Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Specific electrical conductivity"

The paper presents an analytical description of the relationship of the specific electrical conductivity æ of individual alkali metals haloganides melts (MHal) (M – Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr; Hal – F, Cl, Br, I) and the specific electrical conductivity æ(M) of alkali metal melts for temperatures (Тпл + n) (Tпл – melting temperature K; n = 5, 10, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200° higher melting temperatures of MHal and metals) and the specific electrical conductivity of alkali metals at standard temperature using M.Kh. Karapetyans comparative methods. The relationship of properties æ(MHal при Тпл+n) = f(æ(MHal при Тпл+5)), æ(FrHalТпл+n) = f(æ(FrHalТпл+5°)) is described in the "property-property" coordinates. A comparative analysis of the specific electrical conductivity values of francium haloganides melts obtained by the proposed methods was carried out. The possibility of calculating the electrical conductivity of molten salts from the electrical conductivity of molten metals is shown. It is shown that the equation æ(MHal)0.5 = a + bæ(M)1.5 can be used to calculate the specific electrical conductivity of francium haloganides melts. The calculation of the specific electrical conductivity using various equations shows the consistency of the numerical values obtained.

Analysis had made of the precipitation′s electrical specific conductivity (atmospheric precipitation had fallen in Tver in 2016–2019 years). Time series models of the electrical specific conductivity and her evolution were examined. Cubic model has considered as adequate.

A mathematical model is constructed and computational experiments are performed to study the effect of anisotropy of the specific electrical conductivity of the soil on the distribution of electric and magnetic fields generated by cathodic electrochemical corrosion protection stations of the underground main pipeline (MP). The variation of electric and magnetic fields depending on the azimuth angle of rotation of the specific electrical conductivity tensor of the soil containing the pipeline is analysed.

This review discusses exclusively the recent research on electrical conductivity of nanofluids, correlations and mechanisms and aims to make an important step to fully understand the nanofluids behavior. Research on nanoparticle-enhanced fluids’ electrical conductivity is at its beginning at this moment and the augmentation mechanisms are not fully understood. Basically, the mechanisms for increasing the electrical conductivity are described as electric double layer influence and increased particles’ conductance. Another idea that has resulted from this review is that the stability of nanofluids can be described with the help of electrical conductivity tests, but more coordinated research is needed. The purpose of this article is not only to describe the aforementioned studies, but also to fully understand nanofluids’ behavior, and to assess and relate several experimental results on electrical conductivity. Concluding, this analysis has shown that a lot of research work is needed in the field of nanofluids’ electrical characterization and specific applications.

This paper focuses on measurements of the electrical properties, the specific heat capacity and the thermal conductivity of a collagen solution (7.19% mass fraction of native bovine collagen in water). The results of our experiments show that specific electrical conductivity of collagen solution is strongly dependent on temperature. The transition region of collagen to gelatin has been observed from the measured temperature dependence of specific electrical conductivity, and has been confirmed by specific heat capacity measurements by a differential scanning calorimetry.

Correlation analysis had made of the precipitation′s electrical specific conductivity and meteorological factors (atmospheric precipitation had fallen in Tver in 1916–2019 years). Regression models of the electrical specific conductivity upon meteorological factors were built.

L'usage des matériaux composites dans les différents domaines technologiques (microélectronique, aéronautique, transports…) ne cesse de croître. Une telle augmentation vient du fait qu'il est possible de développer de nouveaux matériaux avec des propriétés adaptées à une application bien préc ise en combinant les propriétés physiques des différents constituants. Dans le travail de thèse, nous nous intéressons à l'étude des propriétés thermophysiques, électriques et diélectriques de composites à base de matrice polymère chargée avec des fibres naturelles et/ou de particules minérales. L'objectif final étant d'une part d'accroître notre connaissance sur le mécanisme de transfert (thermique, électrique et diélectrique) au sein des matériaux composites et d'autre part, de développer une méthode de mesure des propriétés thermophysiques des matériaux à différentes températures (-20°C etlt; T etlt; 180°C)<br>The use of composite materials in various fields of technology (microelectronics, aerospace, transportation ...) continues to grow. Such an increase is that it is possible to develop new materials with properties tailored to a specific application by combining the physical properties of different constituents.In the thesis, we focus on the study of thermophysical properties, electrical and dielectric of composites based on polymer matrix loaded with natural fibers and/or mineral particles.The final goal is to increase our knowledge on the mechanism of transfer (thermal, electrical and dielectric) in composite materials and secondly, to develop a method for measuring thermophysical properties of materials at different temperatures (-20°C etlt; Tetlt; 180°C)

Carbon-based graphene-like material was obtained through microwave stimulated exfoliation of graph-ite oxide (GO). Properties of this material were investigated by multiple techniques including element analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), mass-spectroscopy, infrared (IR) and Raman spectrosco-py, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and broadband dielectric spectroscopy. Specific surface area and volume of microwave exfoliated graphite oxide (MEGO) reached 600 m2/g and 6 cm3/g, respectively. It is shown that during such explosive reduction process the sample emits CO2, CO and H2O and, in some cases, SO2 gases. The resulting reduced material exhibits IR spectra similar to that of graphite and a dc-conductivity of 0.12 S/cm. It is also shown that prolonged storage in ambient conditions leads to elevated oxygen content and decrease of specific surface area of the samples. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35118

