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1
Wilson, W. Andrew. "Budgeting Behaviors of Traditional-Aged Upper-Division College Students." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36574.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this study was to examine the budgeting behaviors of traditional-aged upper-division college students (juniors and seniors). Budgeting behaviors were operationally defined as students' spending and financial planning behaviors. These behaviors were studied by tracking participant expenditures and income of three weeks and administering electronic survey questions. The study was conducted at a large, public, research university, and was designed to answer the following research questions:
1. How do traditional-aged upper-division students spend their money?
2. What are the budgeting behaviors of traditional-aged upper-division students?
3. Are there differences in budgeting behaviors between traditional-aged upper-division students who live off campus and those who live on campus?
4. Are there gender differences between budgeting behaviors of traditional-aged upper-division students?
A sample of 32 college juniors and seniors who had moved directly from high school to college participated in the study. Participants tracked their expenses and income of a three-week period using computerized spreadsheets. These data were analyzed to determine participants' spending behaviors and to examine differences by gender and place of residence. Participants also responded to five electronic survey questions that investigated their budgeting behaviors. Responses from these questions were analyzed to identify themes about the budgeting behaviors of college juniors and seniors.
The results of this study provided some interesting information about college students' budgeting behaviors. Several conclusions were drawn. First, students failed to budget effectively because they spent more than they earned. Across all groups, students' expenditures totaled more than their income. Second, students' comments regarding their budgeting behaviors were found to reflect either good or poor ratings. This suggests that while some students seem to have well-developed financial management skills, others do not. Third, off-campus students differ from on-campus students because they have more budgeting experience. Off-campus students seemed to have developed these budgeting skills by paying monthly bills associated with off-campus living. Finally, female students spent money on clothes and beauty items, relied on gifts as sources of income, and seemed more anxious about budgeting than male students. These kinds of behaviors may reinforce certain stereotypical beliefs about men and women.
Master of Arts
2
Molly, Brigid. "University students' perceptions and behaviors regarding secondhand smoke, smoking bans and spending in smoke-free establishments." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=ucin1123174606.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Master of Education)--University of Cincinnati, 2005.Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Jul. 11, 2006). Includes abstract. Keywords: Smoking bans; secondhand smoke; smoke-free. Includes bibliographical references.
3
Molloy, Brigid A. "University Students’ Perceptions and Behaviors Regarding Secondhand Smoke, Smoking Bans, and Spending in Smoke-Free Establishments." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1123174606.
Повний текст джерела
4
Whang, Chloe. "Simultaneity Bias in Campaign Spending Games." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/770.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper, I replicate Erikson and Palfrey (2000) who propose that the simultaneity problem in measuring the effects of candidate spending can be resolved by restricting the sample to close elections. Vote-on-spending effects, which vary with the expected closeness of the election outcome in a systematic way, determine the extent of simultaneity bias. The simultaneity bias becomes progressively more severe as the anticipated vote margin decreases, plaguing the estimates of spending-on-vote effects on the full sample. In the range of a 50-50 expected vote, however, the vote-on-spending effects approach zero. Thus, by restricting the sample to extremely close races, I obtain unbiased estimates of candidate spending effects.
I then extend their model using data that includes elections that took place after a pair of major campaign finance reforms: the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 and the Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ruling of 2010. The BCRA heightens the perceived effectiveness of candidate spending by removing the hidden substitute for candidates’ campaign funds, namely, soft money. After the Citizens United ruling, however, as soft money starts to play a crucial role in electoral campaigns, candidates’ own funds matter less. The ruling appears to amplify incumbency advantage, perhaps because incumbents take advantage of their non-monetary incumbency benefits to attract soft money donations. This paper contributes to the ongoing debate in academia over the causal connection between candidate spending and vote share by presenting evidence that campaign spending has significant effects on election outcomes.
5
Holm, Mathias. "Machine learning and spending patterns : A study on the possibility of identifying riskily spending behaviour." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-222016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this study is to research the possibility of using customer transactional data to identify spending patterns among individuals, that in turn can be used to assess creditworthiness. Two different approaches to unsupervised clustering are used and compared in the study, one being K-means and the other an hierarchical approach. The features used in both clustering techniques are extracted from customer transactional data collected from the customers banks. Internal cluster validity indices and credit scores, calculated by credit institutes, are used to evaluate the results of the clustering techniques. Based on the experiments in this report, we believe that the approach exhibit interesting results and that further research with evaluation on a larger dataset is desired. Proposed future work is to append additional features to the models and study the effect on the resulting clusters.Målet med detta arbete är att studera möjligheten att använda data om individers kontotransaktioner för att identifiera utgiftsmönster hos individer, som i sin tur kan användas för att utvärdera kreditvärdighet. Två olika tillvägagångssätt som använder oövervakad klustring (eng. unsupervised clustering) används och utvärderas i rapporten, den ena är K-means och den andra är en hierarkisk teknik. De attribut (eng. features) som används i de båda klustrings teknikerna utvinns från data som innehåller kontotransaktioner och som erhålls från banker. Interna kluster värde index (eng. cluster validity indices) och individers riskprognoser, som beräknats av ett kreditinstitut, används för att utvärdera resultaten från klustrings teknikerna. Vi menar att resultaten som presenteras i denna rapport visar att målet till viss del uppnåtts, men att mer data och forskning krävs. Vidare forskning som föreslås är att lägga till fler attribut (eng. features) till modellerna och utvärdera effekten på de resulterande klusterna.
6
Aknin, Lara Beth. "From wealth to well-being : spending money on others promotes happiness." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1417.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
While previous research has examined the effect of income on happiness, we suggest that how people spend their money may be as important for their well-being as how much they earn. Specifically, we hypothesized that spending money on others may have a more positive impact on well-being than spending money on oneself. We found converging evidence for this hypothesis in a nationally representative survey (Study 1), a longitudinal study of windfall spending (Study 2), and an experimental study in which participants were randomly assigned to spend money on themselves or others (Study 3). We also found that people believe that spending on themselves, as opposed to others, will make them happier (Study 4) and that happier people were more likely to spend on others and experience higher happiness as result (Study 5). These results demonstrate that spending money on others may facilitate the translation of wealth into well-being.
7
Reed, Robert. "Buy American: Can Businesses Capitalize on the Calls for Patriotic Spending?" Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/95.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research analyzes the business opportunities created by the "Buy American" movement. Current literature reflects a consensus that most consumers have an initial bias in favor of purchasing domestic products. However, domestic production is frequently more costly than producing abroad. In order for domestic production to increase a firm's profit, consumer willingness to pay more for domestic products is prerequisite. This study investigates whether that prerequisite is satisfied. By collecting revealed preference data from multiple locations, this study finds that, on average, domestic products do carry a price premium over similar foreign imports.
8
Beskaya, Ahmet. "An empirical investigation of aggregate consumption behaviour in Turkey : 1951-1995." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391784.
Повний текст джерела
9
Kruger, Martinette. "Spending behaviour of visitors to the Klein Karoo National Arts Festival / Martinette Kruger." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2479.
Повний текст джерела
10
Lajoie-Mazenc, Thibaut. "Increasing the robustness of the Bitcoincrypto-system in presence of undesirable behaviours." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-197365.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Decentralised cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin offer a new paradigm of electronic payment systems that do not rely on a trusted third-party. Instead, the peers forming the network handle the task traditionally left to the third-party, preventing attackers from spending twice the same resource, and do so in a publicly verifiable way through Bitcoin's main innovation, the blockchain. However, due to a lack of synchrony in the network, Bitcoin peers may transiently have conflicting views of the system: the blockchain is forked. This can happen purely by accident but attackers can also voluntarily create forks to mount other attacks on the system. In this work, we describe Bitcoin and its underlying blockchain protocol; we introduce a formal model to capture the normal operations of the system as well as forks and double-spending attacks. We use it to define Bitcoin's fundamental properties in terms of safety, liveness and validity. We present the current state of the system: first, we analyse some of the most prominent works that academia has produced between 2008 and 2016, as well as some promising leads to improve the system; then, we use the results of a measurement campaign to show that the size of the network is relatively stable because join and leave operations compensate each other, and that blocks propagate to most of the network in a matter of seconds. We further compare our results to those usually accepted by the community. We introduce a Bitcoin network simulator that we have implemented and present the experiment we have performed to validate it. Finally, we propose a modification to Bitcoin's operations that can prevent double-spending attacks and forks without giving up on its main ideological principles, decentralisation and the absence of source of trust.
11
Takin, Ramin. "An analysis of spending behaviour under liquidity constraints with an application to financial hedging." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8754.
Повний текст джерела
12
Figueroa, Adolfo. "Musgrove, Philip. Consumer Behavior in Latin America. Income and Spending of Families in Ten Andean Cities." Economía, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118045.
