Статті в журналах: "Spawn run"

1

Pal, Joginder, Ranjna Sharma, Manohar Lal, and B. C. Suman. "Effect of different spawn rates and substrate supplementation on yield of Indian Oyster mushroom, Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 1406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i3.1375.

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A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different spawn rates and substrate supplementation on yield of Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel. Among six spawn rates viz., 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8%, respectively tried on wheat straw substrate, the spawn run was fastest (10.50 days) when spawn dose was 8%, followed by 6%, 4%, 2%, 1% and 0.5%, respectively. The pinheads appeared in 12.27 days by using spawn @ 8%, which proved to be the best spawn dose followed by 6%, 4%, 2%, 1% and 0.5%, respectively. Highest yield of 168.7 per 200g dry substrate was achieved @ 8% spawn rate. Lesser yields were recorded when spawn rate was reduced. The results also reveals the significantly highest biological efficiency of 84.33% at 8% spawn rate followed by 6%, 4%, 2%, 1% and 0.5%, respectively. It was concluded that spawn run was rapid at higher spawn rate but there was not much difference in yield when spawn dose was increased from 4 to 8%. Considering spawn cost and performance shown by different doses, 2-4% was found optimum dose for its cultivation.In case of substrate supplementation, wheat straw supplemented with cotton seed meal supported maximum mycelial growth (10.50 days of inoculation) and took mini-mum time for pinheads initiation (13.67 days). Similarly, maximum yield (155.3g) with biological efficiency of 77.65% was recorded on wheat straw supplemented with cotton seed meal followed by supplementation of saw dust, wheat straw (control), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), ammonium nitrateand urea, respectively. These studies will help to mushroom growers for selecting the most suitable spawn rate and also opens viable option of supplementation as wheat straw + cotton seed meal for better growth behaviour and optimum yield potential of Pleurotus pulmonarius as well as other oyster mushrooms cultivation.

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2

Upamanya, G. K., R. Brahma, R. Sarma, P. Sharma, and K. Das. "Effect of Different Bag Opening Methods of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on Growth Parameter, Yield and Benefit Cost Ratio." International Journal of Economic Plants 8, no. 4 (November 28, 2021): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/2/2021.0430a.

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Oyster mushroom growers are generally confused about the scientific basis of the cultivation technology with regard to the best bag opening method after a spawn run. The present study was undertaken to find out the effect of four different methods of bag opening on yield, benefit cost ratio (BCR) and biological efficiency of oyster mushrooms during November, 2020 to March, 2021. The results indicated that treatment-2 (retaining the polythene bag for the entire cultivation period) exhibited significantly the highest yield (1644.61 g bed-1) followed by treatment-3 (opening top part of the polythene bag after spawn run) (1536.62 g bed-1), and treatment-1 (opening top and bottom part of the polythene bag (1468.82 g bed-1) and treatment-4 (complete removal of the polythene bag) (1111.19 g). The BCR was also found to be the highest (4.39) in treatment-2 followed by treatment-3 (4.09), treatment-1 (3.96) and treatment-4 (2.98). Retaining the polythene bag during the entire cultivation period was found to be the best method of cultivation with regard to biological efficiency (82.23%). Opening the top part of the polythene bag after the spawn run showed the biological efficiency of 76.83% which was followed by the treatment with opening the polythene bag from the top and bottom part of the bed (73.44%).The lowest biological efficiency (55.56%) was observed in the treatment in which the entire polythene bag was removed after a spawn run in darkroom. Mushroom growers may retain the polythene bag surrounding the mushroom bed during the entire cultivation period for better economic return.

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3

Beacham, Terry D., Clyde B. Murray, and L. Walter Barner. "Influence of photoperiod on the timing of reproductive maturation in pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and its application to genetic transfers between odd- and even-year spawning populations." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 5 (May 1, 1994): 826–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-112.

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Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) embryos were obtained in April 1991 from the first generation of a 1989 brood line, which had been induced to spawn 6 months earlier than wild populations, which spawn in October. These embryos and subsequent juveniles were reared at a development temperature and under a photoperiod regime that induced some fish from this second generation to mature in October 1992, the correct time of year for spawning of wild populations. Other captive groups of pink salmon also matured in April 1993, permitting a comparison of fecundity, egg fertility, and egg size among female spawners in different photoperiods. Although the wild population spawns only in odd years, the captive population, originally derived from odd-year spawners, has been manipulated to spawn in even years. This shifting of the spawning time of the captive population may permit a transplant of odd-year genes into an even-year line, perhaps allowing the development of a run of even-year pink salmon in the Fraser River, British Columbia.

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4

Devi, Sapna, and Geeta Sumbali. "Suitability of three different cereal grains for spawn development and their impact on the growth and yield of Macrocybe gigantea (Massee) Pegler & Lod." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, no. 1 (March 8, 2021): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i1.2547.

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Mushroom cultivation is an economical biotechnological process for the conversion of various unused lignocellulosic wastes into protein rich food. The present study was conducted to assess the suitability of three different cereal grains viz., bajra (Pennisetum glaucum L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) for spawn production of Macrocybe gigantea (Massee) Pegler & Lod. and further its cultivation on two agrowastes (wheat straw and paddy straw) for assessing biological efficacy. It was observed that among the three cereal grains tested, bajra grains took significantly (P?0.05) less time for spawn development. Moreover, a minimum period of spawn run (16.3 days), highest sporophore yield (343.6g/500g of dry substrate) and biological efficiency (68.7%) were also recorded from substrate bags inoculated with bajra grain spawn. These results suggest the use of bajra grain spawn for quick and successful cultivation of M. gigantea.

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5

Zied, Diego Cunha, Marli Teixeira Almeida Minhoni, J. Emilio Pardo-González, and Arturo Pardo-Giménez. "A Study of Compost Added to a Casing Technique in Agaricus bisporus Cultivation from Phase III Bulk Compost." HortScience 45, no. 11 (November 2010): 1649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.11.1649.

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The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the addition of different rates of colonized compost and formaldehyde treatment on production parameters (yield, biological efficiency, mushroom number, mushroom weight, and earliness) in a Dutch commercial casing using Phase III bulk compost as a base substrate for growing Agaricus bisporus. Four rates of spawn-run compost (0 g·m−2, 200 g·m−2, 400 g·m−2, and 600 g·m−2) and formaldehyde treatment (with or without) were used. The experiment was designed as a double factorial in a randomized complete block design. Each block contained six replicates per treatment (a compost bag with 20 kg). The compost added to casing (CACing) technique when applied properly and combined with the use of Phase III compost had significant benefits, including increased mushroom yield, weight, and reduced the growing cycle, especially with the rate of 600 g of spawn-run compost/m2 of casing. On the other hand, the application of formalin reduced yield with or without the CACing technique, which implies the need for an alternative treatment for disinfection. An alternative method may either be thermal or chemical treatments to the casing such as using formaldehyde before mixing the casing with spawn-run compost and before the addition of casing above the colonized compost.

