Дисертації з теми "Spectroscopie Rayon X"
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Duval, Louis. "Métrologie rayon X pour l'astrophysique et la physique fondamentale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS320.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis, I present measurements of transition energies in highly charged heavy ions, in the X-ray range, for atoms ranging from sulfur to uranium. These measurements allow us to test Quantum Electrodynamics (QED), in bound states, and the relativistic n-body problem. The first measurement was carried out on 2p-2s intrashell transitions in uranium with two, three and four electrons, on the ESR storage ring of the GSI/FAIR accelerator complex in Darmstadt with two curved crystal spectrometers. This enabled to test QED effects up to second order and correlation effects, thanks to the precision obtained of 37 parts per million (ppm), ten times better than that of the previous measurement and in excellent agreement with theory. The second set of measurements was carried out on 2p - 1s transitions in 5-electron sulfur and argon ions (boronoids), with a hole in the 1s shell. These measurements make it possible to test relativistic n-body problem calculations, and in particular electronic correlation effects. These measurements, without external references, were carried out using a double planar crystal spectrometer, achieving an unrivalled accuracy of 4 ppm, in good agreement with the theory. To analyze these complex spectra, we had to develop new Bayesian techniques to determine the number, width and energy of the transitions present in the observed lines. We have thus been able to determine the energy and width of several unresolved transitions commonly observed by X-ray satellites. Precise measurement of these transitions will enable us to better understand astrophysical spectra
Chaudemanche, S. "Caractérisation in situ de l'endommagement volumique par spectroscopie Raman et rayon X de différents polypropylènes déformés en traction uniaxiale." Phd thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01005656.
Повний текст джерелаGaudry, Émilie. "Structure locale autour des impuretés dans les gemmes, étudiée par spectroscopies et calculs AB initio." Paris 6, 2004. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00131051.
Повний текст джерелаManil, Bruno. "Spectroscopie X de Précision sur les Ions Lourds Multichargés et les Atomes Exotiques." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003392.
Повний текст джерелаDans la première partie de ce manuscrit, nous décrivons, tout d'abord, un spectromètre à cristal courbe et en transmission, couplé à un détecteur germanium sensible en position. Cet ensemble, dédié à la mesure de l'énergie de photons X entre 50 et 100 keV et qui est destiné à être monté sur l'accélérateur du GSI, nous permettra, dans les années avenirs, de gagner un ordre de grandeur sur la précision de la mesure du déplacement de Lamb du niveau fondamental de l'uranium hydrogénoïde, afin de tester la QED en champ coulombien fort. Ensuite, nous détaillons une expérience qui nous permettra de donner bientôt une nouvelle valeur de la masse du pion chargé avec une incertitude relative de 1 ppm. Elle est basée sur une spectroscopie X de l'azote pionique, effectuée au PSI. Pour celle-ci nous utilisons un montage composé d'une trappe anticyclotronique, d'un spectromètre de Bragg en réflexion, possédant un cristal sphérique et d'un détecteur CCD refroidit. Ce dispositif permet également de tester la QCD et la théorie des perturbations chirales, par une mesure des transitions radiatives de l'hydrogène pionique.
La seconde partie est consacrée à une description d'une mesure la durée de vie d'un niveau métastable de l'or héliumoïde, grâce à une expérience de temps de vol, qui se déroule au GSI. Nous donnons, pour la toute première fois pour un Z si élevé, une valeur précise de cette durée de vie, qui constitue un test important de la théorie relativiste à n-corps.
Sihachakr, Davina. "Etude de N2/O2 sous pression." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112036.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this thesis is to identify the relevant parameters for the high-pressure synthesis of new materials from mixtures of molecular gases. We have chosen a model system: N2/O2 mixtures. In the first part of this document, we determined the binary phase diagram of N2/O2 under pressure at 300 K. In the fluid, a total miscibility is observed, and a large miscibility exists in the solid phases. The solid phase presents numerous allotropic forms. From the x-ray diffraction data, we show that the structures of those different solid solutions are related to those of pure components. A dissymmetry of the binary phase diagram however indicates that the N2-O2 interactions are very similar to the N2-N2 ones but are very different from the O2-O2 ones. In the second part of this document, we observed the synthesis of the ionic compound NO+NO3- from N2/O2 solid phases under Nd: YAG laser irradiation. A new type of layered structure is refined from the x-ray data. Moreover, we show that this opened structurecan trap O2 molecules what constitutes a new class of “clathrate”. Finally, this compound can be recovered at ambient pressure as an amorphous. In the last part of this document, we show from a luminescence study that the coupling of the Nd: YAG laser with O2 molecules in condensed phase is a resonant phenomenon with the electronic transition from the triplet state to the singlet state. This excited state is very reactive and the high-pressure synthesis of other materials should be possible from mixtures containing O2 molecules
Hamawy, Lara. "Développement d'une méthode de reconstruction d'image basée sur la détection de la fluorescence X pour l'analyse d'échantillon." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENI080/document.
Повний текст джерелаA new technique that localizes and identifies fluorescing elements in a sample wasdeveloped. This practical imaging modality employs a polychromatic X-ray source toirradiate the sample and prompts the fluorescence emission. Many factors affecting thewhole system like attenuation, sample self-absorption, probability of fluorescence andCompton scattering were taken into account. Then, an effective detection system wasestablished to acquire the optimum fluorescence data and discriminate betweenelements depending on their characteristic fluorescence. This set-up, coupled with anappropriate image reconstruction technique leads to a detailed two-dimensional image.Compared to the conventional image reconstruction techniques, the developedreconstruction method is a statistical technique and has an appropriate convergencetoward an image with acceptable resolution. Moreover, it is a simplified technique thatallows the imaging of many different applications
Puglisi, Alessandra. "Ab-initio study of x-ray spectroscopy of molecular ions." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066257/document.