Повний текст джерела
13
Crelley, David. "I can resist anything except temptation : self-regulatory fatigue and ethical spending." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/12401.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Within western societies the act of consumption is not merely concerned with satisfying basic human needs. Rather, consumption has become a source of leisure and self expression for the masses (Belk, 1988). This has meant that humankind’s wants have tended to outstrip the world’s finite resources available, leading to environmental damage, questionable farming practice and the widespread abuse of human labour. In response to these issues the phenomena of ethical consumption was born. Ethical consumption attempts to limit the environmental, human and animal costs of our spending via the favouring of products that are deemed to be for the betterment of wider society. At face value ethical consumption has been hugely successful in terms of market share, with sales of products stressing their ethical credentials having grown rapidly in recent years (Cooperative Bank 2011). However, despite this success, ethically branded products still represent a minority of purchases (Thøgersen, 2006). Psychological research exploring the reasons why consumers purchase ethically is dominated by papers focusing upon consumers’ attitudes, values and intentions (Andorfer & Liebe, 2012, Milfont & Duckitt, 2004). However, consumers’ attitudes do not always mirror actual spending (Auger, Burke, Devinney & Louviere., 2003; Auger & Devinney, 2007). Whilst one third of consumers describe themselves as being ethical spenders, only 1-3% of products purchased are Fair Trade certified (Cowe & Williams, 2000). The divergence between attitude and behaviour has been referred to as the ‘ethical purchasing gap’ (Andorfer & Liebe, 2012, Clayton & Brook, 2005). One factor that may be partially responsible for the divergence between purchase intention and actual behaviours is self-regulatory fatigue (ego depletion). Chapter one of the thesis presents the argument for ethical spending being affected by, amongst other things, our ability to suppress our impulsive desires via a process known as self-regulation (Bagozzi, 1992; Baumeister, 2002; Baumeister & Vohs, 2007). According to the self-regulatory fatigue literature, self-control requires the expenditure of blood glucose (Gailliot, 2008, Inzlicht & Gutsell, 2007). However, the available level of blood glucose temporarily diminishes with continued use of the self-regulatory system. In response to the lower availability of blood glucose, individuals begin to limit all non-essential cognitive expenditure, including further acts of self-regulation. Individuals who have exhausted their capacity for self control are said to be ego depleted or in a state of self-regulatory fatigue (Baumeister & Heatherton, 1996; Hofmann. Friese & Strack, 2009; Muraven & Baumeister, 2000) Chapter one argues that self-regulatory fatigue may restrict an individual’s capacity to consider the social and long-term impacts of their spending to resist the temptation of cheap consumer goods. As a result, it is predicted that ethical spending may be negatively affected by self-regulation fatigue. Following this theoretical foundation, Chapter two presents the methodological rationale for the research project that set out to test various aspects of this foundational hypothesis. Chapter three presents the findings of the first empirical study. The purpose of the study was to use open-ended questionnaires to explore the principles that guided participants’ spending, as well gaining an insight into instances where there was a discrepancy between spending and principle. The study is included within the thesis primarily to show the genesis of the research agenda. The study indicated that consumers within the sample were primarily concerned with traditional forms of ethical consumption, namely environmental, human and animal welfare concerns. Participants justified non-principled purchasing as being a result of financial consideration or impulsive urge. It was thus decided to explore the possibility that self-regulation fatigue may have a potentially negative impact upon ethical spending, due to its known relationship with impulsive spending (Vohs & Faber, 2007). Chapter four explores the effects of self-regulation fatigue upon socially-minded economic behaviour within the controlled setting of a social dilemma game. Ethical consumption can be considered to be a prime example of a ‘social dilemma’ in the sense that decisions relating to whether or not to consume ethically involve a direct conflict between an individual’s short term interests (e.g. to save money) and the collective interests of wider society (Gattig & Hendrickx, 2007; Milfont & Gouveiac, 2006). Therefore it was decided to measure the effects of self-regulatory fatigue within an experimental social dilemma task. The task used was based upon the forest game, which was first outlined by Sheldon and McGregor (2000), with the white bear thought suppression task (Wegner, Schneider, Carter, & White, 1987) being utilised to manipulate self-regulatory fatigue. The results revealed a clear divergence in behaviour within the game as a function of the manipulation of self-regulatory fatigue, with non-depleted groups sustaining the central resource longer than their depleted counterparts. Chapter five builds on the findings of chapter four through an exploration of the relationship between ego depletion and participants’ willingness to pay for ethical goods. The study utilised a discrete choice measure in order to measure participant’s willingness to pay for ethical goods. The findings did not show a significant effect of self-regulatory fatigue on the willingness to pay for ethical goods. However a potential explanation for this result was the fact that the decision-making processes involved in this study were less arduous than those required within a real-life shopping environment (or, for that matter, than the decisions required in the forest game reported in chapter four). It is possible that the complexity of the choice presented may have been insufficient for the decision to be negatively affected by self-regulatory fatigue. The study is thus included in order to illustrate the importance of utilising more realistic measures of spending that incorporate more of the complexity of decision-making required in real-world contexts. Chapter six presents four separate experiments exploring the relationship between self-regulatory fatigue and ethical spending. The first study utilised an online supermarket simulation and asked participants to go shopping for one week’s worth of groceries after either completing, or not completing, the white bear thought suppression task. The simulated supermarket allowed participants to select from a range of over 1900 products. The pattern of results indicated that participants in a state of self-regulatory fatigue spent significantly less on ethically branded products than their non-depleted counterparts. However, this was only true for individuals with a high food budget. Those with a low budget were not significantly affected, presumably due to having relatively little flexibility in terms of product choice and/or having established shopping habits focusing upon value. The second study in chapter six explored the ways in which social appeals interact with self-regulatory fatigue. Participants were presented with an attention control task before reading either an article praising students for their ethical behaviours or a control article. Participants were then asked to “go shopping” within the online store. Results once again indicated that self-regulatory fatigue reduced spending on ethically branded goods. However, contrary to predictions, the social appeal had no significant effect on levels of ethical spending either as a main effect or in interaction with self-regulatory fatigue.
14
Nakhata, Chinintorn. "Essays on Consumer's Psychological and Behavioral Responses toward Social Coupons." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5282.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Traditional economic theory suggests that consumers are likely to prepay for a product/ service that appears to be heavily discounted. However, in reality, many consumers do not think and act to achieve that goal. This is evident in consumer's psychological and behavioral responses toward a new type of price promotion, namely social coupons (SCs) (i.e., online coupons that offer consumers a substantial discount with a long redemption period when they prepay for a retailer's products/services). Such responses generate vital impacts not only on consumers themselves in terms of saving maximization but also on service retailers (e.g., sit-down dining restaurants) and SC providers (e.g., Groupon and LivingSocial) in terms of revenue maximization generated from offering SC campaigns. This dissertation aims to provide insights to the literature in price promotions, specifically SCs. Guided by mental accounting theory (i.e., consumers open a mental account when costs are incurred and close a mental account when benefits are received), this dissertation is structured in the form of two separate empirical essays. While Essay 1, "Prepaying Less is Preferable to Saving More: The Role of Pain of Prepayment Aversion in Social Coupon Purchasing Decision", focuses on opening a SC mental account (i.e., cost incurred), Essay 2, "Superfluous Spending: The Role of Neglected Mental Budget Depletion in Spending Decision when Redeeming Social Coupons", focuses on closing a SC mental account (i.e., benefit received).
Essay 1 explored why consumers purchase SCs featuring a low-implausible face value (i.e., a face value that is lower than the normal price range expected by consumers for a particular type of service)? Findings across five experiments revealed that consumers' likelihood of purchasing SCs featuring a low-implausible (vs. plausible) face value was greater when a coupon price for SCs featuring a low-implausible face value was lower than willingness-to-prepay for a SC (WTPP-SC), while a coupon price for SCs featuring a plausible face value was higher than WTPP-SC. Furthermore, consumers' likelihood of purchasing SCs featuring a low-implausible face value was greater when a coupon price was lower (vs. higher) than WTPP-SC. Pain of prepayment (i.e., the disutility/imputed cost, painful feeling, generated from the thought of prepaying amount of money required for a SC) aversion was an underlying process. That is, consumers experienced greater pain of prepayment when a coupon price was higher (vs. lower) than WTPP-SC. Pain of prepayment, in turns, negatively influenced consumers' likelihood of purchasing SCs featuring a low-implausible face value. Moreover, consumers' likelihood of purchasing such SCs was greater when time pressure was present (vs. absent) and when semantic cues were abstract (vs. concrete). Finally, when being exposed to multiple SC deals for the same service, which vary in terms of face value plausibility (Option 1: low-implausible face value vs. Option 2: plausible face value), consumers were more likely to choose a SC deal featuring a low-implausible face value (Option 1) when a coupon price for a SC deal featuring a low-implausible face value was lower than WTPP-SC but a coupon price for a SC deal featuring a plausible face value (Option 2) was higher than WTPP-SC. In contrast, when coupon prices for both SC deal options were lower than WTPP-SC, consumers were more likely to choose a SC deal featuring a plausible face value (Option 2).