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6

Olsen, Jeffrey B., Blair G. Flannery, Terry D. Beacham, Jeffrey F. Bromaghin, Penelope A. Crane, Charles F. Lean, Karen M. Dunmall, and John K. Wenburg. "The influence of hydrographic structure and seasonal run timing on genetic diversity and isolation-by-distance in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65, no. 9 (September 2008): 2026–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f08-108.

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We used 20 microsatellite loci to compare genetic diversity and patterns of isolation-by-distance among three groups of chum salmon ( Oncorhynchus keta ) from two physically distinct watersheds in western Alaska, USA. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that gene flow decreases as the complexity of the hydrographic system increases. Specifically, higher gene flow was inferred among 11 populations from a nonhierarchical collection of short coastal rivers in Norton Sound compared with 29 populations from a complex hierarchical network of inland tributaries of the Yukon River. Within the Yukon River, inferred gene flow was highest among 15 summer-run populations that spawn in the lower drainage, compared with 14 fall-run populations that spawn in the upper drainage. The results suggest that the complexity of the hydrographic system may influence population connectivity and hence the level of genetic diversity of western Alaska chum salmon. Finally, evidence of isolation-by-time, when controlling for geographic distance, supported the hypothesis that genetic divergence in Yukon River chum salmon is influenced by seasonal run timing. However, evidence of isolation-by-distance, when controlling for season run timing, indicated the populations are not sufficiently isolated, spatially or temporally, to prevent gene flow. Dispersal among summer- and fall-run populations may play a role in maintaining genetic diversity.

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7

L. K. CHHATA and B.B.L. THAKORE. "Influence of environmental factors on spawn run and biological efficiency of Pleurotus species." Journal of Agrometeorology 12, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v12i2.1317.

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8

Sanjel, Priyanka, Ram Kumar Shrestha, and Jiban Shrestha. "Performance of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) grown on different fingermillet husk substrates." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v4i1.33370.

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Substrate type is one of the major factors affecting the growth and yield of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). Five substrates; Finger millet husk, Fingermillet husk + Molasses, Fingermillet husk + Rice bran, Fingermillet husk + Wheat bran, Fingermillet husk +Mustard oilseed cake, were evaluated for growth and productivity of oyster mushroom. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with each treatment replicated seven times. Additives were added on finger millet husk @5% of its dry weight. Standard cultivation practice was followed with steam sterilization and spawning was done in poly bags containing 2.5 kg of wet substrate. Data were collected on time taken for full spawn run, fresh mushroom yield, biological efficiency and cropping duration upto three flushes. Molasses took the least duration (16.86 days) for full spawn run which was found to be statistically at par with wheat bran(17.13 days) and rice bran(17.75 days) whereas control treatment took the longest duration (21.62 days). Rice bran produced the highest fresh mushroom yield (793.04g/bag) with highest biological efficiency (137.92%), which was statistically at par with control, molasses and wheat bran. Similarly, rice bran had least cropping duration (66.62 days) followed by control (67.88 days), molasses (69.14 days), wheat bran (70.12 days) and mustard oilseed cake (73.86 days). The lowest fresh yield (521.84 g/bag) with lowest biological efficiency (90.75%) and the longest cropping duration (73.86 days) was observed on mustard oilseed cake supplementation. This study revealed that molasses, rice bran and wheat bran accelerated spawn run whereas mustard oilseed cake supplementation produced lowest fresh mushroom yield with least biological efficiency and highest cropping duration showing that it was ineffective for increasing yield and productivity of oyster mushroom.

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9

Zhou, G., and W. Parawira. "The Effect of Different Substrates Found in Zimbabwe on the Growth and Yield of Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus Ostreatus." Southern Africa Journal of Education, Science and Technology 5, no. 2 (September 7, 2022): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajest.v5i2.39831.

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The research was carried out to investigate the effect of different substrates on the growth and yield of P. ostreatus. Locally available agricultural wastes such as saw dust (S1), cotton waste (S2), wheat straw (S3) and corncob (S4) were tested for parameters such as days required for spawn run, primordial formation, harvest days, total yield and biological efficiency. Biological Efficiency (BE) was calculated as the ratio of fresh fruiting body weight (g) per dry weight of substrates (g), expressed as a percentage. Before substrates were used in this study they were subjected to nutritional (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Zn) analysis. The highest yield of 1275.45 g was obtained in saw dust and the lowest yield of 1058.7 g was obtained in cotton waste. The highest carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio was found in saw dust (53:0.1) and the least C/N ratio was found in cotton waste (39:1). There were 19 spawn run days in saw dust and 24 spawn run days in cotton waste. Stem width (2.6 cm) and cap diameter (9.7 cm) were greatest in cotton waste and low in saw dust with stem width (2.3 cm) and cap diameter (7.4 cm). Substrates with a higher C/N ratio had the greatest yield and biological efficiency. The higher C/N ratio favoured mycelium growth and lower carbon to nitrogen ratio favored fruiting body growth. In this study saw dust had the highest C/N ratio and it had the greatest yield and low spawn run days yet cotton waste had the least C/N ratio but its fruiting body measurements were very high. There was no significant difference at p≤0.05 between wheat straw and corn cob in terms of growth parameters and yield as their C/N was significantly high at (44:1) and (49:1) respectively. The results signifies that apart from soya beans and maize stalk which were widely used by farmers as substrates of choice, saw dust, cotton waste, corn cob and wheat straw were good alternatives for the growth of P. ostreatus mushrooms. Saw dust was very good in the total yield obtained but cotton waste had the best quality of mushrooms with very big stipes and cap diameter. These locally available substrates in Zimbabwe were recommended for use by small scale farmers for sustainable production of oyster mushrooms as they produced good yields at low cost.

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10

Lyons, G. A., R. D. McCall, and H. SS Sharma. "Physical degradation of wheat straw by the in-vessel and windrow methods of mushroom compost production." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 46, no. 9 (September 1, 2000): 817–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w00-058.

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Mushroom compost manufacturers in Ireland are moving away from the traditional outdoor phase I windrow method, favouring in-vessel production. Composters and growers have reported better quality compost with faster spawn run and higher yields produced by this process. In the present study, physical examination of samples highlighted differences when comparing the windrow and in-vessel methods of compost production. Observations using scanning electron microscopy suggest that the cuticle of wheat straw from in-vessel production is damaged during phase I, peeling away from the surface in fragments, and exposing the epidermis. Changes in silicon levels on the straw surface acted as a marker for cuticle damage when comparing both composting systems. Cuticle damage may be important during composting and afterwards, as substrate colonisation is faster, and consequently spawn run is shorter. The phase I compost microbial community is altered by the in-vessel technique, producing a predominantly thermophilic bacterial flora in contrast to the mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria and fungi found in windrow phase I compost. These differences may be significant in mushroom compost production.Key words: windrow, in-vessel, compost, cuticle, straw.

