Статті в журналах: "Specific electrical conductivity"

1

Garkushin, Ivan K., Olga V. Lavrenteva, and Yana A. Andreeva. "Relationship of the s1-elements halogenides melts specific electric conductivity with alkali metals specific electric conductivity." Butlerov Communications 60, no. 12 (December 31, 2019): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-60-12-116.

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The paper presents an analytical description of the relationship of the specific electrical conductivity æ of individual alkali metals haloganides melts (MHal) (M – Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr; Hal – F, Cl, Br, I) and the specific electrical conductivity æ(M) of alkali metal melts for temperatures (Тпл + n) (Tпл – melting temperature K; n = 5, 10, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200° higher melting temperatures of MHal and metals) and the specific electrical conductivity of alkali metals at standard temperature using M.Kh. Karapetyans comparative methods. The relationship of properties æ(MHal при Тпл+n) = f(æ(MHal при Тпл+5)), æ(FrHalТпл+n) = f(æ(FrHalТпл+5°)) is described in the "property-property" coordinates. A comparative analysis of the specific electrical conductivity values of francium haloganides melts obtained by the proposed methods was carried out. The possibility of calculating the electrical conductivity of molten salts from the electrical conductivity of molten metals is shown. It is shown that the equation æ(MHal)0.5 = a + bæ(M)1.5 can be used to calculate the specific electrical conductivity of francium haloganides melts. The calculation of the specific electrical conductivity using various equations shows the consistency of the numerical values obtained.

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2

Kachanovsky, F. V. "ELECTRICAL SPECIFIC CONDUCTIVITY OF THE PRECIPITATION IN TVER." Bulletin of the Tver State Technical University. Series «Building. Electrical engineering and chemical technology», no. 4 (2020): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.46573/2658-7459-2020-4-89-97.

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Analysis had made of the precipitation′s electrical specific conductivity (atmospheric precipitation had fallen in Tver in 2016–2019 years). Time series models of the electrical specific conductivity and her evolution were examined. Cubic model has considered as adequate.

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3

Andreev, V. N., and V. A. Klimov. "Specific features of the electrical conductivity of V6O11." Physics of the Solid State 55, no. 9 (September 2013): 1829–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063783413090047.

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4

Kuniya, Keiichi, Hideo Arakawa, Tsuneyuki Kanai, and Akio Chiba. "Thermal Conductivity, Electrical Conductivity and Specific Heat of Copper-Carbon Fiber Composite." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 49, no. 10 (1985): 906–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet1952.49.10_906.

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5

Kuniya, Keiichi, Hideo Arakawa, Tsuneyuki Kanai, and Akio Chiba. "Thermal Conductivity, Electrical Conductivity and Specific Heat of Copper-Carbon Fiber Composites." Transactions of the Japan Institute of Metals 28, no. 10 (1987): 819–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans1960.28.819.

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6

Krizsky, Vladimir, Pavel Aleksandrov, Alexey Kovalskii, and Sergey Viktorov. "Mathematical Modelling of Electric and Magnetic Fields of Main Pipelines Cathodic Protection in Electrically Anisotropic Media." E3S Web of Conferences 225 (2021): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202122504002.

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A mathematical model is constructed and computational experiments are performed to study the effect of anisotropy of the specific electrical conductivity of the soil on the distribution of electric and magnetic fields generated by cathodic electrochemical corrosion protection stations of the underground main pipeline (MP). The variation of electric and magnetic fields depending on the azimuth angle of rotation of the specific electrical conductivity tensor of the soil containing the pipeline is analysed.

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7

Minea, Alina Adriana. "A Review on Electrical Conductivity of Nanoparticle-Enhanced Fluids." Nanomaterials 9, no. 11 (November 9, 2019): 1592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9111592.

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This review discusses exclusively the recent research on electrical conductivity of nanofluids, correlations and mechanisms and aims to make an important step to fully understand the nanofluids behavior. Research on nanoparticle-enhanced fluids’ electrical conductivity is at its beginning at this moment and the augmentation mechanisms are not fully understood. Basically, the mechanisms for increasing the electrical conductivity are described as electric double layer influence and increased particles’ conductance. Another idea that has resulted from this review is that the stability of nanofluids can be described with the help of electrical conductivity tests, but more coordinated research is needed. The purpose of this article is not only to describe the aforementioned studies, but also to fully understand nanofluids’ behavior, and to assess and relate several experimental results on electrical conductivity. Concluding, this analysis has shown that a lot of research work is needed in the field of nanofluids’ electrical characterization and specific applications.

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8

Štancl, Jaromír, Jan Skočilas, Aleš Landfeld, Rudolf Žitný, and Milan Houška. "ELECTRICAL AND THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF A COLLAGEN SOLUTION." Acta Polytechnica 57, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2017.57.0229.

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This paper focuses on measurements of the electrical properties, the specific heat capacity and the thermal conductivity of a collagen solution (7.19% mass fraction of native bovine collagen in water). The results of our experiments show that specific electrical conductivity of collagen solution is strongly dependent on temperature. The transition region of collagen to gelatin has been observed from the measured temperature dependence of specific electrical conductivity, and has been confirmed by specific heat capacity measurements by a differential scanning calorimetry.

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9

Andreev, V. N., and V. A. Klimov. "Specific features of electrical conductivity of V3O5 single crystals." Physics of the Solid State 53, no. 12 (December 2011): 2424–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s106378341112002x.

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10

Kachanovsky, F. V. "ELECTRICAL SPECIFIC CONDUCTIVITY OF THE PRECIPITATION AND METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS IN TVER (CORRELATION ANALYSIS)." Bulletin of the Tver State Technical University. Series «Building. Electrical engineering and chemical technology», no. 3 (2020): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.46573/2658-7459-2020-3-69-76.

