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Книги з теми "Specific fibers"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 23 вересня 2022

Оновлено: 28 вересня 2022

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Taylor, Marjorie A. Technology of textile properties: An introduction. 3rd ed. London: Forbes Publications Ltd, 1990.

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Keller, Thomas. Use of fibre reinforced polymers in bridge construction. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed007.

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The aim of the present Structural Engineering Document, a state-of-the-art report, is to review the progress made worldwide in the use of fibre reinforced polymers as structural components in bridges until the end of the year 2000. Due to their advantageous material properties such as high specific strength, a large tolerance for frost and de-icing salts and, furthermore, short installation times with minimum traffic interference, fibre reinforced polymers have matured to become valuable alternative building materials for bridge structures. Today, fibre reinforced polymers are manufactured industrially to semi-finished products and ccimplete structural components, which can be easily and quickly installed or erected on site. Examples of semi-finished products and structural components available are flexible tension elements, profiles stiff in bending and sandwich panels. As tension elements, especially for the purpose of strengthening, strips and sheets are available, as weil as reinforcing bars for concrete reinforcement and prestressing members for internal prestressing or external use. Profiles are available for beams and columns, and sandwich constructions especially for bridge decks. During the manufacture of the structural components fibre-optic sensors for continuous monitoring can be integrated in the materials. Adhesives are being used more and more for joining components. Fibre reinforced polymers have been used in bridge construction since the mid-1980s, mostly for the strengthening of existing structures, and increasingly since the mid-1990s as pilot projects for new structures. In the case of new structures, three basic types of applications can be distinguished: concrete reinforcement, new hybrid structures in combination with traditional construction materials, and all-composite applications, in which the new materials are used exclusively. This Structural Engineering Document also includes application and research recommendations with particular reference to Switzerland. This book is aimed at both students and practising engineers, working in the field of fibre reinforced polymers, bridge design, construction, repair and strengthening.

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Megraw, R. A. Wood quality factors in loblolly pine: The influence of tree age, position in tree, and cultural practice on wood specific gravity, fiber length, and fibril angle. Atlanta, GA: TAPPI Press, 1985.

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Bellenir, Karen. Diet and nutrition sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about dietary guidelines, recommended daily intake values, vitamins, minerals, fiber, fat, weight control, dietary supplements, and food additives; along with special sections on nutrition needs throughout life and nutrition for people with such specific medical concerns as allergies, high blood cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, celiac disease, seizure disorders, phenylketonuria (PKU), cancer and eating disorders, and including reports on current nutrition research and source listings for additional help and information. 2nd ed. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 1999.

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Taylor, Marjorie A., and M. A. Taylor. Technology of Textile Properties. 3rd ed. Hyperion Books, 1990.

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Amaro Pérez, Andrea, Adrián Suárez Zapata, Pedro A. Martínez Delgado, Abraham Menéndez Márquez, Jorge Victoria Ahuir, and José Torres País. Shielding effectiveness of plastic materials for 5G applications. Editorial Científica 3Ciencias, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/ingytec.2022.79.

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The study and modelling of EMC are becoming more critical than ever due to the ubiquitous presence of electronic circuits in all aspects of our lives. Specifically, it is crucial to extend these studies to the new frequencies that, in a few years, will be a reality in modern telecommunications systems, such as 5G and its derived technologies. A specific critical field where the proper EMI shielding has been ensured to avoid EMC problems is the electric autonomous vehicles (EAVs). The huge number of electronics systems in new vehicles will dramatically extend the demands on the EMI shielding solutions used to attenuate the radiated emissions that could affect circuits in the vehicle. Metals or metal alloys are the most common EMI shielding materials since they demonstrate adequate shielding capacity against EMI. However, polymers have become up-and-coming materials for EMI shielding with the characteristics of lightweight, flexibility, cost-effective, easy processing, and resistance to corrosion. Consequently, it is necessary to develop EMI shielding materials based on polymers, plastic materials, and fiber composites that ensure compliance with the different standards that regulate 5G and the proper operation of possible systems susceptible to the intentional and unintended signals generated by this new technology. This contribution focuses on characterizing different composite structures performance based on fibers combined with conductive materials in terms of shielding effectiveness, covering the 5G sub-6 GHz frequency range.