Essay 2 explored why consumers spend a great additional amount of money beyond a SC face value? Findings across three experiments revealed that the amount of money spent beyond a SC face value was greater when consumers redeem SCs featuring a low-implausible (vs. plausible) face value. Neglected mental budget depletion (i.e., the instance in which consumers neglect the fact that the budget assigned to a particular SC mental account as a spending self-control is already depleted) was an underlying process. That is, consumers had a greater tendency to neglect mental budget depletion when redeeming SCs featuring a low-implausible (vs. plausible) face value. Neglected mental budget depletion, in turns, positively influenced the amount of money spent beyond a SC face value. Furthermore, concrete (vs. abstract) semantic cues and far (vs. near) distance between purchasing and redeeming a SC intensified neglected mental budget depletion effect, which in turns, increased the amount of money spent beyond a SC face value when redeeming SCs featuring a low-implausible face value.
In conclusion, this dissertation provides theoretical insights on consumers' psychological responses, and their behavioral responses toward SCs during two SC stages, which results in sub-optimal SC decision-makings: (1) purchasing SCs featuring a low-implausible face value (Essay 1); and (2) spending additional money beyond a SC face value when redeeming SCs at a service retailer (Essay 2). The empirical findings across two essays add to the growing body of the literature in price promotions, specifically SCs. This dissertation also provides managerial insights regarding how managers can design and strategically implement SC campaigns that can maximize the number of SC being purchased and the great amount of money consumers spend beyond a SC face value when they redeem a SC at a service retailer.
15
Thompson, Christopher Peter. "Retail spending and store location during a recession : an analysis of changing consumer behaviour and interaction patterns." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6508/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since falling into recession in June 2008, the British economy has been in a state of sustained instability. During this period, Great Britain (GB) has experienced high rates of inflation, increasing unemployment and widespread consumer uncertainty. It has become clear that new shopper ground rules have emerged, as consumers have begun to break from their established routines, seeking both quality and value for money. This has been no more evident than in the British grocery market, the lead sector of the retail industry, as consumers have been forced to evaluate all aspects of the household budget, including essential items such as food. In addition to the macro-economic pressures, the grocery sector is also being shaped by long-term structural trends that continue to drive the retail industry as a whole. Those of noticeable importance are the changing nature of the British high street, online retailing, growth in convenience shopping, market saturation and increasing internationalisation. Consequently, to understand change in grocery retailing, geographers need to move away from a one-dimensional account of the recession and consider the conflicting perspectives of governments, regulators, retailers and consumers that are also at work. This thesis contributes to ongoing research aimed at quantifying the impact of the recent recession on the British grocery market. The research benefits from a collaboration with Acxiom Ltd, through the use of a large-scale household survey aimed at recording local patterns in consumer behaviour across GB. To provide a holistic approach, insights into supply-side trends (changing retail formats, market saturation, e-commerce and internationalisation) are explored in conjunction with issues of demand (changes in household expenditure and customer patronage) – making it possible to separate recessionary trends from those deemed more longstanding. The complexities underpinning grocery retailing are then integrated through the construction of a disaggregated Spatial Interaction Model (SIM) to facilitate opportunities for growth in the grocery market. The disaggregation of the SIM by consumer type affords tremendous potential for the model to incorporate flows between different households and retail brands – recognising that some households are more willing or able to travel further to shop at their retailer of choice. The thesis demonstrates how the SIM is utilised to investigate growth opportunities in the discount market, highlighting the potential for expansion in both already saturated (Yorkshire and the Humber) and previously untapped markets (London) respectively.
16
Rasure, Erika M. "Exploring the influence of reality television on financial behavior." Diss., Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18927.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Family Studies and Human Services
Kristy L. Pederson-Archuleta
Viewership of reality television has been indicated to influence behaviors among individuals and groups, as existing literature has linked reality television viewership to an increase in the likelihood of demonstrating other non-financial behaviors. The literature notes increases in risky sexual and dating behavior, increases in tobacco, drug, and alcohol use, and increases in violent behavior. This dissertation examined the perceptions of the influence of reality television on financial behavior. Situational reality television programming was found to have the greatest influence on the financial behaviors of college students. Ten college students were interviewed using a phenomenological qualitative approach. There were four primary findings from this study. The first was that reality television has the ability to inform the financial behavior of college students. Second, an individual’s connection to his or her social system has an influence on financial behavior. Third, reality television does have the ability to influence financial behavior change and fourth, reality television influences the meaning of money as perceived by the respondents. The results of this study provide valuable information to promote further inquiry as to how reality television and other forms of media influence financial behavior.
17
Hiatt, Amanda M. "The Contributions of Fiscal and Monetary Stimulus Policies to the Economic Recovery Process of Recessions in the United States." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/231.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT
In this thesis, I evaluate how fiscal and monetary stimulus policies contribute to the economic recovery process of recessions in the United States. Using a case study approach, I will study ten major recessions over the 20th century and early 21st century to answer this question. I will study the different fiscal and monetary policies implemented during the following recessions: the Great Depression; the Recession of 1937, the Recession of 1945, the Recession of 1953, the 1973-75 Recession, the 1980 Recession, the Early 1980s Recession, the Early 1990s Recession, the Early 2000s Recession, and the Late-2000s Recession. The literature suggests a wide range of conflicting viewpoints as to the most effective stimulus policies for economic recovery. I conclude that while both monetary and fiscal stimulus policies have been effective in contributing to GDP growth and reductions in unemployment, it is evident that each recession requires a unique policy response. In many cases, I find value in implementing both monetary and fiscal policy, jointly, as they complement one another. I also find that, generally, monetary policy is most effective in contributing to the economic recovery process of recessions through open market operations that reduce the interest rate and that fiscal policy is most effective in contributing to the economic recovery process of recessions through government spending. My systematic exploration of these policies and the recession case studies, provide valuable information of the effects of these policies and provide insight into the appropriate use of stimulus policies in the current economy and for future recessions and recoveries.
18
Ake-Little, Ethan Stacey. "To Leave or Not to Leave: A Population Study Investigating How Compensation and Auxiliary Spending Influence Teacher Turnover in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2019. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/551172.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Urban EducationPh.D.
Teacher turnover is a well-studied phenomenon, particularly in highly urbanized locales, but not well researched in a state as geographically and demographically diverse as Pennsylvania, which is a composition of two major metropolitan areas combined with smaller urban centers and expansive rural regions. Those retention studies that do exist have been mainly exclusive to the Philadelphia region, with limited research devoted to the remainder of the state. This lack of a comprehensive empirical approach that compares turnover in three distinct settings limits a nuanced understanding of the issue and, in turn, can lead to incomplete policy considerations. This study utilizes Pennsylvania Department of Education data from 2012-2017, which describes the entire public-school workforce in all local education agencies (LEAs), to study how compensation and auxiliary spending (per student spending sans instructional costs) influence teacher turnover using multiple, parallel Cox Proportional Hazards survival models. Findings suggest that despite a “one size fits all” approach to public school funding policy popular amongst politicians on both sides of the political aisle, the effects of a monetary increase in reducing the likelihood of turnover varies considerably when accounting for the region, Title I status, experience and subject matter. The study highlights how the lack of monetary investment can lead teachers to seek employment elsewhere since low pay functions as a strong demotivator. Additionally, the results suggest that while a pay raise may arrest turnover risk, it is a poor long-term motivator or cause of job satisfaction. The study concludes by offering state and LEA leaders with policy recommendations that may improve both retention and job satisfaction. To date, this is the only study in the current literature that explores teacher turnover extensively in the nation’s fifth most populous state.
Temple University--Theses
19
Venter, Raymano. "The evaluation of service delivery in the fast growing black diamond market / R. Venter." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4595.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The black middle–class market segment also known as the black diamond market
segment has shown immense growth in SA. It currently consists of approximately 3 million
black middle–class South Africans with a buying power of approximately R200 billion.
Despite the immense size and spending power of black diamonds, combined with its rapid
growth over the past 15 years and expected future growth, little research has been
conducted on this market segment.
