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1
Arysheva, Anastasiya S. "Mass scenes as a way of manipulating the consciousness of the viewer." Journal of Flm Arts and Film Studies 11, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vgik11164-72.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The essay explores the significance of mass scenes in the history of cinema. It analyzes the directorial style of Sergei Eisenstein and his concept that the human mass becomes observable only with the invention of cinema. The image of the mass is created by the editing. Long shots transform the real human mass into an infinitely growing mass, while close-ups destroy its image. Film editing involves the audience in the creation of the mass: each foreshortening offers a new vision of the people united in the mass. Mass scenes of the film allow the spectator to become infected with the ideas of the mass and to experience the increase in emotions inherent in a crowd. The film appeals to the spectator whose properties are predetermined. The spectator agrees to the viewing conditions dictated by the film and dissolves in the spectacle. The full involvement of the spectator in what he sees on the film screen is the main feature of cinema. Therefore, the manipulation of the spectators consciousness during the film screening is inevitable. Due to the psychological characteristics of their perception, mass scenes are one of the most powerful ways to control the spectator's emotional and intellectual reactions.
2
Brissette-Gendron, Raphaëlle, Pierre-Majorique Léger, François Courtemanche, Shang Lin Chen, Marouane Ouhnana, and Sylvain Sénécal. "The Response to Impactful Interactivity on Spectators’ Engagement in a Digital Game." Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 4, no. 4 (December 4, 2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti4040089.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As gaming spectatorship has become a worldwide phenomenon, keeping the spectator in mind while designing games is becoming more important. Here, we explore the factors that influence spectators’ engagement. Through the use of GRiD Crowd, a game akin to life-size Pong, different levels of spectator influence on the game were tested and their impact on engagement via arousal measures were analyzed. Spectator influence on the game was accomplished via smartphone, where 78 participants put in different audience compositions (alongside friends or strangers) were tested. We found that when the spectators had an impact on the game, higher levels of emotional arousal were recorded, which generated an increase in engagement. These results provide a suggestion of design that could be used by game designers who wish to engage their spectatorship, a segment of their target market that is becoming impossible to ignore.
3
Zeitz, Kathryn, Pari Delir Haghighi, Frada Burstein, and Jeffrey Williams. "Understanding the drivers on medical workloads: an analysis of spectators at the Australian Football League." Australian Health Review 37, no. 3 (2013): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah13032.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective. The present study was designed to further understand the psychosocial drivers of crowds impacting on the demand for healthcare. This involved analysing different spectator crowds for medical usage at mass gatherings; more specifically, did different football team spectators (of the Australian Football League) generate different medical usage rates. Methods. In total, 317 games were analysed from 10 venues over 2 years. Data were analysed by the ANOVA and Pearson correlation tests. Results. Spectators who supported different football teams generated statistically significant differences in patient presentation rates (PPR) (F15, 618 = 1.998, P = 0.014). The present study confirmed previous findings that there is a positive correlation between the crowd size and PPR at mass gatherings but found a negative correlation between density and PPR (r = –0.206, n = 317, P < 0.0005). Conclusions. The present study has attempted to scientifically explore psychosocial elements of crowd behaviour as a driver of demand for emergency medical care. In measuring demand for emergency medical services there is a need to develop a more sophisticated understanding of a variety of drivers in addition to traditional metrics such as temperature, crowd size and other physical elements. In this study we saw that spectators who supported different football teams generated statistically significant differences in PPR. What is known about this topic? Understanding the drivers of emergency medical care is most important in the mass gathering setting. There has been minimal analysis of psychological ‘crowd’ variables. What does this paper add? This study explores the psychosocial impact of supporting a different team on the PPR of spectators at Australian Football League matches. The value of collecting and analysing these types of data sets is to support more balanced planning, better decision support and knowledge management, and more effective emergency medical demand management. What are the implications for practitioners? This information further expands the body of evidence being created to understand the drivers of emergency medical demand and usage. In addition, it supports the planning and management of emergency medical and health-related requirements by increasing our understanding of the effect of elements of ‘crowd’ that impact on medical usage and emergency healthcare.
4
Liu, Ying, Zheng Zheng Tang, and Hong Peng Xu. "The Effect of Specific Vomitory Width in Stadiums on Evacuation Efficiency Based on Virtual Crowd Simulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.243.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Stadium vomitory width plays a very important role in the evacuation process of large number of spectators. The current estimation method of vomitory minimum width in China building codes often brings architects misunderstanding in the egress design and evacuation performance of stadiums. Therefore, this paper investigates the composition of spectator crowds in different events hosted in stadiums, their movement capability and way-finding behaviors, build a typical unit of terraced stand based on the parameters given by building codes, use agent-based model STEPS to simulate and analyze the effect of vomitory width on stadium evacuation efficiency. The simulated results show that the vomitory width affects stadium evacuation efficiency very differently. Architects should organize the circulation system reasonably and provide guidance for spectator crowds while designing the stadiums, not blindly increase the vomitory.
5
Wunderlich, Fabian, Matthias Weigelt, Robert Rein, and Daniel Memmert. "How does spectator presence affect football? Home advantage remains in European top-class football matches played without spectators during the COVID-19 pandemic." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 31, 2021): e0248590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248590.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present paper investigates factors contributing to the home advantage, by using the exceptional opportunity to study professional football matches played in the absence of spectators due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. More than 40,000 matches before and during the pandemic, including more than 1,000 professional matches without spectators across the main European football leagues, have been analyzed. Results support the notion of a crowd-induced referee bias as the increased sanctioning of away teams disappears in the absence of spectators with regard to fouls (p < .001), yellow cards (p < .001), and red cards (p < .05). Moreover, the match dominance of home teams decreases significantly as indicated by shots (p < .001) and shots on target (p < .01). In terms of the home advantage itself, surprisingly, only a non-significant decrease is found. While the present paper supports prior research with regard to a crowd-induced referee bias, spectators thus do not seem to be the main driving factor of the home advantage. Results from amateur football, being naturally played in absence of a crowd, provide further evidence that the home advantage is predominantly caused by factors not directly or indirectly attributable to a noteworthy number of spectators.
6
Cummins, R. Glenn, and Zijian Gong. "Mediated Intra-Audience Effects in the Appreciation of Broadcast Sports." Communication & Sport 5, no. 1 (July 24, 2016): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167479515593418.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Despite its ubiquitous presence in mediated sports, the influence of in-stadium crowd response on media audiences has escaped inquiry. Considerable evidence from both within and beyond the context of sports suggests that a co-spectator’s behavior can generate “intra-audience effects” that enhance perceptions of and response to game events. To test this in the context of broadcast sports, an experiment was conducted whereby participants provided moment-to-moment evaluations of radio broadcasts of soccer where mediated spectator response was systematically altered. Results demonstrate mediated intra-audience effects that yielded both inflated perceptions of the exiting nature of play and increased sense of spatial immersion in the mediated environment. The effect was most pronounced when game events were not intrinsically exciting.