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Enoki, Toshiaki, Morinobu Endo, and Masatsugu Suzuki. Graphite Intercalation Compounds and Applications. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195128277.001.0001.

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Graphite intercalation compounds are a new class of electronic materials that are classified as graphite-based host guest systems. They have specific structural features based on the alternating stacking of graphite and guest intercalate sheets. The electronic structures show two-dimensional metallic properties with a large variety of features including superconductivity. They are also interesting from the point of two-dimensional magnetic systems. This book presents the synthesis, crystal structures, phase transitions, lattice dynamics, electronic structures, electron transport properties, magnetic properties, surface phenomena, and applications of graphite intercalation compounds. The applications covered include batteries, highly conductive graphite fibers, exfoliated graphite and intercalated fullerenes and nanotubes.

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Price, Chane, Zahid Huq, Eellan Sivanesan, and Constantine Sarantopoulos. Pain Pathways and Pain Physiology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457006.003.0001.

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Pain is a multidimensional sensory experience that is mediated by complex peripheral and central neuroanatomical pathways and mechanisms. Typically, noxious stimuli activate specific peripheral nerve terminals onto Aδ‎ and C nerve fibers that convey pain and generate signals that are relayed and processed in the spinal cord and then conveyed via the spinothalamic tracts to the contralateral thalamus and from there to the brain. Acute pain is self-limited and resolves with the healing process, but conditions of extensive injury or inflammation sensitize the pain pathways and generate aberrant, augmented responses. Peripheral and central sensitization of neurons (as a result of spatially and temporally excessive inflammation or intense afferent signal traffic) may result in hyperexcitability and chronicity of pain, with spontaneous pain and abnormal evoked responses to stimuli (allodynia, hyperalgesia). Finally, neuropathic pain follows injury or disease to nerves as a result of hyperexcitability augmented by various sensitizing mechanisms.

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Walczak, Jean-Sébastien. Understanding the responsiveness of C-fibres. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0006.

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In the paper discussed in this chapter, Ainsley Iggo used electrophysiology to characterize mechanosensory fibres from the saphenous nerve in cats. Using fine techniques of dissection he recorded from single units and therefore could discriminate between the various types of sensitivity of afferent fibres. This article describes properties of primary afferent neurons in response to precise calibrated mechanical stimuli and focused on mechanical sensitivity of C-fibres. In addition, the manuscript describes the properties of skin-receptor fields. The paper showed that not all C-fibres responded to high-intensity stimuli and that receptive fields were quite small. In addition, it provided a qualitative evaluation of stimuli necessary to activate those fibres. Hence, by isolating fibres that responded only to strong stimulation, this article showed that the peripheral nervous system is equipped with a specific apparatus for detecting nociceptive stimuli; this was a great step forward in understanding the physiology of pain.

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Thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and specific heat of copper-carbon fiber composite. Washington D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1988.

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Han, Chang Dae. Rheology and Processing of Polymeric Materials: Volume 2: Polymer Processing. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195187830.001.0001.

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Volume 2 presents the fundamental principles related to polymer processign operations including the processing of thermoplastic polymers and thermosets. The objective of this volume is not to provide recipies that necessarily guarantee better product quality. Rather, emphasis is placed on presenting a fundamental approach to effectively analyze processing operations. The specific polymer processing operations for thermoplastics include plasticating single-screw extrusion, morphology evolution during compounding of polymer blends, compatibilization of immiscible polymer blends, wire coating extrusion, fiber spinning, tubular film blowing, coextrusion, and thermoplastic foam extrusion. The specific polymer processing operations for thermosets include reaction injection molding, pultrusion of fiber-reinforced thermosets, and compression molding of thermoset composites.

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Casha, Steve, and Philippe Mercier. Normal anatomy and physiology of the spinal cord and peripheral nerves. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0220.

