Дисертації з теми "Special criminal law"
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Podcameni, Ana Paula. "The Contribution of the Special Court for Sierra Leone to the Law on Criminal Responsibility of Children in International Criminal Law." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3358.
Повний текст джерелаRindler, Julian. "Hybrid courts and their impact on the development of substantive international criminal law." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4533.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this study is to scrutinise, in particular, the legal bases of and decisions taken by various hybrid courts with regards to such consolidating or fragmenting effects on substantive international criminal law. The first section (Chapter 2), it will examine what is to be understood by the notion of a hybrid court. This will be followed by an analysis of the hybrid courts that have been established thus far. Furthermore, the advantages and reasons for which hybrid courts have been established in recent decades will be discussed, especially regarding their potential advantages as a transitional justice instrument. Moreover, disadvantages of hybrid courts and their deficiencies in the past will be addressed. Subsequently, the role of hybrid courts within the international legal system and their utility in the future will be discussed. This will include, on the one hand, the scope of the jurisdiction of hybrid courts in relation to other national and international criminal courts, especially vis-à-vis the ICC. On the other hand, it will be addressed whether hybrid courts will – or should – be established in the future, given the creation of the permanent ICC as well as the shortcomings of hybrid courts in the past. Against this background, the impact of hybrid courts on the further development of international criminal law will be assessed in the third section of the paper (Chapter 4). In this regard, the discussion will focus on a representative selection of hybrid courts, namely the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL), the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL). It will be discussed how their legal bases as well as their jurisprudence relate to the previous state of international criminal law, and whether they constitute adverse diversifications or positive contributions to international criminal law. In a concluding section (Chapter 5), the results of the study will be analysed and possible correlations between the structural elements of hybrid courts and their impact on international criminal law will be discussed. Finally, further questions regarding the use of hybrid courts in the future will be addressed.
Hedkvist, Elin. "Girls and Boys at War : Child Soldiers in International Law." Thesis, Örebro University, School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-9453.
Повний текст джерелаThe recruitment, enlistment and use of children younger than fifteen to participate actively in hostilities is prohibited in customary international law as well as in several international legal instruments. The use of child soldiers is, despite of the prohibition, a widespread phenomenon with 300 000 as the estimated number of child soldiers in national armies as well as in various rebel and insurgent groups in the world today. Although the problem is world-wide; most recent focus have been on Africa where children have served and still serve in ongoing conflicts in various functions including but not limited to front line soldiers, messengers, guards and sex-slaves. Many of the world‟s child soldiers are girls that are facing the risks of sexual abuse and discrimination. In this thesis the 1996-2002 civil war in Sierra Leone will serve as an example of a conflict were children were used as soldiers.Prohibition against the use of child soldiers can be found in international legal instruments in both human rights law and international humanitarian law. It can also be found in instruments in the fields of international labor law and prohibition against slavery. The provisions differ in their definition of a child soldier; concerning age limit as well as the child‟s function during the conflict. There are also differences in the responsibility of states to protect children against being used as soldiers. This particularly affects girl soldiers since they often have their primary tasks behind the front line and thus are not usually included in the more narrow definitions of child soldiers.Two courts; the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) are used as examples of enforcement mechanisms. The SCSL as being the first court to deliver convictions for the use of child soldiers as well as thoroughly discussing the illegality of the use of child soldiers has been of importance in the fight against the use of child soldiers. The ICC will be the enforcement mechanism of the future and it has already prosecuted for the use of child soldiers. The SCSL has raised the awareness and started the struggle against impunity for those responsible for using child soldiers but it is the ICC that will have to continue the fight, although with some obstacles to overcome.
Souza, Ailton Alfredo de. "Juizado criminal: uma crítica à transação penal diante da tensão entre garantismo e eficiência do procedimento." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2010. http://tede2.unicap.br:8080/handle/tede/907.
Повний текст джерелаMade available in DSpace on 2017-11-03T18:11:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_ailton_alfredo_souza.pdf: 1222716 bytes, checksum: 56cee53a913a725a123ee1ed3fbea1b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-14
This dissertation investigates the legal institute of the penal transaction applied within the grounds of the Special Criminal Court and its relation with the constitutional principles that guarantee fundamental rights for the citizens in the legal process area. It will be studied the correlation between the concepts of process and procedure and the practice of each procedural act which culminates in the penal transaction: since the transcription of the Detailed Occurrence Term by the police authority to the Preliminary Hearing. The starting point of this investigation is the eventual tension between the legal process principles which is a way of guaranteeing the legal jurisdiction service and the search for efficiency of the penal jurisdiction service as a way of undermining the legal guarantees due to the imbalance of this equation in the current practice of the penal transaction. The investigation starts from a bibliographical revision about the subject and also the analysis of statistical data about the typology of the occurrences and the nature of the legal sentences handed down in the year of 2009 in the Special Criminal Court of the State of Pernambuco. Samples of real cases submitted to the criminal courts are analyzed in order to confront the praxis of the penal transaction with the legal process principles used as basis for that matter. This research demonstrate the existence of the imbalance between garantism and efficiency in the praxis of the Penal Transaction in Brazil and it proposes the basis to materialize this institute together with the constitutional process principles, specially the principle of the due process of law and its corollaries of the wide defense and contradictory.
