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1
Wu, Xiaowen, and Claudio Gambadella. "Religions Culture Sharps the Space." Resourceedings 2, no. 3 (November 28, 2019): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/resourceedings.v2i3.658.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Religious culture shapes the characters of space and it reflects people’s attitudes towards the relationships between people and gods. Every religious architecture, such as a temple or a church, demonstrates its physical connections with life. This paper focuses on comparing different countries’ religious architectures to better understand the dominant cultural elements which influence design concepts of these architectures. In Western cultures, the religious architecture format is the church. However, Tadao Ando designs the Church of the Light with oriental features. It changes western religious cultures to adapt to local conditions. Ando’s work is just one of many examples in which the local culture can transform religious architecture form with their own characters, and nake it become an iconic mark to represent their country. This paper, analyzing project thinking and development invovling a local citizen, user, artist, and architect, tries to find out how design concepts, decisions on site location, and construction method will be determined. In these case studies on architectural formats from all over the world, this paper uses valuable data to show what elements will be the most critical ones to influence people’s thinking about religious cultures and religious architectural transformation. Furthermore, in this research, it compares religious cultural characters between western and oriental regions. This research also answers questions about how cultures change local people’s behaviors. This is the most valuable point of religious architectures, because they can comfort people and mitigate their sorrow. The research demonstrates how religious cultures and understanding about life can further develop architecture forms. Local materials and conditions are key factors which greatly influence architectural designs. Moreover, this paper compares the latest technology and development of construction materials to illustrate how technology reshapes religious designs in our age. It links local cultures with contemporary architectures to help local architectures continue to develop with their unique characters instead of being eliminated by globalization.
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Shapiro, Michael J. "Architecture as event space: Violence, securitisation, and resistance." European Journal of International Security 4, no. 3 (July 26, 2019): 366–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eis.2019.13.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractCentral to the conception of this article is the architectural theorist Bernard Tschumi's dictum, ‘There is no architecture without action, no architecture without events, no architecture without program … no architecture without violence.’ Shaped as well by Eyal Weizman's conception of ‘forensic architecture’, the focus of the investigation is on Israel's architecture of security and on the corresponding Palestinian architecture of resistance. Emphasising an encounter of cartographies that reveals the way Palestinians make life livable in response to the architectural violence they face, the analysis continues with reference to Yari Sharif's analysis of architectures of resistance and with a reading of a feature film, Hany Abu-Assad's Omar (2013) in which the Separation Wall between Israel and Palestine is one of the film's primary agent/protagonists. The article surveys popular culture texts, focused on crime and espionage to analyse a range of security practices and breaches that amplify the analysis with attention to security issues in individual households, multiple-person dwelling arrangements, architectural locations throughout cities, and buildings housing governmental security agencies. That trajectory of architectural sites lends a micropolitical analysis to the macropolitical level of governmental policy and modes of resistance to it.
3
Stefańska, Joanna. "Painting in the exhibition space, interactions." Teka Komisji Architektury, Urbanistyki i Studiów Krajobrazowych 17, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/teka.2661.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is based on the author's search for the relationship between painting and architecture and experiencing the space in the context of using its potential for painting exhibition. This is a summary of research carried out in 2017- 2019 at the Faculty of Architecture of Poznań University of Technology, entitled "Artwork in architecture".
This project aimed to explore the relationship between art and architectural space. Participation in the collective exhibitions, as a part of the first research stage, and the implementation of individual exhibitions in the second stage of the project, have become the basis for author's decisions in this field. The research findings were included in two monographs by a two-person research team, made up of prof. dr hab. Andrzej Maciej Łubowski and dr hab. Joanna Stefańska, titled "SPACES, artwork in architecture" and "RELATIONS, artwork in architecture", PUT Publishing House 2019, 2020. Searching for the best means of recording meaning and emotions connected with the theme of landscape undertaken by the author as well as the thoroughly analysed issue of the functioning of paintings series in the context of the exhibition space, translate into the process of exploration a relationship between artwork and architecture. The exhibition of paintings and selection of proper exhibition space affect an artwork’s reception. The exhibition’s design should exhaust the relationship between contemplation and dialogue in both the painting space and the broader architectural context. It can be stated that the mutual relationship of the artwork and the architectural space surrounding it affects the artwork’s meaning and aesthetics as well as the architecture’s perception.
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RADULOVA, Ya I., and N. A. LEKAREVA. "«INSIDE OUTSIDE». THE PRINCIPLES OF INTERACTION INSIDE AND OUTSIDE SPACE IN THE DESIGN ENVIRONMENT." Urban construction and architecture 2, no. 1 (March 15, 2012): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2012.01.6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The interaction of inside and outside space in contemporary architecture is presented. The features of the boundaries between inside and outside spaces and their possible applications in the architectural objects are considered. Interaction of inside and outside space in architecture can be traced in the works of F.L. Wright, R. Pietilya - representatives of organic architecture. In contemporary architecture the problems of symbiosis of the inside and outside space are successfully solve by such world-renowned architectural companies as Guz Architects and T. R. Hamzah Yeang International representatives of green architecture.
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Musoll, Enric, and Mario Nemirovsky. "Design Space Exploration of High-Performance Parallel Architectures." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 3, no. 1 (November 18, 2008): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v3i1.279.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
High-performance single-threaded processors achieve their performance goal partly by relying, among other architectural techniques, on speculation and large on-chip caches. The hardware to support these techniques is usually a large portion of the overall processor real state area, and therefore it consumes a significant amount of power that sometimes is not optimally used toward doing useful work. In this work, we study the intuitive fact that architectures with hardware support for threads are more power efficient than a more traditional single-threaded superscalar architecture. Toward this goal, we have created a model of the power, performance and area of several parallel architectures. This model shows that a parallel architecture can be designed so that (a) it requires less area and power (to reach the same performance), or (b) it achieves better power efficiency and less area (for the same power budget), or (c) it has higher performance and better power efficiency (for the same area constraint), when compared to a single-threaded superscalar architecture.