Title from PDF of title page.<br>Document formatted into pages; contains 75 pages.<br>Thesis (M.S.C.E.)--University of South Florida, 2003.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format.<br>ABSTRACT: Analytical baseflow separation techniques such as those used in the automated hydrograph separation program HYSEP rely on a single input parameter that defines the period of time after which surface runoff ceases and all streamflow is considered baseflow. In HYSEP, this input parameter is solely a function of drainage basin contributing area. This method cannot be applied universally since in most regions the time of surface runoff cessation is a function of a number of different hydrologic and hydrogeologic basin characteristics, not just contributing drainage area. This study demonstrates that streamflow conductivity can be used as a natural tracer that integrates the different hydrologic and hydrogeologic basin characteristics that influence baseflow response. Used as an indicator of baseflow as a component of total flow, streamflow conductivity allows for an empirical approach to hydrograph separation using a simple mass balance algorithm.<br>ABSTRACT: Although conductivity values for surface-water runoff and ground-water baseflow must be identified to apply this mass balance algorithm, field studies show that assumptions based on streamflow at low flow and high flow conditions are valid for estimating these end member conductivities. The only data required to apply the mass balance algorithm are streamflow conductivity and discharge measurements. Using minimal data requirements, empirical hydrograph separation techniques can be applied that yield reasonable estimates of baseflow. This procedure was performed on data from 10 USGS gaging stations for which reliable, real-time conductivity data are available. Comparison of empirical hydrograph separations using streamflow conductivity data with analytical hydrograph separations demonstrates that uncalibrated, graphical estimation of baseflow can lead to substantial errors in baseflow estimates.<br>ABSTRACT: Results from empirical separations can be used to calibrate the runoff cessation input parameter used in analytical separation for each gaging station. In general, collection of stream conductivity data at gaging stations is relatively recent, while discharge measurements may extend many decades into the past. Results demonstrate that conductivity data available for a relatively short period of record can be used to calibrate the runoff cessation input parameter used for analytical separation. The calibrated analytical method can then be applied over a much longer period record since discharge data are the only requirement.<br>System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.<br>Mode of access: World Wide Web.