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11

Balaso, Gaikwad Mahesh. "Effect of Different Treatments on Spawn Run Time of Paddy Straw Mushroom, Volvariella volvacea." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 8, no. 03 (March 10, 2019): 1713–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.803.199.

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12

Royse, D. J., and C. C. Bahler. "Effects of Genotype, Spawn Run Time, and Substrate Formulation on Biological Efficiency of Shiitake †." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 52, no. 6 (1986): 1425–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.52.6.1425-1427.1986.

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13

Pourush, S. P., Shrikhandia Anon, and Geeta Sumbali. "Spawn run dynamics of two Calocybe indica strains (DMRO-309 and APK-2) on agrowastes." Kavaka 57, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.36460/kavaka/57/2021/58-61.

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14

Vermeule, Blakey. "Professor Emily Casaubon Studies the Emotions." Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 130, no. 5 (October 2015): 1481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2015.130.5.1481.

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The trouble started with an ultimatum. emily casaubon, an english professor, was in line for a new office. but first, the kindly departmental administrator told her, she needed to purge some books. The administrator was right: Professor Casaubon's books were cresting and flooding like the spawn of the Philistine god Dagon—“sea monster, upward man and downward fish,” as John Milton pithily put it—in full run. She got right to work.

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15

Rinker, D. L., and R. Tetrault. "Mushroom Sciarid Control with Diflurenzuron (DIMILIN), 1984." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/10.1.117.

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Abstract Twenty-four mushroom growing trays (0.37m2 X 0.15m), each containing 22.6 kg (72% water) of deammoniated and pasteurized Phase II wheat-straw-bedded horse manure, were individually spawned with llOg of light cream mushroom spawn (MGA #801) and placed into a single mushroom production room. During the spawn run 480 female sciarids were released into the production room and an additional 1000 females 26 days alter spawning. For the test, Dimilin 25W at a formulation rate of 412 g/100m2 was applied as a drench to the casing surface in the first casing water application. Three pasteurized casing materials were used: (1) Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss, (2) mineral soil, and (3) mixture of weathered spent compost and Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss (1:1, by volume). Evaluation of diflubenzuron to control sciarid larvae in each casing type was measured through yield assessment and larval sampling in the casing.

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16

Tavarwisa, Delight Michael, Chido Govera, Moses Mutetwa, and Wonder Ngezimana. "Evaluating the Suitability of Baobab Fruit Shells as Substrate for Growing Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)." International Journal of Agronomy 2021 (February 27, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6620686.

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The baobab fruit shells were evaluated for their suitability as a substrate for growing oyster mushrooms and compared to three base substrates (wheat straw, maize cobs, and sawdust) of 1 kg dry weight. The duration of developmental stages, mycelium vigor, yield, and biological efficiency of the oyster mushroom from the four different substrates were recorded. Yields from the first 3 harvests (flushes) were considered, as they were the most productive ones. Wheat straw demonstrated significantly ( p < 0.05 ) higher mycelial colonization rate taking an average of 23 days to complete full spawn run followed by baobab fruit shells, sawdust, and maize cobs which took averages of 25.8, 27.2, and 29.5 days, respectively. Baobab fruit shells had the longest number of days taken between full spawn run and first pinhead formation with an average of 14.4 days which was significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) to the wheat straw, sawdust, and maize cobs which had 7.4, 9.4, and 10.5 days. The highest yield was observed on the sawdust which had an average of 682 g followed by wheat straw with 594 g. Maize cobs and baobab fruit shells had the least yield of 518 g and 482 g, respectively. The results showed that baobab fruit shells could be used as a substrate for the cultivation of oyster mushrooms and it can be recommended for commercial cultivation of oyster mushrooms.

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17

Aharoni, Gad, Dror G. Feitelson, and Amnon Barak. "A run-time algorithm for managing the granularity of parallel functional programs." Journal of Functional Programming 2, no. 4 (October 1992): 387–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796800000484.

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AbstractWe present an on-line (run-time) algorithm that manages the granularity of parallel functional programs. The algorithm exploits useful parallelism when it exists, and ignores ineffective parallelism in programs that produce many small tasks. The idea is to balance the amount of local work with the cost of distributing the work. This is achieved by ensuring that for every parallel task spawned, an amount of work that equals the cost of the spawn is performed locally. We analyse several cases and compare the algorithm to the optimal execution. In most cases the algorithm competes well with the optimal algorithm, even though the optimal algorithm has information about the future evolution of the computation that is not available to the on-line algorithm. This is quite remarkable considering we have chosen extreme cases that have contradicting optimal executions. Moreover, we show that no other on-line algorithm can be consistently better than it. We also present experimental results that demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.

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18

Royse, Daniel J. "Effect of Spawn Run Time and Substrate Nutrition on Yield and Size of the Shiitake Mushroom." Mycologia 77, no. 5 (September 1985): 756. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3793284.

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19

Royse, Daniel J. "Effect of Spawn Run Time and Substrate Nutrition on Yield and Size of the Shiitake Mushroom." Mycologia 77, no. 5 (September 1985): 756–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1985.12025163.

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20

BONE, PAUL, ZOLTAN SOMOGYI, and PETER SCHACHTE. "Estimating the overlap between dependent computations for automatic parallelization." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 11, no. 4-5 (July 2011): 575–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068411000184.

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AbstractResearchers working on the automatic parallelization of programs have long known that too much parallelism can be even worse for performance than too little, because spawning a task to be run on another CPU incurs overheads. Autoparallelizing compilers have therefore long tried to use granularity analysis to ensure that they only spawn off computations whose cost will probably exceed the spawn-off cost by a comfortable margin. However, this is not enough to yield good results, because data dependencies may also limit the usefulness of running computations in parallel. If one computation blocks almost immediately and can resume only after another has completed its work, then the cost of parallelization again exceeds the benefit. We present a set of algorithms for recognizing places in a program where it is worthwhile to execute two or more computations in parallel that pay attention to the second of these issues as well as the first. Our system uses profiling information to compute the times at which a procedure call consumes the values of its input arguments and the times at which it produces the values of its output arguments. Given two calls that may be executed in parallel, our system uses the times of production and consumption of the variables they share to determine how much their executions would overlap if they were run in parallel, and therefore whether executing them in parallel is a good idea or not. We have implemented this technique for Mercury in the form of a tool that uses profiling data to generate recommendations about what to parallelize, for the Mercury compiler to apply on the next compilation of the program. We present preliminary results that show that this technique can yield useful parallelization speedups, while requiring nothing more from the programmer than representative input data for the profiling run.

