussion for health providers. Adolescents ages 12 to 20 completed surveys, which evaluated use of sun protection, beliefs about tanning and skin cancer, and sources of information. Results demonstrated that only nine percent of participants reported daily, year-round use of sunscreen. The majority (71%) reported use only during the summer months or when spending prolonged periods of time outdoors. Rates of indoor tanning were lower than reported in the literature, with only one percent reporting indoor tanning use. The majority of patients reported family members were the primary source of sun protection education. The authors conclude that while adolescents receiving care in the pediatric dermatology setting demonstrate sufficient knowledge about skin cancer prevention, adherence remains low. This study identified family members as the primary source of sun protection knowledge. Dermatologists should consider increased parental education to improve adolescent patient behavior.

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Hicks, Alexander M., and Duane H. Swank. "Politics, Institutions, and Welfare Spending in Industrialized Democracies, 1960–82." American Political Science Review 86, no. 3 (September 1992): 658–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1964129.

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We examine the roles of democratic politics and political institutions in shaping social welfare spending in 18 contemporary capitalist democracies. We explore the social spending consequences of government partisanship, electoral competition and turnout, and the self-interested behaviors of politicians and bureaucrats, as well as such relatively durable facets of political institutions as neocorporatism, state centralization, and traditionalist policy legacies. Pooled time series analyses of welfare effort in 18 nations during the 1960–82 period show that electoral turnout, as well as left and center governments increase welfare effort; that the welfare efforts of governments led by particular types of parties show significant differences and vary notably with the strength of oppositional (and junior coalitional) parties; and that relatively neocorporatist, centralized, and traditionalistic polities are high on welfare effort. Overall, our findings suggest that contrary to many claims, both partisan and nonpartisan facets of democratic politics and political institutions shape contemporary social welfare effort.

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