The rapid market growth of the black diamond market segment has lead to an immense
rise in the demand for middle–income houses. This has caused a shortage of middleincome
houses, and government and real estate developers have been unable to supply
housing in this bracket to meet this ever increasing demand. The study examines this
missing middle between supply and demand for the black diamond market in Tlokwe
municipal region in order to provide the Tlokwe Municipality, real estate developers,
construction companies, town planners, real estate agencies and the Tlokwe Department
of Housing with sufficient information to address this challenge in Tlokwe municipal
region.
The study was conducted by way of a literature review and empirical study. For the
empirical study, the information was obtained through two questionnaires. One
questionnaire was compiled for black diamond respondents and one for real estate
developers and estate agents in the Tlokwe municipal region.
The study found that there is a gap between the supply side and demand side of middleincome
housing (houses within the R50 000 to R550 000 price range) in the Tlokwe
municipal region, and that there is a high demand for such houses. It was also found that
there is a tendency for black diamonds to relocate from the townships to the suburbs. The
major reasons for this movement were identified as family and the lack of availability of
middle–income houses in the townships.
It was also found that the black diamond respondents have a tendency to spend their
money on bad debt (debt on expenses) instead of good debt (debt on assets), and are
inclined to save rather than spend. Furthermore, as evident from the number of
respondents with clothing accounts and cellphone contracts, it was confirmed that black
diamonds are status driven, as suggested in the literature.Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
20
Domingo, Rashaad. "The relationship between fluctuating interest rates and the nature of credit card spending in a leading South African food retailer with specific reference to Cape Town consumers." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mini Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of
MAGISTER TECHNOLOGIAE: BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
in the
FACULTY OF BUSINESS
at the
CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 2012This research study assesses the impact of fluctuating interest rates on the credit card spending habits within a leading South African food retailer by determining whether a relationship exists between interest rates and credit card spending and whether this relationship is significant. Although there are many factors that influence consumer use of credit cards such as fuel prices, cost of food and affordability, interest rates play a role in the decision making process whether to purchase on credit or not. To assess the effect of interest rates on credit card spending within the food retailer, turnover data by tender type were obtained from the retailer and were compared to interest rate changes as announced by the Governor of the South African Reserve Bank. By using non-parametric Spearman Rank Order Correlations the nature and significance of the relationship between interest rate data and tender data was determined by using a confidence level of 95 %. Customer surveys were conducted within the Cape Town area to understand the effect interest rates have on credit card usage, what the preferred methods of payments are, retailer preference, shopping frequency, average grocery spend and the perception of interest rate fairness of respondents. A total of 213 completed questionnaires were analysed and significant correlations between various variables were determined and discussed. The result of the data analysis revealed that a significant adverse relationship exists between interest rates and credit card spending within the selected food retailer. Key Words: Credit Card, Turnover, Interest Rates, Food Retailer, Retail Food Sector, Average Transaction Value, Transaction Volume, Tender Type, Consumers, Customers, ShopriteCheckers, Spar, Pick n Pay, Woolworths, South African Reserve Bank, SARB
21
Holásková, Romana. "Kritická analýza spotřebitelské poptávky s ohledem na vývoj ekonomiky v České republice." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-224285.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Master´s thesis deals with problems of consumer behaviour in the Czech republic. Theoretical part of thesis defines basic concepts and data, which relate to consumer demand and information necessary to understand the analysis part. The following part deals with critical analysis of consumer basket and spending costs of households in different commodities. Analytic part is also aimed at economic development and according to it we can deduce reactions of households and related consumer behaviour. At the end the thesis is completed by suggestions to reduce excess spending expenditures, which are recommendation for citizens of the Czech republic.
22
Решетнікова, І. Л. "Поведінка українських споживачів в умовах сучасної економічної кризи". Thesis, Ткачов О.О, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/47675.
Повний текст джерела
23
Rånman, Cecilia, and Axel Bendes. "To Gift or not to Gift? : Reciprocity at a Durable Goods Retailer." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-158518.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Due to intense competition, retail stores are today forced to come up with exciting new sales promotional ideas to remain a relevant choice for customers. Gift giving is a sales promotional tool which has previously demonstrated to increase customer satisfaction and spending - an ideal situation for any retailer. However, gift giving has only been researched and confirmed for retailers that offer consumable goods. It has yet to be measured in a context where it is of greater difficulty for the customer to spend more than planned. This research fills that void by conducting a field experiment at a retail store offering durable shopping products.The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect gift giving has on gratitude, obligation, satisfaction, impulsive buying, and spending at a retail store offering durable shopping products. Through a field experiment, the study tests the effect on these variables of both small and large gifts and explore whether customer spending increases alongside the gift’s monetary worth.To complete the purpose of the study, a case company representing a durable shopping products retailer was selected. A field experiment was setup with two experimental groups and one control group. The results from the manipulation were collected through questionnaires which included questions pertaining to the study’s five variables. The collected data was then analysed through the statistics program SPSS.The only emotion that is affected from providing gifts in this retail environment is obligation, a negative emotion, which in turn decreases customer satisfaction. Since giving a gift only evokes negative emotions, it is concluded that a durable goods retailer should not use gift giving as a sales promotional tool. Additionally, when given a large gift, customer spending decreases considerably. This could imply that gift giving does not work in this retail environment, or that an extraneous variable affected the experiment’s outcome.
24
Strašáková, Lenka. "Vliv diferencí ženských a mužských rolí na spotřební chování." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-17275.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The main aim of this thesis is to observe dissimilarities between men and women. My survey is focused on differences among men and women especially in areas of perception of media, spending of free time, relation to some kinds of products and overall position of the men and women in the society. Methods that are used in this thesis are analysis of MML-TGI data, content analysis of television advertisings and interview. Results of all the three methods are summarized and evaluated in the end.
25
Fisher, David. "The socio-economic consequences of tourism in Levuka, Fiji." Lincoln University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1284.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis examines the proposition that the local population at a tourist destination copy the economic behaviour of tourists and learn to give economic value to the same objects and activities that are demonstrated by tourists. Levuka, the old capital of Fiji, served as the case study. It was found that decisions are based on the experiences and the cultural template of which those decisions are a part. There are many acculturating factors involved in the learning process as a subsistance-based economy becomes more monetised. The purchasing habits of tourists have little obvious effect. However, there is evidence that what is of value to tourists and what encourages them to visit the destination are not fully appreciated by many of the host population. Examples of these culturally dissimilar values are externalities such as the physical structures of the built environment and unquantifiable factors such as the ambience of the destination. It is argued that an understanding of the factors that have created cultural rules is necessary if a complete analysis of the effects of tourism is to be undertaken. This can be achieved by considering change as a process and tracing that process by examining the cultural history of the host community. Tourism should be seen as another aspect of change. The response to tourism will then be seen as a new challenge that will be met using the lessons previously learnt and incorporated into the cultural template.
