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Smith, Krissy E., Tara L. Victor, Chelsea McElwee, and Daniel W. Lopez-Hernandez. "24 The Influence of Acculturation in Neuropsychological Test Performance of Hispanic-Americans." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 29, s1 (November 2023): 437–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617723005751.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective:Stephenson (2000) suggested that acculturation is a phenomenon that immigrants and refugees ubiquitously experience. The level of acculturation is impacted by a person’s choice to allow how much of their cultural traits they decide to keep while adapting to the dominant society cultural traits. Depending on what immigrants find to be important or unimportant, it can influence future generations (i.e., their children) in how they will be developed and adapt into a dominant society. Hispanic-Americans are individuals that were born and reside in the United States and have a family background that extends to one of the Spanish speaking countries in Latin America or Spain. The typical language spoken by Hispanic families other than English is Spanish. It has been reported that Hispanics that are capable of speaking English may be afforded better and greater opportunities to resources. Research shows that a person level of acculturation can influence their cognition. In fact, in one study using a Mexican-American sample that was divided into two groups: high and low. Researchers found that highly acculturated Mexican-Americans outperformed lower acculturated Mexican-Americans on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. We evaluated the influence of acculturation in Hispanic-Americans neuropsychological test performance. It was predicted that highly acculturated Hispanic-Americans to American culture would demonstrate better cognitive abilities compared to lower acculturated Hispanic-Americans.Participants and Methods:The present study sample consisted of 75 neurologically and psychologically healthy Hispanic-American undergraduate students with a mean age of 19.44 (SD = 1.37). Participants were divided into two acculturation groups: high (n = 39) and low (n = 36). In addition, all the participants completed a comprehensive neuropsychological battery and background questionnaire in English. The Acculturation Rating Scale for Hispanic/Latino Americans is a 20-item scale that was utilized to create our acculturation groups. ANOVAs were used to evaluate cognitive differences between our acculturation groups.Results:Results revealed that the highly acculturated group outperformed the lower acculturated group on the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition vocabulary task and the Boston Naming Test, p’s<.05, n.p’s2=.06. Furthermore, results revealed that the lower acculturated group outperformed the highly acculturated group on the Trail Making Test part A and B, and Comalli Stroop part A, p’s<.05, np’s2=.06-.07.Conclusions:As expected, the highly acculturated group demonstrated better language abilities compared to the lower acculturated group. However, in the opposite direction, the lower acculturated group outperformed the highly acculturated group on several speed attention tasks and one executive functioning task. A possible explanation why the highly acculturated participants demonstrated better language abilities may be attributed that their dominant language is English or they only spoke English. Meanwhile, the opposite could be said for lower acculturated participants that English was not their dominant language or they were bilingual speakers, for that reason they demonstrated better processing speed and executive functioning abilities. Research shows that monolinguals demonstrate better language abilities compared to bilinguals, but the opposite is found on processing speed and executive functioning tasks. Future research should investigate the relationship between bilingualism and acculturation in neuropsychological testing performance of Hispanic-Americans.
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Cooke, Adam. "“An Unpardonable Bit of Folly and Impertinence”: Charles Francis Adams Jr., American Anti-Imperialists, and the Philippines." New England Quarterly 83, no. 2 (June 2010): 313–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq.2010.83.2.313.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A Boston Brahmin and “otherwise-minded” contrarian, Charles Francis Adams Jr., great-grandson of President John Adams, was one of many so-called “mugwumps” who protested the Spanish-American War. Clashing with the likes of Henry Cabot Lodge, Adams was alternately principled and practical, sensitive and racist, until his influence and the anti-imperialist movement waned at the turn of the twentieth century.
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Arlyck, Kevin. "Plaintiffs v. Privateers: Litigation and Foreign Affairs in the Federal Courts, 1816–1822." Law and History Review 30, no. 1 (February 2012): 245–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248011000666.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
On January 24, 1817, Don Juan Stoughton, the Spanish consul in Boston, wrote to his colleague in Baltimore, Don Pablo Chacon, to thank him for his recent efforts in supplying Stoughton with information about the Mangore, a private armed vessel recently arrived in the Chesapeake. Stoughton believed that the privateer was responsible for the capture of a Spanish-owned merchant ship that had recently turned up in Massachusetts. Stoughton had recently filed suit in federal district court to recover the vessel and its cargo on behalf of the rightful owners, but to do so he had to establish that, in the course of its recent expedition, the Mangore had violated federal law prescribing American neutrality. In addition to providing intelligence in this matter, Chacon had secured local counsel to represent Stoughton at depositions of privateer crew members being taken in Baltimore.
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Olabarrieta-Landa, L., D. Rivera, A. Morlett-Paredes, A. Jaimes-Bautista, M. T. Garza, J. Galarza-del-Angel, W. Rodríguez, et al. "Standard form of the Boston Naming Test: Normative data for the Latin American Spanish speaking adult population." NeuroRehabilitation 37, no. 4 (November 26, 2015): 501–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/nre-151278.
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Muñoz, Isabel C. D., Krissy E. Smith, Santiago I. Espinoza, Diana M. R. Maqueda, Adriana C. Cuello, Ana Paula Pena, Carolina Garza, et al. "22 Cordoba Naming Test Performance and Acculturation in a Geriatric Population." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 29, s1 (November 2023): 335–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617723004599.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective:A commonly used confrontation naming task used in the United States is The Boston Naming Test (BNT). Performance differences has been found in Caucasian and ethnic minorities on the BNT. The Cordoba Naming Test (CNT) is a 30-item confrontation naming task developed in Argentina. Past research has shown acculturation levels can influence cognitive performance. Furthermore, one study evaluated geriatric gender differences on CNT performance in Spanish. Researchers reported that older male participants outperformed female participants on the CNT. To our knowledge, researchers have not evaluated ethnic differences on the CNT using a geriatric sample. The purpose of the present study was to examined CNT performance and acculturation in a Latinx and Caucasian geriatric sample. It was predicted the Caucasian group would outperform the Latinx group on the CNT. Moreover, the Caucasian group would report higher acculturation levels on the Abbreviated Multidimensional Acculturation Scale (AMAS) compared to the Latinx group.Participants and Methods:The sample consisted of 9 Latinx and 11 Caucasian participants with a mean age of 66.80 (SD =6.10), with an average of 14.30 (SD = 2.00) years of education. All participants were neurologically and psychologically healthy and completed the CNT and the AMAS in English. Acculturation was measured via the AMAS English subscales (i.e., English Language, United States. Identity, United States, Competency). A series of ANCOVAs, controlling for years of education completed and gender, was used to evaluate CNT performance and acculturation.Results:The ethnic groups were not well demographically matched (i.e., years of education and gender).We found that the Caucasian group outperformed the Latinx group on CNT performance p = .012, ηp 2 = .34. Furthermore, the Caucasian group reported higher acculturation levels (i.e., English Language, United States, Identity, United States, Competency) compared to the Latinx group p’s < .05, ηps2 = .42-.64.Conclusions:To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate CNT performance between ethnic groups with a geriatric sample. As expected the Caucasian group outperformed the Latinx group on the CNT. Also, as expected the Caucasian group reported higher English acculturation levels compared to the Latinx group. Our findings are consistent with past studies showing ethnic differences on confrontational naming performance (i.e., The Boston Naming Test), favoring Caucasians. A possible explanation for group differences could have been linguistic factors (e.g., speaking multiple languages) in our Latinx group. Therefore, since our Latinx group reported lower levels of English Language, United States identity, and United States competency the Latinx group assimilation towards United States culture might of influence their CNT performance. Future studies with different ethnic groups (e.g., African-Americans) and a larger sample size should examine if ethnic differences continue to cross-validate in a geriatric sample.