Esta dissertação investiga o instituto jurídico da transação penal, aplicado no âmbito dos Juizados Criminais e a sua relação com os princípios constitucionais que garantem aos cidadãos direitos fundamentais de natureza processual, inclusive. São estudados a correlação entre os conceitos de processo e procedimento e a prática de cada ato procedimental que culminam com a transação penal: da lavratura do Termo Circunstanciado de Ocorrência pela autoridade policial à Audiência Preliminar. O ponto de partida da investigação é a eventual tensão entre os princípios processuais de viés garantista e a busca pela eficiência da prestação da tutela jurisdicional penal, como geradora de déficit de garantias por causa do desequilíbrio dessa equação na atual prática da transação penal. A investigação parte de uma revisão de bibliografia sobre o tema e também da análise de dados estatísticos a respeito da tipologia penal das ocorrências e sobre a natureza das sentenças prolatadas no ano de 2009, nos Juizados Criminais do Estado de Pernambuco. São analisadas amostras de casos reais submetidos a juízo para cotejar a prática da transação penal com os princípios processuais que a informam. A pesquisa demonstra a existência de desequilíbrio entre garantismo e eficiência na prática da Transação Penal no Brasil e propõe bases para concretização do instituto sob o pálio dos princípios processuais constitucionais, notadamente do devido processo legal e seus corolários da ampla defesa e do contraditório.
Weski, Emelie. "Law+Impunity=Legitimacy? Rethinking liberal legitimacy of international law with a feminist critical approach." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23954.
Повний текст джерелаPalmcrantz, Conrad. "Women’s war and Women’s justice : A legal feminist analysis of the Colombian Special Jurisdiction for Peace." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-181618.
Повний текст джерелаAstudillo, Meza Guillermo, and Montes Sandra Jiménez. "Compliance Programs as a Mechanism to Fight Corruption: Special Reference to Self-Regulation of Companies." Derecho & Sociedad, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118648.
Повний текст джерелаEl presente artículo analiza la influencia que en los últimos años ha tenido el fenómeno de la autorregulación para el derecho como mecanismo de supervisión de las organizaciones empresariales y sus implicancias en la lucha contra la corrupción pública a través de los programas de cumplimiento para las empresas.
Mitchell, David Scott. "Voicing the Silent War Crime: Prosecuting Sexual Violence in the Special Court for Sierra Leone." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1146448301.
Повний текст джерелаTouillier, Marc. "Procédure pénale de droit commun et procédures pénales spéciales." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON10031.
Повний текст джерелаIncessant legislative reforms in criminal procedural law produce an astonishing multiplication of specific procedures for certain categories of offenders or offences. Criminal procedural system is torn apart, increasing the complexity of law and clouding the very meaning of rules' adaptation. The dialectic of ordinary and special rules of law casts a new light on the evolution of criminal procedural law. On the one hand it is important to make a distinction between a common procedural framework that is applicable to every criminal case and specific procedures only applicable to some of them. On the other hand it becomes vital to manage the connections between these two types of law. Regarding the first point, there is a profound misunderstanding of the distinction in contemporary law. Indeed, it is difficult to determinate the frontiers of ordinary and special rules of criminal procedural law. Moreover, it is obviously attested by a progressive marginalization of ordinary criminal procedure facing an ever-expansion of special criminal procedures. A new understanding of the distinction appears even more necessary because the distinction between ordinary and special rules of law is essential to organize the criminal procedural system. Regarding the second point, criminal procedural law suffers from the resulting disorder from the mismanagement of the connections between ordinary and special rules. While the lawmakers seem not to pay much attention, the actual disorder cries out for appropriate means to control the connections between ordinary criminal procedure and special criminal procedures
Chang, Kcomt Romy Alexandra. "Constitutional function assigned to the penalty: Bases for a criminal policy plan." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116385.
Повний текст джерелаEl presente trabajo busca efectuar un análisis en torno al tratamiento y las funciones que nuestra Constitución política asigna a la pena, y la manera como dicha institución se desarrolla en nuestro país con respectoa la pena abstracta (la impuesta por el legislador en cada tipo penal), la pena concreta (la impuesta por el juez luego de una individualización en cada casoconcreto), y su ejecución en el ámbito penitenciario. Finaliza proponiendo algunas consideraciones para una eventual reforma legislativa conforme conun plan de política criminal que se encuentre dentro del marco constitucional.
Di, Maggio Antonia. "Les atteintes aux systèmes de traitement automatisé de données : harmonisation et coopération en Europe." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Corte, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022CORT0014.
Повний текст джерелаComputer systems are essential parts of political, social, and economic interaction and have become fundamental for development and innovation. However, these systems are as many resources as they can be a threat to the security, the rights and the freedoms of users. Indeed, attacks on automated data processing systems consist in various criminal processes, carried out by several categories of offenders and affecting many different victims such as individuals, companies, or even States. The study of the punishment of such offences leads us to the question of the relevance of French legislation concerning that through a double examination. The first one, on the one hand, consisting of comparing, through a horizontal analysis, the substantive and formal special criminal law, from the angle of comparative law (Belgium and Italy), and, on the other hand, in examining, through a vertical analysis, their consistency with European standards. From this point of view, the study discloses the existence of a legislative corpus which is dense but also unclear because of its technicality. The study also notes that there is a fragile border in procedural matters regarding to the development of techniques which are effective but also likely to affect individual freedoms. The second examination focuses on the overall policy implemented by States to prevent and combat these computer attacks. On this point, cooperation between States is a corollary of the effectiveness of repression in this area. However, in practice, the choices made to promote such collaboration encounter major application difficulties. Added to these difficulties are those linked to the commission of cyberattacks by the States themselves, since cyberspace now appears as a new field of political and military conflict. That being stated, while it seemed that these state cyberattacks were carried out in an area of lawlessness, it turns out, on the contrary, that criminal law has a certain potential for their repression
Jones, Gregory A. "Articulating a Vision: A Case of Study of Democracy, Education, and Prisoner Rehabilitation in a Day Reporting Center." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/63.