У дисертаційній роботі представлені науково-технічні результати дослідження електромагнітного багатопараметрового перетворювача для визначення параметрів циліндричних металевих виробів, принцип роботи якого ґрунтується на виділенні амплітуди та фази просторових гармонік неоднорідного магнітного поля, представленого у вигляді ряду Фур'є. Об'єкт дослідження достатньо повно описаний в науковій літературі. Показано, що подальше збільшення інформаційних параметрів, які контролюються одним перетворювачем може здійснюватися декількома шляхами. Наприклад, використання для живлення перетворювача струмом різних частот з подальшою фільтрацією і виділенням амплітуди і фази на кожній частоті. Така реалізація багатопараметрових датчиків досить складна і не завжди відображає справжню картину процесів, що відбуваються в об'єкті контролю через різну глибину проникнення поля (скін-ефект). Показано, що застосування результатів дослідження дає можливість отримати більш повну інформацію про об'єкт контролю, яка не могла бути отримана при використанні традиційних методів. Тому, застосування розробленого методу, є перспективним. В роботі розроблена фізико-математична модель електромагнітного перетворювача з неоднорідним розподілом електромагнітного поля для провідника зі струмом, розташованого уздовж бічної поверхні циліндричного виробу на деякій відстані d від центра металевого циліндра радіуса a. Вирішена просторова задача розподілу змінного в часі магнітного поля і отримані вирази, за якими можна обчислити функції для будь-якої просторової гармоніки, за якими можна скласти картину розподілу поля в будь-який області (всередині виробу, між виробом і провідником зі струмом, а також поза цим провідником). Отримано математичні вирази для визначення напруженості магнітного поля для r-ї і φ-ї складової, створюваного струмом одного провідника (або полюса з кінцевими кутовими розмірами). Проведено облік товщини стрічки полюса з сумарним струмом, який призводить до заміни в формулах для напруженості поля значення r на деякий ефективний радіус. Отримано математичні вирази для амплітуди і фази n-ї просторової гармоніки сигналу перетворювача, що наводиться в вимірювальних обмотках, розташованих уздовж поверхні циліндричного об'єкту контролю з кутовою координатою φ на окружності радіуса d. Для підтвердження адекватності запропонованої моделі перетворювача проведені експерименти, які показали відмінність між розрахунковими і експериментально отриманими значеннями ЕРС вихідного сигналу перетворювача. Так, наприклад, для вимірювальних обмоток, з кутовими координатами φ = 0° і φ = 180° розбіжність значень напруг склала не більше 5%, а для обмоток з розташуванням по φ = 30°, 60°, 300° і 330° розбіжність склала не більше 10%. Запропоновано також прийоми і способи виділення необхідних просторових гармонік і приглушення гармонік з високими номерами. Останнє дозволяє знизити вплив вищих просторових гармонік до 1%. Для виключення з картини просторового розподілу поля парних або непарних гармонік запропоновано використовувати систему провідників з однаковими і протилежними напрямками струмів в них. Отримано універсальні функції перетворення для амплітуди і фази n-ї складової гармоніки для перетворювача. Розроблено метод спільного контролю електричних (σ), магнітних (μr) і геометричних (а) параметрів циліндричних виробів, на основі перетворювача з одним намагнічувальним полюсом при використанні 1-ї і 2-ї просторових гармонік, який дозволяє однозначно вирішувати задачу багатопараметрового контролю для широкого сортименту виробів, різних конструкцій і режимів роботи перетворювачів. Розроблено метод на основі електромагнітного перетворювача з двома намагнічувальними полюсами і різним напрямком струму. Отримано універсальні функції перетворення з використанням 1-ї і 3-ї просторових гармонік, а також запропонований алгоритм реалізації багатопараметрового контролю параметрів циліндричних виробів. Визначено чутливості методу і знайдено раціональні режими роботи перетворювача. Виконано розрахунок і показано вплив вищих гармонік поля на вихідні сигнали перетворювача. Так, наприклад, для перетворювача з одним збуджувальним провідником, відкидання 3-ї гармоніки призведе до похибки розрахунку результуючої ЕРС, яка дорівнює 5%, а для перетворювача з двома збуджувальними провідниками, при відкиданні 5-ї гармоніки, становить 1,5%. Розроблено макет лабораторної установки з електромагнітним перетворювачем з просторово-періодичною структурою поля і проведені експериментальні дослідження по визначенню μr σ, і а з імітаційними зразками різного сортаменту для підтвердження адекватності розробленого методу. Наведена конструкція електромагнітного перетворювача з двома збуджувальними полюсами і різним напрямком намагнічувального струму з використанням амплітуди 1-ї і 3-ї просторових гармонік і фази 1-ї гармоніки. Оскільки безпосередньо оцінити похибки контролю μr, σ і а для розробленого багатопараметрового перетворювача досить складно, в роботі проведено вимірювання цих же параметрів контрольними методами. Так для визначення а досліджуваного зразка використовувався мікрометр з діапазоном вимірювання діаметра (50 ± 0,01) мм, для визначення σ циліндричного зразка використовувався контактний електричний метод на базі потенціометра постійного струму Р363-3, з класом точності 0,005, а для визначення μr використовувався метод амперметра - вольтметра для кільцевого зразка. Показано, що застосування розробленого перетворювача дозволяє отримувати найбільш повну інформацію про стан повітряних ліній електропередач, тобто визначати μr, σ, і a циліндричних дротів, а також корельованих з ними механічним навантаженням, температурою, величиною струму, що протікає в лінії та визначення питомих електричних втрат при діагностиці стану повітряних ліній електропередач, що підтверджується актом впровадження від 18.12.2015р (договір № 377551 від 27.07.2015р між НТУ «ХПІ» та ПАТ «Укргідропроект» м. Харків).<br>The dissertation presents the scientific and technical results of the study of the electromagnetic multi-parameter transducer for the cylindrical metal products parameters determining, which principle is based on the allocation of the amplitude and phase of the spatial harmonics of a nonuniform magnetic field presented in the form of a Fourier series. The object of the study is in the full extent described in the scientific literature. It is shown that further increase of information parameters controlled by one transducer can be carried out in several ways. For example, the use of different frequency to power the transducers, signal filtering and separation of amplitude and phase at each frequency. Such implementation of multiparameter sensors is quite complicated and does not always give the true picture of the processes taking place in the controlled object due to the different depth of field penetration (skin effect). It has been shown that the application of the study results provides an opportunity to obtain more information about the studied object that could not be obtained by using traditional methods. Therefore, the application of the developed method is promising. The physic-mathematical model of an electromagnetic transducer with non-uniform distribution of an electromagnetic field for a conductor with a current located along the lateral surface of a cylindrical product at a distance d from the center of a metallic cylinder of radius a. The spatial problem of the distribution of a magnetic field variable in time is solved and expressions allowing calculating the functions for any spatial harmonic are obtained and it is possible to make a picture of the distribution of the field in any area (inside the product, between the product and conductor with current, as well as beyond this conductor). Mathematical expressions are obtained to determine the intensity of the magnetic field for r-th and φ-th components, generated by the current of one conductor (or pole with finite angular dimensions). The thickness of the pole with a total current is taken into account, which leads to the replacement of r quantity in the formulas for field strength by effective radius. Mathematical expressions are obtained to determine amplitude and phase of transducer’s signal n-th spatial harmonics, which are generated in the measuring windings located along the surface of the cylindrical object with the angular coordinate φ on a circle of radius d. Experiments have been carried out to confirm the adequacy of the transducer’ proposed model, which showed the difference between the calculated and experimentally obtained values of the EMF of the transducer’ output signal. For instance, for measuring windings with angular coordinates φ = 0° і φ = 180° difference of voltage values is less than 5% and for measuring windings with angular coordinates φ = 30°, 60°, 300° і 330° difference is less than 10%. Methods and algorithms of allocating the necessary spatial harmonics and eliminating harmonics with high numbers are offered also. The latter allows us to reduce the influence of the higher spatial harmonics down to 1%. To exclude from the spatial distribution of the field odd or even harmonics it is suggested to use a system of conductors with the same and opposite directions of currents in them. The universal transformation functions for the amplitude and phase of the n-th harmonic component for the transducer are obtained. Method is developed for simultaneous testing electrical (σ), magnet (μr) and geometrical (а) parameters of cylindrical objects, by the use of transducer with on magnetizing pole considering 1-st and 2-nd spatial harmonics, which allows unambiguously solve the task of multi-parameter testing for a wide variety of products, various designs and modes of operation of transducers. The method based on the electromagnetic transducer with two magnetized poles and a different direction of current is developed. The universal functions of conversion with use of 1-st and 3-rd spatial harmonics are obtained, also the algorithm of realization of cylindrical wares’ parameters multi-parameter control is offered. The sensitivity of the method is determined and rational modes of transducer operation are found. The calculation is performed and the effect of the higher harmonics of the field on the output signals of the transducer is shown. For example, for a transducer with one excitation wire, the rejection of the 3-rd harmonic will result in an error of the resulting EMF calculation equal to 5%, and for a transducer with two excitatory wires, when the 5-th harmonic is rejected, it is 1.5%. A layout of a laboratory unit with an electromagnetic transducer with a spatial-periodic field structure was developed and experimental studies were carried out to determine μr σ, and а with simulation samples of different sorts to confirm the adequacy of the developed method. The construction of an electromagnetic transducer with two excitation poles and a different direction of the magnetizing current with the use of the amplitude of the 1-st and 3-rd spatial harmonics and the 1-st harmonic phase is presented. As soon as direct estimation of error of testing μr, σ and а for the developed multi-parameter transducer is quite complicated, in the work the measurements of these parameters were carried out by control methods. So, to estimate а of the studied sample micrometer with a diameter measuring range (50 ± 0,01) mm was used, to estimate σ of a cylindrical sample, a contact electric method was used based on the potentiometer of direct current Р363-3 (R363-3), having accuracy class of 0,005, to estimate μr the method of an ammeter – voltmeter for a ring sample was used. It is shown that implementation of the developed transducer allows to receive the most complete information about the condition of electric power lines, that is to define μr, σ, and a of cylindrical wires, as well as the mechanical load, temperature, magnitude of the current flowing in the line correlated with them and the determination of specific electrical losses during the diagnosis of the state of electric power lines, as evidenced by the implementation act dated 18.12.2015 (agreement № 377551 dated 27.07.2015 between NTU “KhPI” and PJSC “Ukrhydroproekt” city of Kharkiv).