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Correlation analysis had made of the precipitation′s electrical specific conductivity and meteorological factors (atmospheric precipitation had fallen in Tver in 1916–2019 years). Regression models of the electrical specific conductivity upon meteorological factors were built.

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11

Krizsky, Vladimir N., Pavel N. Aleksandrov, Alexey A. Kovalskii, and Sergey V. Viktorov. "Mathematical modeling of cathodic protection of electric fields for major pipelines in anisotropic terrains." SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGIES OIL AND OIL PRODUCTS PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION 10, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.28999/2541-9595-2020-10-1-52-63.

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The authors consider the problem of the computational investigation of cathodic protection electric fields measured for an underground pipeline taking into account the anisotropic nature of soil specific electrical conductivity. A computational experimental method was used to compare the figures for anisotropic soils against the current distribution for a homogeneous half-space; the influence of anisotropy factors and the azimuth conductivity tensor rotation angle for pipeline-enclosing soil on the electrical parameters of cathodic protection of the pipeline were investigated. It was demonstrated that protective capacity can vary significantly for areas close to the drainage points of cathode stations and for defective segments. It was concluded that there is a need to take into account terrain structure (its electrical anisotropy) when there are prerequisites of soil lamination/fracturing, or if its specific electrical conductivity contrast in the lateral direction is in excess of 2–2.5 times.

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12

Trykoz, L. V., I. V. Bagiyanc, V. Yu Savchuk, O. M. Pustovoitova, S. M. Kamchatnaya, and O. S. Saiapin. "Investigation into Electrical Conductivity of the Multicomponent System of Trackbed." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 25 (August 2016): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.25.52.

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The article deals with the measuring results of the specific conductance of multicomponent systems which consist of more than three materials of various characteristics. As it was shown the electrical conductivity of systems composed of soil, slag and water depends in a lesser degree on the amount of slag and in a greater degree on slag’s chemical composition. The value of specific conductance decreases when the amount of slag increases for basic slag, and increases for acid slag. For a system, which includes gravel particles coated with organic substances, the value of specific conductance correlates with the electric properties of the materials used, namely the function of chemical composition of the musticomponent system. Thus, there is a possibility to design a mathematical model for forecasting electric properties of multicomponent systems, which is based on an objective characteristic, namely, chemical structure of the materials used.

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13

Hammersley, J. M. "Mesoadditive processes and the specific conductivity of lattices." Journal of Applied Probability 25, A (1988): 347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3214168.

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The hypercubic lattice with bonds of random electrical resistance affords a model for the specific conductivity of microscopically irregular material. The resulting stochastic process lies between a subadditive and a superadditive process: mesoadditive processes of this type provide several unsolved problems for pure mathematicians.

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14

Hammersley, J. M. "Mesoadditive processes and the specific conductivity of lattices." Journal of Applied Probability 25, A (1988): 347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002190020004047x.

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The hypercubic lattice with bonds of random electrical resistance affords a model for the specific conductivity of microscopically irregular material. The resulting stochastic process lies between a subadditive and a superadditive process: mesoadditive processes of this type provide several unsolved problems for pure mathematicians.

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15

Eshpulatov, Nodir, Tolib Khalmuradov, Rakhmаnberdi Khalilov, Abdulkhay Obidov, and Madrakhim Allanazarov. "Electrical conductivity of whole and shredded plant tissue." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 04072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126404072.

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The article gives the electrical conductivity of whole and shredded plant tissue. An experimental study was made of the dependence of the resistivity value and the volume occupied by the pulp on the pressing time and specific pressures on the pulp while taking into account the amount of pressed juice. The electrical resistance (R) of whole and crushed plant tissue was experimentally studied, which, when processing the results, was recalculated to the specific electrical resistance (ρ) of the tissue. The specific pressure (P) on the tissue was determined using a reference manometer, and the deformation (ΔH) of the sample was measured with a dial indicator.

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16

Габриельс, К. С., Ю. Е. Калинин, В. А. Макагонов, С. Ю. Панков та А. В. Ситников. "Электрические и оптические свойства тонких пленок оксида кобальта, полученных методом ионно-лучевого распыления". Журнал технической физики 92, № 6 (2022): 892. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2022.06.52521.288-21.

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Optical and electrical properties of cobalt oxide thin films obtained by ion-beam sputtering in argon atmosphere and argon with the addition of oxygen (PAr = 1.1∙10-5 Torr) has been investigated in the work. Optical properties investigations showed that, for films of cobalt oxide obtained in argon atmosphere, the optical band gap is independent of the film thickness and is 3.24 eV, which is in the range of given in the literature for the CoO phase values. For cobalt oxide films obtained in mixed atmosphere of argon with the addition of oxygen, two direct optical transitions with energies of 1.45 and 2.1 eV were detected. The presence of two direct allowed optical transitions is associated with the variable valence of cobalt in the Co3O4 compound and the presence of two valence states Co2+ and Co3+. The dependences of specific electrical conductivity of the synthesized films on the magnitude of the electric field were studied. It was found that for all investigated samples, the electrical conductivity does not depend on the electric field strength up to the value of E = 106 V/m. The nonlinearity of the dependence of specific electrical conductivity of the synthesized films on electric field strength at E > 106 V/m is discussed in terms of the hopping conductivity model and the trap ionization model described by the Poole–Frenkel effect.