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Radevski, Aleksandar, and Bojan Karanakov. "Light and Experience of Space - Construction of Metaphysical Space." South East European Journal of Architecture and Design 2022 (October 22, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/seejad.2022.10065.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The main goal of this research is to perceive the influence of light on the brightness of the architectural space through the different positions of the Sun and its varying intensity at different periods throughout the year. Through a historical review of architectural styles and architectural elements, the influence of daylight on the shaping of the architectural space is presented. When we talk about architecture, we talk about light, first of all daylight. It is not just physical, its enabling perception of the exterior and the interior, it also provides energetic component to architecture, duality of matter and energy thus generating aesthetic sensation among users.
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Astuti Indriyati, Sri, and . "Designing in Architecture: Behavioral Approach Methodology." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.27 (August 15, 2018): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.27.17746.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A fundamental premise on environmental and behavioral fields involves assumptions about the systematic interrelationships between architecture and patterns of human behavior. The case study conducted was to confirm the needs of specific design methodology in relations to the area of Perception and Human Behavior. The research focused to the extent to which Office Space Performance gives impact on Employee Productivity and Satisfaction. Following that, It was also seen how those affect the behavior of coping. The findings show that there is a significant impact of Spaces’ Performances on Space Satisfaction. Further, there is a significant impact of Space Satisfaction on Coping Behavior and also a significant impact of Spaces’ Performances against Coping behavior. Humanist architecture with architectural behavior approach is required as a Concept of Planning and Architectural Design in the Future. A New Guidelines for Planning and Architectural Design Method for Architectural Design with Behavior concerns is proposed.
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Manurung, Parmonangan, and Diananta. "The concept of in-between space in Batak Toba vernacular architecture: a content analysis study." ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v6i1.584.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Space and architecture are two interrelated and encompassing concepts. However, space has a broad meaning in terms of location, privacy, and function such that the relationship between two spaces creates a different atmosphere and impression. A lot of studies have been conducted on space but there is no much focus on the concept of 'in-between space'. This research was, therefore, aimed at exploring in-between space in order to create a clear understanding and identify its concept in Batak Toba vernacular architecture. A content analysis method was adopted and this involves analyzing texts and images related to in-between space and Batak Toba architecture. The results showed the concept as an overlap created by two spaces in order to feel the atmosphere of both simultaneously. It was also discovered not to be a definitive space but found in the Batak Toba architecture to create a relationship between privacy, function, and environment. This means it is a key feature of the architecture and also expected to be a fundamental element in the modern Toba Batak architecture. These results are expected to serve as the basis for further in-depth research and to be applied in other ethnic architectures.
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RADULOVA, Yana Igorevna. "XXI CENTURY. FEATURES OF FORMATION OF SPACE BORDERS IN ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN PLANNING." Urban construction and architecture 4, no. 3 (September 15, 2014): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2014.03.8.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The concept of spatial boundaries is presented as the joints of the two states of the space. The interaction of inside and outside space in contemporary architecture is presented. The features of the boundaries between inside and outside spaces and their possible applications in the architectural objects are considered. Interaction of inside and outside space in architecture can be traced in the works of Toyo Ito, Sou Fujimoto, Kotaro Ide, Jurgen Mayer, Shuhei Endo, Emilio Ambaz, Michael Sorkin, Massimiliano Fuksas, Peter Eisenman, Zaha Hadid. In contemporary architecture the problems of symbiosis of the inside and outside space are successfully solved by such world-renowned architectural companies as Tezuka, SeARC, RSie(n), Formwerkz, Sansiri, FOA, SHoP, UN Studio, NOX.
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Chaplya, Tatina V. "ARCHITECTURE IN TERMS OF CULTURAL SPACE." Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 58 (2020): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2020-58-8-20.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The need to establish links between cultural space and architecture, as a way of its existence throughout the history of mankind determines the relevance of the study. The purpose of the paper is to analyze interaction and connection between cultural space and architecture in history, as well as to identify forms and methods of this connection from origin to modern times. The author presents the analysis of cultural space in modern cultural science, identifies basic structural components of cultural space: representations, meanings and values expressed in semiotic models and in the picture of the world; social relations and communications embodied in the system of social roles and attitudes; and activities that permeate all of the elements above, linking them together. Architecture is perceived as one of the ways of cultural space existence, which includes not only a model of the world, vertical and horizontal orientation in space, but also a way to express value attitudes through fixing value dominants in certain parts of a building or spaces. The study is to show that architecture acts as a way of self-identification of culture, society, social groups, individual subjects by defining their place in geographical space, the existence of external and internal spaces as a semiotic expression of “friend/foe” position. The author examines the role of different types of architectural structures, allowing fixing social hierarchy and political power in the cultural space of different eras. As a result, a connection between cultural space and architecture is established, act as the ways of forming and functioning in society throughout the history of human development.
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Fitzgerald, Michael, and Peter Swan. "Space Solar Power Enabled by Dual Space Access Architecture." New Space 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/space.2021.0003.
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Liu, Yajuan. "Application Strategies of Transparent Design in Architectural Design." Journal of Architectural Research and Development 7, no. 6 (November 28, 2023): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jard.v7i6.5552.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Transparent design is a reverse space processing method in architectural design that involves partially or completely removing the original division of space, thereby making the entire space more diverse. The application of transparent design methods mainly includes the processing of two-dimensional and three-dimensional spaces, and it involves aspects like building entities, design spaces, design materials, and building structures. Transparent design is a popular form of modern architectural design. It transforms the space and reflects the beauty of the space, allowing light, sight, and air to freely blend throughout the space. At the same time, architectural design is also consistent with the idea of “form follows function” advocated by contemporary architecture, so it has been gradually growing in popularity in architectural design. This article presents a detailed analysis of transparent design, including the types of transparent design, structural model design in transparent design, and the application strategies of transparent design in architecture.