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук (доктора філософії) зі спеціальності 05.11.13 – прилади і методи контролю та визначення складу речовин. Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2019. В роботі розроблена фізико-математична модель електромагнітного перетворювача з неоднорідним розподілом електромагнітного поля провідника зі струмом, розташованого уздовж бічної поверхні циліндричного виробу на деякій відстані d від центра металевого циліндра радіуса a. Отримано математичні вирази для визначення напруженості магнітного поля для r-ї і φ-ї складової, створюваного струмом одного провідника або полюса. Проведено облік товщини стрічки полюса, який призводить до заміни в формулах для напруженості поля значення r на деякий ефективний радіус. Отримано математичні вирази для амплітуди і фази n-ї просторової гармоніки сигналу перетворювача, що наводиться в вимірювальних обмотках, розташованих уздовж поверхні циліндричного об'єкту контролю з кутовою координатою φ по колу радіуса d. Для підтвердження адекватності запропонованої моделі перетворювача проведені експерименти, які показали хороший збіг між розрахунковими і експериментальними значеннями ЕРС сигналу перетворювача. Так, наприклад, для вимірювальних обмоток, з кутовими координатами φ = 0° і φ = 180° розбіжність значень напруг склала не більше 5%, а для обмоток з розташуванням по φ = 30°, 60°, 300° і 330° розбіжність склала не більше 10%. Розроблено метод на основі електромагнітного перетворювача з двома полюсами і різним напрямком струму. Отримано універсальні функції перетворення з використанням 1-ї і 3-ї просторових гармонік, а також запропонований алгоритм реалізації багатопараметрового контролю параметрів циліндричних виробів.<br>Dissertation for the degree of candidate of technical sciences (doctor of philosophy) in specialty 05.11.13 – instruments and methods of substance composition control and determination. National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2019. The physic-mathematical model of an electromagnetic transducer with non-uniform distribution of an electromagnetic field for a conductor with a current located along the lateral surface of a cylindrical product at a distance d from the center of a metallic cylinder of radius a. Mathematical expressions are obtained to determine the intensity of the magnetic field for r-th and φ-th components, generated by the current of one conductor (or pole with finite angular dimensions). The thickness of the pole with a total current is taken into account, which leads to the replacement of r quantity in the formulas for field strength by effective radius. Mathematical expressions are obtained to determine amplitude and phase of transducer’s signal n-th spatial harmonics, which are generated in the measuring windings located along the surface of the cylindrical object with the angular coordinate φ on a circle of radius d. Experiments have been carried out to confirm the adequacy of the transducer’ proposed model, which showed the difference between the calculated and experimentally obtained values of the EMF of the transducer’ output signal. For instance, for measuring windings with angular coordinates φ = 0° і φ = 180° difference of voltage values is less than 5% and for measuring windings with angular coordinates φ = 30°, 60°, 300° і 330° difference is less than 10%. The method based on the electromagnetic transducer with two magnetized poles and a different direction of current is developed. The universal functions of conversion with use of 1-st and 3-rd spatial harmonics are obtained, also the algorithm of realization of cylindrical wares’ parameters multi-parameter control is offered.

У дисертаційній роботі вирішуються актуальні питання підвищення достовірності визначення коефіцієнта газонасичення порід-колекторів складної будови за результатами геофізичних досліджень свердловин. На основі аналізу досліджень, проведених у дисертаційній роботі, встановлено основні чинники, які призводять до недостовірного визначення питомого електричного опору пластів-колекторів, а в подальшому і до похибки у визначенні коефіцієнта газонасичення. З метою підвищення достовірності визначення коефіцієнта газонасичення складнопобудовних порід-колекторів створено модель електропровідності мономіктових неглинистих пісковиків, яка враховує складну структуру їх порового простору та модель електропровідності поліміктових глинистих пісковиків, що, окрім цього, враховує і ступінь пілітизації зерен скелету породи. Запропоновано новий підхід до визначення кількісного вмісту карбонатної речовини у глинисто-карбонатному цементі газонасичених порід-колекторів за результатами нейтронного гамма-каротажу. Врахування кількісного вмісту карбонатного домішку цементу порід-колекторів у моделі їх електропровідності підвищує достовірність визначення коефіцієнта газонасичення за величиною питомого електричного опору. Обґрунтовано спосіб врахування ступеня карбонатності цементу гірських порід за даними геофізичних досліджень свердловин при визначені часу життя теплових нейтронів у твердій фазі породи-колектора. Удосконалено методику визначення коефіцієнта газонасичення складнопобудованих порід-колекторів за даними імпульсного нейтрон-нейтронного каротажу.<br>The thesis deals with the urgent problems of increasing the reliable determination of saturation coefficient of reservoir rock of complex-built structure according to the well logging data. On the basis of analysis of conducted investigations the main reasons were determined in the thesis which lead to unauthentic determination of reservoir rocks specific electrical resistance and subsequently they lead to the error in determining the saturation coefficient. With the purpose of increasing the realibily of saturation coefficient determination the model of electrical conductivity of monomineral nonargillaceous sandstones was created. This model takes into account the complex-built structure of porous space and the model of polymineral argillaceous sandstones electrical conductivity that, apart from this, accounts for the degree of rock skeleton grains pelitization. The new approach of determining the quantitative content of carbonate substance in argillaceous-carbonate cement of gas saturated reservoir rocks was suggested according to neutron-gamma logging data. Accounting for quantitative reservoir rocks carbonate additive content in the model of their electrical conductivity increases the reliability of gas saturation coefficient determination according to the specific electrical resistance value. The technique of accounting for the degree of reservoir rocks cement carbonization according to the well logging data was grounded in determining the lifetime of thermal neutrons in the solid phase of the reservoir rock. The method of determining the gas saturation coefficient of complex-built reservoir rocks according to the impulse neutron-neutron logging was improved.