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Vila-Castelar, C., N. Muñoz, K. Papp, R. Amariglio, A. Baena, E. Guzmán-Vélez, Y. Bocanegra, et al. "A-05 The Latin American Spanish Version of the Face-Name Associative Memory Exam is Sensitive to Cognitive and Pathological Changes in Preclinical Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer’s Disease." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 35, no. 6 (August 28, 2020): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa067.05.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Objective To determine whether performance on the Latin American Spanish version of the Face-Name Associative Memory Exam (LAS-FNAME) can differentiate between cognitively intact carriers of an autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease mutation (E280A) in Presenilin-1, who are destined to develop early-onset dementia, from matched non-carriers. We also sought to examine whether LAS-FNAME performance is associated with amyloid-β and regional tau burden in mutation carriers. Methods 35 cognitively intact mutation carriers (age range 26–41), 48 matched non-carriers (aged 27 to 44), and 19 symptomatic carriers (13 with subjective cognitive concerns, 6 with mild cognitive impairment [MCI]) completed the LAS-FNAME. A subset of participants (31 carriers [12 symptomatic] and 35 non-carriers) traveled from Colombia to Boston to undergo positron emission tomography (PET) using Pittsburgh compound B to measure mean cortical amyloid-β and Flortaucipir for regional tau tangles. ANOVA analyses and Spearman correlations were used to examine group differences and relationships among LAS-FNAME performance, Aβ and tau accumulation. Results Compared to non-carriers, cognitively intact carriers had lower scores on the LAS-FNAME total scores (p = .040). Across all carriers (including symptomatic carriers), higher levels of amyloid-β (r = −.436, p = .018) and regional tau in the entorhinal (r = −.394, p = .031) and inferior temporal cortex (r = −.563, p = .001) were associated with lower LAS-FNAME total scores (see Figure). Conclusions Performance on the LAS-FNAME differentiated between cognitively intact mutation carriers from non-carriers, and was associated with greater amyloid and tau burden when examining all carriers. Findings suggest that the LAS-FNAME is sensitive to early clinical and pathological changes and can potentially help track disease progression in Spanish-speaking individuals.
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Reisner, Sari L., Aeysha Chaudhry, Erin Cooney, Henri Garrison-Desany, Elisa Juarez-Chavez, and Andrea L. Wirtz. "‘It all dials back to safety’: A qualitative study of social and economic vulnerabilities among transgender women participating in HIV research in the USA." BMJ Open 10, no. 1 (January 2020): e029852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029852.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ObjectivesTransgender women (TW) are highly burdened by HIV infection in the USA. Research is needed into drivers of the HIV epidemic for TW, including longitudinal studies to identify risks for incident HIV infection and optimal intervention targets. This formative research sought to understand TW’s experiences with, perceptions of and barriers and facilitators to HIV research participation to inform future research implementation.DesignBetween August 2017 and January 2018, five online synchronous computer-mediated focus groups were conducted in English and two in Spanish. Recruitment used a mixed format of technology, such as geotargeted social media, and non-technology infused methods, such as peer referrals. Maximum variation sampling was used to enrol participants across a wide range of characteristics. Qualitative codes were iteratively developed and applied to focus group discussion transcripts by independent analysts.SettingParticipants were recruited from Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Miami, New York City and Washington D.C.ParticipantsParticipants identified as TW≥18 years and resided in one of the six metropolitan areas or outlying regions. 33 participants elected to partake in English focus groups and eight participated in Spanish-led groups.ResultsThe geographically diverse sample had a mean age of 41.1 years (SD=13.6), and 34% identified as Black African American and 29% as Hispanic/Latina. Social and economic factors were found to shape HIV research participation for TW. Barriers to HIV research participation included limited research opportunities, mistrust, fear of mistreatment, safety and confidentiality, competing priorities and HIV stigma. Facilitators to HIV research participation were peer involvement and engagement, monetary and non-monetary incentives, flexibility and choices, multiple modalities and methods, and transcenteredness.ConclusionIt is critical to address the social and economic vulnerabilities surrounding HIV research participation for TW. Results from this study can inform the design and implementation of gender-affirming and culturally tailored approaches to HIV research with TW.
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Campbell, W. Joseph. "From Liberation to Conquest: The Visual and Popular Cultures of the Spanish-American War of 1898 by Bonnie M. Miller. Amherst and Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2011, 342 Pp." American Journalism 29, no. 2 (April 2012): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08821127.2012.10677829.
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Allegri, Ricardo F., Aurora Fernandez Villavicencio, Fernando E. Taragano, Sandra Rymberg, Carlos A. Mangone, and Denise Baumann. "Spanish boston naming test norms." Clinical Neuropsychologist 11, no. 4 (November 1997): 416–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13854049708400471.
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LOZANO, ROSINA. "Vote Aquí Hoy: The 1975 Extension of the Voting Rights Act and the Creation of Language Minorities." Journal of Policy History 35, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 68–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030622000367.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe year 1975 marked a watershed year for Spanish-surnamed people in the United States and their relationship with the federal government. In that year Congress extended the Voting Rights Act to include a “language minority” category, requiring federal election officials to translate election materials under certain conditions. By validating language rights for language minorities, Congress expanded federal voting protections far beyond African Americans. Advocates for Spanish speakers took up the cause before Congress, which created a new federally protected category based on the long history of discrimination in education and society they collected in testimonies. These language protections catered largely to Spanish speakers, though the category also included Alaska Natives, Native Americans, and Asian Americans. The process of gaining a separate language minority status is explored in this article, which explains how Congress chose to create a law that included Spanish speakers by name.