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21

Xianlu, Zeng, Han Fei, and Zhong Yanmei. "Cultivation and Harvesting of Selenium-Enriched Ganoderma lingzhi and Spent Medium Using Kudzu Vine as Substrate." Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research 18, no. 2 (July 5, 2019): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37290/ctnr2641-452x.18:152-157.

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In order to harvest selenium-enriched fruiting body and spores of Ganoderma lingzhi and spent medium, G. lingzhi was cultivated in kudzu vine as substrate and the bio-transformation of selenite was evaluated. The growth medium consisted of Kudzu vine supplemented with 20% wheat bran or sawdust or none. The growth medium was supplemented with 0, 10, 20, 30, and 50 mg/kg of sodium selenite. We found a significant difference in spawn run speed, fruiting body and spore yields when Kudzu vine was supplemented with wheat bran or sawdust. However, when whole-kudzu vine was used alone as substrate, it resulted in a significantly lower spawn run speed, fruiting body, and spore yields compared with kudzu vine + sawdust substrate and kudzu vine + wheat bran substrate. The selenium content in fruiting body and spores increased with increasing sodium selenite supplementation and approximately equaled half of the selenium in the substrate. No selenite was detected in both the fruiting body and spores. However, in the spent medium when sodium selenite was supplemented at 10, 20, 30, 50 mg/kg, the residual selenite concentration decreased to 0.45, 0.72, 1.29, and 1.95 mg/kg, respectively, suggesting a higher selenite transformation (92.27–93.57%). In conclusion, if Ganoderma fruiting body and spores were to be harvested for human consumption, approximately 50 mg/kg selenite should be added to the growth substrate. On the other hand, if the spent medium was to be used as an organic selenium source, the optimal sodium selenite supplementation level would be 10 mg/kg.

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22

Ford, Michael J., Howard Fuss, Brant Boelts, Eric LaHood, Jeffrey Hard, and Jason Miller. "Changes in run timing and natural smolt production in a naturally spawning coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) population after 60 years of intensive hatchery supplementation." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 2343–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f06-119.

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Supplementing natural fish populations with artificially propagated (hatchery) fish is a common practice. In evaluating supplementation, it is important to assess the relative fitness of both hatchery-produced and naturally produced fish when they spawn together in the wild and to evaluate how the absolute fitness of the natural population changes after many generations of supplementation. We evaluated the relative fitness of naturally produced and hatchery-produced coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Minter Creek, Washington, USA. We also evaluated long-term changes in natural smolt production in this stream after several decades of intensive hatchery supplementation. Total smolt production was estimated to be 14 660 and 19 415 in 2002 and 2003, respectively, compared with the average value of 28 425 from 1940 to 1955. We found no significant difference in relative fitness between hatchery and natural fish, probably because the natural population consists largely of fish produced from the hatchery a generation or two previously. There has been a long-term trend for adults to return to the stream earlier in the spawning season. We estimated standardized selection differentials on run timing, with results indicating stabilizing selection with an optimum run timing later than the mean contemporary run timing but earlier than the historical mean run timing.

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23

Light, Donald W. "Managed Care in a New Key: Britain's Strategies for the 1990s." International Journal of Health Services 28, no. 3 (July 1998): 427–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/mdxv-5gnq-jjwp-jcem.

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The new Labour government in Britain has issued three variations of a White Paper that outline significant changes in how the world's largest managed care health system will be run. All three emphasize systemwide criteria for quality, effectiveness, and health gain, which in turn imply redressing past inequalities in funding and service. One, the Scottish Paper, eliminates Thatcher's internal market and returns to a simple organizational structure centering on the health boards. The other two propose combining primary care practices into purchasing groups, a daunting task that will spawn many new problems and expenses as it recreates the internal market.

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Kumar, Brajesh, Gopal Singh, Vinit Pratap Sin, Jaydeep Patil, Prashant Mishra, Debjani Choudhury, and Seweta Srivastava. "Effect of Different Inorganic Additives on Spawn Run, Cropping Period and Yield Performance of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Species)." Plant Pathology Journal 17, no. 1 (December 15, 2018): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ppj.2018.19.24.

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25

Saini, Manisha, R. S. Jarial, and Kumud Jarial. "Comparative Evaluation of Sawdust with Different Casing Materials for the Production of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach under Natural Bamboo Hut Conditions." International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 12, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 532–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/1.2021.2302a.

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Studies were conducted to evaluate leached sawdust as a casing substrate for the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus either alone or in combination with other substrates at College of Horticulture and Forestry, Neri, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India during the year 2018–2020. Out of seven casing media evaluated alone, coconut coir pith performed best in terms of all production parameters like time for spawn run (20.3 days) and pinning (15.7 days), sporocarps’ number (55.33), yield (0.679 kg 5 kg-1 compost) and biological efficiency (33.95%). The efficiency of sawdust- leached improved with the addition of other casing substrates. In commercial trial, combination of sawdust - leached with coconut coir pith, spent compost and farmyard manure (1:1v/v) performed better as compared to control (FYM+local soil), but a combination of sawdust- leached+coconut coir pith (1:1v/v) proved to be the best in terms of sporocarps’ number (88.00) and yield (1.271 kg 10 kg-1 compost) despite of the delay in time for spawn run (26 days) and pinning (24.3 days). Casing media also affected the biological efficiency of compost which varied from 10.50% in local soil to 34.05% in sawdust- leached+farmyard manure (1:1v/v) in different experiments. Cap diameter was recorded to be maximum (41.37 mm) in 2 years old spent compost and minimum (34. 27 mm) in sawdust- leached while, stipe length ranged from 14.17 mm in vermicompost-leached to 22.90 mm in sawdust- leached+farmyard manure (1:1v/v). However, fruit bodies harvested from all the casing treatments including standard check were found to be silky smooth and firm to compact.

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26

C. T. Kumbhar, D. Godse, and A. C. Jadhav L. S. Shitole. "Effect of Growth Regulators and Micronutrients on Growth and Yield of Pleurotus sajor-caju." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (December 10, 2021): 240–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1012.028.