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Wang, Xinyu. "The Role and Value of Architectural Art for Game Design." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 75 (December 28, 2023): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ztz4zr25.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Architecture is an important element of game design, and all kinds of architectural art in the game scene provide players with unlimited reverie virtual places and spaces. The article focuses on the application of architectural design in the virtual space of the game, taking the functional attributes of the place element of architecture in the composition of the virtual space as the entry point, and comparing the different attributes of architecture in the real and the virtual space of the game. Architecture and games are often seen as two unrelated fields, but they are closely related. The similarity between game design and architectural design is that they both need to be designed based on certain rules and constraints and take the user’s experience into account. Based on this commonality, game designers need to integrate the virtual environment space composed of buildings with the architectural features of the real world in the context of the game, which is one of the most important factors determining whether players can understand and immerse themselves in the game. Game designers often take inspiration from architectural design to help them create realistic environments in their games. At the same time, in games, architecture is not only used as a background for a virtual city or a realistic rendering of an existing city, but more importantly, the well-structured ambient space constituted by architecture is utilised to convey psychological cues such as emotions and feelings.
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Bolshakov, Andrey. "The three-dimensional lattice as an architectural space." MATEC Web of Conferences 212 (2018): 04005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821204005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Space is the main material with which the architect works. The space organized by the means of architecture is an art environment for the life of society. With many aspects of the organization of space, which are studied in the literature, the problem of their assembly and integration remains unsolved. The paper proposes a method of assembling spatial representations in architecture-the correlation of the spatial lattice and the factors of its form-formation, considered in the system, i.e. together. The approach is that in a broad overview of the world architecture, both in its theory and in practice, from historical to modern, examples of modification of spatial grids under the influence of one or a group of dominant factors are revealed. As a result, provisions on the relationship of the geometry of spatial grids with the following factors have been revealed: publicity and privacy; architectonics, the influence of the lattice on the differentiation of the streams of human movement; the architecture’s ability to carry a message; navigation properties, evaluation of connectivity and centrality of places in the spatial lattice; evaluation of the quality of the composition through the identification of ways of order and randomness in the elements of the spatial lattice. The results of the work can be used both for theoretical understanding of the architectural space in the study and design of architecture, and in architectural education.
15
Utami, Dwi Rina, and Djoko Wijono. "Arsitektur Kontemporer Kota Pada Penggal Jalan D. I. Panjaitan, Kampung Cina Bengkulu." Review of Urbanism and Architectural Studies 19, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.ruas.2021.019.02.8.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The old town of Bengkulu has elements of urban architecture with distinctive characteristics, one of which is Chinese Town. .D. I. Panjaitan is the main street of Chinese Town which is busy with vehicles, so it acts as the main image of the area. Over time, various architecture has changed in the area, as evidenced by indications of contemporary city architecture in the form of geometric spaces (building form, solid, void, skyline) and functional spaces (functions of spaces and buildings) so it is very interesting to study. Therefore, this research aims to formulate a contemporary architectural formulation of the city on D. I. Panjaitan street by using qualitative and deductive method with geometric space and functional space approach. This research reveals that the contemporary architecture of the city at D. I. Panjaitan street tends to consist of original chinese architecture on the south side and modern architecture on the south side. The functional space consists of settlement, trade and tourism areas. The character of space tends to be related to Chinese cosmological architecture, namely the concept of Sanqing, Wuxing, Bagua or Feng Shui, Jiugongtu and Jingtianzhi. These formulation shaped due to hictorical influences, policies, location, culture and important event.
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Ceylan, Salih. "Space, Architecture, and Science Fiction: An Architectural Interpretation of Space Colonization." International Journal of the Constructed Environment 9, no. 2 (2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2154-8587/cgp/v09i02/1-17.
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Fowler, Michael. "Sounds in space or space in sounds? Architecture as an auditory construct." Architectural Research Quarterly 19, no. 1 (March 2015): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135515000226.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The absolute consideration of the acoustic environment within architectural design praxis has traditionally been reserved only for those specialised listening facilities such as concert halls or recording studios. This is in spite of numerous recent calls from architects and theorists such as Juhani Pallasmaa, Ted Sheriden, Karen Van Lengen, and Björn Hellström that architectural praxis must seek to move beyond what Jeremy Till describes as the vanity of form, and what Rafael Pizarro acknowledges as the seductive immediacy of pure visual articulations of space. That architectural design has traditionally been in a more than willing position to seek out myriad influences, theories, and extra-architectural knowledge has even led Jean-Claude Guédon and Botond Bognar to argue that architecture has ceased to occupy a finite domain – its boundaries have dissipated as the definition of what architecture is continues to evolve and expand.
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Sovilj, Danira. "The importance of lighting in the interpretations of Christian sacral architecture of the second half of the XX century." Arhitektura i urbanizam, no. 51 (2020): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/a-u0-27786.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The character of architectural space is dependent on the range of aspects that define it. Lighting presents a very significant component of architectural space. Apart from being functionally necessary for carrying out the planned activities, lighting also has a very important role in determining the ambient value of the segments or the entirety of the space. That role becomes even more important and dramatically evident in those architectural spaces that are meant to provide an intense experience for users, as in the case of sacral architecture. For centuries lighting has been a topic present in sacral architecture, and its significance becomes especially noticeable in newer interpretations of rigidly subdued contemplative spaces. The refined aesthetics of the architectural forms of the second half of the XX century often gives way to lighting as the central element of the architectural composition, which determines the mystical and suggestive ambiances that direct users to contemplation. The study is, in the first part, conducted through a theoretical analysis of the phenomena of natural and artificial lighting in architecture. Then, in the second part, an analysis of prominent examples of sacral architecture from the given period is applied in order to explore models of treating lighting as a key element in building expressive architectural spaces that invite spiritual reflections and contemplation. The goal of this research is to examine the potentials of lighting beyond its utilitarian function, and research the possibilities and potential of utilizing lighting as a carrier of the meditative and transcendental character of sacral architecture. The result of the research is a confirmation of the importance of lighting in sacral architecture, and an insight into the ways of thinking about light in the context of shaping suggestive and meditative architectural spaces that intensify the hyperphysical experience.