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Crook, C., M. Rivera Mindt, R. Hilsabeck, J. Olsen, M. Savin, and Y. Suchy. "Advancing Science Through Diversity and Inclusion in the Editorial Process: A Case Study." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 7 (August 30, 2019): 1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz029.53.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Objective In the U.S., women and culturally/linguistically diverse persons are underrepresented in research and editorial boards. This case study details how one journal, The Clinical Neuropsychologist (TCN), created and implemented a strategic plan to advance diversity and inclusion in its editorial board and process. Case Description In 2015, Dr. Yana Suchy became TCN’s first female Editor-in-Chief; and in 2016, she created the Culture and Gender in Neuropsychology Department (CGND). The CGND’s Editors are Drs. Rivera Mindt and Hilsabeck, and their mission is to diversify science and empirically-based practice within neuropsychology by (1) increasing representation of editors/reviewers from diverse backgrounds; (2) soliciting articles related to gender/culture; (3) providing resources addressing diversity issues; and (4) demonstrating editorial leadership via editorial content. Diagnostic Impressions and Outcomes In 2015, only 23% of TCN editors were women and only 2% were from diverse backgrounds. By 2018, representation of these groups increased to 50% and 13%, respectively. Also, in 2018 TCN published its first special issue on gender, numerous articles on culturally diverse populations, and the first guideline for evaluation of transgender persons. An upcoming special issue will focus on normative data for Spanish-speakers. Resources available include a Publication Guidelines Checklist, formal presentations, and informal communications (social media) to educate and engage stakeholders and consultors. These accomplishments were recently highlighted in the inaugural CGND editorial (2018). Discussion Over the last three years, TCN has taken steps to increase representation of gender- and culturally/linguistically-relevant content, editorial leadership, and professional development; thereby demonstrating that this is a tangible goal. This case study serves as a call to action for other journals to follow suit and further diversify science. References Rivera Mindt, M., Hilsabeck, R. C., Olsen, J. P., Savin, M. J., Crook, C. L., & Suchy, Y. Advancing science through diversity and inclusion in the editorial process: A case study. Science Editor, 41(3), 93-96. Rivera Mindt, M. & Hilsabeck, R. C. (2018) TCN culture and gender in Neuropsychology Department: inaugural editorial. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 32(8), 1353-1355, DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2018.1525110. Hilsabeck, R. C. (2018) Editorial: Raising awareness about gender bias and disparity in clinical neuropsychology and a call to action. ClinNeuropsychol, 32,183–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2018.1525110. Fujii, D. E. M. (2018) Developing a cultural context for conducting a neuropsychological evaluation with a culturally diverse client: The ECLECTIC framework. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 32(8), 1356-1392, DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2018.1435826. Trittschuh, E. H., Parmenter, B. A., Clausell, E. R., Mariano, M. J. & Reger, M. A. (2018) Conducting neuropsychological assessment with transgender individuals. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 32(8), 1393-1410, DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2018.1440632. Nielsen, T. R., Segers, K., Vanderaspoilden, V., Bekkhus-Wetterberg, P., Minthon, L., Pissiota, A., Bjørkløf, G. H., Beinhoff, U., Tsolaki, M., Gkioka, M., & Waldemar G. (2018) Performance of middle-aged and elderly European minority and majority populations on a Cross-Cultural Neuropsychological Test Battery (CNTB). The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 32(8), 1411-1430, DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2018.1430256. Suhr J. A., Ready R., Rosen W. G., Hilsabeck, R. C., & Ploetz, D. M. The changing face of neuropsychology: gender disparities and strategies for addressing them. CE workshop presented at the 37th annual conference of the National Academy of Neuropsychology, Boston, MA, 2017. Hilsabeck, R. C., Sweet J., Forrest B., Sachs B., & Kubu, C. Gender and the profession of neuropsychology: where we’ve been and where we need to go. CE workshop presented at the 15th Annual Conference of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology, Boston, MA, 2017. Rivera Mindt, M. 2018. The Clinical Neuropsychologist: increasing diversity & inclusion. Council of Science Editors, TechnicaEditorial Services Webinar: The Peer Review Ecosystem: Where Does Diversity & Inclusion Fit In? [accessed 2018 Oct 9]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7cixedlVR0o&feature=youtu.be.
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Rodriguez Berrios, Maria D., Amy LeClair, Janis Breeze, Sarah Reisenger, Evelyn Gonzalez, Jill Oliveri, Electra Paskett, and Karen Freund. "3262 Determining the association of acculturation, community identity and discrimination on cancer screening rates and quality of life among underserved populations." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 3, s1 (March 2019): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2019.322.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To determine the association of participant’s characteristics and socio-cultural factors including acculturation, community identity and discrimination with the adherence to cancer screening guidelines and participants’ quality of life. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: As part of the Cancer Disparities Research Network pilot cohort, the study recruited 333 participants across four sites: Boston Chinatown, African American communities in Philadelphia, and Hispanic communities in Columbus, and rural white communities in Appalachia, Ohio. Enrolled participants were eligible if they were 40 to 74 years old, did not live in a nursing home or other facility, and had no prior invasive cancer diagnosis. Additionally, each participant met at least one of the following criteria: living in a medically underserved area, having low literacy, low income (defined as 100% of the 2015 Federal Poverty Level FPL according to 2015 FPL Guidelines), or being uninsured or receiving subsidized health insurance coverage. Participants completed a baseline survey of demographic data, health status, including health behaviors and risk factors to cancer, Primary Care Physician (PCP) status and most recent breast, cervical, prostate, skin and colorectal cancer screenings. Information related to discrimination, acculturation or adaptation, and sense of belonging to their community was collected using validated instruments. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Of the 333 participants enrolled in the study, 65.5% were women, 14.1% were 40-50 years of age, 59.8% were 51-64 years, and 26.1% were 65-74. The cohort was racially and ethnically diverse: 8.4% of participants identified as Hispanic, 30.3% as non-Hispanic White, 31.2% as non-Hispanic Black, 29.4% as non-Hispanic Asian, and 0.6% as Other. 62.2% spoke English, 8.1% Spanish, and 29.7% Chinese as their primary language. Low incomes were common: 33.6% reported incomes $15,000 or less, and 25.8% reported incomes between $15,000 and $24,999. Overall adherence to USPSTF guidelines on cancer screening rates was 77.9% for breast cancer, 71.1% for cervical cancer, and 67.7% for colorectal cancer. Analyses will present the association of acculturation, community identity, and discrimination with cancer screening and quality of life measures. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This study will promote the increase of cancer disparities research, and reinforce the importance of inclusion and increased recruitment of diverse populations in future studies. By determining the potential factors associated with cancer disparities among minority populations, it may provide new information for clinicians to have more cultural sensitivity addressing potential disparities in the clinical setting. It will also promote the creation of more tailored interventions and programs to deliver adequate healthcare among these populations.
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Kato, Kelly. "Cultural Understandings of Mental health: The Role of Language and Ethnic Identity." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 5, no. 1 (June 23, 2018): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/102.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mexican Americans interviewed in Spanish (vs. English) tend to have worse self-rated health despite their low morbidity and mortality. This project tests whether this language-of-interview effect also exists in the realm of mental health, and whether this pattern is due to Spanish-language interviewees’ lower acculturation to the United States. Analyses rely on secondary data from 865 Mexican Americans from the National Latino and Asian Americans Study. Multinomial logistic regressions are conducted to test whether the language of the interview is associated with the dissonance between self-rated mental health (SRMH) and diagnostic criteria for any of the most common psychiatric disorders. Acculturation measures are added to the model to explore its role. Results show that respondents interviewed in Spanish have higher risk of worse SRMH despite not having psychiatric disorders. Acculturation measures explain the association between interview language and SRMH without psychiatric disorders. Specifically, language proficiency and ethnic identity (acculturation measures) appear to be the main drivers of this change. Consistent with the physical health literature, Spanish-language interviewees tend to have worse SRMH without psychiatric disorders (dissonant outcomes), compared to English-language interviewees. Results also suggest that lower acculturation to the United States among Spanish-language interviewees explains these patterns. Research on the relationship between acculturation measures and understandings of mental health among Mexican Americans can provide insights about their help-seeking behaviors and treatment. Implications for other cases of international migration are also discussed.
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Mills, ShaVonte’. "An African School for African Americans: Black Demands for Education in Antebellum Boston." History of Education Quarterly 61, no. 4 (November 2021): 478–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/heq.2021.38.
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AbstractThis article examines Black parents’ efforts to establish and secure quality education for their children in antebellum Boston, Massachusetts. It situates the African School, a Black-owned cultural institution, within Black nationalist politics and reveals how the schoolhouse became a site of political tension between Black Bostonians and the Boston School Committee. Analyzing petitions, school records, and newspapers, this essay finds that the African School cultivated Black citizenship ideologies that prioritized political activism. This study invites new understandings of the political intersections of education and citizenship, and it illuminates the utility of Black nationalism in antebellum Boston.