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The present investigation was conducted to study the effect of various growth regulators and micronutrients on growth and yield of Pleurotus sajor-caju. Results of the research explicitly indicated that the growth regulators and micronutrients experimented at different concentrations, targeting at stimulating growth and sporophore yield of Pleurotus sajor-caju, displayed significantly diverse response to in vitro colony diameter of the fungus, days required for spawn run, pinhead formation, first harvest of sporophores, yield of sporophores and biological efficiency. However, among the growth regulators used, gibberellic acid (GA) @ 20 and 15 ppm significantly improved the colony diameter (90 and 89.98 mm) in in vitro study; reduced the period required for spawn running (13 and 13.5 days), pinhead formation (16 and 16.5), and first harvest (18.5 and 19); augmented the total sporophore yield (858.25 and 855 g/kg dry substrate) and biological efficiency (85.83 and 85.5%). Mixture of micronutrients was ineffective in augmenting the foregoing traits. From the present investigation it is concluded that, spraying of gibberellic acid at 20 and 15 ppm concentrations on cultivation substrate, at the time of spawning, is highly beneficial for obtaining maximum yield of Pleurotus sajor-caju.

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27

Craig, P. C. "Identification of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Stocks in the Stikine River Based on Egg Size Measurements." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, no. 11 (November 1, 1985): 1696–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f85-212.

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The Stikine River in southeastern Alaska supports two principal stocks of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). An expedient means of separating these stocks when they enter freshwater is by egg size and egg mass measurements. Eggs of sockeye that spawn in the Tahltan Lake system are smaller than sockeye spawning elsewhere in the Stikine drainage, a difference supported by an independent stock identification method (scale pattern analysis). Tahltan females have only slightly developed ovaries (1–3% of body weight) and small eggs (2.0–3.5 mm) when they enter freshwater; they enter the river earlier (2–3 wk) and travel farther upstream to spawn than non-Tahltan sockeye. The latter group has more developed ovaries (5–16% of body weight) and larger eggs (3.5–6.2 mm) when they enter the river. Thus, an assessment of egg sizes of sockeye caught in the river can provide on-site information about stock composition and run timing. These data and escapement counts at Tahltan Lake indicate that the total escapement to the Stikine in 1983 was 61 000 to 71 000 sockeye of which 45–53% were Tahltan stock and 47–55% spawned eleswhere in the drainage.

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Noltie, Douglas B. "Intrapopulation Variation in the Breeding of Male Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) from a Lake Superior Tributary." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f90-019.

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Studies of breeding pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) from the Carp River, eastern Lake Superior, indicate that males seek fertilizations using two behavioural tactics. In 1985, a large run resulted in high breeding ground densities. During this run, males that resembled females were seen seeking fertilizations by sneaking rather than by competing for proximity to females. Morphological studies in 1985 confirmed the presence of males resembling females, their secondary sexual characters (hump height) being relatively less developed than in typical males. Although in poorer condition, such female-like males were reproductively mature, had returned to spawn at ages typical for this population, and had committed biomass to gonad no differently than had typical males. Furthermore, their spawning performance did not differ from typical males, as assessed both by the amount of gonad they retained unspawned at death and by their spawning ground life expectancies. In contrast, males attempting to sneak fertilizations were not observed during the small 1984 run when densities were low and males were generally in better condition than in 1985. Together, these results indicate that male pink salmon exhibit alternative breeding tactics. However, the demonstration of these tactics appears linked more to proximate factors (density and condition) than to divergent life history strategies as in other salmonid species.

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29

Suthar, Harish, Romank Patel, Krunal Modi, Paresh Patel, and Mrugesh Khunt. "Growth Parameters of Pleurotus ostreatus Cultivation Using Paddy Straw as a Substrate." Plantae Scientia 5, no. 1 (February 19, 2022): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32439/ps.v5i1.12-16.

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Pleurotus ostreatus are large, oyster-shell shaped edible mushroom which can be easily identified by their grey white, oyster shell shaped cap which is attached to a thick, firm stalk. They are nutritionally rich contain good amount of vitamin C, niacin, riboflavin, thiamin and cobalamin. They have high oleic acid and linoleic acid content. They also contain lovastatin and pleuran. Hence, oyster mushroom exhibit anti-atherosclerotic, hypo-glycemic, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer and immuno-modulatory properties. P. ostreatus is one of the commonly sought wild mushrooms and paddy straw is mainly used as a substrate for its cultivation. Mycelial growth is a preliminary step that creates suitable internal conditions for fruiting. Thus, out-standing growth of mycelium is a vital factor in mushroom cultivation. In the present study, P. ostreatus cultivation was carried out using paddy straw as a substrate. Spawning was done in layers in polythene bags (24 ×16 inch). All the 10 spawned bags were arranged in a dark cropping room on raised platform for mycelium colonization of substrate. Suitable temperature (~28°C) and relative humidity (~80%) were maintained during incubation. Harvesting of mushrooms was carried out before the margin starts folding inwards. Observations such as days for spawn run, days for pinhead formation and first harvest, number of primordia, total weight and total yield of mushroom were measured in the study. It took 23.50 ± 1.27 days for spawn run and 27-31 days for pinhead. First harvest of fruiting bodies was done after the ~4th day of the pinhead formation. Total 224 primordia were noted up to the day of the first harvest from ten bags. The fruiting bodies were harvested into three flushes and total yield after 38 days of incubation was ~4.48 kg.

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30

Choi, Ung-Kyu, Vivek K. Bajpai, and Nan-Hee Lee. "Influence of calcinated starfish powder on growth, yield, spawn run and primordial germination of king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii)." Food and Chemical Toxicology 47, no. 11 (November 2009): 2830–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.08.019.

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31

Wang, Jocelyn Yun-Ling, Christopher M. Anderson, Curry J. Cunningham, Ray Hilborn, and Michael R. Link. "Does more fish mean more money? Evaluating alternative escapement goals in the Bristol Bay salmon fishery." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 76, no. 1 (January 2019): 153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2017-0336.

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We develop an economically sophisticated management strategy evaluation for four sockeye salmon (Onchorhynchus nerka) fishing districts in Bristol Bay, Alaska, to evaluate whether proposed increases in escapement goals — the number of fish allowed up each river to spawn — could improve fishery outcomes for the industry and the region. Higher escapements increase average runs toward biological maximum sustainable yield, but this is driven by infrequent years of very abundant runs. Our economic model shows processors do not add capacity in response to infrequent abundant runs. Therefore, interannual variance in district-specific catch increases because years with little or no fishing become more frequent to meet higher escapement in low-run years, but industry cannot capture greater value in the high-run years. In abundant runs, processors shift available labor to focus on high-volume, lower-margin products; in very abundant years, insufficient processing capacity allows additional fish to escape. Mobile driftnet vessels that can move to rivers experiencing high runs each year benefit, but district specialists in the small boat and set-net fleets are more vulnerable to years with little or no catch.

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32

Choi, Ung-Kyu, Ok-Hwan Lee, and Young-Chan Kim. "Effect of Calcinated Oyster Shell Powder on Growth, Yield, Spawn Run, and Primordial Formation of King Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Eryngii)." Molecules 16, no. 3 (March 10, 2011): 2313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules16032313.