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Baku, Eszter, Erzsébet Urbán, and Zorán Vukoszávlyev. "Protestant Space-Continuity." Actas de Arquitectura Religiosa Contemporánea 5 (July 25, 2018): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/aarc.2017.5.0.5146.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Intensive efforts started in the last decades to get to know the Central and Eastern European and the Hungarian church architecture. In this historically depressed period (1920/1945/1989), church buildings were important identity forming potencies in the life of the Protestant communities newly emerged by the rearrangement of country's borders. The modern architectural principles, the structural and liturgical questions gave opportunity for continuous experimentations in the examined period, which resulted a centralizing tendency between the two world wars. Analysing the Protestant space organization, it is verifiable that these centralizing tendencies with identification character did not pull out from the de-emphasizing church architecture in spite of the historical–political events of World War II. The primary importance of the study is the holistic examination of the Protestant church architecture of the 20th century. The study shows the Protestant Church activity of the period through the two most significant denominations —the Calvinist and the Lutheran church architecture—, thereby providing a typological approach.
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Park, Sung Chun, Yun Sook Oh, and Sun hee Moon. "A study on the characteristics of Zaha Hadid's architecture from a multi-perspective perspective." Korea Institute of Design Research Society 9, no. 2 (June 30, 2024): 223–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.46248/kidrs.2024.2.233.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Zaha Hadid began to make a name for herself with deconstructionist architecture in the post-structuralist era of the 1980s, and led the way in organic, non-linear architecture as digital architecture became common after the 2000s. The numerous buildings she left behind before her death left a significant mark on the development of modern architecture. The multi-semantic perspective is a model used as an analysis framework for deconstructivist architecture in space philosophy. It is a perspective that can recognize modern architecture inherent in the pluralistic diversity of modern society by discovering the metaphors and essential meanings of architectural forms and spaces. As such, studying the architectural characteristics of her architecture from a multi-semantic perspective is judged to be of great significance in understanding the direction of the future of modern architecture. Therefore, this study traces Zaha Hadid's overall architectural works, analyzes the characteristics of her works from a multi-semantic perspective, and draws conclusions. In conclusion, Zaha Hadid started from deconstructionism, showed a change to digital architecture, and changed the function-oriented architecture seen in structuralism into a space that can be interpreted multiple times. She created the expandability of multi-perspectives through the diagonal lines and acute angles of deconstructivism, and brought about the expandability of multi-perspective space through the non-linear organicity shown in digital architecture.
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Sabatino, M. "Travel, Space, Architecture." Journal of Design History 25, no. 4 (October 17, 2012): 429–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jdh/eps036.
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Qi, Kang. "Time · Space · Architecture." Science in China Series E: Technological Sciences 52, no. 9 (August 5, 2009): 2481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11431-009-0284-0.
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Leach, Neil. "Terrestrial Space Architecture." Architectural Design 84, no. 6 (November 2014): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ad.1833.
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Pimienta, Laura Astrid Villarreal, and Carlos Ríos Llamas. "Architectural Space and the Oppression of Women in Mexican Houses." Journal of Building Technology 5, no. 1 (February 22, 2023): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32629/jbt.v5i1.1132.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Among the borders separating men and women, architecture occupies a primary role on the reproduction of inequalities and tensions, by assigning roles and users to different spaces. Often, the studies focus on inequalities between men and women in the field of architecture; others have chosen an historical approach to reveal the participation of women in the history of art and architecture. However, it is also important to explore the gender differences inhabiting architectural spaces. Architecture reproduces and reconfigures subjectivities through asymmetries in symbolic space. This paper introduces the discussion on women and the structures of domination expressed in contemporary architectural work and its material realm. Two examples of housing design in Mexico are reviewed and analyzed, pointing at different ways in which men and women think, use and represent their daily spaces. The analysis is structured on a double component: the lived space and the typology of the dwelling. Then, a series of questions are established about the relationships between dwelling, the way of thinking and living of women, as well as the hierarchical and patriarchal horizon with the one that designs and builds the domestic spaces of contemporary Mexico.
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Cabeleira, João. "Experiencing Architecture through Baroque Image: Gonçalves Sena, Painted Architecture as Architectural Space." International Journal of the Image 1, no. 2 (2011): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2154-8560/cgp/v01i02/44183.
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Gawlak, Agata, Paulina Kowalczyk, and Joanna Stefańska. "Unconventional exhibition spaces as an example of the synergy of architecture and art." Teka Komisji Architektury, Urbanistyki i Studiów Krajobrazowych 16, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/teka.2414.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article pertains to the relationship between an artwork (painting) and architectural space, as well as the issue of adapting unconventional architectural spaces for an exhibition function in relation to the author's exhibitions presenting the paintings from the same painting series. Different exhibition concepts of each of the exhibitions emphasize the role of a painting in shaping the architectural space and the quality of this space. An artwork becomes a tool that organizes space and influences its quality. At the Faculty of Architecture of Poznań University of Technology, as part of the research project of Professor A.M. Łubowski and J. Stefańska, D.Sc., titled "Artwork in Architecture", there has been research conducted on the correlation of architecture and art. The author was invited to participate in three exhibitions carried out as part of this project. The experiences connected with the project have been described in this article. The problem of using the interiors of buildings whose original purpose was different from exhibiting art , became a part of the author's research carried out in the form of individual and collective exhibitions. Two of them, which took place between 2017 and 2018, showcased paintings from the same series, entitled " I Have Been to Hel(l) and Back. And: Let me Tell you, It Was Wonderful ”, highlighted the importance of the dialogue between architecture and art and created awareness how much this interdependence influences the transformation of the perception of both art and architecture. Appropriate compositional solutions and an appropriate selection of artworks contribute to the complete visual satisfaction of the recipient. Ill-considered combinations cause visual discomfort, which detracts from the potential of both works of art and architectural space. Therefore, it is a need to perform an in-depth analysis of the relationship between the artwork and architectural space, and to avoid conventional, schematic exhibition solutions. The same works placed in various spaces affect the viewer in a different way. The change of the environment influences the change of perception, which creates new interpretative possibilities for the painting’s narrative, while the architectural space gains a wider context of reception through its individualization and increased accessibility. The emotional and intellectual aspect of painting enriches the space with new meanings.