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Oteo-ÿlvaro, ÿngel, María T. Marín, José A. Matas, and Javier Vaquero. "Spanish validation of the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire." Medicina Clínica (English Edition) 146, no. 6 (March 2016): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medcle.2016.05.001.
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Ondish, Peter, Dov Cohen, Kay Wallheimer Lucas, and Joseph Vandello. "The Resonance of Metaphor: Evidence for Latino Preferences for Metaphor and Analogy." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45, no. 11 (May 8, 2019): 1531–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167219833390.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
People of different cultures communicate and describe the world differently. In the present article, we document one such cultural difference previously unexplored by psychologists: receptiveness to metaphors. We contrast Spanish-speaking Latinos with Anglo-Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos who do not habitually speak Spanish. Across four experiments, we show that relative to these other groups, Spanish-speaking Latinos show stronger preferences for metaphoric definitions, better recall of metaphors, greater trust in both scientific and political arguments that use metaphor, and stronger liking for and desire to connect with persons who use metaphoric speech. Future directions and implications for improving cross-cultural communication in various settings are discussed.
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Cruz, Alba N. "Heterogeneity of Birthweight Outcomes among Latinas in Boston." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 21, no. 3 (October 2002): 229–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/9gjl-4ryd-e9tj-bawa.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study examines the increase in poor birth outcomes, particularly low birthweight (LBW) and very low birthweight (VLBW) among Latinas in Boston for 1992–1994 and 1996. The research questions were: 1) What are the factors influencing Latino birth outcomes particularly LBW and VLBW?; and 2) Do these factors occur differently among Latino women from different ethnic backgrounds? Birth certificate data from the Massachusetts Department of Public Health for Latinos in Boston from 1987–1995 were used to examine these questions. The sociodemographic, health access, maternal/biological, substance abuse, and infant risk factors contributing to poor birthweight outcomes among Puerto Ricans, Cubans, Dominicans, Mexicans, Central Americans, South Americans, and other Latino ethnic groups were examined through bivariate and multivariate analyses. Statistically significant differences were observed among the groups. The findings reveal variation in the number and types of variables affecting birthweight among various Latino ethnic groups and inform health and social policies regarding Latino women's reproductive and perinatal health.
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Salgado, Casandra D. "Mexican American Identity: Regional Differentiation in New Mexico." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 6, no. 2 (September 11, 2018): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649218795193.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Existing research inadequately addresses the variation in Mexican Americans’ patterns of ethnic identification. Drawing on 78 interviews, I address this question by exploring how conceptions of ancestry and nationality shape ethnic identification among New Mexico’s long-standing Mexican American population, Nuevomexicanos. I find that Nuevomexicanos emphasized their ties to Spanish heritage within the history of New Mexico to explain their ethnicity and to construct their identity in opposition to Mexican immigrants. Although Nuevomexicanos varied in their claims to Mexican ancestry, they generally prioritized their roots in the original Spanish settlement of New Mexico to emphasize distinctions in ancestry, nationality, and regionality from Mexican immigrants. Moreover, despite Nuevomexicanos’ persistent claims to Spanish ancestry, they did not perceive themselves as racially White. Instead, Spanish ancestry was integral to Nuevomexicano identity because it enabled them to highlight their regional ties to New Mexico and long-time American identities. Thus, I argue that Nuevomexicanos’ enduring claims to Spanish ancestry represent a defensive strategy to enact dissociation from stigmatized Mexican immigrants. Overall, these findings show that Mexican Americans’ dissociation strategies are contingent on how they define themselves as members of an ethnic and national community. These findings also indicate that “Mexican American” as an identity term is a loosely maintained membership category among “Mexican Americans” because of their intragroup heterogeneity.
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Ordoñez Palacios, Andrés Renato, Cyntia Dayana Jarrin Hidalgo, Michelle Estefanía Reyes Pinos, Rosa Luz Obregón López, Jorge Guzmán, and Diego Dacak. "Ictiosis canina, más allá de una simple descamación: reporte de caso en un Boston terrier." CES Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia 16, no. 2 (November 9, 2021): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21615/cesmvz.6221.
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La ictiosis canina es un trastorno queratoseborreico primario de carácter hereditario, el cual se ha reportado en Golden retriever, Bull dog americano, Jack Russell terrier, Cavalier King Charles spaniel y Gran danés. En el presente reporte se describe un caso clínico en un Boston terrier que desde cachorro ha presentado diferentes lesiones cutáneas, tiene años de evolución y varios tratamientos previos sin éxito. El diagnóstico se realizó mediante el descarte de otras dermatopatías y un estudio histopatológico. Se instauró un tratamiento multimodal de por vida para reestablecer la barrera cutánea y manejar el desorden de la cornificación.
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Thomas, Erik R., and Phillip M. Carter. "Prosodic rhythm and African American English." English World-Wide 27, no. 3 (October 12, 2006): 331–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.27.3.06tho.
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Prosodic rhythm was measured for a sample of 20 African American and 20 European American speakers from North Carolina using the metric devised by Low, Grabe and Nolan (2000), which involves comparisons of the durations of vowels in adjacent syllables. In order to gain historical perspective, the same technique was applied to the ex-slave recordings described in Bailey, Maynor and Cukor-Avila (1991) and to recordings of five Southern European Americans born before the Civil War. In addition, Jamaicans, Hispanics of Mexican origin who spoke English as their L2, and Hispanics speaking Spanish served as control groups. Results showed that the North Carolina African Americans and European Americans were both quite stress-timed overall, with no significant difference between them. Spanish emerged as solidly syllable-timed, while Jamaican English and Hispanic English were intermediate. The ex-slaves were significantly less stress-timed than either younger African Americans or European Americans born before the Civil War. This finding suggests that African American English was once similar to Jamaican English in prosodic rhythm.
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Mcguire, Michael. "A Fractured Service: Frances Webster and The Great War, 1914–1918." New England Quarterly 91, no. 2 (June 2018): 307–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq_a_00671.
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Born to privilege in Boston, Frances Webster, like her peers volunteered overseas with the American Red Cross as a nurse's aide. Where the activities of other Americans during the First World War is characterized as a “culture of coercive volunterism,” Webster's reflected a more complex mixture of altruism and tourism. Her history of participation in the First World War suggests historians need more multifaceted frameworks to explain Americans' First World War service.
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Chen, Cecilia, Doug Brugge, Alice Leung, Andrea Finkleman, Weibo Lu, and Will Rand. "Preferred Language and Asthma among Asian Americans." Health 3, no. 1 (2005): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.36650/nexus3.1_31-43_chenetal.
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Little is known about childhood asthma rates and severity in the Asian American population in the US. We screened convenience samples of recent Chinese immigrants and longtime Asian Americans using the Brief Pediatric Asthma Screen (BPAS) in Boston Chinatown. Our goal was to conduct an exploratory study that helped develop methodology for researching asthma in Chinese immigrant populations. About 15% of the children surveyed were reported to have doctor-diagnosed asthma. Over 18% had possible undiagnosed asthma as scored via a modification to the BPAs that was likely to increase responses consistent with undiagnosed asthma. The CDC estimates that 8.7% of children have a lifetime diagnosis of asthma. Studies examining asthma in children have consistently found that asthma rates are higher among children living in urban communities of color, which is reflected in this study’s findings. The only statistically significant predictor of asthma diagnosis in a logistic regression model was taking the survey in Chinese (p<0.001; R=0.62) suggesting that acquisition of English is an important factor. We note that there are difficulties associated with translation of the word “wheeze” into Chinese and discuss the problems associated with this key term in the BPAS. Finally we report data from a separate survey of housing conditions in Boston Chinatown. Housing conditions known or suspected to aggravate asthma were reported by respondents to be infrequent. More research is needed to distinguish true difference in prevalence from differential diagnosis of asthma.