Повний текст джерелаMolecular ions cover important roles in study and characterization of astrophysical and laboratory plasma. To this purposes, different spectroscopic techniques are used among which we found the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the X-ray photoabsorption spectroscopy. This PhD work is focused on the calculation of X-ray photoabsorption spectra of molecular ions of silicon, carbon and oxygen XHn+ (X= Si, C, O; n= 1, 2, 3). The former is excited on the L (2p) shell while the others on the K (1s) shell produced in plasma discharged. We developed numerical protocols which permits to compute with reasonable precision the K and L-shell photoabsorption spectra combining electronic structure and nuclear wavepacket propagation methods. The optimization of the geometries and the calculation of the ionization potentials (IP) are carried out using the density functional theory (DFT). The relaxation effects due to the core hole creation are taken into account at the self-consistent field (SCF) level. The potential energy surfaces (PES) and the dipole moment transitions are computed at the post Hartree-Fock (configuration interaction, CI) level. The spin-orbit coupling effect are explicitly taken into account through the Breit-Pauli operator. The theoretical results have been compared with the experimental data and they allow the interpretation of the experimental bands
Bergamaschi, Antoine. "Développements méthodologiques et logiciels pour l’imagerie X multimodale par balayage sur la ligne de lumière Nanoscopium." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS054/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe subject of this thesis is the methodological and software development of tools for processing very large multimodal and tomographic datasets produced on Nanoscopium beamline in the SOLEIL synchrotron. Scanning hard X-ray imaging allows simultaneous acquisition of multimodal information, i.e. of images in which each pixel contains several types of data. Combining these scanning techniques with the FLYSCAN infrastructure, developed for fast data acquisition at Synchrotron SOLEIL, permits to perform multimodal tomographic imaging and tomographic reconstruction during routine user experiments. A main challenge of such imaging techniques is the online processing of the important amount of generated multimodal data. The main outcome of this thesis work is the MMX-I software which is dedicated to processing large 2D/3D multimodal dataset. This software includes an original algorithm for continuous reading of large data volumes, several reduction functions, two phase reconstruction algorithms (integration in Fourier space and iterative technics) and tomographic reconstruction technics (filtered back projection and iterative technics). Every implemented method as well as application allowing to validate the new developments and few evolution perspectives are presented in this thesis manuscript
Nouri, Kamal. "Contribution à l'étude des diagrammes des phases ternaires R-Fe-X (R : Y, Sm; X : Ni, Ga) : Elaborations, études structurales, magnétiques et magnétocaloriques des composés intermétalliques dans les systèmes (Sm,Y)-Fe-(Ni,Ga)." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1139.
Повний текст джерелаIn recent decades, the study of intermetallic compounds containing 3d transition metals and 4f rare earth elements presents great interest both from a fundamental point of view and in its various applications. The remarkable properties of these magnetic materials come from the presence, in the same compound, of 3d transition metal, characterized by an itinerant magnetism given by the electrons in the 3d external band, and 4f rare-earth which themselves have a localized magnetism due to the electrons of the 4f inner layer. The research presented here will focus on the construction of two ternary phase diagrams combining [Sm-Fe-Ni] in the first system and [Y-Fe-Ga] in the second one. These types of intermetallics are also characterized by a magnetocaloric effect (EMC) defined by the heating or cooling of these magnetic materials under the application or removal of an external magnetic field.The aims of the thesis are the construction of two ternary phase diagrams that have never been published before and the study of the physicochemical properties in the (Sm, Y) -Fe- (Ni, Ga) systems. This research will lead to the determination of experimental ternary phase diagrams Sm-Fe-Ni and Y-Fe-Ga (isothermal section at 800°C) and to study the structural properties of some intermetallic compounds.The magnetic and magnetocaloric properties were also studied by coupling magnetic analysis with the X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements. This work has highlighted the important influence of the nature and rate of iron substituted by nickel and gallium in both systems on the magnetic properties
Lepinay, Kevin. "Développement et applications de la tomographie chimique par spectroscopie EDX." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0124/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis focuses on the evaluation of the STEM EDX chemical tomography technique: development of experimental procedures, data processing and volumes reconstruction, quality analysis of the results and evaluation of the overall complexity. Until now, STEM EDX analysis performances were very limited, so only few studies about this technique have been realized. However, very significant progress procured by the new SDD detectors as well as by the high brightness electronic sources (X-FEG), making the STEM EDX 2D analysis very fast, have revived the possibility of the chemical tomography, although the technique has to be developed and evaluated (performance and complexity). We have worked on a Tecnai Osiris which acquires EDX chemical mapping of hundreds of thousands of pixels with resolution of one nanometer and in a few minutes. We chose to prepare the rod-shaped samples by FIB and use a sample holder allowing an angle of exploration of 180° without shadowing effects. Then, using model samples (SiO2 balls in resin), we evaluated the sample deformation due to the electron beam irradiation. This allowed us to propose a method to reduce this effect by depositing a 20 nm chromium layer. Images simulations were used to evaluate the software and the reconstruction methods. The methodology of each step of the STEM EDX tomography analysis is then explained and the technique interest is demonstrated by comparing the 2D and the 3D analysis of a transistor 28 nm FDSOI. The quality of the reconstructions (signal-to-noise ratio, spatial resolution) was evaluated, in function of experimental parameters, using simulations and experiments. A resolution of 4 nm is demonstrated through the analysis of a test pattern and a "gate all around” transistor. For the same transistor, the possibility and the interest of a failure analysis at the nanoscale is proven. Analyses of a SRAM gate fail or of the holes in a copper pillar explain the benefits of a combination between a HAADF volume (morphology and resolution < 4 nm) and an EDX volume (chemical information). To conclude, this technique, which still needs to be improved in terms of simplicity, is already showing its usefulness for the analysis and the development of advanced technologies (20nm node and beyond)
Andrade, Gomes Juliano de. "Etude des propriétés structurelles locales de liquides magnétiques : de la nanoparticule à la solution." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066126.
Повний текст джерелаMear, François. "Etude de mousses de verres issus de Tubes à Rayons Cathodiques (TRC) en fin de vie contenant de l'oxyde de plomb : Elaboration, caractérisations physicochimiques et applications." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011189.
Повний текст джерелаLa filière la plus prometteuse semble celle du verre expansé, matériau déjà commercialisé et qui permettrait d'écouler la quasi-totalité du gisement. Le verre expansé est obtenu après traitement thermique d'un mélange de poudre de verre de TRC et d'un réducteur qui peut être le nitrure de titane ou le carbure de silicium. La réaction entre le réducteur et l'oxyde de plomb présent dans la matrice donne lieu à un dégagement gazeux à l'origine de la structure cellulaire.