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17

Salakhova, R. K., V. V. Semenychev, and A. B. Tihoobrazov. "Specific electrical conductivity of chromium plating and nickel plating electrolytes." VESTNIK of the Samara State Aerospace University, no. 3(45) (December 30, 2014): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/1998-6629-2014-0-3(45)-70-78.

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18

Mori, K., K. Noto, Y. Ogiso, T. Igarashi, Y. Isikawa, and K. Sato. "Thermal conductivity, electrical resistivity and specific heat of La1.85Sr0.15CuO4 superconductor." Physica B: Condensed Matter 165-166 (August 1990): 1201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(09)80186-5.

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19

Andreev, V. N., and V. A. Klimov. "Specific features of the electrical conductivity of V4O7 single crystals." Physics of the Solid State 51, no. 11 (November 2009): 2235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063783409110067.

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20

Kosenkov, V. M. "Comparative Analysis of Methods for Mathematical Modeling of Specific Electrical Conductivity of Plasma in the Channel of an Electric Discharge in Water." Elektronnaya Obrabotka Materialov 57, no. 4 (August 2021): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.52577/eom.2021.57.4.24.

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In the present work, a comparative analysis of three methods for determining the specific electrical conductivity of the plasma formed in the channel of an electric discharge in water is carried out for its mathematical modeling. The parameters of the empirical function are determined, at which the results of mathematical modeling are consistent with the experimental data. The necessity of using empirical functions in calculating the specific electrical conductivity of plasma has been substantiated. The obtained ratios made it possible to significantly increase the adequacy of the previously developed mathematical model of the physical discharge processes in water and to expand the range of parameters in which it can be used.

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21

Lankin, Yu М., V. G. Soloviev, and I. Y. Romanova. "MODELING OF THE ANISOTROPY OF THE SPECIFIC ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF BIOLOGICAL TISSUE ARISING AT LOCAL COMPRESSION BY BIPOLAR WELDING ELECTRODES." Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika 2021, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/techned2021.02.013.

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Current publications on bipolar welding use the electrical characteristics of uncompressed biological tissue. This reduces the accuracy of calculating the distribution of the density of the flowing currents and the strength of the electric fields in the zone of the fabric to be welded when it is squeezed. The aim of the work is to show a methodology for calculating the change in the specific electrical conductivity of biological tissue under local compression by electrodes and the effect of this factor on the results of modeling electrical processes of biological welding. A geometric interpretation of the change in the electrical conductivity of the pig's heart muscle when squeezed by bipolar welding electrodes in relative units is proposed. The principle of similarity of the geometric parameters of the physical experiment and the graphic model of COMSOL multyphysics is used, as a result of which the dependences of the three main geometric parameters of the model on the magnitude of the relative compression are determined. The method of successive approximations of the values of the total electrical resistance of biological tissue in a physical experiment at frequencies of 0,3, 30, and 300 kHz and the calculated resistances on the model with a change in the basic geometric parameters of specific electrical conductivity was used. A model of bipolar welding of biological tissues is obtained, which takes into account the anisotropy factor of the electrical conductivity of biological tissue under compression. Some results of investigations of the regularities of the current flow in the tissue, taking into account the arising anisotropy, are presented. References 12, figures 5, tables 4.

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22

Timchenko, S. L., and N. A. Zadorozhny. "Conducting Medium Electrical Conductivity at High Current Density." Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Natural Sciences, no. 6 (99) (December 2021): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/1812-3368-2021-6-64-78.

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The experimental research example of electrical characteristics of structurally heterogeneous thinlayer conductors (nickel, copper) at high current density (108--109 А/m2) is shown. This current density in conditions of the samples intensive cooling is sufficient for the process of irreversible, nonthermally activated deformation. The experiment results show that the conducting medium at high current density has essential nonlinearities expressed in nonlinear dependence of the samples electrical resistance from current density. With repeated current treatments of the samples the conductors' electrical resistivity decreases. The number of defects removed from the volume of material as a result of nickel foil treatment by electric current is estimated. It is shown that under conditions of highdensity direct electric current flow in microvolumes of homogeneous and inhomogeneous conducting media a volume charge can appear. The appearance of the volume charge in a conducting medium can be caused by interaction forces during the motion of electrons and ions. Due to the interaction forces between ions and electrons of basic material and impurities, additional local ionization occurs which is realized in nano-volumes of a conductor. In the case of heterogeneous medium, the volume charge depends on the nature of the specific conductivity distribution. In a homogeneous conductor the volume charge is proportional to the square of the current density in the sample

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23

Степанов, Н. П., С. А. Немов, И. В. Свешников, Г. И. Грабко, А. Н. Власов, А. В. Лесков, А. А. Калашников та Л. Э. Степанова. "Температурные зависимости коэффициента термоэдс, удельного сопротивления и теплопроводности электронного и дырочного пирита FeS-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=- в интервале 293-400 K". Физика и техника полупроводников 55, № 9 (2021): 826. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2021.09.51303.9667.

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Abstract The temperature dependences of the thermal EMF, the specific electrical conductivity, and the specific thermal conductivity of samples of natural pyrite FeS2, with electronic and hole-type conductivity, are studied in the temperature range of 293−400 K. The data obtained are in good agreement with the results of previous studies of the electrical properties of this mineral, established in the course of geophysical studies. Based on the results of the performed measurements, as well as taking into account the known data on the temperature behavior of the thermo-EMF and the specific electrical conductivity of pyrite in the range of 300−700 K, estimates of its thermoelectric efficiency are mad

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24

Gaponov, A. V., O. V. Vorobiov, and A. M. Vasyliev. "Electrical Parameters of SnO2 Based Varistor Ceramics with CaO and BaO Additions." Фізика і хімія твердого тіла 17, no. 1 (March 15, 2016): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.17.1.81-87.