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Haslam, Aaron K., Virmarie Correa-Fernández, Diana S. Hoover, Liang Li, Cho Lam, and David W. Wetter. "Anhedonia and smoking cessation among Spanish-speaking Mexican-Americans." Health Psychology 37, no. 9 (September 2018): 814–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/hea0000633.
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Avenius, Sheldon. "Atlantic Loyalties: Americans in Spanish West Florida, 1785–1810." History: Reviews of New Books 36, no. 4 (July 2008): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2008.10527247.
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Murphree, Daniel S. ":Atlantic Loyalties: Americans in Spanish West Florida, 1785–1810." American Historical Review 113, no. 5 (December 2008): 1523–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.113.5.1523.
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Molina, Irma, Sarah Sanford, Raul Oyuela, Brenda Roche, and Frank Sirotich. "Assessing the impact of COVID-19 on Toronto's Spanish-speaking Latin American population: Qualitative study." International Health Trends and Perspectives 4, no. 1 (March 28, 2024): 14–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32920/ihtp.v4i1.1936.
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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has intensified pre-existing health, social, and economic disparities in Canada, particularly affecting racialized, immigrant, refugee, and newcomer communities. While existing research indicates that Latin Americans have been disproportionately impacted by the pandemic, questions remain about why this group faces greater risk and worse health and other outcomes compared with the rest of the population. Despite knowledge of inequities in Toronto and elsewhere, research remains limited on the perspectives and experiences of specific communities throughout the pandemic. Methods: This qualitative research focuses on the experiences of Spanish-speaking Latin Americans in Toronto who contracted COVID-19, had family members and friends who were sick from the virus, and/or provided services to Latin Americans in the city during the pandemic. Results: The study highlights challenges related to informal caregiving, language barriers in accessing healthcare, digital inequities, and difficulties faced by individuals with precarious immigration status. Conclusion: Understanding the experiences of Spanish-speaking Latin Americans in Toronto can help identify necessary support and services to address these inequities in a post-pandemic scenario.
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Henry, Malachi, Amalia Robinson, Xiao Dong, Jeremy Miller, Clara Miller-Broomfield, Erika Sosa, and Monica Nesbitt. "Rhoticity in Black Boston: Examining the effects of ethnicity and ethnic orientation." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (March 1, 2023): A368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0019192.
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Recent studies have sought to more thoroughly examine rhoticity among non-white Bostonians (Nagy andIrwin, 2010; Browne andStanford, 2018), as the city becomes more racially and ethnically diverse. We build upon Browne and Stanford (2018), which found that Black Bostonians (African American [AA] and Caribbean American [CA]) were more r-ful than White Bostonians. We seek to account for variation in this speech community by considering the impact of ethnicity and the emic measure of ethnic orientation (Hoffman andWalker, 2010) on rhoticity in Black Boston. Six CA and 18 AA Bostonians’ /r/ productions (n = 2018) were gathered from sociolinguistic interviews conducted as part of the Eastern Massachusetts Life and Language Project (Nesbitt andWatts, 2022), in addition to one CA and six AA participants from Browne and Stanford’s (2018) dataset. Linear mixed-effects modeling revealed significant effects of ethnicity, such that Caribbean Americans (95% r-ful) are almost categorically r-ful (p-value < 0.001), while African Americans are more variable (10%–100% r-ful). Furthermore, ethnic orientation was a significant predictor of rhoticity (p-value < 0.001); among African Americans, high ethnic orientation led to more r-fulness. Rather than ethnic identification alone, factors such as social networks, migration history, and language attitudes influence rhoticity in Black Boston.
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Schaedel, Richard P. "The archaeology of the Spanish Colonial experience in South America." Antiquity 66, no. 250 (March 1992): 217–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00081205.
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Reluctant as one is to admit it, the 12,000 years of North America’s past prior to Columbus are still regarded as irrelevant to mainstream American history. BRIANF AGAN( 1990: 33)IntroductionBrian Fagan’s declaration about the ‘clash of cultures’ applies to contemporary Mesoamericans and South Americans as it does to North Americans. We have passed beyond the age of the ‘Black Legend’, perhaps not entirely, but enough to regard the ‘Columbian exchange’ (Crosby 1973) as a massive confrontation of peoples, the emotional reverberations of which have not entirely disappeared, but whose effects a few of us can measure with scientific objectivity.
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Lee, Timothy, and Ludwin E. Molina. "“If You Don’t Speak English, I Can’t Understand You!”: Exposure to Various Foreign Languages as a Threat." Social Sciences 10, no. 8 (August 14, 2021): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10080308.
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The number of non-English speaking and bilingual immigrants continues to grow in the U.S. Previous research suggests that about one third of White Americans feel threatened upon hearing a language other than English. The current research examines how exposure to a foreign language affects White Americans’ perceptions of immigrants and group-based threats. In Study 1, White Americans were randomly assigned to read one of four fictional transcripts of a conversation of an immigrant family at a restaurant, where the type of language being spoken was manipulated to be either Korean, Spanish, German, or English. In Study 2, White Americans read the same fictional transcript—minus the Spanish; however, there was an addition of two subtitles conditions in which the subtitles were provided next to the Korean and German texts. The two studies suggest that exposure to a foreign language—regardless of whether they are consistent with Anglocentric constructions of American identity—lead White Americans to form less positive impressions of the immigrant targets and their conversation, experience an uptick in group-based threats, and display greater anti-immigrant attitudes. Moreover, there is evidence that the (in)ability to understand the conversation (i.e., epistemic threat) influences participants’ perceptions of immigrants and group-based threats.
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Gleijeses, Piero. "The Limits of Sympathy: The United States and the Independence of Spanish America." Journal of Latin American Studies 24, no. 3 (October 1992): 481–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00024251.
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Sir, is there to be no limit to our benevolence for these People? There is a point, beyond which, even parental bounty and natural affection cease to impose an obligation. That point has been attained with the States of Spanish America.1Of course there was sympathy for the Spanish American rebels in the United States. How could it have been otherwise? The rebels were fighting Spain, long an object of hatred and contempt. This alone justified goodwill, as did the hope for increased trade and the prospect of a significant loss of European influence in the hemisphere.2 But how deep did this sympathy run?In the Congressional debates of the period there was much more enthusiasm for the cause of the Greeks than that of the Spanish Americans.3 Similarly, the press referred frequently to private collections of funds (‘liberal donations’) for the Greek fighters – not for the Spanish Americans. This is not surprising. The US public could feel a bond with the Greeks – ‘it will become even quite fashionable to assist the descendants of those who were the bulwark of light and knowledge in old times, in rescuing themselves from the dominion of a barbarian race'.4 Unlike the Greeks, however, the Spanish Americans were of dubious whiteness. Unlike the Greeks, they hailed not from a race of giants, but – when they were white – from degraded Spanish stock.5 Some US citizens felt for them the kinship of a common struggle against European colonial rule; others agreed with John Quincy Adams: ‘So far as they were contending for independence, I wished well to their cause; but I had seen and yet see no prospect that they would establish free or liberal institutions of government.
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Goble, Ryan A. "Linguistic Insecurity and Lack of Entitlement to Spanish among Third-Generation Mexican Americans in Narrative Accounts." Heritage Language Journal 13, no. 1 (April 30, 2016): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.13.1.2.