7
Frosdick, Steve. "Pompey v Saints: A Case Study in Crowd Segregation." International Journal of Police Science & Management 7, no. 3 (September 2005): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/ijps.2005.7.3.149.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the United Kingdom, spectator violence at sports events, particularly at football (soccer) matches, is an ancient yet current policing problem. ‘Football hooliganism’ has received considerable academic scrutiny, however the main focus has been on who the hooligans are and why they behave as they do. Other salient issues, for example the policing of spectator violence, have received rather less research attention. One aspect of such policing involves the physical segregation of rival sets of supporters. This paper is an empirical case study of the crowd segregation arrangements adopted for the 2003–2004 Derby1 matches between Southampton and Portsmouth football clubs. This case study outlines the concept of segregation and describes the two stadiums. It then gives a participant observer account of the segregation arrangements and incidents at the matches. Finally, the paper suggests six more general conclusions based upon the case study. Segregation remains necessary and is best achieved by management rather than physical measures. The proximity of the visiting fans coach (bus) arrival point is important, and it is easier to manage the staggered arrival of small groups of fans. What happens outside the ground has a direct effect on what happens inside and experienced stewards are more effective at ‘policing’ fans than the public police service.
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Fuoco, Ester. "Dream by the Royal Shakespeare Company: a dystopian experience of live performance, between avatars and virtual reality." Altre Modernità, no. 28 (November 30, 2022): 351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54103/2035-7680/19184.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
If, by definition, the performing event could not do without the co-presence in space and time of spectators and actors (Brook 21), history has shown us how profound reflections on the possibility of shifting the fundamental axes of theater have nevertheless come about. The increasingly substantial presence of video within performances, even if filmed in real-time, is one example that has called into question the fundamental concept of hic et nunc. The creation of performances for a single spectator has altered the anthropological binomial community/ritual in addition to the "non-human" entity of the performer, from metal theater to cyborg performance (Schrum). The Royal Shakespeare Company's new production (2021) Dream will be analyzed to discuss the particular artistic experimentation that has become widespread in the Covid era. This production, which is a technological performance watched by more than 20,000 people worldwide in just three days, brings performance and gaming technology together to explore new ways for the audience, a remote spectator, to experience live theater (Aebischer 21). As live play performances and readings continually crowd virtual platforms, theater is undergoing a radical shift from stage to screen and cyberspace. However, will these new formats survive in the post-pandemic times?
9
Setti, Francesco, Davide Conigliaro, Paolo Rota, Chiara Bassetti, Nicola Conci, Nicu Sebe, and Marco Cristani. "The S-Hock dataset: A new benchmark for spectator crowd analysis." Computer Vision and Image Understanding 159 (June 2017): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cviu.2017.01.003.
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Valmont, Elizabeth, Matthew Wilkinson, and Ashwin Thomas. "Stadia acoustic atmosphere and spectator experience: Quantifying crowd noise with architectural form." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 140, no. 4 (October 2016): 3291–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4970463.
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Seger, Maria. "American Literature, Lynching, and the Spectator in the Crowd: Spectacular Violence by Debbie Lelekis." Studies in American Naturalism 11, no. 1 (2016): 102–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/san.2016.0021.
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Mahmood, Arif, and Somaya Al-Maadeed. "Action recognition in poor-quality spectator crowd videos using head distribution-based person segmentation." Machine Vision and Applications 30, no. 6 (June 15, 2019): 1083–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00138-019-01039-3.
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Oumr Adnan Osra, Lubna Mahmoud Zaini, Emtinan Muhammad Nour, Oumr Adnan Osra, Lubna Mahmoud Zaini, Emtinan Muhammad Nour. "Factors affecting the psychology of spectator inside of the sports stadiums: An analytical framework for managing sports crowds in Saudi stadiums: العوامل المؤثرة على سيكولوجية المشجع داخل مدرجات الملاعب الرياضية: إطار وصفي تحليلي لإدارة الحشود الرياضية في الملاعب السعودية". مجلة العلوم الإقتصادية و الإدارية و القانونية 6, № 11 (30 квітня 2022): 82–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.m021121.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The study paper aimed to know the factors affecting the psychology of the Saudi sports fans in stadiums; The study population consisted of football fans in Saudi Arabia in one of the matches in the city of Jeddah, where the number of the audience was estimated (17000), the study sample represented (650) fans from different age groups and from different regions in the Kingdom, and they were chosen in a random way. The researchers reached a set of results, the most important of which is that the basic elements of crowd management from the fans' point of view were of high importance. And that the theories explaining crowd psychology from the fans' point of view were of great importance as well. also, the factors affecting the psychology of the spectators in the sports stadiums from the viewpoint of the fans were of medium importance. The study concluded with many recommendations, the most important of which is that event management and organization depends on planning, coordination and direct communication between all parties concerned with organizing the event, which has a direct impact on the psychology of individuals within crowds in sports stadiums. The study recommended the establishment of training courses for individuals in all bodies concerned with managing and organizing sporting events in various fields to deal with the behavior of the public and manage it in a safe manner.
14
Heller, B. "The 'Mene Peuple' and the Polite Spectator: The Individual in the Crowd at Eighteenth-Century London Fairs." Past & Present 208, no. 1 (May 11, 2010): 131–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtq006.
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15
Senyard, June. "The barracker and the spectator: Constructing class and gender identities through the football crowd at the turn of the century." Journal of Australian Studies 23, no. 62 (January 1999): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14443059909387499.
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Van Remoortel, Hans, Hans Scheers, Emmy De Buck, Karen Lauwers, and Philippe Vandekerckhove. "Prediction Modeling Studies for Medical Usage Rates in Mass Gatherings: A Systematic Review." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19000979.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction:Mass gatherings attended by large crowds are an increasingly common feature of society. In parallel, an increased number of studies have been conducted to identify those variables that are associated with increased medical usage rates.Aim:To identify studies that developed and/or validated a statistical regression model predicting patient presentation rate (PPR) or transfer to hospital rate (TTHR) at mass gatherings.Methods:Prediction modeling studies from 6 databases were retained following systematic searching. Predictors for PPR and/or TTHR that were included in a multivariate regression model were selected for analysis. The GRADE methodology (Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) was used to assess the quality of evidence.Results:We identified 11 prediction modeling studies with a combined audience of >32 million people in >1500 mass gatherings. Eight cross-sectional studies developed a prediction model in a mixed audience of (spectator) sports events, music concerts, and public exhibitions. Statistically significant variables (p<0.05) to predict PPR and/or TTHR were as follows: accommodation (seated, boundaries, indoor/outdoor, maximum capacity, venue access), type of event, weather conditions (humidity, dew point, heat index), crowd size, day vs night, demographic variables (age/gender), sports event distance, level of competition, free water availability, and specific TTHR-predictive factors (injury status: number of patient presentations, type of injury). The quality of the evidence was considered as low. Three studies externally validated their model against existing models. Two validation studies showed a large underestimation of the predicted patients presentations or transports to hospital (67-81%) whereas one study overestimated these outcomes by 10-28%.Discussion:This systematic review identified a comprehensive list of relevant predictors which should be measured to develop and validate future models to predict medical usage at mass gatherings. This will further scientifically underpin more effective pre-event planning and resource provision.