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In the tested SnO2-Co3O4-Nb2O5-Cr2O3-CuO varistor ceramics the adding of CaO or BaO oxides leads to the decrease of the electric conductivity in the low electric field and correlated increase of the potential barrier height at the SnO2 grain boundaries (from 0.7 to 1.0 eV). The coordinated changes of electrical parameters with the increase of the burning temperature from 1520 to 1620 К (the increase of the linear shrinkage, a grain size, an electric conductivity, a nonlinear coefficient , a normalized nonlinear coefficient , a dielectric permittivity and the decrease of the qualifying electric field E1, an activation energy of electric conduction and a grain specific resistance) prove the barrier mechanism of electric conductivity in the SnO2 based ceramics. The highest data and = 0.02 cm·V-1 has ceramics with CaO addition baked at 1620 K. According to the impulse experimental data in the high electric field the increase of burning temperature causes the increase of SnO2 grain average size and the decrease of their grain specific resistance . The obtained value = 1.1 Ohm·cm for SnO2-Co3O4-Nb2O5-Cr2O3-CuO ceramics is the lowest among those found in SnO2 based ceramics.

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25

Gu, W. Y., and M. A. Justiz. "Apparatus for Measuring the Swelling Dependent Electrical Conductivity of Charged Hydrated Soft Tissues." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 124, no. 6 (December 1, 2002): 790–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1516571.

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This paper describes a new apparatus and method for measuring swelling dependent electrical conductivity of charged hydrated soft tissues. The apparatus was calibrated using a conductivity standard. Swelling dependent specific conductivity of porcine annulus fibrosis (AF) samples was determined. The conductivity values for porcine AF were similar to those for human and bovine articular cartilage found in the literature. Results revealed a significant linear correlation between specific conductivity and water content for porcine AF tissues tested in phosphate buffered saline (PBS).

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26

Garkushin, Ivan K., Olga V. Lavrenteva, Karina R. Gilmanova, and Yana A. Andreeva. "Analytical description of sodium halogenides melts specific electric conductivity and its calculation for sodium astatide melt." Butlerov Communications 60, no. 12 (December 31, 2019): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-60-12-125.

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The paper presents analytical and graphical dependences of the individual haloganides melts specific electrical conductivity æ of the sodium NaHal series (Hal – F, Cl, Br, I) on the halogen order number Z, ionic radius r of haloganide-ion Hal–, halogen ionic potential 1/r, reduced ionic radius r/Z, difference of electronegativity (∆χ = χ(Hal) – χ(Na)): æ = f(Z); æ = f(r); æ = f(1/r); æ = f(r/Z); æ = f(∆χ) for the temperature higher melting temperatures on 5, 10, 50, 75, 100, 150 и 200°. M.Kh. Karapetyans сomparative methods were applied for the description. The minimum standard deviation and maximum correlation coefficient corresponds to the equation æ–1 = a + bexp1/r, according to which the numerical values of æ(NaAt) are calculated for real temperatures. The temperature dependence æ of the NaAt melt is described by the equation æ = 0.0508+0.0023Т. A comparative analysis of the relationship between the specific electrical conductivity of NaHal melts at a temperature of Tm + n (n = 10 ... 200° higher the melting temperature) and æ at (Tm + 5°). A comparative analysis is represented by straightforward dependencies. It was shown that the specific electrical conductivity of the NaAt melt is related to the electrical conductivity of LiAt by the direct equation æ(NaAt) = 0.035+0.607æ(LiAt). The straight line equationalso relates æ of the NaHal melt (Hal – F, Br, I, At) to the specific conductivity of the NaCl melt. Between the numerical values of the specific electrical conductivity of the sodium astatide (NaAt) melt calculated by different methods, consistent data were obtained.

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27

Lankin, Yu M., V. G. Solovyov, and I. Yu Romanovа. "Study of change in specific electrical conductivity of biological tissues as a result of local compression by electrodes in bipolar welding." Paton Welding Journal 2021, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37434/tpwj2021.01.07.

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28

Takos, I., G. Varsamis, T. Merou, and C. Alexiou. "Can Electrical Conductivity Predict Seed Germination of Three Pinus Species?" Silvae Genetica 61, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2012): 168–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2012-0021.

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Abstract The potential of using the electrical conductivity method to predict seed germination of Pinus pinea, P. halepensis and P. nigra was investigated. Seed lots with low germination presented high conductivity values while those with high germination presented lower conductivity values after 48 hours of incubation. Based on linear regression analysis models with outlier remove analysis, high regression coefficients were obtained suggesting that it is possible to predict germination of the specific species through a quick electrical conductivity test.

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29

Shchegolkov, A. V. "The comparative analysis of thermal effects in elastomers modified with MCNT at constant DC voltage." Vektor nauki Tol'yattinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 1 (2021): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18323/2073-5073-2021-1-63-73.