Повний текст джерелаAlsaif, Dalal. "L'appréhension de la criminalité organisée. Étude comparative des droits français et koweïtien." Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT3001.
Повний текст джерелаThe fight against organized crime is today one of the national and international priorities. To do so, however, the countries do not always adopt the same solutions, as shown by the comparative study of French and Kuwaiti laws. Substantially, the two laws have many points in common. Organized crime has not actually been criminalized as such by French and Kuwaiti legislators. There are, however, several criminalizations to apprehend this criminal phenomenon in these two laws. It is either to fight against criminal organizations, via the conspiracy (association de malfaiteurs/entente criminelle), or to fight against the criminal activities committed by these organizations, via the aggravating circumstance of organized criminal group (bande organisée/groupe criminel organisé). To fight against organized crime, both laws also adopt an adapted repressive policy that allows the collaborator of justice to be exempted from penalty or to benefit from a reduction of the sentence. Procedurally, the two laws have adopted different approaches. The French law contains some special criminal procedures, applicable to organized crime, that derogate from ordinary criminal procedures. It also conferred on the specialized courts the competence to adjudicate the organized crime cases (the JIRS). The Kuwaiti law, on the other hand, is content with relying on ordinary criminal procedures and ordinary courts to apprehend organized crime. On this aspect, if the specialization of the French courts does not seem to be transposable into Kuwaiti law, the latter can adopt the French special criminal procedures to better combat organized crime
Zakariyah, Luqman. "Applications of legal maxims in Islamic criminal law with speciual reference to Shariah law in northern Nigeria (1999 - 2007)." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.504249.
Повний текст джерелаFerguson, Cody J. "Increasing Effectiveness of U.S. Counterintelligence: Domestic and International Micro-Restructuring Initiatives to Mitigate." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2012.
Знайти повний текст джерелаCyberespionage is a prolific threat that undermines the power projection capacity of the United States through reduced economic prowess and a narrowing of the technical advantage employed by the American military. International attempts to limit hostile cyber activity through the development of institutions, normative patterns of behavior, or assimilation of existing laws do not provide the American national security decision maker with a timely or effective solution to address these threats. Unfortunately, the stove-piped, redundant and inefficient nature of the U.S. counterintelligence community does not deliver a viable alternative to mitigating cyberespionage in an effective manner. Instituting a domestic and international micro-restructuring approach within the Department of Defense (DoD) addresses the need for increased effectiveness within an environment of fiscal responsibility. Domestic restructuring places emphasis on developing a forcing mechanism that compels the DoD counterintelligence services to develop joint approaches for combating cyberespionage by directly addressing the needs of the Combatant Commands. International restructuring places an emphasis on expanding cybersecurity cooperation to like-minded nations and specifically explores the opportunity and challenges for increased cyber cooperation with Taiwan. This approach recognizes that Taiwan and the United States are both negatively affected from hostile cyber activity derived from within the People’s Republic of China.
Abou, Kasm Antonios. "Le Tribunal spécial pour le Liban : défis juridiques et enjeux stratégiques." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GREND006.
Повний текст джерелаThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL) is created through a bilateral agreement concluded between the UN and the Lebanese Government; but its essential instruments didn’t come into force until the adoption of the binding resolution 1757 (2007) of the Security Council adopted under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. The STL, sitting in the Netherlands, composed of foreign and Lebanese judges, is an internationalized criminal tribunal sui generis. Its primary mandate consists on prosecuting those responsible for the 14th February 2005 attempt which caused the death of the former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic HARIRI and 22 other people; nevertheless the STL’s jurisdiction can be extended to cover connected attacks. Many features distinguish the STL, since it is the first criminal tribunal that was created under the UN’s framework outside of the International humanitarian law’s discipline; it judges terrorism crimes in peace time under the Lebanese domestic law; moreover, it is the first international criminal tribunal which holds trials in absentia, establishes an Office for the Defense as an autonomous organ equally with the Office of the Prosecutor giving the defense counsel large powers. The STL works according to its proper Rules of Procedure and Evidence – adopted by its judges – associating the civil law system and the common law system. The STL’s functioning confronts legal challenges due to its combined funding mechanism, assured by the conventional contribution of the Lebanese Government as by the voluntary contributions of member States; or due to its restricted primacy limited only to Lebanese courts, arising a problematical horizontal cooperation. In addition, the STL’s Statute expresses reluctance on the immunities’ question. The implementation of the STL has created a large political controversy in Lebanon; its work in an unstable geopolitical framework triggers relevant strategic issues having impacts on the political scene in Lebanon and Middle-East. The STL incurs strategic challenges since its first indictment incriminates Hezbollah members – an armed resistance against Israel – ally of Iran and Syria. The Arab spring and its implications on the Syrian revolution generate instability to the political and security conditions of Lebanon, alerting a new series of terrorist attempts. The main mission of the STL consists to end impunity in Lebanon related first and foremost to political assassinations. The STL is considered as an instrument of selective justice since it is established only to judge a single attempt and a small number of connected crimes in a restricted spatiotemporal framework, whereas a large number of serious crimes of International humanitarian law and political crimes perpetrated in Lebanon are still unpunished. For its detractors, the STL embodies the dilemma between "civil peace" and "international justice", although its finality seeks to consolidate the national reconciliation through the discovery of the truth
Meini, Méndez Iván Fabio. "The penalty: function and requirements." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116002.