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Rudomin, Isaac, Erik Millán, Benjamín Hernández, Marissa Díaz, and Daniel Rivera. "Art applications for crowds." Knowledge Engineering Review 23, no. 4 (December 2008): 399–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269888908000052.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractWe have developed two different art applications as a way of guiding and testing of our technical work in crowd simulation and interface devices. In this paper, we describe both of them as well as the systems used to implement them. ‘Crowds’ is an immersive art installation with stereo projection based on our development of the specification of crowd behavior using XML and images, a proprietary tangible wind interface, and interactive real-time navigation. ‘UnderCrowds’ deals with large crowds, implemented in the graphics processor, and uses a crowd sensor to make the size of the virtual crowd proportional to the number of spectators crossing in front of the said sensor.
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Huschka, Sabine. "Media-Bodies: Choreography as Intermedial Thinking Through in the Work of William Forsythe." Dance Research Journal 42, no. 1 (2010): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0149767700000838.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since Ballet Frankfurt was reconstituted as the Forsythe Company in 2004, William Forsythe has increasingly explored formats of installation art practice. Works such as Human Writes (in collaboration with Kendall Thomas, 2005) and You made me a monster (2005) develop within an interactive and intermedial space and experiment with new ways to experience the production and perception of movement. “Performance installation” is the new term for this intertwined process of movement production and movement perception. The choreographic composition itself grows out of procedures of performative sensing by the dancers, which spreads to onlookers. This multiplex awareness of movement for which the dancer's body is the medium constitutes what I shall call the “media-body” as an essential moment of performance installation as choreographic event. Compared to earlier Forsythe installations—which he called “choreographic objects”—like White Bouncy Castle (1997), City of Abstracts (2000), or Scattered Crowd (2002), with their accessible spaces of movement (in White Bouncy Castle the spectator was a visitor moving about freely inside a white inflatable castle, and City of Abstracts featured choreographic projections of movement on large screens in open spaces) performance installations take place squarely in the theatrical context: in theater lobbies, exhibit halls, or accessible public performance spaces where dancers and the audience come together in a mutually shared yet operationally divided space that leads them into an interactive relationship.
19
Mann, Leon. "Social Influence Perspective on Crowd Behavior." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 4, no. 2 (August 1986): 171–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072708600400209.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Research guided by a social influence perspective on crowd behavior is considered under three categories: leader to crowd; crowd to members; crowd to outsiders. It is argued that a single model of crowd influence which relies on a single process is inadequate. It is found that several social influene proceases affect the attitudes and actions of crowd members-social facilitation, modelling and imitation, conformity to group norms, group discussion and persuasive appeals. The operation of these social influence processes is examined for a variety of crowd forms including crusade rallies (Newton & Mann, 1980), crazy auctions (Mann, 1975), spectators to a dispute (Mann, Paleg & Hawkins, 1978), baiting crowds (Mann, 1982) and queues (Mann, 1970, 1977). The size of the crowd is shown to be an important factor mediating the probability that people will be drawn to the crowd, induced to join, and become influenced by the leader's persuasive message. It is suggested that cultural differences in such factors as conformity pressures are linked to the incidence of crowd activity and the likelihood of social influence occurring in crowds in various countries. Future research should investigate the comparative vulnerability to influence of strangers and groups of friends in crowds, individual differences in susceptibility to crowd influence and discontinuities in individual behavior associated with changes in crowd size and proportion of crowd members already responding.
20
Redling, Ellen. "Fake News and Drama: Nationalism, Immigration and the Media in Recent British Plays." Journal of Contemporary Drama in English 6, no. 1 (April 27, 2018): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jcde-2018-0013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractFake News is often not taken seriously enough. It might appear like a mere hoax and too fantastical or bold to believe, just like the so-called ‘alternative facts’ presented about the size of the crowd at Donald Trump’s inauguration. Similarly, nationalistic tendencies, often driven by fake news and promoted by authoritarian leaders, can be underestimated. Recent British plays and performances about fake news which appeared after the Brexit vote make clear that the typical strategies of the liberal left of fighting against nationalism and authoritarianism seem to no longer work when taken on their own. These strategies include, for instance, postmodern techniques, the exposure of a misuse of power through the media or documentary theatre, or the foregrounding of marginalised and oppressed groups, e. g. by means of verbatim practices. They often lack efficacy nowadays because they have become undermined by ‘post truth’ or because they can reflect, rather than challenge, the mechanisms of fake news as well as the widespread feeling of uncertainty in the Western world, which in turn can be found at the root of a growth in nationalism and power of authoritarian leaders. This paper suggests that theatre is currently creating new strategies of dealing with these harmful developments. It argues that recent plays about fake news show that, in order to counter the disorientating effects of fake news, a new type of viewer is needed, the particularly ‘alert spectator,’ whose senses are strengthened through the performance, and who in times like these when people reach out for (fake) certainties amidst confusing uncertainty is able to develop a double vision: a postmodern and a post-postmodern one.
21
Guérette, Joël, Caroline Blais, and Daniel Fiset. "The absence of fans removes the home advantage associated with penalties called by National Hockey League referees." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): e0256568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256568.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on professional sports, notably, forcing the National Hockey League to hold its 2020 playoffs in empty arenas. This provided an unprecedented opportunity to study how crowds may influence penalties awarded by referees in an ecological context. Using data from playoff games played during the COVID-19 pandemic and the previous 5 years (n = 547), we estimate the number of penalties called by referees depending on whether or not spectators were present. The results show an interaction between a team’s status (home; away) and the presence or absence of crowds. Post-hoc analyses reveal that referees awarded significantly more penalties to the away team compared to the home team when there is a crowd present. However, when there are no spectators, the number of penalties awarded to the away and home teams are not significantly different. In order to generalize these results, we took advantage of the extension of the pandemic and the unusual game setting it provided to observe the behavior of referees during the 2020–2021 regular season. Again, using data from the National Hockey League (n = 1639), but also expanding our sample to include Canadian Hockey League games (n = 1709), we also find that the advantage given to the home team by referees when in front of a crowd fades in the absence of spectators. These findings provide new evidence suggesting that social pressure does have an impact on referees’ decision-making, thus contributing to explain the phenomenon of home advantage in professional ice hockey.
22
Allan, Grant, and Graeme Roy. "Does Television Crowd Out Spectators?" Journal of Sports Economics 9, no. 6 (May 12, 2008): 592–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002508321458.