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33

Hoffnagle, Timothy L., Richard W. Carmichael, Kathryn A. Frenyea, and Patrick J. Keniry. "Run Timing, Spawn Timing, and Spawning Distribution of Hatchery- and Natural-Origin Spring Chinook Salmon in the Imnaha River, Oregon." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 28, no. 1 (February 2008): 148–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/m05-145.1.

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34

Terashima, Yoshie, Hisao Igusa, and Shoji Ohga. "Influence of contamination by Penicillium brevicompactum and Trichoderma harzianum during Lentinula edodes spawn run on fruiting in sawdust-based substrates." Mycoscience 43, no. 3 (June 2002): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s102670200041.

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35

Fogel, Caleb B., Colin L. Nicol, Jeffrey C. Jorgensen, Timothy J. Beechie, Britta Timpane-Padgham, Peter Kiffney, Gustav Seixas, and John Winkowski. "How riparian and floodplain restoration modify the effects of increasing temperature on adult salmon spawner abundance in the Chehalis River, WA." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 10, 2022): e0268813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268813.

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Stream temperatures in the Pacific Northwest are projected to increase with climate change, placing additional stress on cold-water salmonids. We modeled the potential impact of increased stream temperatures on four anadromous salmonid populations in the Chehalis River Basin (spring-run and fall-run Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, coho salmon O. kisutch, and steelhead O. mykiss), as well as the potential for floodplain reconnection and stream shade restoration to offset the effects of future temperature increases. In the Chehalis River Basin, peak summer stream temperatures are predicted to increase by as much as 3°C by late-century, but restoration actions can locally decrease temperatures by as much as 6°C. On average, however, basin-wide average stream temperatures are expected to increase because most reaches have low temperature reduction potential for either restoration action relative to climate change. Results from the life cycle models indicated that, without restoration actions, increased summer temperatures are likely to produce significant declines in spawner abundance by late-century for coho (-29%), steelhead (-34%), and spring-run Chinook salmon (-95%), and smaller decreases for fall-run Chinook salmon (-17%). Restoration actions reduced these declines in all cases, although model results suggest that temperature restoration alone may not fully mitigate effects of future temperature increases. Notably, floodplain reconnection provided a greater benefit than riparian restoration for steelhead and both Chinook salmon populations, but riparian restoration provided a greater benefit for coho. This pattern emerged because coho salmon tend to spawn and rear in smaller streams where shade restoration has a larger effect on stream temperature, whereas Chinook and steelhead tend to occupy larger rivers where temperatures are more influenced by floodplain connectivity. Spring-run Chinook salmon are the only population for which peak temperatures affect adult prespawn survival in addition to rearing survival, making them the most sensitive species to increasing stream temperatures.

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36

Thiribhuvanamala, G., and A. S. Krishnamoorthy. "Evaluation of different lignocellulosic substrates for cultivation of medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum." Journal of Environmental Biology 42, no. 5 (September 27, 2021): 1314–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/42/5/mrn-1686.

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Aim: The present study was formulated with an aim to evaluate different locally available residues from trees such as mixed saw dust, saw dust of coconut wood log, coconut leaf stalks/petiole, coconut coir waste, saw dust of areca nut wood log for cultivation of medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Methodology: Locally available agro residues viz., mixed saw dust, saw dust of coconut wood log, chopped coconut leaf stalks/petiole, coconut coir waste, saw dust of areca nut wood log were mixed with 20% wheat bran as supplement and packed in bags at 175 g/bag, autoclaved and aseptically inoculated with grain spawn of G. lucidum and provided with different temperature and humidity conditions for production of fruiting bodies. Results: Among the substrates, coconut wood log saw dust supported early spawn run within 46.5 days and early pinhead production on day 54 followed by pinhead expansion in 62.3 days and first harvest within 70.5 days. The average number of fruiting bodies were also higher (5.75 numbers/bag) with an average weight of 13.5 g/fruiting body that gave significantly higher yield of 77.5 g/175 g substrate with bioefficiency of 44.3% in a cropping cycle of 100.5 days compared to other substrates. Interpretation: The results show that coconut wood log saw dust substrate offers great scope for artificial cultivation of G. lucidum with a significant bioefficiency of 44.3 %.

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Patel, Pinkal, and Ratna Trivedi. "Yield Performance of Calocybe indica on Different Agricultural Subatrate." International Research Journal of Engineering, IT & Scientific Research 2, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/irjeis.v2i3.45.

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The Milky mushroom, Calocybe Indica was cultivated on different agricultural substrate, paddy straw, wheat straw, sugarcane trace and mango dry leaves. The spawning was done by sterilization of all the four substrate. The bags were kept in mushroom growing room with the maintenance of temperature and humidity 30̊ c-35̊ c and 70-80 % respectively. The minimum days requires for completion of spawn run (18.4 days), primordial formation (25.2 days) and days for first harvest (32.4 days) was first observed on cultivation with Paddy straw. The maximum yield on fresh weight basis and biological efficiency (134.86 %) was also found to be as the same treatment with the Paddy straw as a substrate. The biological efficiency of wheat straw was at par with Sugarcane trace as substrate which was 85.07 % and 85.02 % respectively.

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Barh, Anupam, Shwet Kamal, Babita Kumari, Sudheer Kumar Annepu, Satish Kumar, Mahantesh Shirur, and VP Sharma. "Effects of Nitrogen Supplementation With Wheat Straw on Productivity of Pleurotus Djamor (Rumph. Ex FR.) Boedijn." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 50, no. 2 (June 18, 2021): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v50i2.54077.

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The present experiment was conducted in order to prepare a suitable substrate composition using wheat straw and also to ascertain the effect of various levels of nitrogen supplementation on the yield and biological efficiency of Pleurotus mushroom. The strain DMRP-205 of Pleurotus djamor was used in the study. Among different treatment combinations, maximum biological efficiency of 75.11% was recorded in T2 with 0.5% of urea supplementation. It was also observed that, though the higher nitrogen supplementation does not increase the yield proportionately, it has significant effect on the spawn run period, cropping duration and colour intensity of the basidiocarp. The study necessitates the nitrogen supplementation at optimum levels (0.5%) to realize the maximum yield in P. djamor cultivation. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(2): 227-233, 2021 (June)

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Nazrul, Mahmudul Islam, Fan Xiao Lin, and Bian Yin-Bing. "Screening of homokaryotic protoclones of Agaricus bisporus (J. Lge) Imbach by colony characters and ISSR markers." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 39, no. 1 (July 16, 2010): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v39i1.5537.