Повний текст джерелаLa legitimación de la sanción penal se deriva de los fines que persigue en un Estado de derecho. Dicha legitimación debe abarcar tanto a la pena como a la medida de seguridad, y tener en cuenta que tanto la pena como la medida de seguridad se imponen a quien infringe una norma de conducta y, por tanto, a quien tiene capacidad para infringirla. Esto presupone revisar el concepto de capacidad penal o imputabilidad,pues si imputabilidad es capacidad para comprender la realidad y adecuar el comportamiento a dicha comprensión, y toda sanción penal legítima ha de imponerse a quien tiene dicha capacidad, también las medidas de seguridad han de ser impuestas solo a imputables. Los verdaderos inimputables son aquellos que están al margen del derecho penal y a quienes resulta ilegítimo imponer alguna sanción. En esta línea, la imputabilidad ha de ser vista no solo como presupuesto del delito, sino como presupuesto de cualquier diálogo que tenga el Estado con el ciudadano con respecto al delito, al proceso y a la ejecución de la pena.
Крижановський, М. В., та M. V. Kryzhanovskyi. "Заходи кримінально-правового характеру щодо юридичних осіб: сутність і форми : дисертація". Thesis, Харків : Харківський національний університет внутрішніх справ, 2020. https://youtu.be/lxC7k3XvLwo.
Повний текст джерелаДисертацію присвячено комплексному дослідженню сутності та форм заходів кримінально-правового характеру щодо юридичних осіб, у результаті якого розроблено науково обґрунтовані пропозиції та рекомендації щодо вдосконалення законодавства України стосовно нормативної регламентації окремих положень розділу XIV-I Загальної частини КК України, порядку застосування і виконання заходів кримінально-правового характеру щодо юридичних осіб.
The dissertation is about the complex research into the nature and forms of criminal in relation to legal entities which resulted in the development of scientifically substantiated proposals and recommendations for improving the legislation of Ukraine in the part of the normative regulation of certain provisions of the section XIV-I of the General part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the order of the using and fulfilling criminal and law measures in relation to legal entities.
Диссертация посвящена комплексному исследованию сущности и форм мер уголовно-правового характера в отношении юридических лиц, в результате которого разработаны научно обоснованные предложения и рекомендации по совершенствованию законодательства Украины о нормативной регламентации отдельных положений раздела XIV-I Общей части УК Украины, порядка применения и выполнения мероприятий уголовно правового характера в отношении юридических лиц.
Nguyen, Déborah. "Le statut des victimes dans la pratique des Juridictions Pénales Internationales." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30046/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe recognition of the right to participate and the right to reparation to the victimes is the most remarkable evolution of these last decades in the national laws and in the International Criminal Justice. The International Criminal Jurisdictions built the victims’ status. Confronted to innovative concepts, the judges have to create precedents and organise the modalities of the victim’s rights. They have to combine the coordination of the legal representation of thousands of victims with the necessity of justice. In view of the first decisions, the place of the victimes is established since the judges grant them the right to participate. However, their interpretation of the rules brings serious limitations to the rights of the victims in the practice. The victims’ participation is not fully applied and their reparation turns out to be exceptionnal. So, the interest of the jurisprudence study resides in the determination of the real status of the victims in the international trial and the importance of the granted rights. Positive evolutions can be made in favor of the recognition of the status of parties in the trial and the effectiveness of the rigths of the victims
Tabbal, Michel. "Les sessions extraordinaires du Conseil des droits de l’homme des Nations Unies." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020042.
Повний текст джерелаSpecial sessions are one of the major innovations of the reform that established the Human Rights Council in 2006 as a subsidiary body of the United Nations General Assembly. While the Council holds three regular sessions each year, a special session allows States to respond to an urgent situation by organizing a debate, to assess and qualify violations and also to establish investigative mechanisms. The systematic analysis of the twenty-six special sessions held in nearly a period of twelve years illuminates, not only the balance of power between the actors involved, but also a new dynamic of international law, integrating international humanitarian law and international criminal law into the field of competence of the Human Rights Council
Ворона, В. С., та V. S. Vorona. "Спеціальні засади призначення покарання окремим категоріям осіб : дисертація". Thesis, Харків, 2018. http://dspace.univd.edu.ua/xmlui/handle/123456789/9161.
Повний текст джерелаРобота присвячена комплексному науковому дослідженню теоретичних і практичних проблем спеціальних засад призначення покарання окремим категоріям осіб. Вперше здійснено періодизацію розвитку законодавчого закріплення спеціальних засад призначення покарання від давніх часів до сьогодення. Сформульовано доктринальну дефініцію спеціальних засад призначення покарання окремим категоріям осіб як правил призначення покарання відносно певних суб’єктів, які законом виділяються в окремі групи в зв’язку з їх специфічними особистісними, соціальними, демографічними чи професійними ознаками.