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Dimovska, Natalija. "Unification of the Architectural Space and Landscape Through Intensification in Pictorial Form." South East European Journal of Architecture and Design 2020 (January 15, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/seejad.2020.10048.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The research is prompted by the need to merge architecture and nature through the homogenization of architectural space and landscape. When uniting the architecture and the nature, an unbreakable connection is created, represented in the pictorial form. A link that allows the human to be part of this homogenization, without affecting it, but on the contrary, giving it spirituality and purpose while satisfying the basic purpose of this architectural space. In addition to the connection that is created as a result of unification and is considered a primary, architecture - nature; architecture – landscape, there is also a connection that is related to the character of the space, a connection that brings together two deeply ancient close activities, architecture and art. The aim of the research is to develop and interpret the image of this relation architecture - nature, through the adaptation and the essence of the architectural space, while allowing appropriate use and constant inspiration that are directly related to the program features of this architectural space.
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Duque, Estela. "Modern tropical architecture: medicalisation of space in early twentieth-century Philippines." Architectural Research Quarterly 13, no. 3-4 (December 2009): 261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135510000114.
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In the interwar years European historians and critics of architecture tried to assimilate science into architecture and arts. For example Sigfried Giedion's Space, Time, and Architecture (1941) attempted to bring Einsteinian spacetime into architectural theory, while Nikolaus Pevsner's An Outline of European Architecture (c. 1943) used space as a criterion to differentiate architecture from other art forms. These brought to the idea of ‘space’ a distinctly modern meaning, making it a universal signifier; whereas in the last decade, architectural historians have argued for the historical specificity of space and a deeper examination of the social and spatial practices embedded in the making of space. This study inquires into the atemporal readings of space, using Lefebvre's theory on the production of space by ‘interested subjects’.
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González-Riquelme, Alicia Paz, and Claudia Marcela Calderón-Aguilera. "Espacio público y habitar poético. El caso del Museo Experimental el Eco." Arquitecturas del Sur 42, no. 65 (January 31, 2024): 08–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22320/07196466.2024.42.065.01.
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This article, inscribed within a broader investigation of public space and poetic living, analyzes Museo Experimental El Eco, one of the masterpieces of modern architecture in Mexico, where the architectural space participates actively in the presentation of diverse artistic manifestations and the public’s emotional, aesthetic, and sensitive experience. “El Eco,” a project embedded in the San Rafael neighborhood in Mexico City, was designed and built between 1952 and 1953 by Mathias Goeritz, a grand plastic artist whose work ranges from the field of graphics to urban sculpture. With his great recognition as an artist and a critical vision of modern architecture, Goeritz is presented with the opportunity to shape an architectural project with few programmatic constraints, his understanding of architecture, which, in turn, condenses in his famous manifesto of emotional architecture. The article presents an analysis of the architectural spatiality of this work, focused on the experience of the place and supported by the compilation and study of the background information, visits, tours on different days, photographic shots, and preparation of the respective plans. Goeritz, like the great artist he was, is able to approach architecture as the result of the meeting of emptiness and matter so that the body’s emotions and sensations in the space flow to structure the very meaning of architectural creation.
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RADULOVA, Yana I. "SOCIAL ECOLOGY OF A CITY: FEATURES OF LIVING ENVIRONMENT FORMATION." Urban construction and architecture 7, no. 2 (June 15, 2017): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2017.02.14.
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The interaction between internal and external spaces in modern architecture of low-rise residential house is shown. The features of spatial boundaries and their resources for low-rise residential architectural objects are studied. Ecological problems of spatial boundaries formation are revealed. Current researches in the fi eld of architecture ecology are viewed. The major criteria of evaluation of sustainability of architectural boundaries of low-rise housing are determined. The principle of nature conformity of space in low-rise architecture is revealed. This principle is studied on two levels - methodological and practical, and it supposes internal space formation in according with nature environment factors and its ecological status.
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RADULOVA, Yana I. "SOCIAL ECOLOGY OF A CITY: FEATURES OF LIVING ENVIRONMENT FORMATION." Urban construction and architecture 7, no. 2 (June 15, 2017): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2017.02.14.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The interaction between internal and external spaces in modern architecture of low-rise residential house is shown. The features of spatial boundaries and their resources for low-rise residential architectural objects are studied. Ecological problems of spatial boundaries formation are revealed. Current researches in the fi eld of architecture ecology are viewed. The major criteria of evaluation of sustainability of architectural boundaries of low-rise housing are determined. The principle of nature conformity of space in low-rise architecture is revealed. This principle is studied on two levels - methodological and practical, and it supposes internal space formation in according with nature environment factors and its ecological status.
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Zhang, Dong Xu, Da Ping Liu, Xin Ru Wei, and Meng Xiao. "Research of Chinese Buddhist Temples Space Design." Advanced Materials Research 311-313 (August 2011): 1569–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.311-313.1569.
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The number of the religious architecture makes up 70 percent of the total of existing traditional buildings in China, in which the largest proportion is the Chinese Buddhist architecture, this paper has been studied in this kind of building. Firstly, the religious background and development history of the Chinese Buddhist architecture is introduced, and this paper puts forward that this architectural form was affected by the ancient folk houses. Compared to Buddhist architecture in other countries, they are majestic in shape and beautiful elaborate in decoration, the whole form and nature landscape melt into one another. Secondly, religious spaces are analyzed, including the location of Buddhist temple, the overall layout and the single building. Most temples were built on the hill, and the Buddhist hall is the center of architectural complex. Single building is very similar, and its position is attached to its status in spatial sequence. Thirdly, the design concept of Buddhist architecture was discovered. It was pointed out that Chinese traditional philosophy, i.e. the view of the nature, determines the space composition inside and outside of Chinese Buddhist architecture. At last, the paper summed up the design of Buddhist architecture and gave a prospect about the way of its future development.