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Martins, José Manuel. "‘Crows’ vs. ‘Avatar,’ or: 3D vs. Total-Dimension Immersion." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Film and Media Studies 8, no. 1 (September 1, 2014): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausfm-2014-0027.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract 3D film’s explicit new space depth arguably provides both an enhanced realistic quality to the image and a wealth of more acute visual and haptic sensations (a ‘montage of attractions’) to the increasingly involved spectator. But David Cronenberg’s related ironic remark that “cinema as such is from the outset a ‘special effect’” should warn us against the geometrical naiveté of such assumptions, within a Cartesian ocularcentric tradition for long overcome by Merleau-Ponty’s embodiment of perception and Deleuze’s notion of the self-consistency of the artistic sensation and space. Indeed, ‘2D’ traditional cinema already provides the accomplished “fourth wall effect,” enclosing the beholder behind his back within a space that no longer belongs to the screen (nor to ‘reality’) as such, and therefore is no longer ‘illusorily’ two-dimensional. This kind of totally absorbing, ‘dream-like’ space, metaphorical for both painting and cinema, is illustrated by the episode Crows in Kurosawa’s Dreams (1990). Such a space requires the actual effacement of the empirical status of spectator, screen, and film as separate dimensions, and it is precisely the 3D characteristic unfolding of merely frontal space layers (and film events) out of the screen towards us (and sometimes above the heads of the spectators before us) that reinstalls at the core of the film-viewing phenomenon a regressive struggle with reality and with different degrees of realism, originally overcome by film since the Lumière’s Arrival of a Train at Ciotat (L’Arrivée d’un train en gare de la Ciotat, 1896) seminal demonstration. Through an analysis of crucial aspects in Avatar (James Cameron, 2009) and the recent Cave of Forgotten Dreams (Werner Herzog, 2010), both dealing with historical and ontological deepening processes of ‘going inside,’ we shall try to show how the formal and technically advanced component of those 3D-depth films impairs, on the contrary, their apparent conceptual purpose on the level of contents, and we will assume, drawing on Merleau-Ponty and Deleuze, that this technological mistake is due to a lack of recognition of the nature of perception and sensation in relation to space and human experience.
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Fujitani, Takashi. "Electronic Pageantry and Japan's “Symbolic Emperor”." Journal of Asian Studies 51, no. 4 (November 1992): 824–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2059038.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Early on the morning of February 24, 1989, my companion and I set out from our lodgings in central Tokyo for the Imperial Plaza. Though we knew that Emperor Shōwa's funeral procession would not be leaving the Palace until 9:35, we planned our arrival for 6:30 because a policeman had told us the day before that a huge crowd was expected. He suggested we arrive at 4:30, but 6:30 seemed early enough since we surmised that the rain and the near-freezing temperatures would keep the crowds away. Later, we would discover that the crowds that day were indeed smaller than had been expected—570,000 people along the funeral motorcade's route rather than the 870,000 spectators that the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department had originally projected (Asahi jaanaru, March 10, 1989; Asahi shinbun, February 25, 1989)—but by around 7:30 people filled the area fronting the Palace's main gate.
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Berlonghi, Alexander E. "Understanding and planning for different spectator crowds." Safety Science 18, no. 4 (February 1995): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-7535(94)00033-y.
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Verner, Martin. "THECOMPARISON OF TWO DIFFERENT SPORTING EVENTS BASEDONTHETYPICALBEHAVIOROFTHEACTIVE SPECTATORS AND GRANDSTAND VIBRATIONS INDUCED BY THEM." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 26 (March 17, 2020): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2020.26.0139.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper describes especially the typical behavior of two active spectators crowds involved in two substantially different sporting events, namely, ice hockey games and a biathlon world cup competition. In both cases, spectators behavior was observed together with grandstand structure dynamic response to their cheering activities. The experimental results obtained during both events were mutually compared and discussed whether the dynamic loading and its effects on the grandstand structures are similar for the two compared spectators crowds.
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Verner, Martin, Michal Polak, and Tomáš Plachy. "An Experimental Analysis of Grandstand Vibrations Caused by Crowd of Spectators during Two Football Matches." Applied Mechanics and Materials 827 (February 2016): 312–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.827.312.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A significant dynamic load may be induced by synchronize movement of larger spectators group (like as jumping, bouncing, jouncing, swaying or abruptly rising) on a sport stadium during a sport event. This load could generate discomforting grandstand vibrations and in some extreme cases, the large grandstand vibrations are detectable by spectators even visually. A dynamic experiment is described in the paper which was realized on a steel cantilever grandstand during two football matches in the place where the most active spectators were concentrated. Vertical grandstand accelerations were observed in three points that were located at the ends of three grandstand main beams. The results of the experiment had shown predictably that the most excessive grandstand vibrations were induced by fans in the particular situations when the home team scored a goal and during the fans celebration after the matches especially. In these particular situations, the detected vibrations could be perceived by spectators as uncomfortable.
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Rahmat, Zikrur, and Irfandi Irfandi. "Football Athletes' Motivation Without Spectators in The Stands During The New Normal." PROSIDING SEMINAR NASIONAL PENDIDIKAN JASMANI DAN KEOLAHRAGAAN 1, no. 1 (January 29, 2023): 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33503/prosiding_penjas_pjkribu.v1i1.2135.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The match was watched by millions of spectators which made the players' enthusiasm even moreimproved and motivated, but now have to compete behind closed doors. Based on The audience coach's statement plays an important role for players because it can Motivate the players on the pitch and add enthusiasm to achieve victory, where they fall behind the opposing team here is the role. The audience is really needed to raise enthusiasm and motivation for the audience players during a match. The audience is also often referred to as the 12th player of a game team. One of the impacts of this pandemic is being felt by soccer athletes, one of them The only impact of this pandemic is being felt by soccer athletes in Indonesia, where with the rules there should be no crowds, this also reduces their competitive motivation. Ruseski (2014:396) says by exercising or regular physical activity can reduce the risk of chronic disease, reduce stress and depression, improve emotional well-being, energy levels, self-confidence and satisfaction with social activities. During this pandemic afflict Indonesia, awareness to exercise from everyone to exercise more increased, but with limited activities outside the home and places general to keep your distance and avoid crowds. The role of the audience for athletes is very important in improving the spirit of the athletes at the time of the match, where the support from the crowd gave is a positive energy when the athlete's condition is in a pinch or lag behind the opposing side. But for the sake of fighting for dignity football in Indonesia, the soccer team continues to compete with the maximum, even though have to play without spectators. With the above problems, it is interesting to researched on the Motivation Levels of Athletes' Football Matches Without Spectators in Tribune in the New Normal Period. Based on the research objectives, there are two achievements in this study, namely: (1) developing a book on the level of motivation of football athletes, (2) developing a journal internationally reputed. This research is expected to provide benefits to increase motivation soccer athletes during matches, scientific publications and books about the level of motivation of soccer athletes.
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von Sikorski, Christian, Thomas Schierl, Carsten Möller, and Kai P. Oberhäuser. "Visual News Framing and Effects on Recipients’ Attitudes Toward Athletes With Physical Disabilities." International Journal of Sport Communication 5, no. 1 (March 2012): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.5.1.69.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The international media coverage of athletes with physical disabilities (AWD) shows diverse quantitative and qualitative shortcomings. This study explores what effects a specific visual framing in a print article about disability sports has on recipients’ attitudes toward a depicted AWD. In an experiment with a 3 (framed conditions) × 2 (participants’ contact with people with disabilities) betweensubjects design, 88 participants were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 (framed) conditions. The participants read a sports news article with a photograph of a 1-armed javelin thrower with no spectators, a few spectators, or a large crowd shown in the background. After examining the participants’ responses to a questionnaire, an ANOVA showed that the participants’ attitudes toward the depicted AWD were significantly more positive when the visual frame included spectators in the background of the picture.