Une faible densité justifiée par une forte porosité, autour de 80%, ainsi qu'une distribution de taille d'accès aux pores unique et centrée autour de 0,3 à 0,5 µm suivant le réducteur utilisé ont été obtenues.
La présence de plomb métal sous forme de bille en surface de pores a pu être mis en évidence.
Les mousses obtenues possèdent une conductivité thermique faible (<0,25 W.m-1.K-1), ce qui les classe dans la catégorie des isolants thermiques tout en possédant des propriétés mécaniques satisfaisantes : contrainte moyenne à la rupture variant de 4 à 250 MPa suivant le procédé de synthèse. Les propriétés d'isolation électrique sont conservées.
L'ensemble de ces propriétés permet d'envisager des applications industrielles comme la réalisation de panneau d'isolation, en accord avec les réglementations environnementales.
Une dépollution partielle du matériau par extraction mécanique des billes de plomb formées après traitement thermique est par ailleurs envisageable.
Prigent, Christophe. "L'émission X : un outil et une sonde pour l'interaction laser - agrégats." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00008123.
Повний текст джерелаGhammraoui, Bahaa. "Etude d'un système d'identification de matériaux par diffraction de rayons X à partir d'acquisitions spectrométriques multi pixels." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00863855.
Повний текст джерелаGhiringhelli, Giacomo. "Spectroscopies résonnantes de rayons X mous polarisés circulairement." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE10234.
Повний текст джерелаGotte, Vincent. "Etudes structurales par spectroscopie d'absorption des rayons X polarisés." Nancy 1, 1999. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1999_0248_GOTTE.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаMorales, Ugarte Jorge Eduardo. "Etude Operando des accumulateurs au lithium par couplage spectroscopie à photoémission des rayons X et spectroscopie d’impédance." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAI082.
Повний текст джерелаFaced with the major industrial challenges in the field of electrochemical energy storage, a fundamental research effort on the materials involved and their interfaces is nowadays essential for a gain in performance, durability and safety.In this context, it is essential to understand the interfacial processes involved that induce the degradation of the lithium metal-electrolyte interface and lead to a decrease in Coulombic efficiency and promote dendritic growth.In this thesis, we propose a study coupling electrochemical techniques such as impedance spectroscopy with surface analysis techniques such as X-ray photo-emission spectroscopy to study the chemical and electrochemical reactivity between electrolytes and a lithium metal electrode.To this end, special attention has been paid to the ionic liquids based electrolytes, which have been proposed as solvents for lithium salts, particularly for their low saturation vapor pressure, which considerably increases the safety of the batteries thus designed.Finally, this work was devoted in particular to the development of operando XPS assemblies and measurements in order to follow the chemical evolution of the interfaces inside a battery in real time
Gauthier, Christophe. "Recherches sur de nouveaux modes de détection des spectres d'absorption X exploitant l'excitation de la fluorescence X, de la luminescence visible et la photoémission." Nancy 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NAN10025.
Повний текст джерелаDelhommaye, Steven. "Single-particle modelling of X-ray Absorption and X-ray Raman Scattering spectra : from the impact of vibrations on multipole transition channels to the implementation of L2,3 edges." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS076.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis work focuses on core level spectroscopies and their modelling by Quantum ESPRESSO, an open-source suite of codes. In particular this work focuses on X-Ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), already well established, and X-Ray Raman Scattering (XRS), proving to be an increasingly popular alternative to XAS, for example under harsh experimental conditions. The first objective of this work was to study the impact of the thermal vibrations of nuclei on the multipole contributions available in XAS and XRS. Indeed, the QHA model used in this work to account for these vibration effects has been used to study light oxides before, but never to assess these effects on the secondary contribution channels of XAS (quadrupole) and XRS (monopole). The study relies on comparison between calculation and experimental data on two well-known reference compounds, rutile TiO2 and α-Al2O3. Moreover, a flaw of the QHA model when trying to reproduce subtle angular dependence signals was discovered and corrected using group theory. The second objective of the thesis was to implement calculation of XRS L2,3 edges in the XSpectra module of Quantum ESPRESSO. It was inspired by the previous implementations of XAS L2,3 edges and XRS K edges calculations in XSpectra. The monopole and dipole contributions were implemented up to the first order of the expansion of the XRS transition operator. It was tested by comparing calculation and measured data on various sulphur compounds. Good agreement with data could be produced, but was found very sensitive to the chosen core hole approximation
Bébin, Philippe. "Étude des interfaces polymère-métal par la spectroscopie photoélectronique des rayons X." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0021/NQ55804.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаBourgeon-Martin, Nelly. "Études électrochimiques de Li1,2V3O8 : intérêt des spectroscopies d'absorption des rayons X et de photoélectrons X." Nantes, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NANT2111.
Повний текст джерелаThis work, dealing with the study of Li1,2V3O8 as positive electrode for lithium batteries, aims to understand and characterize the factors responsible for the differences in electrochemical performance of compounds prepared at different temperatures. Many characterization techniques have been performed, such as analysis of the X-ray diffraction lines profiles, X-ray absorption, X photoelectrons, potential step spectroscopies, cycling in different conditions and chemical analysis of dissolved species. We have shown that the capacity fading upon cycling of the compound prepared at 350ʿC occurs during the 2. 6V two-phase transformation, through a reaction with the electrolyte leading to vanadium dissolution and accumulation of an hybrid organic-vanadium surface layer, which displays an original electrochemical behavior. The cyclability becomes intrinsically better when the crystallite size increases, with an optimum for 580ʿC
Lebert, Blair Wilfred. "Propriétés magnétiques des supraconducteurs non conventionnels epsilon-Fe, FeSe, et Ca2CuO2Cl2 étudiés par diffusion des rayons X et des neutrons." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS063/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe ubiquitous proximity of magnetic and superconducting order in unconventional superconductors implies the importance of understanding magnetism in these materials. In this context, this thesis concerns the study of magnetism in three unconventional superconductors. The magnetic excitations in the light element copper oxychloride system Ca2CuO2Cl2 were studied as a function of doping and temperature using primarily resonant inelastic x-ray scattering. The effect of pressure on magnetism in epsilon-iron and beta-FeSe was studied using x-ray emission spectroscopy and neutron powder diffraction
Menut, Denis. "Contribution au développement de la ligne MARS pour l’analyse au rayonnement synchrotron d’aciers à dispersion d’oxydes irradiés aux neutrons : évolution des phases secondaires sous irradiation." Caen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CAEN2020.