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Xue, Yu, Zhenman Zhang, and Ferrante Neri. "Similarity surrogate-assisted evolutionary neural architecture search with dual encoding strategy." Electronic Research Archive 32, no. 2 (2024): 1017–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/era.2024050.
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<abstract><p>Neural architecture search (NAS), a promising method for automated neural architecture design, is often hampered by its overwhelming computational burden, especially the architecture evaluation process in evolutionary neural architecture search (ENAS). Although there are surrogate models based on regression or ranking to assist or replace the neural architecture evaluation process in ENAS to reduce the computational cost, these surrogate models are still affected by poor architectures and are not able to accurately find good architectures in a search space. To solve the above problems, we propose a novel surrogate-assisted NAS approach, which we call the similarity surrogate-assisted ENAS with dual encoding strategy (SSENAS). We propose a surrogate model based on similarity measurement to select excellent neural architectures from a large number of candidate architectures in a search space. Furthermore, we propose a dual encoding strategy for architecture generation and surrogate evaluation in ENAS to improve the exploration of well-performing neural architectures in a search space and realize sufficiently informative representations of neural architectures, respectively. We have performed experiments on NAS benchmarks to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The experimental results show that SSENAS can accurately find the best neural architecture in the NAS-Bench-201 search space after only 400 queries of the tabular benchmark. In the NAS-Bench-101 search space, it can also get results that are comparable to other algorithms. In addition, we conducted a large number of experiments and analyses on the proposed algorithm, showing that the surrogate model measured via similarity can gradually search for excellent neural architectures in a search space.</p></abstract>
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Andjelkovic, Katarina. "Kinesthetic Imagination in Architecture: Design and Representation of Space." Život umjetnosti, no. 106 (November 30, 2020): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31664/zu.2020.106.02.
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Histories of architecture have long-recognized the vital role of concepts, strategies and principles exchanged between architecture and film, which reconfigured their systems of knowledge and made this relationship rich. Nonetheless, film has been used mainly as an instrument of narration and representation in architecture, only rarely engaged in questioning how it affects the way we understand, think and design space. Some of the most recent architectural design practices have recognized that film, using its specific screen environment, can provide a source of new architectural imagination while contextualizing our kinesthetic experience of space. In this article, I will examine how kinesthetic imagination has informed architectural practice in relation to the established practices of architectural representation.
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Sha, Xin Wei. "Minor architecture: poetic and speculative architectures in public space." AI & SOCIETY 26, no. 2 (September 16, 2010): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00146-010-0290-6.
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Jin, Charles, Phitchaya Mangpo Phothilimthana, and Sudip Roy. "Neural architecture search using property guided synthesis." Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages 6, OOPSLA2 (October 31, 2022): 1150–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3563329.
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Neural architecture search (NAS) has become an increasingly important tool within the deep learning community in recent years, yielding many practical advancements in the design of deep neural network architectures. However, most existing approaches operate within highly structured design spaces, and hence (1) explore only a small fraction of the full search space of neural architectures while also (2) requiring significant manual effort from domain experts. In this work, we develop techniques that enable efficient NAS in a significantly larger design space. In particular, we propose to perform NAS in an abstract search space of program properties. Our key insights are as follows: (1) an abstract search space can be significantly smaller than the original search space, and (2) architectures with similar program properties should also have similar performance; thus, we can search more efficiently in the abstract search space. To enable this approach, we also introduce a novel efficient synthesis procedure, which performs the role of concretizing a set of promising program properties into a satisfying neural architecture. We implement our approach, αNAS, within an evolutionary framework, where the mutations are guided by the program properties. Starting with a ResNet-34 model, αNAS produces a model with slightly improved accuracy on CIFAR-10 but 96% fewer parameters. On ImageNet, αNAS is able to improve over Vision Transformer (30% fewer FLOPS and parameters), ResNet-50 (23% fewer FLOPS, 14% fewer parameters), and EfficientNet (7% fewer FLOPS and parameters) without any degradation in accuracy.
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Karaičić, Danica. "[In]Corporeal Architecture: On the Clothed Body and Architectural Space." AM Journal of Art and Media Studies, no. 18 (April 15, 2019): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25038/am.v0i18.302.
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In this paper, I will discuss the clothed architectural body and how it simultaneously experiences and constructs architectural space. For this purpose, I will analyse [In]Corporeal Architecture, an art experiment that I conducted at an outdoor exhibition space called Testing Grounds in February 2018 as part of my current PhD studies in Melbourne, Australia. [In]Corporeal Architecture challenges relationships between the body, cloth and architecture. To address this complexity, I draw on Gins and Arakawa’s book Architectural Body. Article received: December 18, 2018; Article accepted: January 23, 2019; Published online: April 15, 2019; Original scholarly paperHow to cite this article: Karaičić, Danica. "[In]Corporeal Architecture: On the Clothed Body and Architectural Space." AM Journal of Art and Media Studies 18 (2019): 89–105. doi: 10.25038/am.v0i18.302
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Kiuntsli, Romana, Andriy Stepanyuk, Iryna Besaha, and Justyna Sobczak-Piąstka. "Metamorphosis of the Architectural Space of Goetheanum." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (July 8, 2020): 4700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144700.