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The purpose of this study is to examine the narrative accounts (De Fina, 2009) of third-generation (3G) Mexican-Americans, as they aim to excuse their English monolingualism in contexts that have reinforced the ideology that they should speak native-like Spanish. Traditionally, studies that have investigated the intergenerational disappearance of Spanish by the 3G have focused on how parents and grandparents have socialized the 3G to use or not use Spanish, without much attention to the 3G themselves. The present study aims to extend this line of research by analyzing the narrated and recontexutalized interactions that the 3G claims have resulted in the attrition of Spanish in their respective families. Through the theoretical frameworks of indexicality (Ochs, 1992) and imagined communities (Anderson, 1991), the findings indicate that the participants index linguistic insecurity (Preston, 2013) when they recount using Spanish with their generational predecessors, whom they construct as having a stronger nativist orientation. Such insecurity emanates from the unattainable goal to speak native-like Spanish, which is exacerbated by familial teasing. These speakers’ negative selfperception consequently leads to their withdrawal from imagined communities of Spanish owners, contributing to the intergenerational loss of Spanish.
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Campbell, Lyndsay. "The “Abolition Riot” Redux: Voices, Processes." New England Quarterly 94, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 7–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq_a_00877.
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Abstract In August 1836, African Americans in Boston dramatically rescued two fugitives from slavery in an episode that demonstrates the interpretive challenges in surviving accounts. As well, the slavecatcher's assumptions around legal procedure suggest that these events may be key background for Prigg v. Pennsylvania in 1842.
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Semenova, M. Yu. "Miguel Bloombito’s Spanish Translingual Twitter Account as a Means of Overcoming Discrimination against the Hispanic population in the United States." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 9 (September 30, 2020): 159–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-9-159-173.
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The question of the use of the Spanish translingual idiom in the Twitter account of the American satirist of Puerto Rican origin, writing under the pseudonym Miguel Bloombito, is considered. Particular attention is paid to one of the main functions of such an idiom, which is used as a way to overcome language discrimination against Latin Americans living in the United States. Separately, a comprehensive analysis of this Spanish idiom, characteristic of the speech of Puerto Rican Americans, is offered. The issue of switching and mixing codes at different levels of Spanish is of interest. The author dwells on the graphic-phonetic, wordformation and lexical levels, at which a large number of contaminated elements containing allusion and based on the play of meanings are revealed. A level-by-level classification of the elements of the Spanish idiom is proposed. Evidence is given that this idiom has sufficient system stability for the language, regularity and productivity of the models for the formation of certain units, as well as a tendency towards standardization, including outside the analyzed texts. It is proved that the Spanish translingual idiom, which appeared as a result of the contact of linguistic cultures in a multi-ethnic state, demonstrates a high degree of convergence of prototype languages, expressed through switching and mixing codes.
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Berg, Camille Kennedy Vande. "Americans Viewed by the Spanish: Using Stereotypes to Teach Culture." Hispania 73, no. 2 (May 1990): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/342863.
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Phillip, C. R., K. Mancera-Cuevas, C. Leatherwood, J. S. Chmiel, D. L. Erickson, E. Freeman, G. Granville, et al. "Implementation and dissemination of an African American popular opinion model to improve lupus awareness: an academic–community partnership." Lupus 28, no. 12 (October 2019): 1441–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961203319878803.
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Objective Lupus is a chronic, autoimmune disease that disproportionately affects African Americans. We adapted the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Popular Opinion Leader model to implement an intervention tailored for African American individuals that leverages an academic-community partnership and community-based social networks to disseminate culturally appropriate lupus education. Methods Academic rheumatologists, social scientists, and researchers in Boston, MA and Chicago, IL partnered with local lupus support groups, community organizations, and churches in neighborhoods with higher proportions of African Americans to develop curriculum and recruit community leaders with and without lupus (Popular Opinion Leaders; POLs). POLs attended four training sessions focused on lupus education, strategies to educate others, and a review of research methods. POLs disseminated information through their social networks and recorded their impact, which was mapped using a geographic information system framework. Results We trained 18 POLs in greater Boston and 19 in greater Chicago: 97% were African American, 97% were female; and the mean age was 57 years. Fifty-nine percent of Boston POLs and 68% of Chicago POLs had lupus. POLs at both sites engaged members of their social networks and communities in conversations about lupus, health disparities, and the importance of care. Boston POLs documented 97 encounters with 547 community members reached. Chicago POLs documented 124 encounters with 4083 community members reached. Conclusions An adapted, community-based POL model can be used to disseminate lupus education and increase awareness in African American communities. Further research is needed to determine the degree to which this may begin to reduce disparities in access to care and outcomes.
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Reininger, Belinda, MinJae Lee, Rose Jennings, Alexandra Evans, and Michelle Vidoni. "Healthy eating patterns associated with acculturation, sex and BMI among Mexican Americans." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 7 (December 22, 2016): 1267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980016003311.
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AbstractObjectiveExamine relationships of healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns with BMI, sex, age and acculturation among Mexican Americans.DesignCross-sectional. Participants completed culturally tailored Healthy and Unhealthy Eating Indices. Multivariable mixed-effect Poisson regression models compared food pattern index scores and dietary intake of specific foods by BMI, sex, age and acculturation defined by language preference and generational status.SettingParticipants recruited from the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort study, Texas–Mexico border region, between 2008 and 2011.SubjectsMexican-American males and females aged 18–97 years (n 1250).ResultsParticipants were primarily female (55·3 %), overweight or obese (85·7 %), preferred Spanish language (68·0 %) and first-generation status (60·3 %). Among first-generation participants, bilingual participants were less likely to have a healthy eating pattern than preferred Spanish-speaking participants (rate ratio (RR)=0·79, P=0·0218). This association was also found in males (RR=0·81, P=0·0098). Preferred English-speaking females were less likely to consume healthy foods than preferred Spanish-speaking females (RR=0·84, P=0·0293). Among second-generation participants, preferred English-speaking participants were more likely to report a higher unhealthy eating pattern than preferred Spanish-speaking participants (RR=1·23, P=0·0114). Higher unhealthy eating patterns were also found in females who preferred English v. females who preferred Spanish (RR=1·23, P=0·0107) or were bilingual (RR=1·26, P=0·0159). Younger, male participants were more likely to have a higher unhealthy eating pattern. BMI and diabetes status were not significantly associated with healthy or unhealthy eating patterns.ConclusionsAcculturation, age, sex and education are associated with healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns. Nutrition interventions for Mexican Americans should tailor approaches by these characteristics.
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Aguilar‐San Juan, Karin. "Staying Vietnamese: Community and Place in Orange County and Boston." City & Community 4, no. 1 (March 2005): 37–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-6841.2005.00102.x.
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Orange County, California, is a “postsuburban” region known for its sprawl and its cultural homogeneity. There, Vietnamese Americans have established a large commercial and residential district clearly marked by freeway signs, recognized by city government, and labeled the “Capital of Vietnamese America.” On the other hand, in Boston, Massachusetts, an old city known for its neighborhoods teeming with immigrants, Vietnamese Americans have had difficulty in establishing a distinct and identifiable place. Bostonians who are not Vietnamese may not know that Fields Corner is the city's “Vietnamese village.” Since Boston's Chinatown also contains Vietnamese, the distinction between Fields Corner and Chinatown can be blurry. Could it be that each community actually reverses the dynamics of place in each region—creating a strong, central place in a culturally homogenous and spatially decentralized post‐suburb, but failing to create a very strong place in an old city reputed for its immigrant neighborhoods? If so, a paradox appears. I identify the patterns involving community and place that have produced paradoxical outcomes in Orange County and Boston. I show that Vietnamese American leaders use place—as a site for interaction, as an anchor for identity, and as a symbol of belonging—to define and strengthen their communities. I argue that part of “becoming American” requires “staying Vietnamese,” and that place making is key to this process.