The thesis is devoted to the complex scientific research of the theoretical and practical problems of special guidelines on sentencing certain categories of offenders. For the first time carried out a periodization of the development of legislative consolidation of the special guidelines on sentencing, from ancient times to the present, according to which allocated four periods. Formulated doctrinal definition of special guidelines on sentencing certain categories of offenders as rules of appointment of punishment in respect of certain entities which by law are allocated in a separate group due to their specific personal, social, demographic or professional characteristics.
Работа посвящена комплексному научному исследованию теоретических и практических проблем специальных начал назначения наказания отдельным категориям лиц. Впервые осуществлена периодизация развития законодательного закрепления специальных начал назначения наказания от древних времен до современности. Сформулировано доктринальную дефиницию специальных начал назначения наказания отдельным категориям лиц как правил назначения наказания в отношении определенных субъектов, которые законом выделяются в отдельные группы в связи с их специфическими личностными, социальными, демографическими или профессиональным признакам.
Aivo, Gérard. "Le statut de combattant dans les conflits armés non internationaux : etude critique de droit international humanitaire." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30053.
Повний текст джерелаBefore the Geneva Conventions of 1949, only the international armed conflicts were regulated by the law of the war. This last one could apply in the civil wars only after the recognition of the rebel forces as belligerent party. Now, since the Second World War we attended an increase in non-International armed conflicts. But the Geneva Conventions of 1949 dedicated them only the common article 3; then the additional Protocol II of 1977 came to complete it. These two texts contain numerous gaps, in particular the absence of definition of the "combatants" and the "civilians", making so difficult the respect for the principle of distinction nevertheless essential for the protection of the civil populations. These rules do not regulate either the means and the war methods. Besides the normative gaps, there are material problems which complicate the effective implementation of the relevant rules. It is in particular about the participation of the civil populations in the hostilities, including the children-Soldiers and the mercenaries. The absence of combatant's status in the non-International armed conflicts appears as the main problem compromising the efficiency of the international humanitarian law. Does not this one contribute to the non compliance with this law by the armed groups? Would it be necessary to confer this status to these last ones to bring them to apply the international humanitarian law or to envisage the other means? Which one?
Briend, Cyril. "Le contrat d'adhésion entre professionnels." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB177/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe professional, supposed to be able to defend his interests, by opposition to the employee or the consumer, has proven to also be victim of imbalanced contracts for a few decades. The emergence of powerful private companies in various sectors clearly leads to inequalities between professionals. Our study underlines the difficulty to find the best criterion to identify what a professional weaker party is. It is impossible to say that globally such company is stronger than another because the legal person party to the agreement can hide many interests, which are hard to seize at first sight. Nor can the judge arbitrate prices in an authoritarian way without risking a misappropriation of his part. We shall side for this idea: a business-to-business agreement is to be qualified of adhesion contract as long as it does not give place to adequate bargaining; so the judge has to look the bargaining process and the circumstances preceding the contract. Many criteria can help the judge such as the size of the company, market parts, exchanged words, the good or bad faith of the parties or the efforts they have made. If we consider the bargain analysis as the ultimately rightest choice, we have to contemplate its limitations. It would not be realistic to consider that the judge could always discover every circumstance prior to the agreement. This is why we shall join a system of presumptions - albeit rebuttable - to the bargain analysis, when the difference of size of companies or the disproportion of provisions is obvious. We shall put into light the strategies used by strongest parts to bypass the bargain analysis, such as harmful clauses or internationalization tactics. Thus, we shall opt for high obligatory standards, as well as in national law than in international law. Once the bargain analysis is done, we shall try to suggest sanctions adapted to the concern. The judge, in our opinion, must be able to modify the agreement in a very flexible way, either retroactively or during the implementation of the said agreement. The gravity of various contractual behaviors must lead us to think about a form of criminal law or a "quasi criminal" law in order to combat those behaviors in a more suitable mean. Nevertheless, the protection of the professional weaker part is also to be dealt on a procedural ground. A proceeding for interim measures is likely to face the needs for celerity, which bother the weakest parts for their action. We shall also underline the advantages of a class action, which could overcome the financial issue of the lawsuit. Conversely, the legal security of business will bring us to foster a protection by a soft law system. First Part: The identification of the business-to-business adhesion contract. Second Part: The judicial treatment of business-to-business adhesion contracts
Lagoutte, Julien. "Les conditions de la responsabilité en droit privé : éléments pour une théorie générale de la responsabilité juridique." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40032.
Повний текст джерелаWhile the radical distinction between criminal law and civil liability is classically taught, a thorough survey of positive law reveals a general and profound trend towards a confusion of these two disciplines. Faced with this paradox, the jurist wonders : how to articulate the civil and criminal laws of responsibility ? To answer this question, the thesis suggests abandoning the traditional approach of the subject, which consists in treating it as a mere category of classification of the different branches, civil and criminal, of responsibility/liability. Legal responsibility is presented as an autonomous and general institution organizing the response from the system to abnormal disturbance of social equilibrium. Civil liability law and criminal law are, as far as they are concerned, henceforth conceived as the mere technical applications of this institution in positive law.On the basis of this new approach and through the prism of the study of liability conditions in private law, the thesis proposes a technical and rational organization of criminal law and civil liability that may provide the guiding principles of a real general theory of legal responsibility. As a general institution, it gives not only a concept of responsibility, requiring degradation of a legally protected interest, abnormality and legal causation, and establishing the convergence of criminal law and civil law, but also a system of responsibility, determining the divergences of them and steering the first towards the protection of general interest and the second towards the protection of victims
HAN, CHENG-TAO, and 韓政道. "The criminal law Disputes about Patient Autonomy in the Special Medical Treatment." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/dgjyn5.