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Arboix-Alió, Jordi, Guillem Trabal, Bernat Buscà, Javier Peña, Adrià Arboix, and Raúl Hileno. "The Behaviour of Home Advantage during the COVID-19 Pandemic in European Rink Hockey Leagues." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (December 26, 2021): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010228.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The primary purpose of the present study was to compare the home advantage (HA) and the home team performance in the most relevant European rink hockey leagues (Spanish, Portuguese and Italian), considering the presence or absence of spectators in the competition venues due to the effect of COVID-19 restrictions. The sample was composed of 1665 rink hockey matches (654 from the Spanish league, 497 from the Portuguese league, and 514 from the Italian league) played between the 2018–2019 and 2020–2021 seasons. The HA and match variables comparisons were established using several negative binomial regression models. Results showed that the effect of HA did not disappear despite playing without spectators but decreased from 63.99% to 57.41% (p = 0.002). Moreover, the comparison of the match variables showed that playing with spectators benefited local teams’ performance, especially in the Portuguese and Italian leagues. Playing with spectators favoured local team performance in rink hockey matches, which is more evident in some analysed leagues. However, as HA does not disappear entirely without spectators, it is necessary to study other relevant performance factors that are not directly or indirectly attributable to crowd behaviour in rink hockey performance analyses.
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Schwede, Indrek. "Jalgpalli populaarsus Eesti Vabariigi spordielus 1920–40 [Abstract: The Popularity of Football in the Sporting Life of the Republic of Estonia in 1920–1940]." Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal, no. 3/4 (June 16, 2020): 331–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/aa.2019.3-4.02.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Attention has not hitherto been turned intently to the popularity of particular branches of sports in the research of the history of Estonian sports. It has more intuitively been believed that the most popular branch of sports in the pre-war Republic of Estonia (1918–1940) was football. The conspicuously extensive coverage of football in the periodical press has provided grounds for this belief. Compared to other sports games and the more major individual branches, football had the most international matches at the level of national teams, which attracted thousands of spectators. Estonian clubs annually hosted squads from neighbouring countries. Professional clubs mainly from Central Europe brought thousands of spectators to the stadiums in the latter half of the 1920s and in the early 1930s. Rivalries between squads at home were also of great interest to the public and the media. The other primary ball games, basketball and volleyball, started being played in Estonia some ten years after football, and their position was weaker internationally as well: contacts between countries were infrequent. The international basketball association was established in 1932 and its analogue in volleyball was founded in 1947. Track and field, the largest branch of individual athletics, also could not compete with football in terms of matches and international contacts.
This article is the first more serious attempt to compare the popularity of branches of sports in Estonia in the 1920s and 1930s. I compared the more major branches of sports in four categories: the number of participants in the particular branch of sports, the sizes of audiences, their ability to cope economically (balance sheets and revenue reports), and their position in the print media.
The fact that there are gaps in the data in both the archives and in periodicals, and that the information for different years does not always match, made comparison of the numbers of participants difficult. The methodology used for ascertaining the number of participants was also not necessarily the same. An adequate comparison to the more important individualsports branches is complicated to arrive at because until 1933, the Eesti Kerge-, Raske- ja Veespordiliit (Estonian Association of Track and Field, Heavy Athletics and Aquatic Sports) was the umbrella organisation for major branches of sports such as track and field, wrestling, weightlifting, boxing, swimming, diving, gymnastics and cycling, whereas the last two sports branches are not even mentioned in the association’s name. Conclusions can nevertheless be drawn concerning the number and proportions of persons active in different branches of sports based on indirect data. I compared the size of the membership of the separate sports associations and the number of participants in the Estonian championships of the three largest sports games (football, basketball, volleyball).
Periodicals proved to be the most reliable in ascertaining the numbers of spectators since they unfailingly noted the larger attendance numbers based on spectator ticket information or visual observation. The sketchy information on attendance at competitions in individual sports is a problem, but from the standpoint of this article’s research problem, the fact that before World War II there was not a single large sports arena in Estonia is important. The gymnasiums that were in use accommodated slightly over 500 spectators in total. This means that a thousand and more spectators could gather only at stadiums, where primarily football matches and track and field competitions were held. The print media reported the numbers of spectators at those competitions. I compared the attendance numbers for football and track and field competitions, and calculated the average number of spectators.
There are gaps in the balance sheets and revenue reports of the separate sports associations for the period under consideration, yet the Eesti Spordi Keskliit (Central Association of Estonian Sports) published them in its yearbooks for 1935–1939, which makes it possible to draw correct conclusions concerning the economic viability of the separate sports associations.
While I used the method of source criticism for the preceding three categories, I studied the representation of branches of sports in print media together with Kristjan Remmelkoor using content analysis. We focused exclusively on print media because that was the primary means of mass communication at that time, and it covered the entire period under consideration, unlike radio, which began broadcasting for the first time in 1926. On the basis of circulation numbers, we selected two dailies with nationwide circulation that were published in Tallinn (Vaba Maa was published only until 1938, thus it was replaced for final comparison with another Tallinn daily paper Uus Eesti) and one daily from southern Estonia for content analysis. We studied the newspaper issues from the years 1921, 1925, 1930, 1935 and 1939. Based on the pilot project, we identified the branches of sports that were reported the most and worked out a methodology on the basis of which to search for and categorise branches of sports. After six months, I carried out a repeat analysis for one month of each year that was under consideration. The repeat analysis covered all four dailies. The results differed by 3.97%. Thereat in comparing the two branches of sports that were reported on most, the difference in football was 0.69% and 0.43% in track and field.
It became evident as a result of the study that compared to basketball and volleyball, there were almost four times more football enthusiasts. Compared to the other more popular individual sports, we can indirectly conclude that football was the branch of sports with the largest number of enthusiasts. Football had the most spectators in Estonia in the interwar period because branches of sports practiced in indoor conditions could not fit more than 500 spectators into gymnasiums, since there was no large sports arena. Football had the largest audiences when considering the track and field competitions and football matches held at stadiums. In 1935–1939, the Eesti Jalgpalli Liit (Estonian Football Association) was Estonia’s most prosperous separate sports association. It became evident on the basis of content analysis that the two most widely reported branches of sports in print media were football, and track and field. Thereat the number of reports on track and field grew in the latter half of the 1930s and surpassed the figures for football. At the same time, the number of texts on Estonian football was the largest over the entire period that has been studied. The greatest number of texts on football were in journalistic genres that required absorbed reading, which stood out better in newspapers.
Due to these circumstances, football became the most popular branch of sports in Estonia in the interwar period. The Estonian national squad’s international match against Latvia held on 18 June 1940 characterises football’s symbolic capital. This match that took place at Kadriorg stadium at a turning point in history evolved into a nationalist demonstration against the Soviet Union’s occupying regime. The crowd went from the stadium to Kadriorg Palace, where President Konstantin Päts was under the guard of the foreign regime. This match and the events that followed it are etched in the people’s collective memory. They have made their way into many published memoirs and also into belles-lettres, and have been echoed in both poetry and prose.