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Hayes-Bautista, David E., Cynthia L. Chamberlin, and Nancy Zuniga. "A Gold Rush Salvadoran in California's Latino World, 1857." Southern California Quarterly 91, no. 3 (2009): 257–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41172480.
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A close analysis of an 1857 open letter to the Spanish-speaking press in Los Angeles by Ángel Mora, a departing Salvadoran miner, provides hints to the opportunities that drew Central Americans to the California gold rush, as well as the personal and historical reasons for their disillusion and departure. It also illuminates Central Americans' national identity, their sense of community with Hispanics from other countries, and their response to events in their homelands.
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Bailey, Benjamin. "Language and negotiation of ethnic/racial identity among Dominican Americans." Language in Society 29, no. 4 (October 2000): 555–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500004036.
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The ethnolinguistic terms in which the children of Dominican immigrants in Rhode Island think of themselves, i.e. as “Spanish” or “Hispanic,” are frequently at odds with the phenotype-based racial terms “Black” or “African American,” applied to them by others in the United States. Spanish language is central to resisting such phenotype-racial categorization, which denies Dominican Americans their Hispanic ethnicity. Through discourse analysis of naturally occurring peer interaction at a high school, this article shows how a Dominican American who is phenotypically indistinguishable from African Americans uses language, in both intra- and inter-ethnic contexts, to negotiate identity and resist ascription to totalizing phenotype-racial categories. In using language to resist such hegemonic social categorization, the Dominican second generation is contributing to the transformation of existing social categories and the constitution of new ones in the US.
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Hannan, Jean, JoAnne M. Youngblut, Dorothy Brooten, Dianne Bazzani, Norma R. Romero, Blanca Chavez, and JoAnn Picanes. "Psychometric Properties of Newly Translated Spanish Life Events Inventory and Daily Hassles Scale." Journal of Nursing Measurement 23, no. 2 (2015): 315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.23.2.315.
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Background and Purpose: Measuring stress in Hispanic Americans, the fastest growing U.S. minority, is problematic. The Life Events Inventory (LEI) and the Daily Hassles Scale (DHS), widely used stress instruments, are not available in Spanish. Purpose: To test the psychometric properties of the translated Spanish versions of the LEI and DHS. Methods: A convenience sample of 63 Hispanic women completed both instruments in Spanish and English 2 weeks apart. Results: Internal consistency reliability and stability were strong for both instruments (.85–.97). Reliability and validity evidence for the translated Spanish versions were strong and similar to the English version. Conclusions: Psychometric findings suggest that the newly translated Spanish versions are good representations of the English versions and that these newly translated instruments are ready for use.
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Boles, Richard J. "Documents Relating to African American Experiences of White Congregational Churches in Massachusetts, 1773–1832." New England Quarterly 86, no. 2 (June 2013): 310–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq_a_00280.
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Through membership documents, this essay traces the decline in African American affiliation with Massachusetts Congregational churches-from the pre-Revolutionary era, when enslaved blacks, such as Cuffee Wright, routinely joined Congregational churches, to 1828–32, when four African Americans applying to Lyman Beecher's Boston church were among the last wave of blacks seeking membership in northern white churches.
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Baez, Abril, Daniel W. Lopez-Hernandez, Winter Olmos, Rachel A. Rough-Fraser, Kristina E. Smith, Alexis Bueno, Isabel C. Munoz, et al. "A-100 Examining Spanish-English Bilingual Boston Naming Test Norms in Traumatic Brain Injury Survivors." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 36, no. 6 (August 30, 2021): 1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acab062.118.
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Abstract Objective We examined two established Spanish-English bilingual norms to assess if traumatic brain injury (TBI) deficits were still found if language was no longer a variable influencing Boston Naming Test (BNT) performance. Method The sample consisted of 47 healthy comparison (HC; 24 English-Monolinguals; 23 Spanish-English Bilinguals), 33 acute TBI (ATBI; 20 English-Monolinguals; 13 Spanish-English Bilinguals), and 25 Chronic TBI (CTBI: 13 English-Monolinguals; 12 Spanish-English Bilinguals) participants. Raw scores and adjusted demographic T-scores (Roberts et al., 2002; Rosselli et al., 1997) were used to evaluate BNT performance. Results An ANCOVA controlling for age, revealed the HC group outperformed the TBI group on the BNT (raw score), p = 0.003, ηp2 = 0.11. We also found monolinguals outperformed bilinguals on the BNT, p = 0.000, ηp2 = 0.24. Using the Roberts et al., (2002) norms, we found the HC group outperformed the TBI group, p = 0.003, ηp2 = 0.11, but no language differences were found. Next, using Rosselli et al., (1997) norms, we found the HC group outperformed the TBI group on the BNT, p = 0.003, ηp2 = 0.11, and monolingual speakers outperformed bilingual speakers, p = 0.014, ηp2 = 0.06. No interactions were found. Conclusions As expected, the TBI group demonstrated worse BNT performance compared to HC group on both language norms. However, when using Roberts et al., (2002) Spanish-English bilingual norms, no language group differences were found. Our data indicates that when examining BNT performance in a Spanish-English bilingual and English-monolingual TBI sample, Roberts et al., (2002) normative data may be better suited to evaluate BNT deficits in a TBI while taking language into account.
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Donlon, Anne, and Evelyn Scaramella. "Four Poems from Langston Hughes's Spanish Civil War Verse." Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 134, no. 3 (May 2019): 562–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2019.134.3.562.
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Langston Hughes traveled to Spain in 1937, during that Country's Civil War. He saw the Republic's Fight against Franco as an international fight against fascism, racism, and colonialism and for the rights of workers and minorities. Throughout the 1930s, Hughes organized for justice, at home and abroad, often engaging with communist and other left political organizations, like the Communist Party USA's John Reed Club, the League of Struggle for Negro Rights, and the International Workers' Order (Rampersad, Life 236, 286, 355; Scott). When the war in Spain began, in 1936, workers and intellectuals who were engaged on the left came from around the world to fight against Franco's forces; these volunteers, the International Brigades, included approximately 2,800 Americans known as the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, of which about ninety were African American (Carroll vii; “African Americans”). Hughes went to Spain to interview black antifascist volunteers in the International Brigades and write about their experiences for the Baltimore Afro-American, VolunteerforLiberty, and other publications. Much of Hughes's writing from Spain sought to explain to people at home why men and women, and African diasporic people especially, had risked their lives to fight in Spain. Hughes profiled African Americans fighting for the first time alongside white comrades in the International Brigades, including Ralph Thornton, Thaddeus Battle, and Milton Herndon (“Pittsburgh Soldier Hero,” “Howard Man,” “Milt Herndon”). In addition to writing articles, he wrote poetry, gave radio speeches, and translated poems and plays from Spanish into English. Much of Hughes's work from the Spanish Civil War has been collected in anthologies. However, so prolific was Hughes, and so fastidious was he in saving drafts and ensuring they reach his collection at Yale University's Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, that many unpublished works exist in archives. The four poems here represent different poetic registers and levels of polish, and they illuminate the dynamic range of Hughes's literary production during his time in Spain.