Повний текст джерела東海大學
法律學系
107
This thesis takes special medical treatment as the topic, and the patient decides to carry out the right, from the perspective of the disputes derived from the criminal law evaluation, and considers whether the current medical related legal system in China has perfect norms and guarantees for the patient rights in special medical situations. For special medical treatment, this article delineates the four-way specific medical situation from general medical treatment, and separately explores the patient's discretion and the criminal law disputes. First of all, regarding the donation of human organs, the reason why this article regards it as a special medical treatment is that, unlike the essence of medicine, the purpose of pursuing recovery of health is that the organ donation surgery itself is only a harmful effect on the pure injury caused by the subject. In order to use this kind of altruistic medical behavior, in addition to subverting the nature and purpose of medical behavior, it is necessary to further think and discuss about the independent rights and protection of donors. Secondly, the specificity of human clinical trials is that if the clinical trial is unable to accurately predict and grasp the risk, if the subject is willing to bear the risk, the subject should obtain the consent of the subject, compared to general medical, clinical trials. More attention should be paid to the protection of patients' discretion. For example, the true consent of the subject should be obtained before the trial, and the requirements and procedures for the notification of the physician and the consent of the patient should be more rigorous in terms of legal norms or interpretations. Furthermore, when it comes to the controversy of severe neonatal care, it focuses on the decision-making and conflicts of these special medical treatments. The medical speciality of severely ill newborns is that newborns lack autonomy at the beginning and cannot clarify their wishes by others. Therefore, how to protect their parents when they refuse to receive routine treatment from critically ill newborns? Best interest. The boundaries of physicians' treatment obligations should be explored from the theory of criminal law, and opinions from physicians or third parties should be sought to jointly safeguard the medical rights of neonatal patients. Finally, the patient's autonomy in the final dignity of medical care directly challenges the permissibility of the criminal law. With the change of social values, human beings use medical technology to prolong life indefinitely, which in turn encourages people to think about it, and it is meaningless to prolong the painful life, and it is in line with the requirements of doing good in medical ethics. In this special situation, whether the people have the right to decide on the right to refuse medical treatment, this article will observe from the current state of legislation in China, and review the admissibility and legal space of the final medical treatment in the evaluation of criminal law.
LIN, LING-YAO, and 林玲瑤. "The Special Credibility of Medical Documents- Based on Criminal Procedure Law §159-4." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/sq9t4m.
Повний текст джерела東吳大學
法律學系
107
In Taiwan, there are various kinds of trustworthy documents in practice. The goal of this thesis is to analyze and review the opinions of the authorities through embodying the spirit of hearsay rule. By clarifying how to use trustworthy documents in the cases, and to identify "incidentally untrustworthy situation", "more credible special circumstances" and "trustworthy special circumstances", I could avoid unnecessary conflicts and apply the exceptions of hearsay rule directly. In order to build up the radical correct use of hearsay rule, we should try our best to do this work. The framework of this thesis is separated in five chapters. At first, I will give a bird's-eye view of the full text, and a brief summary of the research motivation, purposes and structure of the special letter. In the second chapter, I will introduce the hearsay evidence, and refer to the United States Federal Evidence Law, outline the rules of the hearsay, and then describe and compare the exceptions between Taiwan and the United States in the exception of the hearsay rules. In the third chapter, I would like to discuss the elements of Exclusionrule of Hearsay Evidence - ensuring its reliability, and compare the practical operation with the terms of Federal Evidence Law. The fourth chapter I will focus on Article 159-4, by analyzing the judgments of practical opinions in recent years on various types of hearsay documents, sorting out the essential elements and judgment criteria for the reliability, and listing the context of practical operations, I hope that I can propose important concepts and analyze them and type. Furthermore, medical documents could be tested their specification and feasibility of the legislative terms and judgment criteria. Finally, I will put forward the views the previous chapters in order to make a brief review and summary. Based on this, according to the case of clear opinions, I try to summarize the current understanding of the appearance of hearsay documents, the appropriateness of credibility and the appropriateness of the practical operation for providing the current development and reference for the revision and practice.
Wu, Chih-Chiang, and 吳志強. "The Reconstruction of The Common and Special Breach of Trustfulness in Economically Criminal Law." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04274909513967136288.
Повний текст джерела國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
99
It is considered that the purpose of punishing the common breach of trustfulness is different from the special breach of trustfulness. The former is in order to protect the personal property and the latter is in order to maintain the order of economic and finance. Nevertheless, observing the clause with the theory of legal interest or norm, history, policy and capitalism could find that the “full” of the legal interest of full property has another meaning. This article renews the meaning of the common breach of trustfulness in criminal law and explanation that the common breach of trustfulness in criminal law actually acts as the front and defensive norm of the order of economic and finance. The precondition of applying to the clause is that the principal requires the trustee to handle the propertied affairs with others. The intrinsic quality of the clause must apply the limited range of breaching trustfulness. Because the function of special breach of trustfulness in special criminal law could replace the common breach of trustfulness in common criminal law and other crimes could be returned to embezzlement and fraud or other types of crime, this article suggests that the legislators should abolish the common breach of trustfulness in common criminal law to prevent the clause only becomes the tool of litigation and ease the situation of hypertrophy in criminal law. In the special breach of trustfulness in special criminal law, this article give an example about section 125-2 of Bank Act to investigate that the application of subject, illegal behavior and the function of business judgment rule in criminal law. This article considers that although the judge could not properly apply the BJR in criminal case, the judge probably could extract elements of BJR and place these into the intent of the actor to accomplish the alienation of BJR.