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Brekus, Catherine A. "Harriet Livermore, the Pilgrim Stranger: Female Preaching and Biblical Feminism in Early-Nineteenth-Century America." Church History 65, no. 3 (September 1996): 389–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3169937.
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On a Sunday morning in January of 1827, “all the taste and fashion” of Washington, D.C., streamed toward the Capitol to witness one of the most remarkable events to take place in the gentlemanly preserve of the Hall of Representatives: Harriet Livermore, a devout evangelical and the daughter of a former Congressman, had convinced the Speaker of the House to allow her to preach to Congress. With crowds of eager spectators spilling out of the Hall and into the street, Livermore ascended into the Speaker's Chair, which served as a makeshift pulpit, and silenced a crowd of a thousand with a sermon on the text, “He that ruleth over men must be just, ruling in the fear of God.” Included among her audience were congressmen, senators, and President John Quincy Adams himself, who sat on the steps leading up to her feet because he could not find a free chair. According to published reports, many in the audience wept quietly as she spoke. “It savored more of inspiration than anything I ever witnessed,” one woman marvelled. “And to enjoy the frame of mind which I think she does, I would relinquish the world. Call this rhapsody if you will; but would to God you had heard her!” Livermore's sermon was such a success that she was permitted to preach to Congress again in 1832, 1838, and 1843, each time to large crowds.
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Parker, Justine, Corey Boles, Olivia Leleck, Amanda Buerger, Natalie Egnot, Alexander Sundermann, and Elizabeth Bussmann. "Advancing toward normal operations for arenas and stadiums." Toxicology and Industrial Health 36, no. 9 (September 2020): 718–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233720964651.
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The reopening of arenas and stadiums following closures due to the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic presents unique challenges related to large crowds and close contact between players, vendors, and spectators. While each venue should be assessed individually for development and implementation of reopening plans, the general guidance presented in this document can serve as a minimum baseline for considerations to reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission in these venues. The intention of these guidelines is to provide a layered approach to risk mitigation for various aspects of particular concern in arenas and stadiums, including crowd management, tailgating and parking, restrooms, high-contact surfaces, face masks, food and merchandising, communications, athletes and support staff, press and third parties, intermissions/breaks, and downtime. The implementation of these multifaceted approaches in each area of concern, along with the integration of regulations and requirements from local, state, and federal government bodies and agencies, will reduce the risk of a single point of failure and offer some protection to those at arenas and stadiums from COVID-19 transmission. The approaches outlined are dynamic and should be regularly reviewed and revised as new information becomes available regarding the transmission of COVID-19.
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He, Lin, Cong Liu, and Zhen Yu Wu. "Parametric Modeling and Stability Analysis of Temporary Grandstand." Applied Mechanics and Materials 578-579 (July 2014): 907–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.578-579.907.
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Temporary grandstands bear crowd load, which is created when spectators jumping on the structure. The simplified loads applied to temporary grandstand have been obtained based on experiment data of human body jumping forces. By the ABAQUS software, the parametric and automatic modeling of three-dimensional (3D) temporary grandstand structures has been realized with Python scripting. The linear buckling analysis and nonlinear buckling analysis of the structure have been carried out. The ultimate bearing capacity and the structural deformation under crowd load have been acquired. Results show that the nonlinear effect of the structure under crowd load is very obvious; the linear buckling analysis cannot get the ultimate bearing capacity of the structure and the first order buckling mode cannot simulate the final deformation of the structure either. The research of this paper greatly improve the efficiency of the construction and automation design of temporary structures and reveal the mechanical behavior of such structure to a certain degree.
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Hoare, Claire. "Giving children a sporting chance." Children Australia 30, no. 1 (2005): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200010567.
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A camera pans slowly across the crowd of spectators early one winter’s morning. As parents smile, indulgently cheering every passage of play, very young footballers of no more than six years of age strive their hardest. The children fumble, they trip, stumble and often miss the ball completely. An avuncular voice-over extols these halcyon days of blossoming friendships and burgeoning attitudes, asserting that such experiences will forge lifelong memories for those most actively involved … and for the children too.
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Shaban, Muhammad, Arif Mahmood, Somaya Ali Al-Maadeed, and Nasir Rajpoot. "An information fusion framework for person localization via body pose in spectator crowds." Information Fusion 51 (November 2019): 178–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2018.11.011.
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McFarland, Stephen L. "Anatomy of an Iranian Political Crowd: The Tehran Bread Riot of December 1942." International Journal of Middle East Studies 17, no. 1 (February 1985): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800028762.
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During the morning of December 8, 1942, a large group of university students paraded through the streets of Tehran to the parliament building on Baharistan Square to demand higher bread rations and prompt action on critical problems by an incompetent government and an inactive parliament. Spectators and organized groups from South Tehran added their numbers to the already large crowd. Police forces withdrew from the square and the demonstration became a riot. The crowd occupied the parliament building and moved toward the commercial district, smashing windows and signs and looting stores along the way. On the morning of December 9, students again instigated a march to the parliament building, but this time army troops firing machine guns met and dispersed them. Although city shops were closed on December 9, some reopened on December 10, and all reopened on December 11; normality had returned. The bread riot claimed over 20 people killed, 700 wounded, 150 arrested, and 150 stores sacked and burned.
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Fischer, Kai, and Justus Haucap. "Home advantage in professional soccer and betting market efficiency: The role of spectator crowds." Kyklos 75, no. 2 (March 2, 2022): 294–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12291.
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Calvert, B. J. "Aircrew and Automation." Journal of Navigation 38, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300038121.
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On 18 June, 1914 Lawrence, son of Elmer Sperry (founder of the Sperry Gyroscope Company) flew over a crowd assembled at Argenteuil, near Paris (Fig. 1). His aircraft was a Curtiss C2 flying boat and the purpose of the flight was to demonstrate the Sperry Gyroscopic Stabilizer in a competition organized by the Aero Club of France. It was a dramatic demonstration. On the first pass over the crowd Lawrence Sperry stood up and held both hands in the air whilst his mechanic, Emile Cachin, walked out on the wing and stood holding one of the struts. The lateral stability of the aeroplane was undisturbed, but the spectators were able to see the ailerons move to compensate for the engineer's weight. This performance was repeated several times and Sperry also demonstrated the automatic ‘volplaning’ function of the system which caused the aircraft to dive and regain speed in the event of an approach to the stall. The company was awarded a prize of 50000 francs as winner of the competition.
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Michael, John A., and Joseph A. Barbera. "Mass Gathering Medical Care: A Twenty-Five Year Review." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 12, no. 4 (December 1997): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00037857.