26
Daly, Marwa El. "Challenges and potentials of channeling local philanthropy towards development and aocial justice and the role of waqf (Islamic and Arab-civic endowments) in building community foundations." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät III, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16511.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Diese Arbeit bietet eine solide theoretische Grundlage zu Philanthropie und religiös motivierten Spendenaktivitäten und deren Einfluss auf Wohltätigkeitstrends, Entwicklungszusammenarbeit und einer auf dem Gedanken der sozialen Gerechtigkeit beruhenden Philanthropie. Untersucht werden dafür die Strukturen religiös motivierte Spenden, für die in der islamischen Tradition die Begriffe „zakat“, „Waqf“ oder im Plural auch „awqaf-“ oder „Sadaqa“ verwendet werden, der christliche Begriff dafür lautet „tithes“ oder „ushour“. Aufbauend auf diesem theoretischen Rahmenwerk analysiert die qualitative und quantitative Feldstudie auf nationaler Ebene, wie die ägyptische Öffentlichkeit Philanthropie, soziale Gerechtigkeit, Menschenrechte, Spenden, Freiwilligenarbeit und andere Konzepte des zivilgesellschaftlichen Engagements wahrnimmt. Um eine umfassende und repräsentative Datengrundlage zu erhalten, wurden 2000 Haushalte, 200 zivilgesellschaftliche Organisationen erfasst, sowie Spender, Empfänger, religiöse Wohltäter und andere Akteure interviewt. Die so gewonnen Erkenntnisse lassen aussagekräftige Aufschlüsse über philanthropische Trends zu. Erstmals wird so auch eine finanzielle Einschätzung und Bewertung der Aktivitäten im lokalen Wohltätigkeitsbereich möglich, die sich auf mehr als eine Billion US-Dollar beziffern lassen. Die Erhebung weist nach, dass gemessen an den Pro-Kopf-Aufwendungen die privaten Spendenaktivitäten weitaus wichtiger sind als auswärtige wirtschaftliche Hilfe für Ägypten. Das wiederum lässt Rückschlüsse zu, welche Bedeutung lokale Wohltätigkeit erlangen kann, wenn sie richtig gesteuert wird und nicht wie bislang oft im Teufelskreis von ad-hoc-Spenden oder Hilfen von Privatperson an Privatperson gefangen ist. Die Studie stellt außerdem eine Verbindung her zwischen lokalen Wohltätigkeits-Mechanismen, die meist auf religiösen und kulturellen Werten beruhen, und modernen Strukturen, wie etwa Gemeinde-Stiftungen oder Gemeinde-„waqf“, innerhalb derer die Spenden eine nachhaltige Veränderung bewirken können. Daher bietet diese Arbeit also eine umfassende wissenschaftliche Grundlage, die nicht nur ein besseres Verständnis, sondern auch den nachhaltiger Aus- und Aufbau lokaler Wohltätigkeitsstrukturen in Ägypten ermöglicht. Zentral ist dabei vor allem die Rolle lokaler, individueller Spenden, die beispielsweise für Stiftungen auf der Gemeindeebene eingesetzt, wesentlich zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung beitragen könnten – und das nicht nur in Ägypten, sondern in der gesamten arabischen Region. Als konkretes Ergebnis dieser Arbeit, wurde ein innovatives Modell entwickelt, dass neben den wissenschaftlichen Daten das Konzept der „waqf“ berücksichtigt. Der Wissenschaftlerin und einem engagierten Vorstand ist es auf dieser Grundlage gelungen, die Waqfeyat al Maadi Community Foundation (WMCF) zu gründen, die nicht nur ein Modell für eine Bürgerstiftung ist, sondern auch das tradierte Konzept der „waqf“ als praktikable und verbürgte Wohlstätigkeitsstruktur sinnvoll weiterentwickelt.This work provides a solid theoretical base on philanthropy, religious giving (Islamic zakat, ‘ushour, Waqf -plural: awqaf-, Sadaqa and Christian tithes or ‘ushour), and their implications on giving trends, development work, social justice philanthropy. The field study (quantitative and qualitative) that supports the theoretical framework reflects at a national level the Egyptian public’s perceptions on philanthropy, social justice, human rights, giving and volunteering and other concepts that determine the peoples’ civic engagement. The statistics cover 2000 households, 200 Civil Society Organizations distributed all over Egypt and interviews donors, recipients, religious people and other stakeholders. The numbers reflect philanthropic trends and for the first time provide a monetary estimate of local philanthropy of over USD 1 Billion annually. The survey proves that the per capita share of philanthropy outweighs the per capita share of foreign economic assistance to Egypt, which implies the significance of local giving if properly channeled, and not as it is actually consumed in the vicious circle of ad-hoc, person to person charity. In addition, the study relates local giving mechanisms derived from religion and culture to modern actual structures, like community foundations or community waqf that could bring about sustainable change in the communities. In sum, the work provides a comprehensive scientific base to help understand- and build on local philanthropy in Egypt. It explores the role that local individual giving could play in achieving sustainable development and building a new wave of community foundations not only in Egypt but in the Arab region at large. As a tangible result of this thesis, an innovative model that revives the concept of waqf and builds on the study’s results was created by the researcher and a dedicated board of trustees who succeeded in establishing Waqfeyat al Maadi Community Foundation (WMCF) that not only introduces the community foundation model to Egypt, but revives and modernizes the waqf as a practical authentic philanthropic structure.
27
Lucas, D. Pulane. "Disruptive Transformations in Health Care: Technological Innovation and the Acute Care General Hospital." VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2996.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Advances in medical technology have altered the need for certain types of surgery to be performed in traditional inpatient hospital settings. Less invasive surgical procedures allow a growing number of medical treatments to take place on an outpatient basis. Hospitals face growing competition from ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs). The competitive threats posed by ASCs are important, given that inpatient surgery has been the cornerstone of hospital services for over a century. Additional research is needed to understand how surgical volume shifts between and within acute care general hospitals (ACGHs) and ASCs. This study investigates how medical technology within the hospital industry is changing medical services delivery. The main purposes of this study are to (1) test Clayton M. Christensen’s theory of disruptive innovation in health care, and (2) examine the effects of disruptive innovation on appendectomy, cholecystectomy, and bariatric surgery (ACBS) utilization. Disruptive innovation theory contends that advanced technology combined with innovative business models—located outside of traditional product markets or delivery systems—will produce simplified, quality products and services at lower costs with broader accessibility. Consequently, new markets will emerge, and conventional industry leaders will experience a loss of market share to “non-traditional” new entrants into the marketplace. The underlying assumption of this work is that ASCs (innovative business models) have adopted laparoscopy (innovative technology) and their unification has initiated disruptive innovation within the hospital industry. The disruptive effects have spawned shifts in surgical volumes from open to laparoscopic procedures, from inpatient to ambulatory settings, and from hospitals to ASCs. The research hypothesizes that: (1) there will be larger increases in the percentage of laparoscopic ACBS performed than open ACBS procedures; (2) ambulatory ACBS will experience larger percent increases than inpatient ACBS procedures; and (3) ASCs will experience larger percent increases than ACGHs. The study tracks the utilization of open, laparoscopic, inpatient and ambulatory ACBS. The research questions that guide the inquiry are: 1. How has ACBS utilization changed over this time? 2. Do ACGHs and ASCs differ in the utilization of ACBS? 3. How do states differ in the utilization of ACBS? 4. Do study findings support disruptive innovation theory in the hospital industry? The quantitative study employs a panel design using hospital discharge data from 2004 and 2009. The unit of analysis is the facility. The sampling frame is comprised of ACGHs and ASCs in Florida and Wisconsin. The study employs exploratory and confirmatory data analysis. This work finds that disruptive innovation theory is an effective model for assessing the hospital industry. The model provides a useful framework for analyzing the interplay between ACGHs and ASCs. While study findings did not support the stated hypotheses, the impact of government interventions into the competitive marketplace supports the claims of disruptive innovation theory. Regulations that intervened in the hospital industry facilitated interactions between ASCs and ACGHs, reducing the number of ASCs performing ACBS and altering the trajectory of ACBS volume by shifting surgeries from ASCs to ACGHs.
28
Li, Ming-Ying, and 李旻穎. "The Associations among Family Money Education, Students’ Concept of Money, and Students’ Spending Behaviors:The Moderating Role of Peers’ Spending Behaviors." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/r94x45.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士樹德科技大學
金融與風險管理系碩士班
101
This study examines the effect of family money education on students’ spending behaviors through the mediation of students’ concept of money. The moderating role of peers’ spending behaviors on the relationship between students’ concept of money and their spending behaviors are explored as well. The research applied a stratified random sampling approach to collect data from 6th-graded students in elementary schools in the Kaohsiung city. The schools were first divided into three categories: suburban, urban and rural. One fourth of schools were then randomly selected from each category so as to improve the sample representativeness. A dyadic approach was applied to collect information from students and parents and thus to release the concern of common method variance (CMV). To increase the validity and reliability of survey items, a pilot study and an expert cross-validation process were also conducted before the distribution of formal questionnaire. Statistical analyses based on a hierarchical regression approach show that family money education, including teaching by example and oral education, are positively related with students’ concept of money, which in turn positively affects their spending behaviors. Moreover, students’ concept of money plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between family money education and students’ spending behaviors. Finally, peers’ spending behaviors positively moderates the relationship between students’ concept of money and their spending behaviors. The research highlights the importance of family education and peer norms for students’ monetary value and subquent spending behaviors. It reminds the educators to be attentive to students’ learning environment and the parents to pay close attention to their own consumption behaviors and family education because both of them can shape students’ spending values and patterns.
29
Cheng-Chan, Wu, and 吳承展. "Methods of Assistance Delivery and Emergency Relief Benefit Spending Behaviors: A Comparative Study of iCash and Cash." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87ehr7.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立暨南國際大學
社會政策與社會工作學系
102
Under the bilateral cooperation with an enterprise social welfare foundation’s innovation program in 2013, this research adopted comparative study to research the advantages and disadvantages of icash easy card and in-cash, in order to evaluate the possibility of issuing the electronic beneficial card in Taiwan. The outcome indicates that there are significant differences in the consumption behaviors and the resource sharing of the household between the recipients of icash easy card and in-cash. The consumption behaviors of icash easy card recipients are more focused on the items necessary for daily life than those of in-cash recipients. Icash easy card as a kind of social welfare transfer tool in emergency relief is more positive than in-cash in the delivery effectiveness and sharing benefits among the family. Although there are some deficits in icash easy card using, which could be overcome by the improvement of technique and management, under the relatively developed environment of debit card in Taiwan. Electronic debit card could be a safe and easy way to be used for governmental welfare organizations and private charitable foundation in emergency reliefs in Taiwan.