Etude des composés de la famille nasicon et de composés d'insertion type MPS(3), caracterisés par ir et raman. Les barrières de potentiel locales ont été calculées à partir des modes de phonons des ions conducteurs. Les amplitudes quadratiques spéctroscopiques ont été calculées dans les composés MPS(3) purs. Dans le cas des composés nasicon, on a relié la conductivité élèctrique et le désordre statique. Présentation de résultats de chaleur massique et de calculs d'énergie réticulaire à partir de potentiels atome-atomes. Mise en evidence d'une importante diffusion magnétique des ions Cr(3+) dans Na(3)Cr(2)P(2)O(12)

The present work reports on thermal low-temperature properties of rare earth transition metal borocarbides such as specific heat, thermal conductivity and thermopower. The influence of structural disorder, caused by stoichiometric variations and substitutions of the rare earth element or the transition metal, on the thermal and superconducting low-temperature properties is investigated. The structural disorder results in the reduction of the superconducting transition temperature Tc, of the Sommerfeld value gamma, of the upper critical magnetic field Hc2(0), of the negative curvature of the H-dependence of the T-linear specific heat contribution gamma(H), and in the reduction of the positive curvature of Hc2(T) near Tc. But isoelectronic rare earth substitutions do not result in the transition from clean to dirty limit. Due to Pt-substitutions similar reductions of thermal and superconducting properties are observed. The behaviour of Hc2(0) and the concentration dependence of the positive curvature of Hc2(T) near Tc point to the transition from clean to quasi-dirty limit in the case of Pt-substitutions<br>In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Untersuchungen zu thermischen Tieftemperatureigenschaften, wie der spezifischen Wärmekapazität, der Wärmeleitfähigkeit und der Thermokraft, an supraleitenden Seltenerd-Übergangsmetall-Borkarbiden vorgestellt. Es wurde der Einfluß von gezielt hervorgerufener Unordnung im kristallographischen Aufbau, die durch isoelektronische Substitutionen des Seltenerd-Elements und des Übergangsmetalls sowie durch Söchiometrievariationen erzeugt wurde, auf die thermischen und supraleitenden Tieftemperatureigenschaften untersucht. Folge der strukturellen Unordnung ist eine Reduzierung der charakteristischen Eigenschaften, wie der Sprungtemperatur der Supraleitung Tc, der Sommerfeldkonstanten gamma, des oberen kritischen Magnetfelds Hc2(0), der negativen Krümmung in der Feldabhängigkeit des T-linearen Beitrags zur spezifischen Wärme gamma(H) sowie eine Reduzierung der positiven Krümmung in der Temperaturabhängigkeit von Hc2(T). Isoelektronische Substitutionen auf dem Seltenerd-Platz führen aber nicht zum Erreichen des dirty limit. Eine Reduzierung der relevanten supraleitenden und thermischen Eigenschaften durch Pt-Beimengungen wird ähnlich wie im Falle der Lu-Substitution festgestellt. Die Konzentrationsabhängigkeit von Hc2(0) sowie die Krümmung von Hc2(T) weisen hier auf einen Übergang vom clean limit zum quasi-dirty limit durch die Pt-Substitution hin

The present work reports on thermal low-temperature properties of rare earth transition metal borocarbides such as specific heat, thermal conductivity and thermopower. The influence of structural disorder, caused by stoichiometric variations and substitutions of the rare earth element or the transition metal, on the thermal and superconducting low-temperature properties is investigated. The structural disorder results in the reduction of the superconducting transition temperature Tc, of the Sommerfeld value gamma, of the upper critical magnetic field Hc2(0), of the negative curvature of the H-dependence of the T-linear specific heat contribution gamma(H), and in the reduction of the positive curvature of Hc2(T) near Tc. But isoelectronic rare earth substitutions do not result in the transition from clean to dirty limit. Due to Pt-substitutions similar reductions of thermal and superconducting properties are observed. The behaviour of Hc2(0) and the concentration dependence of the positive curvature of Hc2(T) near Tc point to the transition from clean to quasi-dirty limit in the case of Pt-substitutions.<br>In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Untersuchungen zu thermischen Tieftemperatureigenschaften, wie der spezifischen Wärmekapazität, der Wärmeleitfähigkeit und der Thermokraft, an supraleitenden Seltenerd-Übergangsmetall-Borkarbiden vorgestellt. Es wurde der Einfluß von gezielt hervorgerufener Unordnung im kristallographischen Aufbau, die durch isoelektronische Substitutionen des Seltenerd-Elements und des Übergangsmetalls sowie durch Söchiometrievariationen erzeugt wurde, auf die thermischen und supraleitenden Tieftemperatureigenschaften untersucht. Folge der strukturellen Unordnung ist eine Reduzierung der charakteristischen Eigenschaften, wie der Sprungtemperatur der Supraleitung Tc, der Sommerfeldkonstanten gamma, des oberen kritischen Magnetfelds Hc2(0), der negativen Krümmung in der Feldabhängigkeit des T-linearen Beitrags zur spezifischen Wärme gamma(H) sowie eine Reduzierung der positiven Krümmung in der Temperaturabhängigkeit von Hc2(T). Isoelektronische Substitutionen auf dem Seltenerd-Platz führen aber nicht zum Erreichen des dirty limit. Eine Reduzierung der relevanten supraleitenden und thermischen Eigenschaften durch Pt-Beimengungen wird ähnlich wie im Falle der Lu-Substitution festgestellt. Die Konzentrationsabhängigkeit von Hc2(0) sowie die Krümmung von Hc2(T) weisen hier auf einen Übergang vom clean limit zum quasi-dirty limit durch die Pt-Substitution hin.

A conserving relaxation time approximation is presented resulting into a Mermin-type of polarisation functions. The transport properties are calculated for the relaxation time approximation and an arbitrary band structure. The results for metals and gases are discussed and the shortcoming of relaxation time approximation to describe experimental values is outlined. As improvement, the exact solution of the linearised quantum Boltzmann equation is presented leading to momentum-depended relaxation times specific for each observable. Explicit expressions are given for the electric and thermal conductivity as well as the shear viscosity.

The next six chapters describe the transport phenomena associated with the flow of charge, heat, and matter. In each case there is a vector flux that is governed by a vector field. Linear relationships between flux and field include electrical resistivity (Chapter 17), thermal conductivity (Chapter 18), diffusion (Chapter 19), and thermoelectricity (Chapter 21). All are represented by second rank tensors similar to electric permittivity (Chapter 9), but the underlying physics is somewhat different. Transport properties are nonequilibrium phenomena governed by statistical mechanics and the concept of microscopic reversibility, rather than the second law of thermodynamics that applies to equilibrium properties such as specific heat, permittivity, and elasticity. Higher order tensors appear when the transport experiments are carried out in the presence of magnetic fields or mechanical stresses. Galvanomagnetic, thermomagnetic (Chapter 20), and piezoresistance effects (Chapter 22) require third- and fourth-rank tensors. When an electric field is applied to a conductor, an electric current flows through the sample. The field Ei (in V/m) is related to the current density Jj (in A/m2) through Ohm’s Law, where ρij is the electrical resistivity (in Ω m). In tensor form, . . . Ei = ρijJj . . . Ei and Jj are polar vectors (first rank polar tensors) and ρij is a second rank polar tensor property which follows Neumann’s law in the usual way. Sometimes it is more convenient to use the reciprocal relation involving the electrical conductivity σij : . . . Ji = σijEj . . . .