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AbstractIntroduction:The purpose of this study was to critically review the provision of medical care at mass gatherings as described in 25 years of case reports. Specifically measured was the relationship between the size of a mass gathering and the frequency of patients seeking medical aid and the effects of certain event characteristics on this relationship.Methods:Data were obtained through a retrospective literature review. Medline and CINHAL computerized databases were searched for English language articles using several keywords: “mass gathering”, “concert”, “festival”, “Olympics”, “crowd”, “riot”, “stadium”, “sports”, “games”, “papal”, and “football”. Only articles containing complete information on the number of spectators, number of patients, type, location, and duration of the mass gathering were included in the primary analysis. As available, additional information was added including the described weather patterns, number of patients transported to a hospital, and number of patients suffering a cardiac arrest. Thirty-five of the approximately 100 articles reviewed, met these criteria.Results:A Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient was calculated for number of spectators and patients and a significant relationship was identified (p = 0.0001). Mann-Whitney U-tests indicated that papal masses (p = 0.04), rock concerts (p = 0.005), hot climatic conditions (p = 0.03) and events held in the British Commonwealth (p = 0.03) had a significantly higher frequency of patient visits. Significantly more cardiac arrests occurred at papal masses (p = 0.04) and sporting events (p = 0.0002).Conclusion:Type of event, country, weather, and the size of the mass gathering had a significant effect on the numbers of spectators seeking medical care. A uniform classification scheme is necessary for future prospective studies of mass gatherings.
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O'Donnell, Therese. "Executioners, bystanders and victims: collective guilt, the legacy of denazification and the birth of twentieth-century transitional justice." Legal Studies 25, no. 4 (November 2005): 627–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2005.tb00687.x.
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‘We did not go into the streets when our Jewish friends were led away; we did not scream until we too were destroyed … We are guilty of being alive.’Karl Jaspers The Question of German Guilt, p 66The following scene as recounted by the English writer James Stern occurred in a German town one week after Germany's unconditional surrender in May 1945. A crowd is gathered around a series of photographs which though initially seeming to depict garbage instead reveal dead human bodies. Each photograph has a heading ‘WHO IS GUILTY?’. The spectators are silent, appearing hypnotised, and eventually retreat one by one. The placards are later replaced with clearer photographs and placards proclaiming ‘THIS TOWNISGUILTY! YOUARE GUILTY!’.
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Chow, T. Edwin. "Estimating the Crowd Size of a Rally by Crowdsourcing-Geocomputation." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-46-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Dynamic population estimation – counting people in a special event (e.g. rally, sport events, evacuation) has been challenging because a large crowd is difficult to acquire an accurate count manually as people can join and leave the crowd at any time and place. In the context of a rally where people are moving on the streets over an extended period, it is often difficult to answer some questions with regards to confine the phenomenon, including but not limited to: When and where does the rally start/end precisely? Who are the attendees (e.g. activists, spectators, organizers, police, opposing crowd(s), etc.)? How does the confining environment affect stochastic human behaviours, interactions and movements over time and space? What is the count (e.g. peak attendance, total count)?</p><p>Nevertheless, estimating the attendance of these dynamic events could be emotionally and politically charged. Due to these practical uncertainties of dynamic population estimation, the attendance of annual July 1st Rally in Hong Kong reported by the police and organizers could be very different as it often became a bluffing game to promote hidden political agenda. For example, the police estimated a peak attendance of 9,800 in the 2017 July 1st Rally, whereas the organizers reported five times the attendance at about 50,000. Independent researchers from the University of Hong Kong estimated the total attendance of 14,170 (Yip, 2017) and 29,000 (HKUPOP, 2017) respectively. With limited field observations, it is hard to examine the accuracy and confident level of these reported counts.</p><p>This research aims to estimate the total attendance of 2017 July 1st Rally in Hong Kong and examine the counts reported by various stakeholders. Based on many stories reported by the public and social media, the timeline of the rally event was reconstructed to trace the observed rally time of the head and tail crowds participated in the rally event. Important geospatial features, including the street network, approved protest areas and entry/exit gateways along the main rally route, were reconstructed in the Geographic Information System (GIS). This study adopted a crowdsourcing-geocomputation approach to simulate how a dynamic crowd would have navigated in such as rally event (Chow, 2019). Using a mobile application that tracks individual trajectory, volunteers were recruited to contribute valuable in-situ data of dynamic human movements and behaviours attending the rally event. These data were used to formulate and calibrate the parameters of a computational cartographic model where each rally attendees were represented as a moving agent (x, y, t) confined in a micro spatial environment where the protesters marched from Victoria Park to the Government Headquarter in Hong Kong. Hence, individual GPS (Global Positioning System) trajectory during the rally was collected and converted into GIS data format for further analysis. More details about the data collection and processing can be found on the project website (https://chowte.wixsite.com/dynamicpop). By leveraging a large number of observations volunteered by crowdsourcing, this study attempted to answer the research question: <i>What might be the simulated crowd size that reasonable range of model parameters can be converged?</i></p><p> Using this crowdsoucing-geocomputation model, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to simulate varying model parameters, including maximum walking speed, maximum crowd density, early departure and late entry rates. Based on the reported count reported by the police, organizers and independent researchers, various crowd sizes were simulated to be compared against the observed rally time of 209 minutes (i.e. about 3.5 hours) from start to finish. Using the crowdsourced data for calibration, most rally models simulated an arrival time of head crowd between 106&ndash;108 minutes, which was very close to the observed rally time of head crowd of 107 minutes. In this study, crowd sizes were considered to be acceptable based on a 95% confidence interval of arrival time of tail crowd (i.e. 174&ndash;192 minutes) and total rally time (i.e. 199&ndash;219 minutes). For example, a crowd size of 9,800 people was simulated matching the total rally time to examine the credibility of calibrated model parameters (Figure 1).</p><p> Within the tested range of calibrated model parameters, the results indicated that it was possible to tweak the model parameters of varying crowd size to match the observed rally time (Table 1). Despite the simulated rally time of some accepted models were within ±5% of the observed rally time, the parameters used to simulate such a model were not necessary reasonable in reality. The simulated count of 9,800, for example, would require a cap of maximum walking speed of 0.5&thinsp;m/s, which seemed to be unreasonably slow under normal circumstance and incompatible with crowdsourced data (Figure 1). Given the observed rally time, it was found that the crowd sizes of 14,000&ndash;29,000 could be simulated with reasonable model parameters, whereas the crowd sizes of 9,800 and 50,000 would yield unreasonable model parameters. Taking the median within the range of 14,000&ndash;29,000, this study also found that a crowd size of 21,000 could yield eight matching simulations with varying reasonable model parameters that may be better simulate the actual rally attendance.</p><p>This paper provided empirical evidences to examined the credibility of various crowd sizes of the 2017 July 1st Rally in Hong Kong reported by the stakeholders. The research also presents a transparent, repeatable and verifiable approach to explore, quantify and simulate human movements in a rally event, such as the early departure and late arrival, to better understand dynamic crowd behaviours and interactions.</p>
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Walton, John K. "Reconstructing crowds: the rise of association football as a spectator sport in San Sebastián, 1915–32." International Journal of the History of Sport 15, no. 1 (April 1998): 27–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523369808714011.
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Segara, I. Komang Bayu. "COVID-19 canceled Omed-omedan Festival 2020. Local Elders: The Rite Would be Carry On!" Bali Tourism Journal 4, no. 2 (October 5, 2020): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.36675/btj.v4i2.47.