30
Chang, Shu-Chen, and 張淑貞. "The Study of Chinese Postpartum Care Spending Behavior on Shanghai." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2kvkc8.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士世新大學
傳播管理學研究所(含碩專班)
102
Postpartum care can be traced back to the Western Han Dynasty recorded in The Book of Rites-inside policy within more than two thousand years of history. For thousands of years, the unique culture of postpartum care had been developed in China. During nearly three decades, this custom was changed greatly in China, and mainly from the 1980s China government implemented the one-child policy and rapid changes in the population structure. Postpartum care is no longer a simple relationship between husband and wife, mother-in-law and daughter-in-law, parent and children, but the culture of parenting. In Shanghai affected by peculiar worldwide cultural Taiwan confinement center, the custom changed from the traditional sentimental, to hire care-lady and caring center, which is my research orientation. In EKB consumer behavior patterns and new fifth-generation Chinese consumer law theory as a basis to discuss changes in the environment and confinement charges of Shanghai, which is commonly known as miles of foreign China, accepting information quickly. With the Shanghai City unique culture of male-inside, and female- strong, the supply and demand conditions of confinement changed. China is so vast, and the inclusion of the regional sub-culture , coupled with the property , the extent of affluent , urban and rural differences in eating habits over the country, which is not suitable to launch the mode confinement in Taiwan, so this study hopes to find out the context, analysis of consumer culture , as marketing and promotion of regional basis.
31
HSU, WEN-YAO, and 許文耀. "Explore Consumer Spending Behavior in the Option Vending Machine Store." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/u4dzpu.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士亞洲大學
休閒與遊憩管理學系碩士在職專班
107
Taiwan was first brought to Japan by SEGA. In 2000, it replaced the past doll machine with a non-electronic game machine and the name of the vending machine. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Finance, between 2013 and 2016, the number of doll machine stores increased from 169 to 920, and the total turnover increased from 60 million to 470 million. In 2017, the whole Taiwan has reached 2037 folder doll shop. The total turnover exceeded 700 million yuan. This study aims to explore the impact of product quality, product brand, and product price on perceived value, and further influence on the willingness to purchase by influencing perceived value, with consumers of selected vending machines as the research object. This study finds that if companies want to increase consumers' willingness to purchase, they must first enhance the perceived value of consumers, and the most effective way to enhance perceived value is to enhance the brand of the product. In addition, if companies can improve product quality and make them more attractive to consumers, they can enhance their competitiveness. In addition to establishing a good product brand and producing excellent product quality, if the company feels that the purchase of the product is worth the money, it will surely stand out among the many competing peers, so set a reasonable product. The price will inevitably increase the consumer's willingness to purchase the product.
32
Chung, Yi-Yin, and 鍾易穎. "Revenue or Spending adjustment – The Empirical Result of Central Government’s Behavior in Taiwan." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31175513582190982673.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立臺北大學
經濟學系
98
This article is based on the fiscal deficit present value model by Lin and Lai(2009), which means the fiscal deficit is the target present value of how hard the government has worked in the fiscal fields. And also discuss how the Taiwanese Government choosing adjustment by spending or revenue to restore fiscal balance in long term when facing the unexpected fiscal deficit shock which occurs at the limitation of intertemporal fiscal balance. This article has corrected the Generalized impulse response function to estimate how the dynamic response of the growth rate of tax and spending that were affected by fiscal deficit. At the same time, uses the method of Polito and Wickens(2007) to organize the index of the fiscal stance to value the conditions of the fiscal affairs, it is the accordance of organizing short term financial policy.
33
Labuschagne, Veronique. "A spending behaviour model for selected South African arts festivals / Veronique Labuschagne." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/11735.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Arts festivals form a large part of the South African culture originally as many local communities began to share their culture with visitors by means of arts festivals. This has grown into a large industry that has tremendous financial gain for the hosting communities. With over 500 arts festivals each year in South Africa alone, visitors are certain to find a festival to satisfy their specific needs and wants. Therefore, with so many genres available, each festival has created its own niche market and loyal customer base.
An extensive literature study was conducted for the purpose of this thesis and it was found that research of small to medium arts festivals has been neglected. This finding motivated the main theme of this research. As mentioned earlier, there are so many genres available that the festival organisers may experience difficulty when deciding what to offer and how many genres to offer in order to still be sustainable and attract a sufficient number of visitors. Furthermore, the large number of arts festivals organised each year makes it increasingly difficult for festivals to build a loyal client base. First-time visitors can be converted into repeat visitors if the marketing strategy is precise. Repeat visitors, as stated in the literature, results in a sustainable income for each festival.
Another question that motivated the research was the location of the three arts festivals (Innibos, Vryfees, and Kierieklapper). Three arts festivals in three provinces makes an interesting study to determine whether there is a difference in the three types of visitors that they attract and the spending patterns at each festival.
While addressing the problems stated above, this study produced the following three articles:
* Article 1: ―Determinants of spending at Vryfees with a focus on genres‖.
* Article 2: ―First-time versus repeat visitors at Innibos Arts Festival‖.
* Article 3: ―Role of location in the attendance and spending of festinos‖.
Article 1 investigates spending determinants that influence visitor expenditure on the different genres offered at the Vryfees Festival in Bloemfontein, based on a survey conducted in 2011. The research is based on the notion that different genres have different spending patterns. Article 2 focuses on the differences and/or similarities between first-time and repeat visitors at the Innibos Arts Festival as an alternative approach to market segmentation. Lastly, the third article focuses on three different arts festivals in three different locations in South Africa. The research was conducted by means of a visitor survey at the three arts festivals during the same year with questionnaires administered at Innibos (428), Vryfees (336), and Kierieklapper (202) respectively.
The most significant contributions of this study can be summarised as follows:
* the tourist spending behaviour in regards to the difference between first-time and repeat visitors is significant and can be considered an important spending determinant;
* the tourist spending behaviour in terms of length of stay between first-time visitors and repeat visitors is significantly different, suggesting that familiarity with the destination (as the repeat visitors are) has an important impact;
* different locations attract their own type of tourists and certain locations receive a higher economic injection than other provinces do because of the type of festival held. All three arts festivals attract mainly Afrikaans speaking attendees; and for the first time, a comparative study has been conducted on three arts festivals targeting the Afrikaans speaking community. Additionally, this is the first time a comparative study was conducted on three small to medium arts festivals located in three different provinces; and
* the developed spending model described in the last chapter of this thesis can assist the festival organisers with future festival marketing to improve their income and marketing strategy.PhD (Tourism Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014
34
Lin, Chun-ting, and 林俊廷. "EFFECTS OF PAYMENT MECHANISM ON SPENDING BEHAVIOR─EXAMPLIFIED BY HIGH AND LOW PRODUCT INVOLVEMENT." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79353492143871344590.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士大同大學
事業經營研究所
90
The development of money started with barter exchange, and seashell, silver, bronze, mental coins and paper bills have been used as money; with the currency usage, commercial transactions become more active and society more progressive. However, money mechanisms offer consumers more options to pay their purchases because of change in human and behavior. In Taiwan, credit card usage and its importance increase day by day. Also, its function has undergone several changes. This study refers to Soman’s research on purchasing decision as check influenced by payment mechanisms and focuses on the future spending on the basis of past payment history. In addition, in view of the importance of the product category and product involvement, these two factors are taken into account in this study to find out managerial implications by understanding consumers’ purchasing trend. This study comes to the following conclusions. 1. Consumers’ purchase intention varies when using different payment mechanism. This finding is the same as Soman’s the result. This study also shows that using credit cards has stronger purchase motivation than using cash. 2. Under the moderating effect of the product category, this study shows that interviewees’ purchasing intentions by using credit cards on new products has no statistical significance compared with cash. By comparing the average mean, it is obvious that purchasing intention by using credit card is greater than by using cash. 3. Under the moderating effect of high or low product involvement, this study shows that interviewees’ purchasing intentions by using credit card on new product has statistical significance compared with using cash. Also the mean value of using credit cards is greater than using cash. 4. This study reflects that interviewees show more purchasing intentions by using credit card than cash in high-low involvement and four different product categories. By simple simple effect test, payment mechanisms have significant influence on purchasing intentions only when entertainment and family leisure goods are highly involved products.
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(9848024), Maen Zubaydi. "A study on consumer spending behaviours to improve business modelling strategy in the Australian app market." Thesis, 2020. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/A_study_on_consumer_spending_behaviours_to_improve_business_modelling_strategy_in_the_Australian_app_market/13403645.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The mobile app market is one of the fastest growing markets in the modern technological age. This market started with the introduction of the iPhone to the mobile device market; the iPhone revolutionised smartphones in terms of technology and ease of use, and therefore became an instant hit that dominated the market for many years.