Abstract This chapter describes the physical properties of steels used for castings. The properties covered include density, modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio, shear modulus, thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, specific heat, thermal diffusivity, electrical resistivity, and magnetic properties.

Image reconstruction by electrical impedance tomography is, generally, an ill-posed nonlinear inverse problem. Regularization methods are widely used to ensure a stable solution. Herein, we present a novel electrical impedance tomography algorithm for reconstruction of layered biological tissues with piecewise continuous plane-stratified profiles. The algorithm is based on the reconstruction scheme for piecewise constant conductivity profiles, which utilizes Legendre expansion in conjunction with improved Prony method. This reconstruction procedure, which calculates both the locations and the conductivities, repetitively provides inhomogeneous depth discretization, (i.e., the depths grid is not equispaced). Incorporation of this specific inhomogeneous grid in the widely used mean least square reconstruction procedure results in a stable and accurate reconstruction, whereas, the commonly selected equispaced depth grid leads to unstable reconstruction. This observation establishes the main result of our investigation, highlighting the impact of physical phenomenon (image theory) on electrical impedance tomography, leading to a physically motivated stabilization of the inverse problem, (i.e., an inhomogeneous depth discretization renders an inherent regularization of the mean least square algorithm).

The physical and chemical properties of crystals and textured materials often depend on direction. An understanding of anisotropy requires a mathematical description together with atomistic arguments to quantify the property coefficients in various directions. Tensors and matrices are the mathematics of choice and the atomistic arguments are partly based on symmetry and partly on the basic physics and chemistry of materials. These are subjects of this book: tensors, matrices, symmetry, and structure–property relationships. We begin with transformations and tensors and then apply the ideas to the various symmetry elements found in crystals and textured polycrystalline materials. This brings in the 32 crystal classes and the 7 Curie groups. After working out the tensor and matrix operations used to describe symmetry elements, we then apply Neumann’s Law and the Curie Principle of Symmetry Superposition to various classes of physical properties. The first group of properties is the standard topics of classical crystal physics: pyroelectricity, permittivity, piezoelectricity, elasticity, specific heat, and thermal expansion. These are the linear relationships between mechanical, electrical, and thermal variables as laid out in the Heckmann Diagram. These standard properties are all polar tensors ranging in rank from zero to four. Axial tensor properties appear when magnetic phenomena are introduced. Magnetic susceptibility, the relationship between magnetization and magnetic field, is a polar second rank tensor, but the linear relationships between magnetization and thermal, electrical, and mechanical variables are all axial tensors. As shown in Fig. 1.2, magnetization can be added to the Heckmann Diagram converting it into a tetrahedron of linear relationships. Pyromagnetism, magnetoelectricity, and piezomagnetism are the linear relationships between magnetization and temperature change, electric field, and mechanical stress. Examples of tensors of rank zero through four are given in Table 1.1. In this book we will also treat many of the nonlinear relationships such as magnetostriction, electrostriction, and higher order elastic constants. The third group of properties is transport properties that relate flow to a gradient. Three common types of transport properties relate to the movement of charge, heat, and matter. Electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion are all polar second rank tensor properties.

From the viewpoint of applications of GICs, a very interesting development is the enhancement in conductivity of the host graphite up to the range of metals, especially for pristine materials with fibrous forms. Much attention has been paid to the exploitation of the order of magnitude intercalation-induced enhancement of the electrical conductivity of graphite fibers for the fabrication of practical high-conductivity, lightweight conductors (Vogel et al., 1977; Goldberg and Kalnim, 1981; Manini et al., 1983, 1985; Murday et al., 1984; Meschi et al., 1986; Natarajan and Woollam, 1983; Natarajan et al., 1983a). The fiber geometry (large aspect length/diameter) ratio offers advantages relative to highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) or bulk graphite for the measurement of several of the transport properties of GICs and for increasing the compositional stability of GICs both under ambient conditions and at elevated temperatures (Endo et al., 1981, 1983a). For bulk GICs, intercalation increases the density of carriers by the injection of electrons into the graphite planes in the case of donor guest species, and by injection of holes in the case of acceptor type (see Chapters 5 and 6). The intercalation-induced decrease in carrier mobility that results from the increased scattering by defects and the increased effective mass is outweighed by the larger increase in carrier density, resulting in a large conductivity enhancement as discussed in Section 6.1. The carriers are localized in the graphene planes, and for high-stage compounds (n ≥ 2) the carrier density falls off rapidly with distance from the graphite bounding layer owing to the screening of the charged intercalate layer by the surrounding graphite bounding layers. From an application standpoint, many of the applications of intercalated carbon fibers exploit the high specific conductivity of GICs, which can be expressed as a figure of merit in terms of the conductivity σ divided by the mass density ρm; for a good conductor like copper this is ~ 6 x 10−2 cm /gμΩ. For example, intercalated carbon fibers can provide a lightweight conductor for huge aircraft or motor vehicles, in which, respectively, about 1.5 tonne or 30 kg conventional metallic conductor is used.

Global demand of energy is increasing at an alarming rate, and nanotechnology is being looked at as a potential solution to meet this challenge (Holtren, 2007). Although the efficiency of energy conversion and storage devices depends on a variety of factors, the overall performance strongly relies on the structure and properties of the component materials (Whitesides, 2007). Compared to conventional materials, silicon (Si) nanostructures and graphene nanosheets possess unique properties (i.e. morphological, electrical, optical, and mechanical) useful for enhancing the energy-conversion and storage performances. Graphene can enhance efficiency of nano-Si based solar cells and battery due to its high electronic conductivity, ultrahigh mobility, high transparency, and strong mechanical property. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of recent progress and material challenges in energy conversion (solar cells) and storage (batteries/supercapacitors) with specific focus on composites of Si nanostructures-graphene nanosheets.