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Pamies, Carles, Santiago Pérez-Nievas, Daniela Vintila, and Marta Paradés. "Descriptive Political Representation of Latin Americans in Spanish Local Politics: Demographic Concentration, Political Opportunities, and Parties’ Inclusiveness." American Behavioral Scientist 65, no. 9 (March 3, 2021): 1234–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764221996755.
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Latin Americans represent one of the most sizable migrant communities in Spain. Yet, unlike other minority groups, they count with longer migration tradition, linguistic and cultural similarities with the Spanish population, and easier access to Spanish nationality. Drawing on original data covering a large number of candidates ( N = 5,055), this article examines whether this apparently favorable configuration guarantees the nomination of candidates from this minority group at local elections in municipalities with strong demographic presence of Latin American residents. Our findings indicate that this group is still underrepresented in Spanish politics. Few Latin American candidates are fielded by political parties, and even fewer (<2%) manage to achieve elected office. To interpret these results, we examine the extent to which Spanish parties field minority candidates. We show that while some parties are proactively including these candidates, only few nominate them in secure positions of the electoral lists and that Spanish parties’ inclusiveness does not seem to be aligned with Latin American voters’ partisan preferences.
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DOBADO-GONZÁLEZ, RAFAEL. "PRE-INDEPENDENCE SPANISH AMERICANS: POOR, SHORT AND UNEQUAL… OR THE OPPOSITE?" Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 33, no. 1 (January 12, 2015): 15–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610914000135.
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ABSTRACTThis paper attempts to establish a debate between alternative views of living standards in Spanish America during the viceregal period. Since 2009, a growing literature has shared a «common language» based on a similar, though not identical, methodology. As never before, this «new generation» of studies is built upon long series of quantitative data and international comparisons of nominal wages and prices which, in some cases, cover the whole Early Modern Era. Part of this literature also complements the examination of economic welfare using height as an indicator of biological welfare. Inequality is also quantitatively approached in one of the works discussed. In spite of significant similarities, some methodological differences lead to contrasting results. For the sake of simplicity, the relevant literature is divided into two views: «pessimism» and «optimism». It is my contention that the latter is more consistent with the available evidence.
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Carter, Phillip M., and Tonya Wolford. "Cross-generational prosodic convergence in South Texas Spanish." Spanish in Context 13, no. 1 (April 14, 2016): 29–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.13.1.02car.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study investigates variation in the prosodic system of Spanish in the speech of three generations of Mexican Americans living in a Mexican American-majority community in South Texas, United States, characterized by high levels of bilingualism and long-term, sustained contact between languages. Low and Grabe’s (1995) Pairwise Variability Index was used to quantify prosodic rhythm in the Spanish and the English of community members across generations in order to: (1) assess differences between contact and non-contact varieties of Spanish, (2) investigate the cross-generational stability of prosodic rhythm in the community, and (3) ascertain the type of influence from English, if any, on Spanish prosody. Findings show that while the oldest generations maintain separate systems of rhythm in Spanish and English, the youngest generation demonstrates prosodic convergence.
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Robles, Whitney Barlow. "Atlantic Disaster: Boston Responds to the Cape Ann Earthquake of 1755." New England Quarterly 90, no. 1 (March 2017): 7–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq_a_00583.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article examines religious, scientific, and media responses to the 1755 Cape Ann earthquake, which affected Boston and other regions throughout the Atlantic world. The earthquake's prolonged generation of environmental data challenged American colonists' attempts to achieve certainty about the natural disaster. Further news of the famous and devastating Lisbon earthquake forced Americans to broaden their horizon of environmental change to one that extended into the ocean–a formative moment for the development of transatlantic science, and one that can help historians resolve seemingly opposed historiographic currents.
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Lin, Shaoyi. "The Roots of Spanish Racialized Thinking in Colonial America, 1400–1600." Review of European Studies 15, no. 3 (August 30, 2023): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v15n3p61.
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This paper explores the double standard evident in the attitudes of sixteenth-century Spanish conquistadores towards Native American culture. The study investigates why the conquistadores condemned Native rituals as barbarous while perpetrating their own brutal acts against the Natives. It is argued that this inconsistency stemmed from a racialized worldview rooted in ethnocentrism, shaped by the historical influence of Islam on the Iberian Peninsula, Spanish culture including Catholicism, and their encounters with Native Americans. This racialized thinking, although distinct from modern biological racism, justified Spanish imperialism as a holy mission. By examining relevant sources, the paper reveals the complex factors that contributed to this discriminatory mindset and highlights its significance in understanding the success of the Spanish conquest of Indigenous peoples.
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Rodrííguez O., Jaime E. "New Spain and the 1808 Crisis of the Spanish Monarchy." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 24, no. 2 (2008): 245–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/msem.2008.24.2.245.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article examines New Spain's reaction to the 1808 crisis of the Spanish Monarchy. It considers the proposal of the Ayuntamiento of Mexico to establish a congress of cities, the reaction of some peninsulares, the juntas generales, and the golpe de Estado of 1808. Although the Americans expressed loyalty to the Spanish Monarchy while insisting on their rights, many Europeans considered their actions as little better than treason. These peninsulares also feared that Viceroy Joséé de Iturrigaray, whom they believed to be corrupt, sought to separate New Spain from the composite Spanish Monarchy and make himself king. The article demonstrates that the Americans desired home rule not independence. They viewed themselves as loyal citizens who were responding to an extraordinary threat to the Monarchy. The Americans and their European allies, including Viceroy Iturrigaray, based their arguments for a congress of cities on traditional Hispanic political principles. It also demonstrates that, despite the accusations made by his enemies, Viceroy Iturrigaray was neither a traitor nor corrupt. Este artíículo examina la reaccióón de la Nueva Españña frente a la crisis de la Monarquíía españñola en 1808. Se considera la propuesta del Ayuntamiento de Mééxico de establecer un congreso de ciudades, la reaccióón de algunos peninsulares, las juntas generales, y el golpe de Estado de 1808. Aunque los americanos expresaran lealtad a la Monarquíía españñola insistiendo en sus derechos, muchos europeos consideraron sus acciones como una traicióón. Estos peninsulares tambiéén temieron que el Virrey Joséé de Iturrigaray, que ellos creyeron que era corrupto, procurara separar a la Nueva Españña de la Monarquíía españñola y autonombrarse rey. El artíículo demuestra que los americanos deseaban autonomíía y no independencia. Ellos se veíían a síí mismos como ciudadanos leales que respondíían a una amenaza extraordinaria contra la Monarquíía. Los americanos y sus aliados europeos, incluso el Virrey Iturrigaray, basaron sus argumentos para un congreso de ciudades en principios polííticos hispanos tradicionales. Tambiéén se demuestra que, a pesar de las acusaciones hechas por sus enemigos, el Virrey Iturrigaray no era ni traidor ni corrupto.
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Espinosa Leon, Juan Pablo, Ryan Mathura, Krystal Capers, Lauryn Tsai, Abeer Santarisi, Edjay Hernandez, Tyler Riley, and Valerie Banner-Goodspeed. "1096B: COVID-19 ICU ADMISSION DISPARITIES AMONG HISPANICS AND AFRICAN AMERICANS IN BOSTON." Critical Care Medicine 51, no. 1 (December 15, 2022): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000910120.18086.49.
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