Ntamulenga, Christian Kabati. "The ICC's jurisdictional limitations and the impunity for war crimes in the DRC : a plea for the establishment of a special criminal tribunal." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9822.
Повний текст джерелаThesis (LL.M.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.
Sintra, António Gabriel Costa de. "Técnicas especiais de investigação criminal." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/21695.
Повний текст джерелаNa sociedade hodierna, a proliferação de nefastos fenómenos associados a crescentes vagas de criminalidade grave e organizada, doméstica e transnacional, a par da emergência de diferentes configurações de terrorismo, constituem concreta, profunda, premente e permanente ameaça para os direitos fundamentais e condições de vida das pessoas. Perante o incremento das mencionadas espécies delituosas com alto potencial de risco e de dano, a autoridade e a soberania dos Estados de direito, o desenvolvimento, a economia lícita, a justiça e a segurança, assim como a estabilidade da comunidade globalmente considerada, ficam expostas a veemente perturbação. As transmutações criminais de sentido negativo geram inquietação na sociedade com emanação de perturbadoras perceções de insegurança. Por outro lado, não raras vezes, as reações por parte dos Estados produzem, porventura de forma intolerável e ilegítima, compressão de direitos fundamentais dos cidadãos. Tais reações tendem a afetar o justo equilíbrio entre segurança e liberdade. Destarte, não é admissível olvidar que a segurança, como valor social, é solidária da ideia de liberdade e que a segurança por si só nada deve justificar. O sistema de justiça penal e a política criminal exercem papel determinante na contenção dos efeitos danosos das elencadas tipologias de criminalidade moderna por via da aplicação de apropriados comandos legais pelos órgãos policiais especializados nas suas tarefas de coadjuvação das autoridades judiciárias. Nesse contexto, perante revelações de crise por desajustamento ou insuficiência dos meios de uso tradicional, despontam outros métodos que, sendo tendencialmente mais eficazes, poderão acomodar intolerável restrição de garantias individuais. Por isso, o presente estudo tem como tema as denominadas técnicas especiais de investigação criminal, enquanto novel instrumento ao dispor do sistema de justiça, com o objetivo de aferir a sua validade na luta contra a criminalidade grave, organizada e terrorismo.
Wakefield, Lorenzo Mark. "Exploring the differences and similarities in sexual violence as forms of genocide and crimes against humanity." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3343.
Повний текст джерелаEven though sexual violence has always been a part and parcel of conflicts and atrocities throughout the ages, it never found any interpretation by subsequent tribunals who were responsible for prosecuting offenders.The case of The Prosecutor v Jean-Paul Akayesu was the first of its kind to give jurisprudential recognition and interpretation to sexual violence as war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide respectively. This case was important for the following reasons:1. It acknowledged that sexual violence can amount to an act of genocide; 2. It acknowledged that sexual violence can amount to a crime against humanity; and 3. It was the first case to define rape within an international context.Following the case of The Prosecutor v Jean-Paul Akayesu many tribunals gave recognition to the extent of which sexual violence takes place during atrocities by correctly convicting accused for either participating in sexual violence or aiding and abetting to sexual violence. Amidst the various interpretations on what constitutes sexual violence and how it is defined, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the Special Court for Sierra Leone all either conceptualised sexual violence as genocide, war crimes or/ and crimes against humanity.At the same time, the development of sexual violence as either a crime against humanity or a war crime did not end with the courts. The case of The Prosecutor v Jean-Paul Akayesu sparked a fire in the international community, which led to it paying more attention to the place of sexual violence in treaty law. Taking into account that rape is listed as a crime against humanity in both the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda statutes, the Special Court for Sierra Leone and the International Criminal Court statutes both list more than one form of sexual violence as a crime against humanity. It is interesting to note that the latter two treaty developments took place only after the International Criminal Tribunal conceptualised sexual violence as a crime against humanity.Thus apart from merely listing rape as a crime against humanity, the Statute establishing the Special Court for Sierra Leone, states in article 2(g) that sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy and any other form of sexual violence constitutes a crime against humanity. The Statute establishing the International Criminal Court states in article 7(1)(g) that rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilisation or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity constitutes a crime against humanity. The interpretation of these acts is further guided by the ‘Elements of Crimes’ which are annexed to the International Criminal Court statute.Once again it is interesting to note that the ‘Elements of Crimes’ for these acts are similar to how the International Criminal Tribunals (both the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda tribunals) conceptualised various acts of sexual violence.On the other hand, the definition of genocide remained the same as it was defined in the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 1948. This definition does not expressly mention any form of sexual violence as a form of genocide.However, once again, the trial chamber in the case of The Prosecutor v Jean-Paul Akayesu set the benchmark for sexual violence to constitute a form of genocide by way of interpretation. The definition of genocide did not subsequently change in the Statute establishing the International Criminal Court.Based on these premises, this thesis attempts to investigate the similarities and differences in sexual violence as a form of both genocide and a crime against humanity,by addressing the following question:What are the essential and practical differences between sexual violence as crimes against humanity and genocide and what is the legal effect of the differences, should there be any? Chapter 1 highlights the historical overview and developments of sexual violence as genocide and crimes against humanity, while chapter 2 investigates how sexual violence can amount to a form of genocide. Chapter 3 assesses the advances made in sexual violence as a crime against humanity, while chapter 4 importantly draws a comparative analysis between sexual violence as genocide and a crime against humanity. Chapter 4 draws this comparison by weighing up four differences and four similarities in sexual violence as genocide and a crime against humanity.Chapter 5 highlights the conclusion and provides an answer for the research question that is posed above. Here it is concluded that even though there exist multiple differences in sexual violence as crimes against humanity and genocide, there are also multiple similarities which could possibly amount to a better chance for conviction of an accused under a crime against humanity than genocide. Chapter 5 also provide possible recommendations for the consequences that might flow should sexual violence as a crime against humanity be fairly similar to sexual violence as genocide.