Polymer nanocomposites are unique materials reinforced with nanoscale additives. Among a variety of nanomaterials available to act as filler additives in different polymer matrices, graphene is the most versatile one. Graphene-based polymer nanocomposites have improved electrical, mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties, which make them suitable for applications in the electronics, energy, sensor, and space sectors. Graphene, the nanosized filler, can be prepared using either a top-down or a bottom-up approach and dispersed in the polymer matrix utilizing different conventional techniques. The nanocomposite materials find usage in suitable area of applications depending on their specific characteristics. This chapter discusses the current state-of-the-art manufacturing techniques for graphene and graphene-based nanocomposite materials. Application of graphene-based polymer nanocomposites in the various fields with an emphasis on the areas high heat flux applications requiring enhanced thermal conductivity will be an additional major focus of this chapter.

Polymer nanocomposites are unique materials reinforced with nanoscale additives. Among a variety of nanomaterials available to act as filler additives in different polymer matrices, graphene is the most versatile one. Graphene-based polymer nanocomposites have improved electrical, mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties, which make them suitable for applications in the electronics, energy, sensor, and space sectors. Graphene, the nanosized filler, can be prepared using either a top-down or a bottom-up approach and dispersed in the polymer matrix utilizing different conventional techniques. The nanocomposite materials find usage in suitable area of applications depending on their specific characteristics. This chapter discusses the current state-of-the-art manufacturing techniques for graphene and graphene-based nanocomposite materials. Application of graphene-based polymer nanocomposites in the various fields with an emphasis on the areas high heat flux applications requiring enhanced thermal conductivity will be an additional major focus of this chapter.

In this chapter, a method of physiological measurements—that is detection of electrodermal activity based on the sectonic activity of eccrine sweat glands—is discussed. It is believed that the excretion of sweat, which is regulated by the nervous system acting independently of human will, is an indicator of a person’s emotional arousal as a result of specific stimuli. Hence, the electrodermal reaction can be used in diagnosing emotional arousal caused by, e.g. specific products, advertisements or elements of the in-store space. Electrical activity of the skin is caused by two types of stimuli: sustained and one-off. Sustained stimuli have a continuous effect on the body over a relatively long period of time. On the other hand, one-off stimuli have a relatively strong and very short-lasting effect. This type is defined as novel, unexpected, significant or aversive. Electrodermal activity is measured on the skin surface (Strelau, 2006). Generally speaking, the measurement of electrodermal activity is one of the biometric measurements. Biometrics is a universal term that represents measurements of the body’s physiological responses—not directly of the brain—to external stimuli that are felt through the senses (Pradeep, 2010; Berčík &amp; Rybanská, 2017). The electrodermal method allows to measure either electrical resistance or its inverse, i.e. the electrical conductivity of the skin. These measurements are carried out while a small current flows through the skin from an external source. Electrodermal activity measurement is performed with the use of special electrodes, electrode gels and recording devices. The available equipment for the analysis of electordermal activity is characterised by relatively low cost (compared to other devices for physiological measurements)of purchase and operation. Moreover, the electrodermal activity measurement is non-invasive and carries no risk to the health or life of the test subjects.

Graphene is defined as a two-dimensional network of carbon atoms with a single atom thickness and a hexagonal crystalline structure with sp2 hybridization compacted by covalent bonds. Due to its structure and geometry, graphene has unique properties, including a large specific surface area, rapid mobility of load carriers, and high thermal and electrical conductivity. However, these characteristics are limited due to the restructuring of graphene sheets. For this reason, there are many studies devoted to the synthesis of three-dimensional structures that prevent the agglomeration of the sheets and the loss of properties of the graphene structure. These three-dimensional structures have low density, high porosity and surface area, stable mechanical properties, and good mass and electron transfer properties. This chapter aims to summarize the synthesis methods of the different three-dimensional structures derived from graphene as well as their wide range of applications in environmental remediation, sensors, biomedical and energy-related applications, among many others.

Specific electrical conductivity, a material property of biological tissues, has been found to be greater in tumor tissue than in normal tissue on account of its higher water content [1]. Its value is related to water content, ion concentrations, and ion diffusivities within biological tissues [e.g., 1,2,3]. The variation in conductivity with water content is hypothesized to be related to the change in ion diffusivities [5,6]. The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between conductivity and water content in hydrogels. The main goal is to develop a similar relationship for biological tissues and to understand deformation-dependent ion diffusivity in tissues under mechanical loading.

In this work, the influence of lightning-strike-induced electric current and surface heat flux on the thermal response and thermal ablation of a carbon fiber polymer matrix composite laminated panel is studied. A coupled electric-thermal model for an anisotropic plate exposed to the lightning-strike-induced electric current and surface heat flux is formulated. Temperature-dependent material properties of the carbon fiber polymer matrix composites, including electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and specific heat, are used. A coupled electric-thermal finite element analysis (FEA) is conducted using a MATLAB-ABAQUS integrated numerical procedure, which enables progressive element deletion to accurately model the lightning-strike-induced continuous surface recession (thermal ablation) in the composite panel. The obtained thermal response and thermal ablation using the proposed numerical procedure are compared with those obtained using existing solution procedures without progressive element deletion.

Structural supercapacitors are very interesting multifunctional devices combining the properties of an electrical energy storage device and a structural component simultaneously. These types of supercapacitors are mostly equipped with solid state electrolytes, instead of traditional liquid electrolytes, avoiding leakage and safety problems and supporting the mechanical performance of the composite materials. In the present study, the Lithium-ion based solid ceramic electrolyte Li1.4Al0.4Ti1.6(PO4)3 was successfully synthesized by sol-gel method. Its electrical properties were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Results show that Li1.4Al0.4Ti1.6(PO4)3 possesses a conductivity of 2.94×10−4 S/cm at room temperature and a specific capacity of 55.57 μF/g. The as-prepared samples were embedded into fiber composite material using the aviation approved resin RTM6 with an injection process making the composite structure flexible. Subsequently, the specific capacity and conductivity were tested getting values of 53.44μF/g and 2.00×10−4 S/cm respectively. The reason for electrical properties loss was investigated by computerized tomography (CT) and EIS tests and the results provide reference for the future research.