Повний текст джерелаX-Ray Diffraction coupled with X-ray Absorption Fine Structure analyses at the MARS beamline of the synchrotron SOLEIL facility were used to study the microstructural evolution of oxides phases found in ODS steels irradiated in Material Testing Reactors. Two hold generations of ODS steel grades (DY and MA957) irradiated up to high fluencies (~75 dpa) were studied. These experiments have required specific developments, in particular a dedicated sample holder. An important milestone was overcome integrating the MARS beamline to the nuclearized facilities accessible for CEA. First, XRD analysis provide new results concerning intermediate sizes of precipitates (around 100 nm) essentially from crystallographic point of view, the nano-sized oxides (from 1 to 10 nm) being not detected, due to the material itself, sample preparation as thin foil and experimental set-up calibration. Secondly, XAFS analysis is not a discriminating technique as soon as the absorber atom is involved in the chemical composition of various precipitates found in ODS. Nevertheless, the stability of the Ti with a coordination number of 5 is evidenced whatever the irradiation conditions. As our experimental study was not able to detect the nano-sized oxides, an alternative way is to perform modeling approach of the behavior of massive oxides under irradiation, compared to experimental analyses under ion irradiations. We have shown that the defect-fluorite is an intermediate phase of the crystal-to-amorphous phase transition of the pyrochlore oxide structure, whatever the irradiation conditions and the ratio of the cationic radii, the Ti coordination number remaining around 5 in the amorphous state
Liu, Qiang. "Synthesis, characterization and investigation on the magnetic and electronic structure of strontium iron oxides." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14772/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe relationship of the crystallographic, magnetic, and electronic structure have long been of highinterest in research. Strontium iron oxides have structural, charge, spin, and orbital degrees offreedom, and thus give rich information to study for the condensed matter scientists. In this thesis,we have systematically studied the strontium iron oxides based on the freedom of the iron charge:Fe3+ and Fe4+ mixed valence compound SrFeO2,75 , Fe3+ compound Sr3Fe2O6 and SrFeO2,5 with differentcoordination around Fe3+ and Fe2+ compound SrFeO2. The synthesis of the polycrystalline compoundsare through either solid state reaction or sol-gel method. Single crystals of SrFeO2,75 and SrFeO2,5have been prepared by floating zone furnace. The purity of all the compounds is checked by lab x-raydiffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Electronic structures have been studied by x-ray absorptionspectroscopy for all these compounds. Special efforts have been used to investigate the magneticstructure of SrFeO2,75 and Sr3Fe2O6
Lebert, Blair Wilfred. "Propriétés magnétiques des supraconducteurs non conventionnels epsilon-Fe, FeSe, et Ca2CuO2Cl2 étudiés par diffusion des rayons X et des neutrons." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS063.
Повний текст джерелаThe ubiquitous proximity of magnetic and superconducting order in unconventional superconductors implies the importance of understanding magnetism in these materials. In this context, this thesis concerns the study of magnetism in three unconventional superconductors. The magnetic excitations in the light element copper oxychloride system Ca2CuO2Cl2 were studied as a function of doping and temperature using primarily resonant inelastic x-ray scattering. The effect of pressure on magnetism in epsilon-iron and beta-FeSe was studied using x-ray emission spectroscopy and neutron powder diffraction
Roisnel, Thierry. "Etude par spectroscopie de rayons X de quelques composés d'intercalation graphitique d'halogénures métalliques." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376182211.
Повний текст джерелаDonon, Jeremy. "Caractérisation de paires d’ions par spectroscopies IR, UV et rayons X, interprétées par calculs de chimie quantique." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS106.
Повний текст джерелаIon pairs are ubiquitous in nature, from sea water, aerosols, to living organisms. They influence the properties of concentrated ion solutions, and thus play a crucial role in various chemical reactions and biological processes. However, the characterization of ion pairs faces some difficulties: on one hand, several types of pairs coexist, and on the other hand, they are transient species in solution. In this context, this work presents several studies carried out according to three main research studies, backed by an original approach in the gas phase, and then in solution. Firstly, the effects of the electric field produced by the ion pair on the UV spectroscopy of a chromophore in gas phase (Stark effects) are studied. The ion groups can produce an electric field high enough to induce significant electronic Stark effects on a nearby UV chromophore. This study is conducted on model systems (C₆H₅-(CH₂)n-COO⁻,M⁺) with M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and n = 1-3, allowing to vary the electric field experienced by the UV chromophore. These different systems are studied in the gas phase by UV spectroscopy combined with quantum chemistry calculations, as well as by conformation selective IR spectroscopy. Based on the analysis of the electronic Stark effects, precise conformational assignments can be proposed for electronic transitions separated by a few cm-1, without resorting to IR spectroscopy, or frequency calculations. The next study is focused mainly on understanding the environmental effects on ion pairs by microsolvation experiments in gas phase. The pair of sodium acetate ions [CH₃-COO⁻,Na⁺] is studied for the first time in a trimer complex with p-xylene by IR spectroscopy. Microhydration experiments are then carried out on charged ion pairs ([CH₃-COO⁻,M²⁺]; M = Ca, Ba), highlighting two different behaviours depending on the nature of the cation. The final research is to detect and identify the structures formed by the ions in electrolytic solutions by IR and RX spectroscopy. The first experiment is carried out on electrolytic solutions ([CH₃-COO⁻,M⁺]; M = Li, Na and K) by TF-IR spectroscopy by varying the ion concentration. A theoretical study is then carried out in order to propose a theoretical spectrum for each type of pair, and to confront them with experimental spectra in solution. The approach is based on the calculation of the IR signature of pairs ([CH₃-COO⁻,M⁺]; M = Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs) and free anion in solution, where the first solvation layer were described at the quantum level, followed by a solvent continuum. For each type of pair, spectroscopic families, consistent with the experimental data, are identified. This original approach paves way to the identification of supramolecular structures in electrolytic solutions. Finally, the first FZRET experiment in liquid micro-jet is carried out on a potassium acetate solution, providing access to a measurement of the distance distribution between cations and paired anions.In these studies, different methods are used ranging from experiment to theory, from the gas phase to solution. This work illustrates the need to combine several methods in order to obtain additional data and allow a better characterization of the supramolecular organisation of ions and their environment
Manuel, Damien. "Etude expérimentale et théorique de l'impact des vibrations sur la spectroscopie d'absorption des rayons x." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066318.