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The author carried out the comparative analysis of elastomers – polyurethane (NPC) and silicone compound (NCOC) modified with carbon nanotubes (MCNT) with a mass content of 1 to 9 %. MCNTs were synthetically produced by the CVD technology using Co-Mo/Al2O3-MgO (MCNT1) and Fe-Co/2,1Al2O3 (MCNT2) catalysts. The analysis of experimental study results showed that the lowest specific bulk electrical conductivity (5×10-10 Cm×cm-1) was typical for polyurethane elastomer (1 mass. % MCNT synthetically produced using Fe-Co/2,1Al2O3 catalyst). For the silicone elastomer modified with 9 mass. % MCNT1, the specific bulk electrical conductivity was 4×10-1 Cm×cm-1. The author identified the parameters of percolation of electrical conductivity model for NPC, NCOC with MCNT1 and MCNT2, taking into account the MCNT packing factor and electrical conductivity critical index. The maximum temperature field uniformity is typical for silicone elastomer with 7 mass. % MCNT2. Nonuniform temperature field in modified polyurethane-based elastomers can be caused by the local MCNT entanglement manifested in the creation of agglomerates or more dense electrically-conductive circuit packing, which, in its turn, results in the decrease in heat power. The heating temperature of nanomodified composites produced from NCOC 1 and NCOC 2 can vary from 32.9 to 102 °С. The author studied the modes of nanomodified elastomers heat generation in the range of 6 to 30 V, compared heat generation in the elastomer-based and ceramics-based samples. The study allowed identifying the best combination of the polymeric matrix and MCNT type. For the electric heater, it is the most efficient to apply silicone compound at the 7 % MCNT concentration and, depending on the feeding voltage level of 12 or 24 V, to use MCNT1 or MCNT2.

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30

Hamed, A. E., M. E. Kassem, M. El-Osairy, and A. M. Okaz. "Specific heat and electrical conductivity of deuterated triglycine selenate single crystals." Phase Transitions 29, no. 4 (March 1991): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01411599108207955.

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31

Liu, Yingjun, Mincheng Yang, Kai Pang, Fang Wang, Zhen Xu, Weiwei Gao, and Chao Gao. "Environmentally stable macroscopic graphene films with specific electrical conductivity exceeding metals." Carbon 156 (January 2020): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.09.066.

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32

Nikolaeva, Elena V., Andrey L. Bovet, and Irina D. Zakiryanova. "Electrical Conductivity of Molten Carbonate and Carbonate–Chloride Systems Coexisting with Aluminium Oxide Powder." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 73, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2017-0222.

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AbstractThe electrical properties of composite electrolytes (suspensions) composed of α-Al2O3 powder and molten carbonate eutectic (Li2CO3–Na2CO3–K2CO3)eut or molten carbonate–chloride mixture 0.72(Li2CO3–Na2CO3–K2CO3)eut–0.28NaCl have been investigated by AC impedance method. This system shows a dependence of the electrical conductivity upon the temperature and the α-Al2O3 content. The specific electrical conductivity of the α-Al2O3/(Li2CO3–Na2CO3–K2CO3)eut system can be adequately described by the Maxwell equation for two-phase heterogeneous materials. The regression equation for the dependence of the specific conductivity of the α-Al2O3/(Li2CO3–Na2CO3–K2CO3)eut composite on the aluminium oxide concentration and temperature was obtained.

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33

WOLLENHAUPT, N. C., J. L. RICHARDSON, J. E. FOSS, and E. C. DOLL. "A RAPID METHOD FOR ESTIMATING WEIGHTED SOIL SALINITY FROM APPARENT SOIL ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY MEASURED WITH AN ABOVEGROUND ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION METER." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 66, no. 2 (May 1, 1986): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss86-032.

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This study presents a method for calibrating electromagnetic induction instrument readings with saturated paste electrical conductivity (ECe) for field mapping purposes. Each meter reading represents an integration of the apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) over the meter’s response depth. To correlate the meter readings with measured ECe within soil depth increments, several pedons representing a range of soil salinity for the survey area were sampled in 30-cm increments to a depth corresponding to the meter response. A weighting procedure based on the meter response-depth function was developed to condense the multiple ECe by depth measurements into a single weighted area specific value. These values were correlated with the apparent soil electric conductivity from the electromagnetic induction instrument by simple linear regression. This technique is designed for soil association of similar parent materials. The resulting regression equation yields a quick reliable equation that avoids complex mathematics and converts the instrument readings into weighted forms of commonly used saturated paste electrical conductivity values. Key words: Soil survey, electrical resistance

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34

Lima, Elizeu De Souza, Lenon Henrique Lovera, Rafael Montanari, Zigomar Menezes de Souza, and Jose Luiz Rodrigues Torres. "SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF APPARENT ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES OF THE SOIL." Cultura Agronômica: Revista de Ciências Agronômicas 26, no. 3 (July 1, 2017): 469–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32929/2446-8355.2017v26n3p469-482.

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The apparent electrical conductivity has been an attribute widely used in studies of spatial variability, due to its high correlation with other soil attributes and because it is an attribute that represents the variability of an area in a quick, easy and low-cost way. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the spatial variability of apparent electrical conductivity with physicochemical attributes of an Eutrophic Red Oxisol located in Maracaju, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, for determining specific soil management zones. We analyzed apparent electrical conductivity attributes (ECa 2, 7 and 15 kHz), contents of potassium, cation exchange capacity, clay, base saturation and organic matter content. ECa was measured with the Profiler EMP-400 crossing the entire area in 0.45 m spaced lines. Soil samples were collected in the 0.000.20 m layer, with a total of 216 samples in an area of 70 ha. Statistical and geostatistical analyses were performed by SAS and GS+ software. The apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) was presented as an important tool to identify specific management zones showing data variability between low and medium zones. The attributes that had higher correlation with apparent electrical conductivity were potassium and clay.

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35

BAKSAN, Bedri, Ibrahim CELIKYUREK, and Adem TASDEMIR. "Effect of Secondary Aging of Copper-Chromium Alloys to Electrical Conductivity." Eurasia Proceedings of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics 16 (December 31, 2021): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.55549/epstem.1068548.