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The Government's decision to impose social restrictions threatened to cancel the Sesetan Heritage Omed-omedan Festival. Authority concerned that the crowd, both the Omed-omedan participants and spectators, might become a cluster for SARS-CoV-2 virus spread. However, to cancel the Omed-omedan might be challenging compared to cancel the Ogoh-ogoh parade on the night before Nyepi, Pengerupukan. Omed-omedan is a ritual in the Banjar Kaja Sesetan that is participated by local unmarried residents aged 17 to 30. It is a sacred tradition that should avoid being neglected. The ritual has been developed into an annual tourism event that attracts local and foreign visitors to witness the sheer and joyous festival. However, covid-19 pandemic threatened to cancel the Sesetan Heritage Omed-omedan Festival in 2020. after being discussed by the Sesetan village leaders, it was decided that the Omed-omedan would be held without any accompanying festival such as an entertainment stage, cultural parade, flea market or even grand opening ceremony to control the crowd. The participant of the Omed-omedan also reduced to only three pairs of adolescents, with strict health protocol. Nevertheless, traditional village leaders of Sesetan also pleaded to the public to reconsider their plan to visit the old tradition, especially for the year 2020.
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Zembura, Paweł, and Jolanta Żyśko. "An Examination of Mixed Martial Arts Spectators’ Motives and their Sports Media Consumption in Poland." Journal of Human Kinetics 46, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0048.
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AbstractThe study attempted to analyse the concept of spectators’ motives at mixed martial arts (MMA) events in Poland. In addition, we investigated the relation between motives and sports media consumption. The sample consisted of 273 people attending three similar, regional MMA events. Exploratory factor analysis was used to refine the structure of motives. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a reasonable fit of the obtained model (RMSEA = 0.41). Using ANOVA we found three significant differences in assessment of motives, based on gender. The factor of aesthetics and knowledge was ranked the highest for men and women. Men rated drama and violence, while women perceived socializing and crowd experience, and drama, as the following factors. Path analysis indicated that these motives explained 56% of variance in media consumption for men and 57% for women. The findings showed that the motive of vicarious achievement was the main predictor of media consumption for men, while aesthetics and knowledge were the key predictors for women. The results and ideas for further research are discussed.
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Levin, Laura. "When the Crow Caws: Performance and the Relational Politics of Hospitality in Hurmat Ain and Rabbya Naseer’s Art Practice." Canadian Theatre Review 191 (August 1, 2022): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ctr.191.008.
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This article examines the complex meditation on domestic environments as relational spaces in Hurmat Ain and Rabbya Naseer’s solo and collaborative art practices. Often rooted in physical sites and material elements of domesticity-from live performances in bedrooms and kitchens to installations with textiles and food-their works orchestrate intimate situations where the meeting of performer and spectator doubles as an encounter between visitor and inhabitant, citizen and foreigner, guest and host. In doing so, the artists reveal how practices of hospitality-the everyday rituals through which ‘home’ is enacted and extended to others-serve to uphold cultural, patriarchal, and nationalist values, while simultaneously opening up space for their transformation.
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Lieber, Emma. "“Pardon, Monsieur”: Civilization and Civility in Turgenev's “The Execution of Tropmann“." Slavic Review 66, no. 4 (2007): 667–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20060378.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this article, Emma Lieber situates “The Execution of Tropmann,” a late essay by Ivan Turgenev, as a key work in the author's oeuvre. Since the essay's publication, readers from Fedor Dostoevskii to contemporary critics have focused on the scene of the public execution—in which the narrator, one of a crowd of spectators, averts his gaze—as a signal instance of the reserve, moderation, and civilized refinement that are the cornerstone of the author's poetics. Lieber argues that this scene must be understood in the context of the essay as a whole, which she reads as an expression of anxiety about, and a troubled subversion of, the very civilizing influences that have been read as redemptive in Turgenev's novels and short stories. This interpretation therefore urges, not only a reconsideration of the place of “Tropmann” and its central scene in Turgenev's work, but also a reassessment of the tenor of the author's fiction.
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Dickson, Gary. "The Burning of the Amalricians." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 40, no. 3 (July 1989): 347–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046900046510.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
On 20 November 1210, before a large crowd of spectators which had flocked to the market-place of Les Champeaux outside the Saint-Honoré Gate in Paris, the heretical Amalricians were burnt at the stake. Fire that day consumed ten men, of whom nine were certainly laicised priests, deacons and sub-deacons. Six days earlier, at the nearby church of St Honorius, they had been stripped of their clerical status and handed over for execution to the royal officials of the rex chrislianissimus, Philip Augustus. Indeed, from the time some three months beforehand that Master Ralph of Namur, discoverer of their existence and pseudo-convert to their beliefs, was instructed by his clerical superiors to infiltrate the sect – an act of ecclesiastical espionage which eventually delivered the Amalricians to the flames – a highly placed royal counsellor, the Hospitaller Brother Guerin, had been consulted immediately. For this was a matter of urgency, and not just to the Church.
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Glushkova, I. P. "Bharata’s bibhatsa-rasa, Shudraka’s Mrcchakatika and Christian missionaries’ disgust." Orientalistica 3, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 968–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2020-3-4-968-984.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The ancient Indian aesthetic theory identifies bībhatsa, “disgust / aversion”, as one of the nine sensory states that determine the mood of dramatic and poetic works and by means of visual / verbal techniques affect a spectator/a reader. This term from Bharata’s Nāṭyaśāstra was adopted by Christian missions in India and used as an argument against the cultural traditions of the conquered subcontinent. The translation into Marathi (1864) of The Little Clay Cart, a Sanskrit drama by Shudraka, became the object of violent public controversy initiated by Rev. Henry Ballantine who found the image of the protagonist Vasantasena, a hereditary courtesan, “disgusting” and the play “shameful”. The final subjugation ofIndia after the defeat of the Sepoy Mutiny (1857–1858), and its transition under the British crown rule intensified the process of emotional indoctrination of subjects by resort to the notion of “disgusting” understood as anything not compatible with the Christian morality norms.
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Wood, Amy Louise. "“Killing the Elephant”: Murderous Beasts and the Thrill of Retribution, 1885–1930." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 11, no. 3 (July 2012): 405–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781412000266.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
At the turn of the last century, circus elephants who had, in fits of distemper, killed circus trainers, workers, or spectators were regularly put to death. That alone is not extraordinary. What is fascinating is that the killings of these animals were not infrequently staged as public executions, with the elephant playing the role of the menacing criminal facing his just rewards before a crowd of eager witnesses. News accounts in turn reported these events as they would criminal executions, framing them as stories of murder, remorse, and retribution. This article treats these remarkable events as complex rituals through which larger tensions and conflicts surrounding crime and punishment in this period became manifest. These executions, performed as extensions of the modern circus, were commercial spectacles in and of the industrial age. Still, like circuses, they were also events full of ambivalence about this new age, as they acted out popular controversies over the nature of criminality, the meaning of justice, and the role of vengeance in modern life.