Повний текст джерелаThe purpose of this Ph. D. Work is to improve and expand the way atomic vibrations are taken into account in ab initio X-ray absorption spectra calculations, in the scope of density functional theory (DFT), in the plane wave formalism and by means of pseudo-potentials. Experimental spectra at the Al K-edge in corundum and beryl were recorded for temperature in the 300K-930K range in order to investigate the impact of thermal vibrations on spectral structures. Theoretical models were developed with the aim of numerically reproduce experimental structures, especially in the pre-edge region. Core level shifts, a related phenomenon, was studied on sillimanite, andalusite and potassium germanate, in regard with numerical simulations with DFT. This phenomenon appears when, in a crystalline sample, two or more atoms of a same type are placed in un-equivalent crystallographic sites
Mesquita, Alexandre. "Síntese e caracterização estrutural e dielétrica de compostos ferroelétricos Pb1-xRxZr0,40Ti0,60O3 (R = Ba, La)." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1103/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe main objectives of this doctoral thesis were the synthesis and structural characterization of Pb1-xRxZr0.40Ti0.60O3 ferroelectric ceramic samples, with R = Ba and La and x between 0.00 to 0.50. This system was chosen because its interesting physical properties such as high dielectric and piezoelectric constant. These characteristics make it potential candidate for applications such as capacitors in high energy density and actuators. To evaluate the relaxor behavior, the studies were carried out with the change in the composition, type of doping (by atoms of the same or different valence – La or Ba) and the particle size of ceramics, from the micrometer to nanometer scale. Micrometric ceramic samples are prepared by the method of reaction of solid state and sintering in a conventional furnace. The characterization with X-ray diffraction technique of these samples showed a transition from tetragonal phase to a cubic phase with increase of the dopping cation concentration. These changes have been attributed to the appearance of defects caused by the incorporation of La or Ba cations. Electrical measurements were obtained by impedance spectroscopy and showed a electric relaxor behavior from compositions with more than 12 at. % of La and the 30 at. % of Ba for PLZT and PBZT systems, respectively. These measurements for the samples with 12 at. %, 13 at. % and 14 at. % of La and 30 at. % of Ba exhibit a behavior that, according to the literature, is related to a spontaneous phase transition from a relaxor behavior to a normal ferroelectric behsvior. The technique of X-ray diffraction also been used to monitor the phse transition phase as a function of the temperature for PLZT and PBZT samples. It is possible to note the change in a tetragonal structure with P4mm space group to a cubic structure with Pm-3m space group. Concerning the local structure, XANES spectra in the absorption edge of various elements in PLZT and PBZT samples were performed. In the cases of Ti K-edge absorption, the dopping of La and Ba atoms in the PZT structure leads to a decrease of the local disorder in the TiO6 octahedron and it is verified the reduction of static displacement of Ti atom in the center of the TiO6 octahedron. This displacement is lower for samples that show relaxor behavior. The EXAFS measurements in Pb LIII-edge and Zr K-edge were performed and also indicate that local structure around lead or zirconium atoms is also affected by the introduction of La and Ba atoms in the PZT structure. The relaxor behavior was also studied depending on the size of particle size in a nanometer scale. Thus samples PZT, PLZT11 and PBZT10 compositions were prepared using the synthesis method of precursor polymers and the process of sintering by spark plasma. Characterization of these samples by X-ray diffraction shows that the lattice parameters are reduced in comparison with samples of the same composition and micrometer particle size. For PLZT11 composition, it is possible to observe a relaxor behavior by measurement of the dielectric permittivity as a function of the temperature. These changes when the grain size is in a nanoscale are attributed to the grain boundaries, that are responsible for the decrease in the lattice parameters and the appearance of ferroelectric nanodomains
Aubin, Marlène. "Révéler la chimie des préparations antiques, à usage cosmétique ou médical, impliquant des sels de métaux lourds." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066479/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn the Antiquity, oculists (eye care specialised physicians) mixed mineral, vegetal and animal substances to prepare elaborate solid medicines termed collyria. In an interdisciplinary work, we investigated the chemical composition, the inorganic phases structure and the manufacturing process of such collyria. The implemented analytical techniques were Raman spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The stability of metallic salts based replicas prepared according to ancient texts recipes was studied in order to identify the pristine phases. Four collections of archaeological collyria (Musée Gallo-Romain de Lyon, Musée d’Archéologie Nationale, Cabinet des Médailles de la BnF, Musée Atestino d’Este) were studied on site, using portable devices. A methodology combining XRF and XRD results was developed to quantify the inorganic phases distribution. For the first time, a straight relationship was established between compositions obtained by physico-chemical analysis and ancient recipes
Polovinkin, Vitaly. "Utilisation des amphipols pour les études de spectroscopie Raman exaltée de surface et de cristallographie aux rayons X appliquées aux protéines membranaires." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENY069.