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Copper-chromium alloys are the most important spot-welding tips and disks; it is also used where high strength together with electrical conductivity is required. Electrical conductivity is also important for optimum energy consumption. It is obvious that if highly conductive materials are used, we need low electric current where today energy is a very precious thing. In our study due to the industrial requirement of highly durable and more consistent parts needs, secondary aging was used to obtain more efficient materials. Electrical conductivity is a must, therefore the copper chromium alloys were observed for their resistances for various processing conditions, like as cast, aged, and secondarily aged. The electrical resistance measurements for all conditions were done and compared. The aging heat treatment was done at 650 oC for 4 hours. Secondary aging heat treatment was done at 400 oC for 2, 4, and 6 hours. The lowest specific electrical resistivity was obtained from secondary aged at 400 oC for 2 hours as 0.0074 mΩ mm2/mm. The resistance of as-cast copper-chromium alloy was measured as 0.078 mΩ mm2/mm which is almost ten-fold resistive than secondarily aged sample therefore it can be said that the secondary aging heat treatment was found to have a favorable electrical conductance.

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36

Radjabov, Abdurahman, Matkarim Ibragimov, and Nodir Eshpulatov. "The Study of the Electrical Conductivity of Apples and Grapes as an Object of Electrical Processing." E3S Web of Conferences 226 (2021): 00002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202122600002.

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Experimental studies of the electrical conductivity of whole berries, peels, and pulp of apples and grapes were carried out according to the methods that the measurement voltage should not exceed the threshold and the measurement time should be minimal, and mechanical damage to the cells during contact with the electrodes was not allowed. To study the electrical conductivity (electrical resistance) of apples, grapes, and their constituent elements, a device is developed that represents a three–electrode system. The study of the specific volume resistance of the pulp of apple and grape. Development of a methodology for a three–electrode system to determine the electrical conductivity of the pulp and skin of fruits and grapes. Three–electrode system showed sufficient accuracy for apple and grape the electrical conductivity. The volumetric resistance of the skin was much greater than the pulp. The tissue resistance of fruits and grapes with an increase in the frequency of the measuring current decreases exponentially.

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37

Savostyanov, George, Michael Slepchenkov, Dmitriy Shmygin, and Olga Glukhova. "Specific Features of Structure, Electrical Conductivity and Interlayer Adhesion of the Natural Polymer Matrix from the Layers of Branched Carbon Nanotube Networks Filled with Albumin, Collagen and Chitosan." Coatings 8, no. 11 (October 24, 2018): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8110378.

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This paper considers the problem of creating a conductive matrix with a framework made of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for cell and tissue engineering. In silico investigation of the electrical conductivity of the framework formed by T-junctions of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) (12, 12) with a diameter of 1.5 nm has been carried out. A numerical evaluation of the contact resistance and electrical conductivity of seamless and suture T-junctions of SWCNTs is given. The effect of the type of structural defects in the contact area of the tubes on the contact resistance of the T-junction of SWCNTs was revealed. A coarse-grained model of a branched SWCNT network with different structure densities is constructed and its electrical conductivity is calculated. A new layered bioconstruction is proposed, the layers of which are formed by natural polymer matrixes: CNT-collagen, CNT-albumin and CNT-chitosan. The energy stability of the layered natural polymer matrix has been analyzed, and the adhesion of various layers to each other has been calculated. Based on the obtained results, a new approach has been developed in the formation of 3D electrically conductive bioengineering structures for the restoration of cell activity.

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38

Lebedeva, Natalia Sh, Elena A. Malkova, Shushanna R. Melkonyn, Mihail I. Fedorov, Sergey V. Maslennikov, Elena V. Parfenyuk, and Anatoly I. Vyugin. "Topography and electrical conductivity of films of molecular complexes of zinc(II)tetra-tert-butylphthalocyanine with electron-donating ligands." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 12, no. 10 (October 2008): 1118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424608000480.

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Topography and specific electrical conductivity of films of molecular complexes of zinc(II)tetra-tert-butylphthalocyanine ( Zn (t- Bu )4 Pc ) with electron-donating ligands and films of pure α-polymorphous modification of zinc(II)tetra-tert-butylphthalocyanine have been studied. It has been found that the specific electrical conductivity increases from 30 to 3.5 × 105 times upon molecular complex formation of Zn (t- Bu )4 Pc with ligands.

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39

Morozova, M. V., E. S. Buyanova, Yu V. Emelyanova, V. M. Zhukovskiy, S. A. Petrova, R. G. Zakharov, and N. V. Tarakina. "Specific features in the synthesis, crystal structure and electrical conductivity of BICUTIVOX." Solid State Ionics 201, no. 1 (October 2011): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2011.07.010.

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40

Zholnin, A. G., A. P. Melnikov, E. G. Grigoriev, and V. V. Stolyarov. "Influence of Sintering Conditions on Specific Electrical Conductivity in Aluminum-Graphene Composite." KnE Materials Science 4, no. 1 (May 6, 2018): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kms.v4i1.2207.

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41

O., Brovarets,. "Method of calculation specific electrical conductivity of soil environment by working electrodes of information and technical system in local operational monitoring of agro-biological state of agricultural lands." Mehanization and electrification of agricultural, no. 9(108) (2019): 128–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37204/0131-2189-2019-9-16.