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Among ten slow-growing protoclones of Agaricus bisporus (J. Lge) Imbach, all appressed colonies showed slower growth rate and spawn run, and inability to produce fruiting bodies in substrate. Seven of 40 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers amplified 78 reproducible fragments, 48.93% were polymorphic, each producing 7 to 16 bands ranging from 0.10 to 2.10 kbp, sufficient to differentiate the protoclones from each other. Appressed protoclones were homoallelic at a number of loci that were heteroallelic in the parent, suggesting that they represented rare homokaryons. Thus, using morphological characters along with ISSR, polymorphisms could be useful for quick, easy, and accurate in distinguishing homo- and heterokaryotic isolates. Key words: Agaricus bisporus (J. Lge) Imbach; Homokaryon; ISSR; Protoclone DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v39i1.5537Bangladesh J. Bot. 39(1): 119-122, 2010 (June)

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40

Kline Jr., Thomas C., John J. Goering, Ole A. Mathisen, Patrick H. Poe та Patrick L. Parker. "Recycling of Elements Transported Upstream by Runs of Pacific Salmon: I, δ15N and δ13C Evidence in Sashin Creek, Southeastern Alaska". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47, № 1 (1 січня 1990): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f90-014.

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Values of δ15N and δ13C (the per mil deviation from the recognized isotope standard) from biota of a southeastern Alaska stream (Sashin Creek) that receives an annual run of 30 000 anadromous pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) were measured to determine sources of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C). Marine-derived nitrogen (MDN) is the predominant source of N for food webs found in the lower 1200 m of the stream which, due to a waterfall, is the only portion of the stream available to salmon returning to spawn. Comparable spawning section biota were enriched by about 5 per mil relative to the salmon-free control section, corresponding to the difference between 0 and 100% MDN in a mixing model. Food webs of resident rainbow trout (O. mykiss), at the outlet of one of the source lakes, Sashin Lake, have very low δ13C, suggesting the importance of a respired C pool in the lake. The source of C in the remainder of the stream is C fixation by autochthonous producers and marine organic C (within the salmon spawning section). Resident fishes in the salmon spawning section depend on MDN and some of the C delivered by the annual run of returning salmon.

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Lazarski, Eric, Mahmood Al-Khassaweneh, and Cynthia Howard. "Using NLP for Fact Checking: A Survey." Designs 5, no. 3 (July 14, 2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs5030042.

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Анотація:

In recent years, disinformation and “fake news” have been spreading throughout the internet at rates never seen before. This has created the need for fact-checking organizations, groups that seek out claims and comment on their veracity, to spawn worldwide to stem the tide of misinformation. However, even with the many human-powered fact-checking organizations that are currently in operation, disinformation continues to run rampant throughout the Web, and the existing organizations are unable to keep up. This paper discusses in detail recent advances in computer science to use natural language processing to automate fact checking. It follows the entire process of automated fact checking using natural language processing, from detecting claims to fact checking to outputting results. In summary, automated fact checking works well in some cases, though generalized fact checking still needs improvement prior to widespread use.

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Pokhrel, Chandra P. "Cultivation of Oyster Mushroom: A Sustainable Approach of Rural Development in Nepal." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 21, no. 1 (November 24, 2016): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v21i1.16050.

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This study attempts to investigate the easily acceptable and low cost technology of Oyster mushroom cultivation. Locally and easily available substrates such as corn cob, vegetable residue and waste paper were examined with the supplementation of rice bran and chicken manure separately. During the study mycelial growth, spawn run, pin head formation, yield and biological efficiency were observed. Best mycelial extension, early pin head formation and better yield were observed in corn cob substrate followed by paper waste and vegetable residue. Among the substrates used, corn cob showed the highest yield with range from 99.08 to 109.50 % biological efficiency, whereas 69.81 to 88.36 % and 52.26 to 65.22 % biological efficiency was observed in paper waste and vegetable residue respectively. Rice bran was the best supplement for the promotion of growth and development of Oyster mushroom. Journal of Institute of Science and TechnologyVol. 21, No. 1, 2016, page:56-60

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43

Akhtar, M. M., M. M. Jahangir, M. Zeeshan, and M. Abdullah. "EVALUATION OF GIN WASTE AS A GROWING SUBSTRATE, ENRICHED WITH DIFFERENT VOLUME PERCENTAGE OF THE WHEAT BRAN FOR CULTIVATION OF OYSTER MUSHROOM (PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS)." Journal of Mountain Area Research 1 (August 27, 2016): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53874/jmar.v1i0.9.

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Pleurotusostreatus mushroom was cultivated on cotton gin waste amended with wheat bran in order to judge its growth potential. Two substrates (cotton gin waste and wheat bran) were employed alone and with different combinations. Experiment consisted of four treatments T0 (100 % cotton gin waste), T1(97% cotton gin waste + 3% wheat bran), T2(94% cotton gin waste + 6% wheat bran) and T3(91% cotton gin waste + 9% wheat bran). Data about time needed for commencement of spawn run, time needed for completion of mycelial growth, time needed for initiation of pinheads, time needed for harvesting of 1st, 2nd and 3rd flush, fresh weight of 1st, 2nd and 3rd flush harvested, total yield, pH of mushroom, total soluble solids of mushroom, acidity and ascorbic acid contents, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars and total sugars of mushroom, total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of mushroom was recorded. T0 (100 % cotton gin waste) performed better as compared to other treatments.

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44

L'Abée-Lund, Jan Henning, Arne Johan Jensen, and Bjørn Ove Johnsen. "Interpopulation variation in male parr maturation of anadromous brown trout (Salmo trutta) in Norway." Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 9 (September 1, 1990): 1983–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-279.

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We studied male parr maturation in anadromous brown trout in nine Norwegian rivers. Mean age at maturity increased from 1.5 years in southern populations to 5.2 years in northern populations, but the latitudinal correlation was not significant. Mean age of male parr at maturity was negatively correlated with mean total length of 0- and 1-year-old parr. The proportion of mature male parr varied between 0.06 and 0.6 among populations, and was positively correlated with mean total length of 0- and 1-year-old parr. The proportion of mature male parr decreased significantly with increasing mean smolt age of males. This indicates that in populations with relatively poor growth in fresh water (i.e., high smolt age) males mainly spawn as sea-run migrants, whereas in populations with relatively good growth in fresh water the mature male parr potentially contribute twice to the genetic makeup of the population, further increasing the effective population size.

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45

Kaur, Sandeep, Himanshi Bansal, Bahaar Hundal, Bhavya Arora, Navneet Kaur, Nikita Sharma, and Vandana Sharma. "Cultivation of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) from Agro-waste and Dry Leaf Litter in used Plastic Bottles: Community Waste Management Model targeting Stubble and Dry leaf burning." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 15, no. 2 (April 9, 2021): 639–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.15.2.07.