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The spinal cord and peripheral nerves carry motor and autonomic efferents, as well as sensory afferents connecting the cerebrum with the body. Efferent and afferent fibres form predictable tracts within the spinal cord, forming spinal nerves as they exit the spinal canal. Peripheral nerves are often formed from complicated plexuses of spinal nerves in the cervical, lumbar, and sacral spine. Dermatomes are formed from spinal nerves that innervate specific areas of skin, while myotomes innervate a specific set of muscles. The detailed anatomy of these structures are discussed. Knowledge of the anatomy of these structures is relevant to many clinical situations encountered in the intensive care unit especially with caring for neurological, neurosurgical, orthopaedic, and trauma patients.

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Katirji, Bashar. Specialized Electrodiagnostic Studies. Edited by Bashar Katirji. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603434.003.0003.

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In addition to nerve conduction nerve studies and needle EMG, the clinical EMG study include more specialized examinations Some of the tests, such as the F waves and H reflexes are now often used as part of the routine nerve conduction studies. Others are utilized for specific indications: Repetitive nerve stimulation and single fiber EMG are used predominantly in patients with suspected neuromuscular junction disorders such as myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome or botulism; the blink reflexes are used in patients with disorders of the facial and trigeminal nerves as well as brainstem conditions. This chapter covers the late responses, including the F waves, H reflexes and blink reflexes and their applications in the diagnosis of peripheral nerve disorders. This is a followed by a discussion of the basic concepts of slow and rapid repetitive nerve stimulation and single fiber EMG, as well as their applications in the diagnosis of neuromuscular junction disorders.

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Cohen, Jeffrey A., Justin J. Mowchun, Victoria H. Lawson, and Nathaniel M. Robbins. A 72-Year-Old Female with Facial Weakness and Droopy Eyelids. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190491901.003.0030.

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Fatigable weakness is the hallmark of myasthenia gravis (MG). It may present with false localizing signs leading to an itinal incorrect diagnosis of a brainstem stroke. MRI scanning of the brain with specific sequences can rule out the diagnosis of stroke. Differential diagnosis of MG may also include also motor neuron disease. Electromyography is very helpful in confirming the diagnosis of motor neuron disease. The two major diseases of the neuromuscular junction are MG and Lambert-Eaton syndrome (LEMS). A table presents the differing characteristics of each. LEMS can be associated with malignancy and MG with thyoma. Laboratory examinations have greatly assisted in differentiating these two conditions. There is specific antibody testing for each condition. Repetitive stimulation and single fiber electromyography also improve diagnostic acumen.

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Dietary Reference Intakes: Proposed Definition of Dietary Fiber. National Academy Press, 2001.

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Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. and Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Panel on the Definition of Dietary Fiber., eds. Dietary reference intakes: Proposed definition of dietary fiber. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 2001.

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Megraw, Robert A. Wood Quality Factors in Loblolly Pine: The Influence of Tree Age, Position in Tree, and Cultural Practice on Wood Specific Gravity, Fiber Length, and. Tappi, 1997.

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Bhattacharya, Samik. Tropical Bamboo : Molecular Profiling and Genetic Diversity Study : Species/genotype-specific Marker: Molecular Tool To Select Superior Fiber Quality Harboring Bamboo For Quality Control. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2010.

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Shaibani, Aziz. Numbness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0023.

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Sensory symptoms are the most common symptoms in neuromuscular clinics, yet it is hard to capture them via video unless they have a very specific pattern and they are associated with objective loss of sensation. Distal sensory loss is a common neuropathic finding. It follows gloves and stocks distribution. Sensory neuropathies may present with ataxia which results in falls, or severe pain. Neuropathic pain with normal ankle reflexes and sural responses suggest small fiber neuropathy. Multifocal sensory loss is usually vascular. It can also be infectious (leprosy). Migratory neuritis is a poorly understood condition. Intercostal pain and numbness is usually due to radiculopathy (diabetic, zoster, or compressive radiculopathy). Foots ulcers and unfelt mosquito bites are markers for sensory loss. Loss of corneal sensation may led to keratitis and blindness.

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Pérez-Pomares, José M., and Robert Kelly, eds. The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Development. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757269.001.0001.