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In the beginning of the XX century, political, economic, and demographic revolutions contributed to the emergence of extraordinary people. In architecture, they were Frank Lloyd Wright, Antonio Gaudí, Frank Owen Gary, Le Corbusier, Hugo Hering, Alvar Aalto, Hans Sharun, Walter Burley Griffin, and Marion Mahony Griffin. Each of them was given a lot of attention in the media resources and their creativity was researched in different fields of knowledge. However, Rudolf Steiner’s work remains controversial to this day. Although many of the architects mentioned above enthusiastically commented on Steiner’s architectural works, there was always ambiguity in the perception of this mystic architect. Such a careful attitude to the work of the architect is due primarily to his worldview, his extraordinary approach to art and architecture in particular, because it is in architecture that Steiner was able to implement the basic tenets of anthroposophy, which he founded. The purpose of this study is to determine the content of the spatial structure of Steiner’s architecture, which makes it unique in the history of architectural heritage. The authors offer the scientific community the first article in a series of articles on the anthroposophical architecture of Rudolf Steiner and the philosophical concept that influenced the formation of this architecture.
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Yin, Bowen, and Ting Zhang. "Interpretation of Manchu Traditional Space Decoration in Inn Environment Design—Space Design of Sun Inn." Learning & Education 9, no. 3 (December 29, 2020): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/l-e.v9i3.1582.
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In the space design of solar inn, we should grasp the aesthetic fatigue of modern touriststo the common commercial hotel and build a hotel with the theme of national culture. Through on-the-spot investigation of the architectural culture characteristics of the Manchu nationality in Northeast China, the characteristics of the architectural culture of the Manchu nationality in Northeast China are analyzed.The study of folk architecture inherits and develops under the background of the development of the new era, so that the national cultural architecture can be better innovated, especially in the area similar to the Manchu folk culture in northeast China.
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Zhao, Bin, and Mei Fang Yu. "Zhejiang Residential Architecture Space Protection and Development Research." Advanced Materials Research 598 (November 2012): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.598.96.
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The analysis of present situation and characteristics of Zhejiang architecture space basing on documentation and field surveys. Today, in modern building developments, China is undergoing a transformation of architectural space. Zhejiang traditional vernacular architecture is facing damaging even mound-death threats. How to protect existing residential areas and develop Zhejiang architecture space is becoming a matter of great urgency. Takes Hu Xueyan residence in Hangzhou as example to study characteristics of Zhejiang architecture space. It also makes full use of modern technology and theory to dig into characteristics of Zhejiang architecture, ecological construction experience and ecological environmental awareness, which has referential significance in well protection and development of Zhejiang architecture space.
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Kreft, Lev. "Architecture through sport." SAJ - Serbian Architectural Journal 4, no. 2 (2012): 176–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/saj1202176k.
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We can find certain parallelism between architecture and sport in history (Rome) and in contemporaneity with spectacular sport as most global kind of entertainment, and recognizable sport architecture as sign of its universal presence. London Olympic Games 2012 followed slogan "Architecture for Humanity", adding ecological and social concern to more traditional idea of sport objects as modern cathedrals. Sport architecture has become a statement, and it embodies ideology which turns sport into reason for hope. Sport architecture is created on the field where standardization of space (and time) exists for more than hundred years, together with concentration of power in sport associations which, during these hundred years, changed their identity from civil society movements into capital enterprise institutions. Original meaning of "sport" (desportes, deport) as activity deported beyond regular and ordinary everyday life was extended into new region of space and time where mass media entertainment is produced. Contemporary sport architecture has to follow specifically sport rules for playground space, and rules of media presence. Sport places are spaces where massive audience watches the game, and were it watches itself watching - to be seen by massive media audience whose virtual presence is perhaps today the most important concern of architectural design for sport.
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Price, Hoppy, John Baker, and Firouz Naderi. "A Minimal Architecture for Human Journeys to Mars." New Space 3, no. 2 (June 2015): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/space.2015.0018.
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Vallerand, Olivier. "Messing up the Domestic: Queer Bodies Expanding Architectures." Somatechnics 10, no. 3 (December 2020): 397–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/soma.2020.0329.
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Queer space discourse in architecture has often been about reclaiming sexualized spaces or spaces used by LGBT people as being part of architectural history. However, critical practitioners have sought to expand from an understanding based on an essentialist understanding of queer bodies to link instead the experience of built environments to the repression of non-normative/non-compliant bodies. This article discusses projects by J. Mayer H., Andrés Jaque/Office for Political Innovation (OFFPOLINN), and MYCKET that build on a queer understanding of architecture and design to explore relationships between bodies, the materiality of domestic spaces, and communal identities, challenging binary understandings of architectural design spaces and linking them to the configuration of citizenship. J. Mayer H.’s work on data-protection patterns and thermo-sensitive materials uses bodies as material in developing a discourse on privacy stemming in part from queer people's experience of oppressing policies. OFFPOLINN's projects on IKEA and on gay cruising digital environments question the role of architects by underlining the close integration of advertisement, online social networks, and urban and architectural policies in relation to the experience of citizenship and migration. Finally, MYCKET's queer feminist performative architectures attempts to reframe the neutrality of the architectural modernist tradition to celebrate the messiness that comes with thinking of space as designed for a diversity of people. The three practices expand architectural discussions of domesticity beyond an understanding of the house as a container for family life and towards seeing it as a nexus of social and political relations that converge around the body.
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Parneta, Mariana, Mykola Habrel, and Vitalii Kovalchuk. "Justification of the Media-Linguistic Approach to the Formation of Architecture and Development of Urban Spaces." Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 33, no. 2 (October 31, 2023): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.33.2.33798.
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The research object is the media content of architecture and urban spaces, which is important for designing modern architecture and integrating it into the existing environment. It is established that the ability of an architectural environment to transmit information and be a communication element allows considering it as a language. Media architecture includes the whole complex of elements, the relationship of which translates a specific idea or demonstrates its absence. Analyzing the informative essence of a city as its language has a number of advantages. Firstly, in this study, the language of a city is considered as a model of its ability to be a carrier of information. Secondly, this approach depicts the communicative properties of urban space best. Thirdly, speech has a direct connection with a person's consciousness, cognitive skills, and manifests itself through the interpretation of certain information by a person. Given this, it can be argued that this study is relevant in clarifying the issues of limiting and structuring information in the environment of a modern city. The theory of media in the architectural environment is based on the analysis of existing examples of media formation at three hierarchical levels: urban space, an architectural object, and a finishing element. This study is conducted in the example of the city of Lviv. Material and mental aspects of media, which form the informative essence of an object or space and directly affect its perception by a person, are identified. This leads to the division of the essence of media architecture and urban spaces into material and mental components. A methodology for analyzing architecture and spaces using a media-linguistic approach, which includes six stages of analysis, has been developed. The application of this approach in design will allow moving from a chaotic environment to creating a conceptual anthropocentric space.