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In recent years, solid waste management has developed from early approaches of burning or dumping to reuse, recycle, regain, and retain various alternative technologies. The present study aims at developing an effective community waste management model with a solution to multiple issues. It aims to provide an alternative to widespread stubble burning, burning dry leaf litter and promoting plastic reuse. The present novel technology involved the cultivation of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) in used plastic bottles to convert agricultural and urban waste into a highly nutritional end product. In this direction, the effect of different wheat straw and dry leaves’ ratios was assessed on the spawn run time, primordial formation, final harvesting time, mean yield per plastic bottle, and the % biological efficiency per gram of the substrate. Both the combinations of L30:WS70 and L50:WS50 represented ideal options for using the two waste substrates to cultivate the mushroom species. This model will help recycle agro-waste and serve as an effective method of generating nutritious food for fighting food security while decreasing the plastic load and trash thrown for disposal.

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46

West, Derek C., Annika W. Walters, Stephen Gephard, and David M. Post. "Nutrient loading by anadromous alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus): contemporary patterns and predictions for restoration efforts." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 67, no. 8 (August 2010): 1211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f10-059.

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Anadromous alewives ( Alosa pseudoharengus ) have the potential to alter the nutrient budgets of coastal lakes as they migrate into freshwater as adults and to sea as juveniles. Alewife runs are generally a source of nutrients to the freshwater lakes in which they spawn, but juveniles may export more nutrients than adults import in newly restored populations. A healthy run of alewives in Connecticut imports substantial quantities of phosphorus; mortality of alewives contributes 0.68 g P·fish–1, while surviving fish add 0.18 g P, 67% of which is excretion. Currently, alewives contribute 23% of the annual phosphorus load to Bride Lake, but this input was much greater historically, with larger runs of bigger fish contributing 2.5 times more phosphorus in the 1960s. A mesocosm experiment in a nearby lake showed that juvenile alewife growth is strongly density dependent, but early survival may be too low for juvenile outmigration to balance adult inputs. In eutrophic systems where nutrients are a concern, managers can limit nutrient loading by capping adult returns at a level where juvenile populations would not be suppressed.

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Annepu, Sudheer Kumar, Sharma VP, Anupam Barh, Satish Kumar, Mahantesh Shirur, and Shwet Kamal. "Effects of genotype and growing substrate on bio-efficiency of gourmet and medicinal mushroom, Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 48, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v48i1.47431.

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The preference of a particular strain to a specific substrate in shiitake mushroom was investigated. The effect of different genotypes (DMRO-34, DMRO-23, DMRO-327 and DMRO-388s), substrates (sawdust and wheat straw) and their interactions were found highly significant for yield and yield attributing factors. Strain DMRO-388s recorded the highest bio-efficiency (85.63%) on saw dust (SD) and the strain DMRO-327 with 53.02% on wheat straw (WS). The mycelial colonization was rapid on SD, while the sporophore formation was found earlier on WS. Breakdown of phenolic compounds in the substrate was found much higher in WS particularly with strain DMRO-327. Ability of the strains to degrade lignin content was found higher by the strain DMRO-388s (58.78%) in SD. Hemicellulose concentration decreased in both the substrates with each passing growth stage and it was found much rapid with DMRO-388s after spawn run stage. Of the substrates used, SD gave higher yield over the WS. But the earliness of fruiting on WS can economize the cost of shiitake cultivation as it is cheap and abundantly available.

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Dion, R., M. Richardson, L. Roy, and F. G. Whoriskey. "Spawning patterns and interspecific matings of sympatric white (Catostomus commersoni) and longnose (C. catostomus) suckers from the Gouin reservoir system, Quebec." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-026.

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White (Catostomus commersoni) and longnose (C. catostomus) suckers from the Gouin reservoir, Quebec, and a small upstream lake (Lac des Cinq Miles) spawned in the same stream. White suckers numerically dominated the runs in all years; however, abundances of both species decreased eightfold during a year when the reservoir level was lowered for maintenance. Return rates of individuals of both species tagged during the spawning run were poor in the following year, and only a few fish (<0.6%) skipped a year to spawn 2 years later. Although some individuals of both species occurred at all monitored spawning areas, white suckers concentrated their spawning activity over sites with boulders, whereas longnose suckers were most abundant over gravel. Differences in the courtship behaviour of the two species initially discouraged interspecific matings. However, white sucker males ultimately participated in 32% of the female longnose sucker matings, though spawning of male longnose suckers with female white suckers was not observed. White suckers spawned in groups or in pairs, whereas in all instances longnose suckers spawned with two or more males.

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Zarza, Zaira. "‘I want to watch movies’: Film activism and Cuban screens." Studies in Spanish & Latin American Cinemas 17, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 383–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/slac_00028_1.

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The notion of independent cinema has generated conversations and controversies around the world as scholars have attempted to demarcate what kinds of productions fit – or do not – into the category. In the absence of major private film companies, independent cinema in Cuba includes those films made without or with minimal support from the state-run Cuban Film Institute (ICAIC). Since its foundation in 1959, ICAIC has been the main and only programmer of all films screened in theatres across the country. This article offers a brief account of the relationship between Cuban independent cinema and mainstream institutions in the last few years. As a starting point, I will consider the decision to exclude the film Santa y Andrés/Santa & Andres (Lechuga 2016) from the programme of the 38th Havana Film Festival and the debates that ensued. I will also discuss the recent cultural policies – a decree that recognizes the legal rights of independent film and audio-visual producers and the introduction of 3G data plans for citizens – that hope to spawn new forms of filmmaking in Cuba and the role of social media as a collective platform for cultural conversations in the public sphere.

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Eren, Erkan. "The Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPRs) on Yield and Some Quality Parameters during Shelf Life in White Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus L.)." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 10 (September 27, 2022): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8101016.

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The use of different bacteria that increase yield and quality in plant production has become common since the 1990s. However, effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacterial (PGPR) treatments during the cultivation period of white button mushroom on quality during marketing duration are not known exactly. This study was carried out to determine the effects of different PGPRs in compost medium on mushroom yield and quality. For this reason, Azospillum lipoferum, Bacillus megaterium, Frateuria aurantia and Thiobacillus thiooxidans, for promoting nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur transport, respectively, were applied at a 3 mL per m2 concentration on the 12th day of the spawn run period. Control groups were treated with only water. Azospillum lipoferum increased yield at a rate of 33.3% by enhancing mushroom number per unit area. Shelf life characteristics were observed in mushrooms after storage at 1 °C and at 20 ± 1 °C for 2 days. Bacillus megaterium, Frateuria aurantia and Thiobacillus thiooxidans treatments decreased weight loss and loss in cap firmness, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity during shelf life. However, Azospillum lipoferum for increased yield and Frateuria aurantia and Bacillus megaterium for maintaining postharvest quality were promising treatments during shelf life.

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