Machado, Thiago José Ximenes. "Cibercrime e o crime no mundo informático: a especial vulnerabilidade das crianças e dos adolescentes." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/6089.
Повний текст джерелаThe present research aims to demonstrate and highlight the main crimes that can be practiced through the computer system, especially those practiced by adolescents and adolescents. It will take into account as modifications that have arisen no Brazilian penal code, no Status of Child and Adolescent, after creation and rapid growth of the world-wide computer network, emphasizing, modus operandi that criminals that use electronic means to achieve Success In their crimes. Being an extremely vulnerable target audience, for a young age or for a small life experience, constituting a person who is not an individual. Many criminal companies use an internet, more specifically an obscure part of it, as a tool to commit and better articulate their crimes, since their identity is easily hidden. This work seeks to show how updates in the virtual deli world, that is, the evolution of the Crime in all senses, is not a sense of the use of technological tools, making an analysis of the legislation worrisome to the subject, giving greater focus to the new tips that appeared in the law that deals with Protection of children and adolescents, and which are directed to the Virtual universe and computer science.
Козаченко, Олександр Васильович, Александр Васильевич Козаченко та Oleksandr V. Kozachenko. "Кримінально-правові заходи в Україні : культуро-антропологічна концепція". Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11300/3046.
Повний текст джерелаНаук. консультант - д-р юрид. наук, проф. В. О. Туляков
Офіційні опоненти : д-р юрид. наук, проф. О. М. Костенко; д-р юрид. наук, проф. В. К. Грищук; д-р юрид. наук, проф. В. О. Меркулова
Дисертацію присвячено дослідженню кримінально-правових заходів як системи прийомів і способів примусового та реабілітаційно-заохочувального впливу держави на кримінальні практики, правомірну поведінку, детерміновані культурним середовищем, яке існує в конкретно-історичних умовах. Обґрунтовано доцільність і необхідність використання культуро-антропологічної методології в процесі дослідження кримінально-правових заходів, їх генезису, функціонування і практики застосування. Додатково аргументовано необхідність дослідження феномену права на засадах абсолютизації генетичного взаємозв’язку з культурою. Систематизовано концептуальні ідеї щодо суттєвих та змістовних характеристик системи кримінально-правових заходів. Визначено історично обумовлену, доктринально виважену, функціонально вивірену та практично доцільну можливість використання уніфікованого поняття «кримінально-правові заходи». Охарактеризовано об’єктивні та суб’єктивні змістовні властивості як кримінально-правових заходів у цілому, так і окремих їх видів. Досліджено історичні витоки кримінально-правового регулювання відносин, що виникають у процесі застосування кримінально-правових заходів, визначено основні етапи формування кримінального права на українських землях та суттєві властивості, які визначають особливості українського пеналізаційного (депеналізаційного) процесу. Установлено культуро-антропологічні властивості функцій кримінально-правових заходів, проаналізовано суттєві ознаки та структурні елементи окремих видів функцій, які реалізуються у процесі застосування кримінально-правових заходів. Уточнено публічно-правові засади застосування кримінально-правових заходів з позиції застосування культуро-антропологічної методології. На підставі виокремлення основних та додаткових видів розроблено та запропоновано до використання алгоритм застосування системи кримінально-правових заходів.
Kučera, Pavel. "Opomenutí v trestním právu." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-387402.
Повний текст джерелаAlmeida, João Sebastião de. "Terminologia do Direito Penal Angolano." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/46804.
Повний текст джерелаThe present research entitled "Terminology of the Angolan Criminal Law" has as background the proposal of elaboration of a terminology tool of the dictionary type of the field of Criminal Law. Thus, of course, the term plays a central role in the development of this work. In this way, we focus the orientation of this research to the study of terms and their relation to the concepts that designate them. The nature of the terminology product "dictionary" that we intend to develop necessarily passes through the linguistic and terminological analysis of the pertinent data verified in the corpus of research, which will subsequently serve as a basis for the conception of said product. Thus, given the pertinence of the legal-penal discourse we restrict our eyes to complex terms. Therefore, the proposed time study aims to assist the practice of the professionals of the forum of the criminal area, among them, judges, prosecutors and lawyers.
Naidoo, Shantell. "The use of body language (behaviour pattern recognition) in forensic interviewing." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/19102.
Повний текст джерелаCriminology and Security Science
M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)
Herbig, Friedo Johann Willem. "The illegal exploitation of certain marine species as a form of environmental crime in the Western Cape." Diss., 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/963.
Повний текст джерелаCriminology
M.A. (Criminology)
Griffiths, Megan Laura. "The illegal trade in endangered animals in KwaZulu-Natal, with an emphasis on rhino poaching." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18796.
Повний текст джерелаCriminology and Security Science
M.A. (Criminology)