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Hasegawa, Shiho. "A study of the biological concept in architectural thought: A comparison between 'Der raum als membran' (1926) and 'Metabolism' (1960)." SAJ - Serbian Architectural Journal 11, no. 3 (2019): 427–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/saj1903427h.
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This study analyzes the biological influence on the architecture in the 20th century by focusing on two particular biological architectural thought; "Der Raum als Membran (Space as Membrane)" by Siegfried Ebeling in 1926 and "Metabolism" by a group of Japanese architects in 1960. First, I discuss "Der Raum als Membran". Ebeling saw architecture or space as a biological membrane, like skin or a cell, and he proposed a theory of biological architecture. He not only introduced into planning an environment this biological metaphor with its flexibility of a membrane but also incorporated a biological concept like Umwelt. Second, I investigate a manifesto by the name of "Metabolism", which was produced in 1960 by a group of Japanese architects. They thought buildings and urban designs had an existence and underwent metabolism, which is a basic function of living things, and proposed variable and proliferate architectures having dynamic time spans. By comparing these biological architectural concepts, I point out three main similarities: 1) the expansion of the biological concept into architecture; 2) the cell as a metaphor; and 3) dynamic buildings or urban design. Although the authors had different backgrounds, all of them introduced new architectural ideas in their own times.
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Rastorguev, Semyon, and Elena Golubeva. "Emotions in Architecture." Smart composite in construction 4, no. 3 (September 23, 2023): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.52957/2782-1919-2024-4-3-95-108.
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The article deals with the phenomenon of emotions in architecture: emotions as an integral part of architecture, a driving force of architecture, and a component of the creative design process. The article attempts to consider the aspects of this issue, and, based on the collected data, develop a generalizing model – an architectural project of a Museum of Emotions or an object, which functional programme includes classification, demonstration of emotions to the viewer, identification of relationships between different emotions and methods of their display by architectural facilities. Also the article deals with the concepts of "sensory architecture - the impact of architecture on the emotional picture of the world in the eyes of the observer", the connection "ecology-architecture-emotions", "emotional component in the exposition and museum space", "the impact of lighting on emotions caused by architectural space", and "digital recognition of emotions".
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Kłopotowska, Agnieszka. "Architecture and sounds the interdisciplinary research on the use of audio signals in the cognition and design of architectural space." Budownictwo i Architektura 18, no. 2 (December 27, 2019): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.566.
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In the contemporary world of image, the basic attribute of architecture is its visuality. Architectural spaces are designed primarily to be viewed by the public or the "eyes" of cameras. The design for the sense of sight only impoverishes the quality of human contact with architecture. The art of shaping space should involve all perception channels. One of the most important senses, allowing to feel the created space, to get to know it and live in it, is hearing. The sonic image of architectural space not only accompanies the visual image, but also significantly defines the quality of existential and aesthetic experiences. The architect's task should be to skilfully use acoustic signals as an integral part of the design process. This belief has inspired a multidisciplinary project entitled: "Sounds of architecture", devoted to the study of the phenomenon of sound and its significance in the perception and use of the architectural environment by people. This project was carried out under the guidance of the author in 2014-2015 with the involvement of representatives of various disciplines of science and art. The result of interdisciplinary research was the monograph "Sounds of Architecture", published in 2016.
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Keravala, Jim, Dale Tietz, and Bill Stone. "Shackleton Energy Company's Propellant Depot and Space Transportation Architecture." New Space 1, no. 2 (June 2013): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/space.2013.0014.
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Bussemaker, Jasper, Raúl García Sánchez, Mahmoud Fouda, Luca Boggero, and Björn Nagel. "Function‐Based Architecture Optimization: An Application to Hybrid‐Electric Propulsion Systems." INCOSE International Symposium 33, no. 1 (July 2023): 251–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iis2.13020.
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AbstractDecisions arising in architecting processes greatly impact the success of the final product, however are subject to high uncertainty and large combinatorial design spaces. Selecting the best architecture for the problem at hand can be supported by architecture optimization techniques. In this paper, we show how architecture optimization can used for designing complex aeronautical systems, with the design of hybrid‐electric aircraft propulsion systems as an application case. The function‐based architecture optimization problem is formulated using an Architecture Design Space Graph (ADSG) created with the ADORE tool. Automatically generated architecture alternatives are evaluated using a multidisciplinary analysis framework coupling an overall aircraft design tool to mission and propulsion system simulation code. The multidisciplinary analysis toolchain is rebuilt for each architecture, automatically including and coupling selecting components. Architectures are optimized for three objectives using a multi‐objective genetic algorithm. It is demonstrated that the large architecture design space can be effectively searched and a Pareto front can be obtained.
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Azizi, Mona, and Zohreh Torabi. "The Role of Structure in Creating Architectural Space." Current World Environment 10, Special-Issue1 (June 28, 2015): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.10.special-issue1.18.
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What is the role of structure in creating and identifying architectural space? The structure and architecture be may related through a variety of methods which includes a full range of priority of the structure over architecture to the structural requirements ignorance in determining the shape and beauty of the building. In this study we are determined to first examine the relationship between structure and architecture as two monotonous elements and consider the position of “high-tech” architecture in the same tone as well as the structural position in creating space and especially architectural space. This study is an analytical study in which the library method is used for data collection. It is concluded from the various studies in the area that although in the past the building structure must had been remained hidden and covered and the had to be no traces of structure within or outside of the buildings but with the development of science and technology the role and position of structures have changed as far as the structure itself creates architectural space and gives identity.