Повний текст джерелаAmphipols (APols) have become important tools for the stabilization, folding, and in vitro structural and functional studies of membrane proteins (MPs). MPs are the main functional units of biomembranes and represent roughly one-third of the proteins encoded in the genome. The first part of my work was dedicated to crystallization of a MP trapped by APol. Direct crystallization of MPs solubilized in APols would be of high importance for structural biology. However, despite considerable efforts, it is still not clear whether MP/APol complexes can be used to form well-ordered crystals suitable for X-ray crystallography. The first major goal of this PhD thesis work was to show that APol-trapped MP can be crystallized in meso. To perform it we utilized special, flexibly adjustable for a certain MP, interconnected amphiphilic bilayers (IAB) approach which has been recently developed in our laboratory. We used bacteriorhodopsin (BR) trapped with APol A8-35 as a model system for our crystallization studies. The first obtained crystals diffracted to 3 Å, while a new developed type of high throughput nanovolume crystallization, exploiting dry precipitants, shifted the observed X ray diffraction peaks beyond 2 Å. The structure of BR was solved to 2 Å and found to be indistinguishable from previous structures obtained with a detergent-solubilized protein. We suggest that the proposed protocol of in meso crystallization is generally applicable to APol-trapped MPs.The second, to a certain extent, complementary part of the present work was related to application of APols to the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) studies of MPs. SERS spectroscopy has been developed dramatically since its discovery in the 1970s. It is a powerful analytical tool for selective sensing of molecules adsorbed onto noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) and nanostructures, including at the single molecule (SM) level. Unfortunately, MPs studies are far away from the main stream of SERS applications due to the great handling difficulties resulting from the amphiphilic nature of MPs. The ability of APols to trap MPs and keep them soluble, stable and functional opens the way for highly interesting applications of SERS studies, possibly at the SM level. Thus, the second goal of this PhD thesis work was to prove our concept of feasibility of SERS with MPs trapped by APols. Using the same as in the crystallization studies model BR/A8-35 complexes and silver NP aggregates, the task was fulfilled to a degree enough to start with the SERS studies of MPs.The first chapter of the PhD thesis begins with general information about the importance of MP studies and the problems with their handling. Further in this chapter, a brief overview of APols, their properties and applications is presented. The largest part of the “Introduction” is dedicated to main points of different MP crystallization approaches and Raman spectroscopy, in particular SERS spectroscopy, and their applications to proteins. The end of the “Introduction” part presents the conclusions about APol application for X-ray crystallography and SERS spectroscopy studies of MPs, setting the main goals for the present work. The “Materials and methods” chapter consists of detailed description of the materials and protocols used in this study. The results of crystallization and SERS studies and their interpretations are presented as two different parts in the last “Results and discussions” chapter. The “Conclusions and perspectives” sections accompany each of these parts
Kodjo, Charles Guillaume. "Détermination structurale d'une série de 3,4,5-triméthoxy N-salicylidène anilines par diffraction des rayons X et spectrométries." Aix-Marseille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX11011.
Повний текст джерелаRoisnel, Thierry. "Etude par spectroscopie d'absorption de rayons X de quelques composés d'intercalation graphitique d'halogénures métalliques." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 1988. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00621239.
Повний текст джерелаGabison, Laure. "Etude du mécanisme de l'urate oxydase par diffraction des rayons X et spectroscopie RPE." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05P610.
Повний текст джерелаUrate oxidase is a key enzyme of the purine degradation pathway. This protein work without cofactor (metallic nor organic) and catalyse in presence of molecular oxygen, the degradation of urate (uric acid mono-anion) into 5-hydroxyisourate with release of hydrogen peroxide. 5-hydroxyisourate finally decomposes spontaneously or via two specific proteins to allantoïne. Urate oxidase mechanism is studied since the beginning of the century and it still remains nottotally understood. X-Ray diffraction and EPR spectroscopy allow bringing new lighting on urate oxidas mechanism. EPR spectroscopy shows the radical character of the mechanism and brings to propose the electronic state of some intermediate. Tridimensional studies by x-ray diffraction of high resolution inhibitor-enzyme complexes suggest urate déprotonation for the first step of the mechanism to give di-deprotonated intermediate on N3 and N7 atoms of uric acid. Several approach to block the natural substrate in the active site confirm deprotonated state and also permit to propose dehydrourate as stable relational intermediate. Finally different fruitless attempts to detect the hypothetic 5-hydroperoxyisourate intermediate from literature drove to formulate hypothesis of a direct passage to dehydrourate or generation of 4-hydroperoxyisourate. Dehydrourate is the hydroxyled and un-complexe from the active site. From all the result two news alternative mechanism were suggested
Ramond, Céline. "Probing the femtosecond dynamics of laser-cluster interaction via X-ray and electron spectroscopy : = Sonder la dynamique sub picoseconde de l'interaction laser agrégats par spectroscopie X et d'électrons énergétiques." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066272.
Повний текст джерелаThe work performed during my thesis aims to study the sub-picosecond dynamics of laser- argon cluster interaction using X-ray and energetic electron spectroscopy. One of the key parameter to reveal the temporal competition between the electron heating mechanisms and the cluster expansion is the laser intensity threshold needed to create inner-shell vacancy in cluster atoms. Its evolution with pulse duration has been measured very accurately for two wavelengths, 400 and 800 nm. For long pulse durations, typically more than 800 fs in IR light and 600 fs in blue light, this intensity threshold is a low as 1014 W/cm2, confirming previous results at 610 fs. At this laser intensity, only ionization of the least bound electrons of the argon atom is possible via tunnel effect. This demonstrates that the production of Ar1+ is the ignition process for production of K-shell vacancy in highly charged Arq+. It has also been possible to compare, for the first time, the efficiency of the electron heating mechanisms between both wavelengths (400 and 800 nm) under similar experimental conditions. The mid- IR light is found to be always 10 times more efficient than blue light to create inner-shell vacancies, whatever the pulse duration up to 635 fs. This finding is in clear disagreement with the results present in the literature, as a -6 scaling law was found. Finally, by recording electron energy distribution under the same experimental conditions than the X-ray yield, we demonstrated a strong correlation between the high energy tail of the electron distribution (for energy typically higher than the inner-shell binding energy of the argon atom) and the X-ray emission
Kahloun, Charlie. "Etude des contraintes résiduelles par diffraction de rayons X : statistiques et déconvolution des mesures." Dijon, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991DIJOS008.
Повний текст джерелаDo, Alexandre. "Emission X de plasmas : Spectroscopie et imagerie à haute résolution." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX061/document.