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Purpose. Develop a methodology for calculating the specific electrical conductivity of the soil environment with working electrodes to ensure the required quality of implementation of the main technological processes in plant cultivation thanks to integrated information and technical systems for operational monitoring of the agro-biological state of agricultural lands. Methods. Theoretical scientific method with the use of the laws of theoretical mechanics and scientific laws of electro-dynamic measurement for the construction of a method for calculating the specific conductivity of the soil environment by working electrodes of the information and technical system local operational monitoring the agro-biological state of agricultural lands. Results. The generalized formula for calculating the specific electrical conductivity of the soil environment by working electrodes information and technical system of local operational monitoring of agro-biological state of agricultural lands was obtained. Conclusions. The proposed method for calculating the specific electrical conductivity of the agro-biological ground environment by the stationary contact method of the working electrodes of the information and technical system local operational monitoring will allow obtaining reliable data on the state of the soil environment by reducing the error in determining the value of the electrical conductive properties soil, providing individual stabilization of the working electrodes and the mechanism of lifting / lowering the workers electrodes, copying roughness inequalities on the environment, reduction the intensity destruction of the soil structure, self-cleaning working contact electrode and ensuring the stability of the electrical contact electrode with the soil due to the improvement of the design of the device with the use of the proposed technical solutions. The result of using the device for determining the electrically conductive properties soil environment construction of Alexander Brovaryts is an increase in profits of 20–30% by optimizing the seeding rate of the process material, taking into account the agro-biological state of agricultural lands. Keywords: information and technical system, local operational monitoring, soil, samples, variability, size, research.

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42

Nikolaeva, Elena V., Andrey L. Bovet, and Irina D. Zakiryanova. "Electrical Conductivity of Magnesium Oxide/Molten Carbonate Eutectic Coexisting System." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 74, no. 9 (September 25, 2019): 739–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2019-0109.

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AbstractThe electrical conductivity of molten ternary alkali carbonate eutectic, coexisting with MgO particles, has been investigated. The conductivity was measured by the AC impedance method. The apparent activation energy ΔEa increased with the MgO content. This fact can be attributed to the effect of the solid phase. The specific conductivity of those systems could not be described using the Maxwell model over the solvation process of the carbonate ions on the particles of the magnesium oxide.

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43

Roland, C. M., and K. L. Peng. "Electrical Conductivity in Rubber Double Networks." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 64, no. 5 (November 1, 1991): 790–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538591.

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Abstract The consequences on electrical conductivity of the various processing steps used to form a double-network rubber are summarized in Table IV. Although the objective was not achieved herein, the potential for using double-network rubbers to attain enhanced conductivity remains. Alternate procedures enabling residual extensions exceeding 100% are suggested for future work. Specific conclusions drawn from this study are as follows: 1. The time dependence of the electrical resistivity after imposition of a tensile strain depends on the magnitude of the strain. The observed behavior is consistent with breakup of carbon-black floc at low strains (with concomitant reduction in conductivity) and with promotion of interparticle contacting at higher strains. The latter engenders enhanced longitudinal conductivity. The enhancement may be due to orientation of the filler phase, but this remains speculative. The effect of deformation on the transverse resistivity could not be reproducibly characterized. 2. The rate dependence of the electrical resistivity was also dependent on the magnitude of the rubber deformation. At the low strains associated with disruption of the filler phase, higher rates (stresses) increase the maximum in the resistivity. At higher elongations for which the resistivity declines, the effect of deformation velocity is less apparent. 3. Subjecting a filled rubber to heating after mixing reduces the electrical resistivity. The irreversible portion of this reduction is attributed to an acceleration in the recovery of an equilibrium level of filler-particle contacts. The resistivity acquires an invariance to temperature after the initial heating that persists for at least several hours. 4. The fact that extension followed by retraction of a carbon-black-reinforced elastomer results in a permanent increase in electrical resistivity negated in this work the possibility of achieving enhanced electrical conductivity via a double-network structure. 5. Consistent with the strain optical properties, orientational crystallization behavior, and stress-strain response previously found for unfilled rubbers containing a double-network structure, carbon-black-reinforced double-network rubbers exhibit electrical resistivities more sensitive to strain than conventionally cured elastomers.

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Zhang, Guo-Qun, Bo Li, Mao-Cheng Liu, Shang-Ke Yuan, and Leng-Yuan Niu. "Liquid Phase Synthesis of CoP Nanoparticles with High Electrical Conductivity for Advanced Energy Storage." Journal of Nanomaterials 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9728591.

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Transition metal phosphide alloys possess the metalloid characteristics and superior electrical conductivity and are a kind of high electrical conductive pseudocapacitive materials. Herein, high electrical conductive cobalt phosphide alloys are fabricated through a liquid phase process and a nanoparticles structure with high surface area is obtained. The highest specific capacitance of 286 F g−1 is reached at a current density of 0.5 A g−1. 63.4% of the specific capacitance is retained when the current density increased 16 times and 98.5% of the specific capacitance is maintained after 5000 cycles. The AC//CoP asymmetric supercapacitor also shows a high energy density (21.3 Wh kg−1) and excellent stability (97.8% of the specific capacitance is retained after 5000 cycles). The study provides a new strategy for the construction of high-performance energy storage materials by enhancing their intrinsic electrical conductivity.

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45

Scherer, Fernando Siqueira, Silvana Maldaner, Matheus Vinícius dos Santos Mello, Priscila Bernardeli Miranda, Andrei Da Cunha Lima, and Adriano Rodrigues Luz. "Construção de um sensor de condutividade elétrica do solo: uma proposta multidisciplinar." Ciência e Natura 40 (March 12, 2019): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x35507.