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A rapid inspection of the table of contents shows that we have grouped relevant cardiovascular developmental topics in five different sections, which move progressively from basic research to clinical relevance, concluding with a glance at the near future of this fast-moving field. All of these sections deal with concepts that are critical to understanding from where and how cardiac chambers (atria and ventricles), valves (atrioventricular and arterial), great vessels (aortic and pulmonary trunks), cardiac conduction system (nodes, bundles, and Purkinje fibres), and coronary blood vessels form. Throughout the book there is continuous reference to experimental animal models for developmental processes, including the mouse, chick, and zebrafish, often involving the application of state of the art technological innovations. This has allowed us to illustrate the more likely origins of specific forms of congenital heart disease, and to elaborate on the developmental substrate of certain forms of adult cardiovascular disease.

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Brown, Matthew. The chronic constriction injury model of neuropathic pain. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0067.

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The landmark paper discussed in this chapter is ‘A peripheral mononeuropathy in rat that produces disorders of pain sensation like those seen in man’, published by Bennett and Xie in 1988. This paper, in which the unilateral sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) model was first presented, is one of the earliest and most comprehensive descriptions of a specific animal paradigm that was designed to model human neuropathic pain. The authors realized that human neuropathic pain rarely involves nerve transection but instead involves evoked changes in damaged and preserved nerve fibres. Furthermore, they systematically applied a barrage of sensory testing that demonstrated quantifiable hyperalgesia and cold allodynia reflecting some of the clinical observations of human neuropathic pain phenotype. CCI provided a high-quality template for the development of neuropathic pain models that impelled the subsequent development of other animal models striving to replicate the human condition faithfully and accurately.

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Arnold, Monica M., Lauren M. Burgeno, and Paul E. M. Phillips. Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry in Behaving Animals. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199939800.003.0005.

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Gaining insight into the mechanisms by which neural transmission governs behavior remains a central goal of behavioral neuroscience. Multiple applications exist for monitoring neurotransmission during behavior, including fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). This technique is an electrochemical detection method that can be used to monitor subsecond changes in concentrations of electroactive molecules such as neurotransmitters. In this technique, a triangular waveform voltage is applied to a carbon fiber electrode implanted into a selected brain region. During each waveform application, specific molecules in the vicinity of the electrode will undergo electrolysis and produce a current, which can be detected by the electrode. In order to monitor subsecond changes in neurotransmitter release, waveform application is repeated every 100 ms, yielding a 10 Hz sampling rate. This chapter describes the fundamental principles behind FSCV and the basic instrumentation required, using as an example system the detection of in vivo phasic dopamine changes in freely-moving animals over the course of long-term experiments. We explain step-by-step, how to construct and surgically implant a carbon fiber electrode that can readily detect phasic neurotransmitter fluctuations and that remains sensitive over multiple recordings across months. Also included are the basic steps for recording FSCV during behavioral experiments and how to process voltammetric data in which signaling is time-locked to behavioral events of interest. Together, information in this chapter provides a foundation of FSCV theory and practice that can be applied to the assembly of an FSCV system and execution of in vivo experiments.

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Armstrong, Neil, Alan R. Barker, and Alison M. McManus. Muscle metabolism during exercise. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0006.

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Ethical considerations and the lack, until recently, of accessible non-invasive techniques of interrogating exercising muscles have limited research into developmental muscle metabolism during exercise. Current evidence supports an anaerobic/aerobic energy metabolism interplay in exercise in which children present a relatively higher oxidative capacity than adolescents or adults. There is a progressive increase in anaerobic glycolytic flux with age at least into adolescence and, possibly into young adulthood. Independent effects of biological maturation on muscle metabolism during exercise remain to be empirically proven. An amalgam of findings from muscle fibre profiles, muscle enzymes activity, muscle energy stores, substrate utilization, phosphocreatine re-synthesis, and pulmonary oxygen uptake contribute to a plausible model of an age- and sex-specific developing metabolic profile but the precise mechanisms require further clarification. There is a persuasive argument that muscle fibre recruitment patterns are a fundamental component of age- (and perhaps sex-) related differences.

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Downes, GM, IL Hudson, CA Raymond, GH Dean, AJ Michell, LR Schimleck, R. Evans, and A. Muneri. Sampling Plantation Eucalypts for Wood and Fibre Properties. CSIRO Publishing, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643105287.