Повний текст джерелаMost of plasmas created in laboratories for experiments in domains such as inertial confinement fusion are non-LTE plasmas. The modeling of the atomic kinetics of these plasmas is crucial to understand the radiative properties of these environments. There is a strong demand for experiments in which the plasma is characterized by independent X-ray spectroscopy diagnostics. Thus the development of new diagnostics for these experiments is also a major stake.In line with previous experiments, we studied L-shell X-ray mission of aluminum (Al Zal = 13) and potassium bromide (KBr, ZK = 19, ZBr = 35). The goal here is to simultaneously obtain the measurement of the plasma’s X-ray emission and the most accurate characterization possible of the hydrodynamic parameters of this emitting plasma. However it has been difficult to reproduce these experimental results with simulation codes because the electron density and temperature spatial gradients were too important. A new preliminary experiment was performed on ELFIE installation for lower Z targets, Al (Z = 12) and C (Z = 6). Its aim is to show that we were able to better control the plasma’s hydrodynamic parameters in order for it to be more homogeneous and thus easier to model.Following the results of this experiment, we could adjust the various geometries (diagnostics and targets) to reproduce it on a KBr plasma.For the Laser MegaJoule project (LMJ) X-ray imagers will observe the target surfaces. The resolutions requirements will reach the order of a few microns.We conducted a preliminary study of Fresnel zone plate (FZP) as new X-ray microscope with very high spatial resolution. Metrology measurements of FZP were performed on synchrotron facilities (SOLEIL, BESSY II) and laser (EQUINOX): its resolution was measured to be less than 3 microns for a monochromatic beam. Adding a multilayer mirror (MMC) to the FZP provides a spectral selection of 100 eV centered on Heβ line of aluminum (1860 eV). This diagnostic was named Fresnel Ultra High Resolution Imager (FUHRI) and was used on luli2000 installation: we measured a 3.8 microns total resolution in January 2015. The diagnostic was upgraded in 2016 by adding a second measurement channel, so called FUHRIx2, which provides the simultaneous measurement of the size of the emission zone of two different wavelengths. This experiment is a first step to show that it is possible to measure the hydrodynamic parameters of a laser-created plasma with high-resolution measurement of this size for multiple lines.In parallel, LZF the LMJ is also tested to investigate their potential and define their terms of use with the restriction of such a facility
Caby, Béranger. "Développement de l’analyse combinée par Réflectométrie de rayons X (XRR) et Fluorescence des rayons X en Incidence Rasante (GIXRF) pour des applications micro et nano-électroniques." Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN2055.
Повний текст джерелаDue to recent developments in microelectronics, new in-depth characterization techniques are needed. Combined Grazing Incidence X-ray Fluorescence (GIXRF) and X-ray Reflectivity (XRR) analysis is as a promising alternative technique. Indeed, this technique allows obtaining, in a non-destructive way, the depth-profile composition and density of multilayered samples. In the literature, only few works using the potentiality of the XRR-GIXRF technique have been reported. Therefore, in order to accelerate the development of its application in materials characterization, a collaborative international group has been set up between laboratories to share expertise, equipment and analysis software. The objective was to apprehend the methodologies for the XRR-GIXRF acquisition, measurements analysis as well as the physical principles along with the possible limitations of the technique. In this work, after a presentation of the analysis protocols and software, the solutions implemented in different software in order to handle instrumental effects and quantification problems, are discussed. Subsequently, applications of the combined XRR-GIXRF technique on samples of interest are presented. In particular, through the investigation of Ultra-Shallow junctions and various multilayers, the qualitative and quantitative depth-profiling capabilities are demonstrated and compared to classical characterization techniques. Finally, limitations of the technique and possible outlooks are discussed
Lopez, Michel Angel. "Synthèse et caractérisation de complexes hétérobimétalliques à base de "Pacman" porphyrines." Dijon, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990DIJOS043.
Повний текст джерелаTollens, Elise. "Diffusion du rayonnement X pour la caractérisation de la rugosité superficielle : validation, analyse expérimentale et application à l'étude de matériaux utilisée en métrologie des masses." Paris, CNAM, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CNAM0621.
Повний текст джерелаDes éléments de la théorie vectorielle de la diffusion sont développés pour une application à la caractérisation de rugosité de surfaces métalliques. Cette théorie relie, via un facteur optique, la répartition angulaire de l’intensité du rayonnement diffusé par une surface à sa densité spectrale de puissance (DSP). En mode rocking curve, le facteur optique calculé reproduit fidèlement l’intensité des deux maxima (pics de Yoneda) de l’indicatrice de diffusion. Un écart angulaire entre leurs positions théoriques et expérimentales a néanmoins été observé. Par vérification expérimentale, il a été corrélé à une diminution de la densité électronique des couches superficielles en présence de rugosité par rapport à un matériau massif. L’introduction de la notion d’indice effectif de la couche rugueuse (pondération air –matériau) permet alors de mieux approcher les mesures. Ce travail a également permis de mettre en évidence une importante sous estimation de dRMS déterminé à partir de la seule composante diffuse. Une procédure de correction autosuffisante a été mise au point (sur la base des mesures de réflexion spéculaire) puis validée par comparaison des DSP X et visibles (l = 0,1540 et 633 nm) pour quatre matériaux de différentes nature et rugosité. Les résultats ont montré un bon accord, notamment pour les échantillons les moins rugueux. Enfin, la diffusion du rayonnement X a été appliquée à l’étude de surfaces en Platine Iridié (matériau de référence pour la métrologie des masses). L’apport de la réflectométrie X s’avère alors très important puisqu’il permet en combinant trois modes d’analyse, de discriminer les effets du polissage en surface et en volume
Wu, Meiyi. "Development of the x-ray standing waves methodology to probe the interfaces of periodic multilayers." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS175/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe interfacial information of periodic multilayers can be crucial for the development of reflecting mirrors which operate in the X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (X-EUV) ranges. Such information may contain the interdiffusion and chemical process at the interfaces of the layers. The idea of this thesis is to apply the X-ray standing wave technique to the characterization of materials, mainly but not limited to the periodic multilayers. X-ray standing wave technique enables to enhance the excitation (photoemission, fluorescence etc.) of specific locations within a periodic stack. The nature of such advantage is the interference of two coherent X-ray beams. One may compare the X-ray standing waves with the mechanical standing waves. The constructive interference at the anti-nodal plane amplifies the electric field; while the destructive interference at the nodal plane minimizes the electric field. In this way, the experimental spectra obtained under standing wave field will be mostly the material located on the anti-nodal plane. Combined with other techniques such as X-ray emission spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, a depth-selective information with a sub-nanoscale sensitivity can be obtained
Becquart-Gallissian, Alice. "Etude par microscopie électronique et diffraction de rayons X des mécanismes de formation de l'oxyde dans les alliages argent-magnésium." Aix-Marseille 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX30020.