As materials are confined to low dimensions with a size comparable to the scattering mean free paths, the thermal conductivity is often reduced due to increased boundary scattering. The reduced thermal conductivity is desirable in some applications such as thermoelectric cooling, but is often unwanted for others especially for nanoelectronic devices. An exception of this scaling trend is carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Due to the unique crystalline structure, boundary scattering is nearly absent in CNTs, giving rise to super high thermal and electrical conductivity that makes the CNT an ideal candidate for replacing Cu in future VLSI interconnects. The potential electronic applications have inspired several groups to employ a variety of techniques for measuring the Seebeck coefficient [1], specific heat [2–3], and thermal conductivity [4] of CNT bundles and mats. Estimated thermal conductivity from these measurements is significantly reduced by numerous tube-tube junctions in the sample and is much lower than the theoretical expectation [5–7].

Abstract Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are extensively studied for self-folding origami due to their large strain recovery, low cost, and low activation energy. SMPs utilize viscoelastic material behavior to change shape in response to an applied stimulus, for instance light or electricity. Electrical actuation is desirable due to its higher energy density and shorter response time. Previous studies reported empirical results on shape recovery of conductive polymer composites actuated by specific applied voltage or current conditions, which required rigorous experimentation. Here, we introduce a finite element framework capable of predicting the coupled electro-thermo-mechanical response of electrically actuated SMPs. As inputs, this framework requires material properties, such as electrical conductivity and viscoelastic parameters. The viscoelastic response is implemented using a Prony series model that is fit to experimental dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) data. Using this framework, we predict the shape recovery behavior of electrically actuated SMPs subject to various thermal, electrical, and mechanical loads and evaluate the sensitivity of the response to the material properties. Additionally, we show the effects of material pre-straining conditions and localized conductive pathways on shape recovery and self-folding. This computational framework provides a fundamental understanding of the electro-thermo-mechanical response of electrically actuated SMPs and can be used to design electrically actuated self-folding origami for aerospace applications.

This research work aimed at developing, by twinscrew extrusion process, electrically conductive sheets for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) bipolar plates. For this, a series of highly conductive blends were carefully formulated from a co-continuous mixture of polythylene terephthalate (PET)/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and high specific surface area carbon black (CB) and graphite (GR) conductive additives. Several major factors, such as CB/GR content, PVDF/PET composition and morphology, and also PET crystallinity were shown to have remarkable effects on these three main properties.

We present the design and fabrication of a microchip capable of performing mechanical (tensile, fracture, fatigue), electrical (conductivity and band gap) and thermal (conductivity and specific heat) characterization of materials and interfaces. The chip can study thin films and wires of any material that can be deposited on a substrate or study thin coupons if the specimen is in bulk form. The 3 mm × 3 mm size of the chip results in the unique capability of in-situ testing in analytical chambers such as the transmission electron microscope. The basic concept is to ’see’ the micro-mechanisms while ‘measuring’ the deformation and transport properties of materials and interfaces. The advantage of such simultaneous acquisition of quantitative and qualitative data is the accurate and quick physics-based modeling of materials behavior. We present preliminary studies on multi-physics, or the coupling among mechanical thermal and electrical domains in materials will be presented. These results are particularly important when the specimen dimension becomes comparable to the mean free paths of electron and phonons.

Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) and other in-situ and remote sensing dielectric methods for determining the soil water content had become standard in both research and practice in the last two decades. Limitations of existing dielectric methods in some soils, and introduction of new agricultural measurement devices or approaches based on soil dielectric properties mandate improved understanding of the relationship between the measured effective permittivity (dielectric constant) and the soil water content. Mounting evidence indicates that consideration must be given not only to the volume fractions of soil constituents, as most mixing models assume, but also to soil attributes and ambient temperature in order to reduce errors in interpreting measured effective permittivities. The major objective of the present research project was to investigate the effects of the soil geometrical attributes and interfacial processes (bound water) on the effective permittivity of the soil, and to develop a theoretical frame for improved, soil-specific effective permittivity- water content calibration curves, which are based on easily attainable soil properties. After initializing the experimental investigation of the effective permittivity - water content relationship, we realized that the first step for water content determination by the Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) method, namely, the TDR measurement of the soil effective permittivity still requires standardization and improvement, and we also made more efforts than originally planned towards this objective. The findings of the BARD project, related to these two consequential steps involved in TDR measurement of the soil water content, are expected to improve the accuracy of soil water content determination by existing in-situ and remote sensing dielectric methods and to help evaluate new water content sensors based on soil electrical properties. A more precise water content determination is expected to result in reduced irrigation levels, a matter which is beneficial first to American and Israeli farmers, and also to hydrologists and environmentalists dealing with production and assessment of contamination hazards of this progressively more precious natural resource. The improved understanding of the way the soil geometrical attributes affect its effective permittivity is expected to contribute to our understanding and predicting capability of other, related soil transport properties such as electrical and thermal conductivity, and diffusion coefficients of solutes and gas molecules. In addition, to the originally planned research activities we also investigated other related problems and made many contributions of short and longer terms benefits. These efforts include: Developing a method and a special TDR probe for using TDR systems to determine also the soil's matric potential; Developing a methodology for utilizing the thermodielectric effect, namely, the variation of the soil's effective permittivity with temperature, to evaluate its specific surface area; Developing a simple method for characterizing particle shape by measuring the repose angle of a granular material avalanching in water; Measurements and characterization of the pore scale, saturation degree - dependent anisotropy factor for electrical and hydraulic conductivities; Studying the dielectric properties of cereal grains towards improved determination of their water content. A reliable evaluation of the soil textural attributes (e.g. the specific surface area mentioned above) and its water content is essential for intensive irrigation and fertilization processes and within extensive precision agriculture management. The findings of the present research project are expected to improve the determination of cereal grain water content by on-line dielectric methods. A precise evaluation of grain water content is essential for pricing and evaluation of drying-before-storage requirements, issues involving energy savings and commercial aspects of major economic importance to the American agriculture. The results and methodologies developed within the above mentioned side studies are expected to be beneficial to also other industrial and environmental practices requiring the water content determination and characterization of granular materials.