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The electrical conductivity of the soil is an important variable in agriculture. Their knowledge is essential in fertirrigation and can assist in soil management1. Thus, the proposal of this work is the development of a sensor to determine the electrical conductivity of the soil at low cost. To determine the electrical conductivity, the second law of Ohm (R = ρ (l / A)) is used. The equation of this law relates the electrical resistance of a conductor, with the length of the wire, area of straight section of the wire and the resistivity (or specific resistance of the material). Physically, the electrical conductivity (σ) is the inverse of the resistivity (ρ). Thus, with a microcontroller, an Arduino, a control resistor and conductive plate electrodes, a simple circuit is created to measure the electrical conductivity. The input voltage is 5v, the resistance of the control resistor is 500kohms, with this information the current in the circuit is calculated and the voltage drop in the circuit and consequently the electrical conductivity of the ground is determined.

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46

Bartels, Julian, Eduard Kuhn, Jan-Patrick Jürgens, and Vasily Ploshikhin. "Mesoscopic simulation of the electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube reinforced polymers regarding atomistic results." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 3 (May 2, 2017): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317706537.

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Carbon nanotube reinforced polymers belong to a class of composite materials, which have been largely investigated due to their specific electrical, thermal and mechanical properties. In the case of electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube reinforced polymers, a critical amount of filler material ensures a sharp increase of conductivity. The material forms a percolation pathway and instantly turns the composite into a conductor. Mesoscopic simulations of these materials were carried out to predict electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube reinforced polymers and their critical amounts. This research work deals with percolation thresholds, converging representative volume elements and the effect of the discontinuous behaviour of conductivity considering tunnelling effects found in atomistic approaches on mesoscopic simulation models.

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47

Aktaş, Bülent. "Microstructure, Mechanical and Electrical Properties of CuO Doped 8YSZ." High Temperature Materials and Processes 32, no. 6 (December 1, 2013): 551–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2013-0002.

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AbstractThe effect of the addition of a small amount of CuO on the microstructure, hardness, fracture toughness and electrical conductivity properties of 8YSZ were investigated using 8 mol% yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia (8YSZ). The addition of 1 wt% CuO to 8YSZ powders were doped using a colloidal process. Undoped and CuO doped 8YSZ specimens were pressureless sintered at 1400 °C for 10 h. The grain size measurement results showed that the presence of CuO as a intergranular second phase at the grain boundaries of the 8YSZ gave rise to a decrease in the grain size. The fracture toughness values for undoped and 1 wt% CuO-doped 8YSZ specimens were obtained as 1.79 and 2.20 MPa.m1/2, respectively. The decrease in the grain size of the 8YSZ with CuO addition caused an increase in the fracture toughness. The electrical conductivity of the undoped and 1 wt% CuO-doped 8YSZ specimens was measured using a frequency response analyzer in the frequency range of 100 mHz–13 MHz and at the temperature range of 300–800 °C. The electrical conductivity results showed that there was a decrease in the grain interior, and specific grain boundary conductivity, with the addition of a small amount of CuO to 8YSZ. The presence of a second phase layer with high resistance at the grain boundaries of the 8YSZ caused a decrease in the specific grain boundary conductivity.

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48

Ivetic, Vladan, and Jelena Milovanovic. "Electrical conductivity test for Serbian spruce seed quality estimation." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 91 (2005): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0591127i.

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In this paper, for the firs time in our country, electrical conductivity test was used for seed quality estimation. Since this test is not standardized for most of tree species, main goal of this paper was to investigate possibility of its use for estimation of potential germination rate of Serbian spruce seed, like model species. Negative correlation with great statistical significance (r=-0.9003) was found between specific electrical conductivity and germination rate. On this basis, authors were give proposal for determination of Serbian spruce seed quality, after measuring of electrical conductivity. Results show great potential of this method for seed quality estimation, and justify further work on its standardization for Serbian spruce, and other tree species as well.

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Moreira, Santiago, Martin Schultze, Karsten Rahn, and Bertram Boehrer. "A practical approach to lake water density from electrical conductivity and temperature." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 7 (July 22, 2016): 2975–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2975-2016.

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Abstract. Density calculations are essential to study stratification, circulation patterns, internal wave formation and other aspects of hydrodynamics in lakes and reservoirs. Currently, the most common procedure is the use of CTD (conductivity, temperature and depth) profilers and the conversion of measurements of temperature and electrical conductivity into density. In limnic waters, such approaches are of limited accuracy if they do not consider lake-specific composition of solutes, as we show. A new approach is presented to correlate density and electrical conductivity, using only two specific coefficients based on the composition of solutes. First, it is necessary to evaluate the lake-specific coefficients connecting electrical conductivity with density. Once these coefficients have been obtained, density can easily be calculated based on CTD data. The new method has been tested against measured values and the most common equations used in the calculation of density in limnic and ocean conditions. The results show that our new approach can reproduce the density contribution of solutes with a relative error of less than 10 % in lake waters from very low to very high concentrations as well as in lakes of very particular water chemistry, which is better than all commonly implemented density calculations in lakes. Finally, a web link is provided for downloading the corresponding density calculator.

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50

Liang, Ji-Zhao. "Reversible nonlinear electrical conductive behavior of high-density polyethylene composites." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 32, no. 8 (August 8, 2018): 1123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705718792359.

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The reversible nonlinear electrical conductive properties of high-density polyethylene composites filled separately with carbon black (CB), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, and carbon fiber (CF) were measured using a four-electrode method. It was found that these composites presented significant reversible nonlinear electrical conductive behavior under these experimental conditions; the correlation between the current density and the electrical field intensity was linear in a bi-logarithmic coordinate system; both the crossover current density and the conductivity were approximately a linear function of the conductivity in a bi-logarithmic coordinate system; there was a synergic effect in the electrical conductivity percolation threshold between the CB and CF in the matrix, and the percolation threshold decreased with increasing the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific area of the CB.

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