Повний текст джерелаInternal oxidation is ideal for following a precipitation reaction from its initial stages up to oxide formation. In this work, the mechanism of oxide formation and its different morphologies, MgO precipitates or inner bands parallel to the surface, have been studied in silver-magnesium binary alloys. The principle techniques of investigation used were conventional and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (CTEM HRTEM), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), X ray diffraction, scanning électron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). It has been shown for the first time in these alloys that there exists two types of precipitation : inter and intragranular. Moreover, it was pointed out that the formation of coherent precipitate and their growth is the best way to obtain well-defined metal-oxide interface. .
Amira, Yassine. "Matériaux ferroélectriques PKGN : synthèse, études par diffraction de rayons X, diélectriques et par spectroscopie Raman." Amiens, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AMIE0110.
Повний текст джерелаA new family of a rare-earth ferroelectric Tetragonal Tungsten Bronze (TTB)-type compounds, with general formula Pb2(1-x)K1+xGdxNb5O15 (PKGN) was elaborated by solid state reaction. Structural and electrical properties were investigated using X-ray diffraction and dielectric measurements. Ferroelectric phases are found, and their symmetry, together with the transition temperature strongly depended of the gadolinium concentration. It was shown that at room temperature, for the low gadolinium (Gd) concentration (x < 0. 3) the ferroelectric state is described by the symmetry group Cm2m, while at intermediate Gd concentration (0. 35< x < 0. 70) the symmetry group is mainly described in Pba2 and in compounds with a higher Gd concentration, the space group P4bm is associated to ferroelectricity. The ferroelectric/paraelectric transition temperature strongly changes with the gadolinium concentration, in a non monotonic way. This behavior is due to the existence of structural changes versus composition. Two phase transitions were evidenced for compounds with higher gadolinium rate, where the intermediate phase could be related to an antiferroelectric state. The obtained results were also confirmed by Raman spectroscopy studies which provide strong evidence of the reduction of the disorder in the TTB structure when going from Pb to Gd
MIMOUNI, ABDELHAFID. "Etude des derives de la vitamine b#1#2 par spectroscopie d'absorption des rayons x." Paris 12, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA120025.
Повний текст джерелаLelievre, Jerome. "Nouveaux matériaux sans plomb à base de bismuth : vers des composés de type (A,A') (B)O₃ et (A,A') (B,B') O₃." Thesis, Limoges, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0102/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe present work focused on the research of new lead-free perovskite materials with the formula (A⁺,Bi³⁺)BO₃ and(A⁺,Bi³+)(B,B’)O₃ with A⁺ = {Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺}. The aim of this study is to find potential candidates to replace the lead-based perovskite used in the electronic devices nowadays. The possibility to substitute the lead ion par a couple (A⁺,Bi³⁺) has been examined for (i) the simple perovskites PbTiO₃ and PbZrO₃ and (ii) the complex perovskites Pb(Mg⅟₃Nb⅔)O₃ and Pb(Zn⅟₃Nb⅔)O₃.The synthesis of the composition (Li⅟₂Bi⅟₂)TiO₃ (LBT) has led to a pyrochlore Bi₂Ti₂O₇-like compound. The other compositions have conducted to the perovskites compounds (Na⅟₂Bi⅟₂)ZrO₃ (NBZ), (K⅟₂Bi⅟₂)ZrO₃ (KBZ), (Na⅟₂Bi⅟₂)(Mg⅓Nb⅔)O₃ (NBMN),(K⅟₂Bi⅟₂)(Mg⅟₃Nb⅔)O₃ (KBMN) and (K⅟₂Bi⅟₂)(Zn⅟₃Nb⅔)O₃ (KBZN). A lot of work has been carried out for the syntheses, using different precursor or process, in order to suppress the secondary phases which are often obtained with these perovskites. The crystalline structures have been studied by neutron diffraction, using the Rietveld method. These have been determined for the LBT, NBZ, KBZ and KBMN compounds. The electrical properties of these materials have also been studied. None of them is ferroelectric. KBZ is électrostrictif. Finally, NBZ, NBMN and KBMN present some interesting relaxor properties
Brun, Sulyvan. "Etudes structurales des conducteurs organiques bidimensionnels à haute pression." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENY034/document.
Повний текст джерелаOrganic conductors based on charge-transfer salt of bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF or ET) exhibit electronic properties ranging from semiconducting to metallic to superconducting. Pressure can induce subtle structural rearrangements associated with drastic changes in physical properties. Study of the pressure induced structural changes of these compounds, with low symmetry unit cells containing dozens of light atoms, is a challenge. The aim of this work is to investigate pressure-induced structural changes with single crystal X-ray diffraction. Single-crystals of six organic conductors and superconductors (α-(BEDT-TTF)2I3, β-(BEDT-TTF)2I3, κ-(BEDT-TTF)2I3, α-(BEDT-TTF)2KHg(SCN)4, κ-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu(NCS)2, and κ-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu[N(CN)2]Br) were studied at high-pressures (up to 32 GPa) in a diamond-anvil cell on the ID09A beamline at the ESRF. Helium was used as pressure transmitting-medium. The compressibilities of the six compounds are reported, and atomic positions were determined under pressure. For the first time, reversible structural phase transitions in α-(BEDT-TTF)2I3 to αHP-(BEDT-TTF)2I3 at 13.6 GPa, and in κ-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu(NCS)2 to κHP-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu(NCS)2 at 8.5 GPa have been observed, and the original high pressure structures have been described successfully. Raman measurements agree well with the observed structural changes
Baumier, Cédric. "Etude des matériaux corrélés de terres rares par diffusion résonante inélastique des rayons X." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066346.
Повний текст джерелаSchlesser, Sophie. "Spectroscopie X d'ions très chargés et niveaux d'énergie de l'hydrogène pionique." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00507827.
Повний текст джерелаTENEGAL, FRANCOIS. "Etude des premiers stades de la cristallisation de nanopoudres sicn par spectroscopie d'absorption des rayons x au seuil k du silicium, diffusion de neutrons et de rayons x." Paris 7, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA077154.
Повний текст джерелаBevilacqua, Elsa. "Etude chimique et minéralogique des peintures : analyse sur poudre par méthodes X, traitement de données." Lille 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIL10155.
Повний текст джерела