Based on popular demand from the software developer community, Apple allowed third party developers to build native applications on iPhone, by creating a software development kit (SDK) and a distribution market for developers to create and sell apps directly to customers. Through these actions, Apple democratised the sale of software by allowing independent developers to sell their own software, and this move attracted hundreds of thousands of developers to the mobile app industry. Today, Apple, and also Android, platforms boast large developer communities and supply over three billion smartphone users worldwide.
The mobile app markets have enabled developers to become direct app sellers to customers. However, this has created new challenges for the app sellers. Besides building quality apps, developers now need to determine the right business model for their products or services, determine price, conduct market research, and handle all app promotion. App sellers that have evolved into developer studios with specialised staff have coped better with app market challenges. However, small and independent developers still struggle with the business end of their operation, and as a result suffer low earnings in a highly competitive market.
In the mobile app marketplace, business modelling strategy depends, in part, on understanding consumer spending behaviour. Developers need to distinguish and monitor consumers’ spending behaviour patterns that are associated with their products and continuously adapt their business models. Therefore, consumer spending behaviour studies are necessary to inform the market of what consumers like in mobile apps and how they spend money on apps.
This study aims to address one of the most important business challenges that developers face, by producing business modelling guidelines based on app product characteristics, which help developers select business models that are more suited for consumer spending behaviour associated with their products, and as a result better monetise their products in the mobile app marketplace.
The study paradigm of this research is rooted in positivism, in which quantitative research is conducted to obtain objective truth. Hypotheses regarding associations between pleasure, utility, peer interaction, currency models, and the perception of price and willingness to spend money on the app product are tested using statistical techniques, such as regression analysis, paired t-test, and one-way ANOVA. The tests will address research gaps on what drives users to purchase apps by measuring consumer spending (defined in Section 1.3 and explained in Section 3.3) when buying mobile apps.
Study findings showed that mobile app users prefer spending on functional apps rather than entertainment apps; however, they become more willing to spend on entertainment apps the longer they use them. Findings also showed that the use of native currency in apps is associated with more willingness by users to spend money. Results indicated no association between social status or social competition and willingness to spend money, which means that peer influence in mobile game networks does not influence consumers’ willingness to spend money.
Further analysis showed that female mobile app gamers are more conservative towards app spending than male mobile app gamers despite reporting their economic means to be statistically equal. Network game players and high-income professionals spend the most time playing mobile app games and are also the most excessive spenders among all sociodemographic groups.
Finally, this study’s main contribution is the proposed business model, which is based on factors which influence consumers’ spending behaviours. The study’s practical contribution consists of a set of guidelines and a decision flowchart that classifies Google Play platforms’ monetisation models by earning potential and guides developers into selecting the most appropriate model based on the expected user behaviour of their products.
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Lai, Shin-Yi, and 賴欣儀. "The Influence of Consumers' Risk Attitude and Personal Capital-Spending Behavior on the Credit Card Business of Banks." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53636600539721187130.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立中山大學
企業管理學系研究所
88
英文提要： A utility function model of individual credit card holder based on their spending behavior is constructed in this research. An accumulation of the individual utility of three different risk attitudes of cardholders may be useful for promoting the profits of credit card business for banks. Due to the privacy of cardholders and the lack of real data, a questionnaire sampling is used to collect data for this study. A result of this experimental study indicates that credit card holders with a different sex, age, level of education, asset condition, seniority, and occupation have different risk tendency. Based on 249 effective samples in this research, credit card holders who belong to females, teenagers, relatively low educated, without real estate, middle seniority, and relatively volatile occupation are more risk seeking. Relatively risk seeking credit card holders have the tendency to make use of their revolving credit and to borrow cash or to buy financial products with their credit cards. For those with three different risk attitudes, their default of credit card loans are not significantly different. The finding indicates relatively risk seeking cardholders may contribute more profits to the credit card business for banks. A risk attitude classification model built by artificial neural network has also been developed. The model may assist banks' administrators using their applicants' demographics to distinguish their risk attitude for approving an appropriate credit limit for a cardholder's expenditure to promote the total credit card profit for banks.
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Wu, Yu-Nien, and 吳玉年. "The Effects of Students’ Concept of Money and Financial Knowledge on their Consumption Attitude and Spending Behavior: The Moderating Effect of Perceived Teacher’s Consumption Behavior." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2s2245.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士樹德科技大學
金融與風險管理系碩士班
101
Previous research has examined issues related with students’ consumption or spending behaviors from the individual and family perspectives. This research, conversely, explored how perceived teacher’s consumption behavior plays in students’ spending behavior. More specifically, the study examines the effects of students’ concept of money and financial knowledge on their spending behavior through the mediation of consumption attitude. The research also identifies students’ perception of their teacher’s consumption behavior as a moderator which may reinforce or mitigate the relationships between students’ concept of money and financial knowledge and their consumption attitude. The research applied a stratified random sampling approach to collect data from 6th-graded students in elementary schools in the Kaohsiung city. The schools were first divided into three categories: suburban, urban and rural. One fourth of schools were then randomly selected from each category so as to improve the sample representativeness. A dyadic approach was applied to collect information from students and parents and thus to release the concern of common method variance (CMV). To increase the validity and reliability of survey items, a pilot study and an expert cross-validation process were also conducted before the distribution of formal questionnaire. Statistical results show that the concept of money, financial knowledge, consumption attitude and perceived teacher’s consumption behavior each produces a significant effect of students’ consumption attitude and behavior. Specially, financial knowledge is negatively while hedonic concept of money is positively related with students’ hedonic consumption attitude, which in turn advances their hedonic spending behavior. Moreover, consumption attitude plays a partial mediating role between hedonic concept of money and hedonic spending behavior. Finally, perceived teacher’s consumption behavior positively moderates the relationship bwteeen students’ concept of money and consumption attitude while negatively moderates the relationship between financial knowledge and consumption attitude. The research highlights the importance of students’ cognitive knowledge and monetary value, as well as the perception of their teacher’s consumption behaviors, for their spending behaviors. It reminds the educators to be attentive to their own consumption behaviors and the parents to pay close attention to children’ learning process because both of them can shape students’ consumption attitude and patterns.
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Chen, Lingying, and 陳玲瑛. "A Study of Traveler Spending Behavior and Operating Strategies at International Airports－A Case Study of Taoyuan International Airport." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45270352715005083563.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士開南大學
商學院碩士在職專班
100
Airport management of the 21st Century should not only be limited to traditional air transport management but should also implement corporate innovation management and diverse marketing strategies by introducing the corporate philosophy of “airport city,” a brand-new concept of combining the city and the airport with multiple functions in transport, logistics, leisure, business, residence, and offices. The study objects comprised departing travelers of Taiwan nationality at the Taoyuan International Airport, in attempt to understand the spending experience and motivation of the travelers. The scale of the commercial facilities at the airport terminals are analyzed through expert questionnaire and interview. The study results showed that the top three products with higher demand in the spending experience of travelers at the airport are the duty-free tobacco and alcohol products, perfume and cosmetics, and local specialties; whereas the lowest product in demand are apparel and brand shoes. The most common products and services which the travelers purchase are sorted in the order of: books, magazines and audio/video products, travel goods, 3C electronic products; while the least purchased product includes children’s toys. The most commonly food taken by travelers at the airports are noodles, coffee and black tea, and western food while the least taken food includes food from convenient stores and sushi. Most respondents recognize the “higher diversity of the product range in duty-free shops”,“food and beverage category at the terminal control area should offer mainly national cuisines of Taiwan and supplemented by foreign food and beverages” , “ the establishment of business travelers centers can enhance the competitiveness of Taoyuan International Airport”, and “the commercial facilities at the third terminal of Taoyuan International Airport should recruit business through promotional participation” for the business operating strategies at Taoyuan International Airport. In the future, the airport management team can take reference from travelers’ demand and expert recommendation for the commercial area planning at each terminal, so that the design will help travelers be more satisfied with the commercial facilities. In addition to providing modern facilities for departing and arriving travelers, a more diversified management of duty-free stores, theme restaurants, integrated shopping and food commercial area, leisure and entertainment facilities should be introduced to the airport, so that the airport no longer serves for taking flights only but becomes a modern city, helping the Taoyuan International Airport to improve its international ranking.