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This book was written to help the forest industry assess wood quality by using non-destructive samples taken from specific points within a tree. It is the first compilation of research data on sampling of eucalypts, describing new methods and tools for rapid and cost-effective analysis. The book provides information needed to design a sampling program, obtain and process wood samples, and shows how to relate the data to an average tree value.

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Mason, Peggy. Cerebellum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0024.

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The cerebellum uses sensory feedback and information about intended actions to ensure coordinated and smooth movements despite changing conditions. An analogy between the cerebellum and an orchestral conductor is elaborated. The cerebellum’s involvement in forming and executing motor memories is presented. Cerebellar circuits through the cerebellar cortex and deep nuclei and the dependence of cerebellar learning on climbing fiber input to Purkinje cells are briefly described. Sensory reafference and motor efference copy are defined and their roles in coordinating movement introduced. Cerebellar symptoms including ataxia, dysmetria and dysdiadochokinesia, are discussed and a possible model for dysmetria is considered. The specific inputs to and outputs from the vermis, paravermis, and lateral lobes are detailed in a description of canonical cerebellar loops. Finally, evidence that the cerebellum is involved in modulating nonmotor functions such as language, affect, social cognition, and visceral control is presented for the reader’s consideration.

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Tjärnlund, Anna, and Ingrid E. Lundberg. Diagnostic and classification criteria. Edited by Hector Chinoy and Robert Cooper. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754121.003.0002.

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Diagnosis of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) is based on clinical features such as subacute progress of symmetrical weakness of proximal muscle and muscle fatigue, in combination with laboratory confirmation of myopathy, including elevated muscle enzyme levels in serum and histological demonstration of skeletal muscle inflammation, as well as fibre regeneration and degeneration in muscle biopsies. Several classification criteria for IIM have historically been proposed. New classification criteria for IIM have been developed, and are based on real patient data from adult and juvenile IIM cases worldwide. These criteria provide a probability of having IIM with defined cut-off values for categorizing ‘possible’, ‘probable’, and ‘definite’ IIM. Autoantibodies in IIM are becoming increasingly important for diagnosis and classification, and newly identified autoantibodies specific for inclusion body myositis may provide a future diagnostic tool.

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Scadding, John. Neuropathic pain. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0386.

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Pain signalled by a normal sensory system, nociceptive pain, serves a vital protective function. The peripheral and central nervous somatosensory systems permit rapid localization and identification of the nature of painful stimuli, prior to appropriate action to minimize or avoid potentially tissue damaging events. A reduction or absence of pain resulting from neurological disease emphasizes the importance of this normal protective function of pain. For example, tissue destruction occurs frequently in peripheral nerve diseases which cause severe sensory loss such as leprosy, and in central disorders such as syringomyelia. Neuropathic pain results from damage to somatosensory pathways and serves no protective function. This chapter provides an overview of neuropathic pain, considering its context, clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment.In the peripheral nervous system, neuropathic pain is caused by conditions affecting small nerve fibres, and in the central nervous system by lesions of the spinothalamic tract and thalamus, and rarely by subcortical and cortical lesions. The clinical feature common to virtually all conditions leading to the development of neuropathic pain is the perception of pain in an area of sensory impairment, an apparently paradoxical situation. The exception is trigeminal neuralgia.Neuropathic pain is heterogeneous clinically, aetiologically, and pathophysiologically. Within a given diagnostic category, whether defined clinically or aetiologically, there are wide variations in reports of pain by patients. This heterogeneity poses one of the greatest challenges in understanding the mechanisms of neuropathic pain. Knowledge of the pathophysiology is an obvious pre-requisite to the development of effective treatments. The goal of a pathophysiologically based understanding of the symptoms and signs of neuropathic pain is, of course, just such a rational and specific approach to treatment. While this is not yet achievable, clinical-pathophysiological correlations have led to some recent advances in treatment.

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Information technology -- telecommunications and information exchange between systems -- local and metropolitan area networks -- specific requirements --: Part 5: Token ring access method and physical layer specifications : Amendment 1: Dedicated token ring operation and fibre optic media. 3rd ed. New York, N.Y., USA: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1998.

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