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Chou, Mei-hsiu, and 周美秀. "A Study on the Relationship Between Spending Behavior Decision-Making Factors and Life StyleAn Example of Comsumers in Tainan County." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64099699147863669955.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士立德大學
資產管理與城市規劃學系
98
This study is to investigate the correlation between comsumer decision-making factor and life-style for understanding of the differences between them. This research was conducted in the sample of citizen in Tainan County. With stratified sampling, citizens were drawn from each size. The researcher distributed 600 questionnaires to people and 520 of them were returned. Among the returned questionnaires, 458 were complete and valid. The research instrument was questionnaire on the study of the correlation between daily consumer behavior decision-making factor and life-style of difference. Its contents were basic data, comsumer decision-making factor, and life-style questionnaire. All of the data were analyzed by SPSS12.0/PC in aspects of percentage, average, t-test, One-Way ANOVA and processed by statistical methods, including stepwise multiple regression analysis and so forth. A conclusion was made depending on the result. Below are the results of this study: 1. Most consumers are wise. 2. The expense information circulation by the relatives and friends introduced the effect is best. 3. Consumers to usable and quality request high too price request. 4. The quantity sells the shop to succeed attacks and occupies the consumer to become the shopping best place. 5. The goods use degree of satisfaction is the primary factor which the consumer purchases once more. 6. The life state carries on when the expense decision-making to the consumer can have the influence differently
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Lin, I.-Chun, and 林怡均. "The Effects of Peer Norms and Public Media on Students’ Consumption Attitude and Spending Behavior: The Moderating Role of Consumption Ability." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/q4jmgg.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士樹德科技大學
金融與風險管理系碩士班
101
Previous research has examined issues related with students’ consumption and behaviors from the individual and family perspectives. This research, conversely, explored this issue from the perspective of social context including the effects of peer norms and public media. Moreover, this research also explores the mediating role of students’ consumption attitude and the moderating role of their consumption ability. The research applied a stratified random sampling approach to collect data from 6th-graded students in elementary schools in the Kaohsiung city. The schools were first divided into three categories: suburban, urban and rural. One fourth of schools was then randomly selected from each category so as to improve the sample representativeness. A triadic approach was applied to collect information from students, teachers, and parents and thus to release the concern of common method variance (CMV). To increase the validity and reliability of survey items, a pilot study and an expert cross-validation process were also conducted before the distribution of formal questionnaire. The statistical results show that peer norms, public media, consumption ability, and consumption attitude each produces a positive effect on students’ spending behavior. Moreover, consumption attitude fully mediates the relationship between peer norms and spending behavior while partially mediates the relationship between public media and spending behavior. Finally, consumption ability exerts a positive moderating effect on the relationship between peer norms and consumption attitude while produces a negative moderating effect on the relationship between public media and consumption attitude. In addition, the research also finds that teachers’ teaching and parents’ consumption behaviors have implications for students’ consumption attitudes and spending behaviors. The research highlights the importance of social contextual factors for students’ spending behaviors. It reminds the educators and the parents to pay close attention to students’ social contacts which can shape their financial concepts and consumption patterns.
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Carvalho, Bruno Pessoa. "On the behaviour of voters and politicians: municipal elections and the economy." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/69913.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis investigates the behaviour of politicians and voters in local elections. The first paper studies the effects of campaigning when public funding covers a sizeable share of spending.
It develops a probabilistic voting model and a causal, instrumental variable, empirical analysis using a novel database of political campaigns from the Portuguese Constitutional Court. The second paper is a field-experiment that evaluates the impact of the information conveyed by the media to the voters on their political perceptions and voting behaviour. In the last, I use the fact that mayors increase spending in election years to estimate the local economic impacts of increased expenditure.
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"When Beauty Backfires: Negative Effects of Product and Payment Aesthetics." Doctoral diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.49039.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
abstract: This dissertation uncovers the negative aspects of aesthetics by examining when and how enhanced product and payment aesthetics can backfire and lead to unfavorable consumer responses. The first essay examines the downstream effects of nondurable product aesthetics on usage behavior and consumption enjoyment. Across a series of field and lab experiments, I document an inhibiting effect of aesthetics on consumption. I find that highly aesthetic products elicit greater inferences of effort in their creation, and that people have an intrinsic appreciation for such effort. Because the consumption process indirectly destroys the effort originally invested to make the product beautiful, people reduce consumption of such products because usage would involve destroying something they naturally appreciate. Further, I show that in cases where individuals do consume a beautiful product, they exhibit lower consumption enjoyment. These negative post-consumption outcomes are driven in parallel by concerns over having actually destroyed the effort that made the product beautiful as well as the decrements in beauty that become visible when aesthetic products are made less attractive through consumption. The second essay investigates how the aesthetics and design of a payment (e.g., beautiful gift card packaging) can influence the purchase experience. Three field and lab experiments reveal the negative impact of beautified payments on spending and purchase satisfaction, particularly in situations where usage involves compromising its aesthetic appeal. Specifically, when consumers must damage a payment’s appearance before using it (e.g., ripping gift card packaging), they are less likely to use that payment, and experience lower purchase satisfaction when they do, an effect driven by the pain of payment. In doing so, I identify aesthetics as a novel antecedent to the pain of payment that carries important consequences for spending behavior, purchase satisfaction, and the overall customer experience. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2018
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Sanchez, Magaly Torres. "The immigrant as an adolescent consumer." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-3507.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This report examines the role of Latino consumers, specifically looking at Mexican-Americans and their first generation experiences. It looks at how these experiences influence their consumption patterns. While observing the idea that first generation Latinos are much like ‘adolescent consumers’, a concept stemming from the idea that much like teenagers Latino immigrants are in a sense coming of age in this country. They are under a whole different set of social norms, cultural expectations and values different from their country of origin. This report proposes a reconsideration of the heuristics that marketers hold for Latino consumer spending habits. It maintains the idea that Latino consumer behaviors should be attributed and conceptualized as a process of maturation, not just based on culture and class. Lastly it re-examines the Customer Based Brand Equity model and places it in the context of the Latino consumer while keeping in mind the above framework about Latinos as adolescent consumers.text
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MARINI, GIORGIA. "The process of growth: some contributions to the analysis of optimal growth and human capital." Doctoral thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/501012.
Повний текст джерела
45
Dolibog, Alina Emilie. "A case on food delivery transformation in Lisbon and Berlin : the effect of digital adoption on consumer online purchasing behavior." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/31298.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the increase of convenience service offers responding to shifting consumer demands, online food delivery has gained relevance in recent years, and just now receives accelerated importance due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This work illustrates technological and cultural differences regarding food between the capitals of Portugal and Germany. Restaurants in Lisbon and Berlin need to realize the existential meaning of (digital) changes in consumer behavior concerning new generations of customers who grow up as digital natives, especially in the current crisis. Third-party online ordering platforms might take advantage of consumers’ faster food and digital adoption in the long run. Convenience was found to be a critical driver of shifts in consumers’ online food ordering behavior.
This research examines effects for Portuguese and German digital natives in Lisbon and Berlin. Therein, it studies the direct impact of personal digital maturity on third-party online ordering maturity, third-party online ordering overall enjoyment, online shopping maturity, and online shopping spending. Further, the moderating effect of Hofstede’s individualism dimension, as well as the mediating effect of online shopping enjoyment, are explored. Results indicate that digital maturity has an impact on all variables except online shopping spending. Therein, highly digitally mature respondents show higher frequencies of third-party online ordering and online shopping, as well as higher enjoyment of third-party online ordering. Individualism significantly moderates the effect for online shopping spending. It is found that highly digitally mature Germans spend more money than Portuguese. Online shopping enjoyment mediates the impact for all dependent variables.Com o aumento da oferta de serviços de conveniência em resposta às alterações dos padrões de procura, os serviços de entrega de comida na internet ganharam relevância nos últimos anos. A pandemia COVID-19 veio acelerar este processo. Neste trabalho analisam-se as diferenças tecnológicas e culturais relativas a comida entre as capitais de Portugal e Alemanha. Os restaurantes em Lisboa e Berlim devem tomar consciência do alcance das alterações nos padrões de consumo nas novas gerações, que cresceram como nativos digitais. As plataformas de encomenda de comida na internet podem tirar vantagem da adopção cada vez mais rápida de serviços digitais por parte dos consumidores, a longo prazo. Esta investigação estuda o impacto da maturidade digital individual na utilização de serviços de compras na internet, na sua fruição, maturidade e no dispêndio nessas compras. Adicionalmente explora o efeito moderador da dimensão de individualismo de Hofstede, bem como o efeito de mediação da fruição das compras. Os resultados mostram que a maturidade digital tem impacto em todas as variáveis, excepto no dispêndio em compras. Os inquiridos com níveis mais elevados de maturidade digital evidenciam frequências mais elevadas de compras de comida e de compras, bem como uma fruição mais elevada na compra de comida nas plataformas na internet. Conclui-se que o individualismo tem um efeito moderador significativo no nível de dispêndio em compras, que os alemães com maior maturidade digital dispendem mais que os portugueses e que o nível de fruição das compras tem um efeito moderador no impacto das variáveis dependentes.