Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Southern Vales (S. Aust.)"

New methods are presented for determining the role of coupled ocean-atmosphere model climate bias on the strength and variability of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and on the seasonal ensemble prediction of El Nino and La Nina events. An intermediate complexity model with a global atmosphere coupled to a Pacific basin ocean is executed with parallelised algorithms to produce computationally efficient year-long forecasts of large ensembles of coupled flow fields, beginning every month between 1980 and 1999. Firstly, the model is provided with forcing functions that reproduce the average annual cycle of climatology of the atmosphere and ocean based on reanalysed observations. We also configure the model to generate realistic ENSO fluctuations. Next, an ensemble prediction scheme is employed which produces perturbations that amplify rapidly over a month. These perturbations are added to the analyses and give the initial conditions for the ensemble forecasts. The skill of the forecasts is presented and the dependency on the annual and ENSO cycles determined. Secondly, we replace the forcing functions in our model with functions that reproduce the averaged annual cycles of climatology of two state of the art, comprehensive Coupled General Circulation Models. The changes in skill of subsequent ensemble forecasts elucidate the roles of model bias in error growth and potential predictability. References C. S. Frederiksen, J. S. Frederiksen, and R. C. Balgovind. ENSO variability and prediction in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Aust. Met. Ocean. J., 59:35–52, 2010a. URL http://www.bom.gov.au/jshess/papers.php?year=2010. C. S. Frederiksen, J. S. Frederiksen, and R. C. Balgovind. Dynamic variability and seasonal predictability in an intermediate complexity coupled ocean-atmosphere model. In Proceedings of the 16th Biennial Computational Techniques and Applications Conference, CTAC-2012, volume 54 of ANZIAM J., pages C34–C55, 2013a. doi:10.21914/anziamj.v54i0.6296. C. S. Frederiksen, J. S. Frederiksen, J. M. Sisson, and S. L. Osbrough. Trends and projections of Southern Hemisphere baroclinicity: the role of external forcing and impact on Australian rainfall. Clim. Dyn., 48:3261–3282, 2017. doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3263-8. J. S. Frederiksen, C. S. Frederiksen, and S. L. Osbrough. Seasonal ensemble prediction with a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Aust. Met. Ocean. J., 59:53–66, 2010b. URL http://www.bom.gov.au/jshess/papers.php?year=2010. J. S. Frederiksen, C. S. Frederiksen, and S. L. Osbrough. Methods of ensemble prediction for seasonal forecasts with a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. In Proceedings of the 16th Biennial Computational Techniques and Applications Conference, CTAC-2012, volume 54 of ANZIAM J., pages C361–C376, 2013b. doi:10.21914/anziamj.v54i0.6509. P. R. Gent, G. Danabasoglu, L. J. Donner, M. M. Holland, E. C. Hunke, S. R. Jayne, D. M. Lawrence, R. B. Neale, P. J. Rasch, M. Vertenstein, P. H. Worley, Z.-L. Yang, and M. Zhang. The community Climate System Model version 4. J. Clim., 24:4973–4991, 2011. doi:10.1175/2011JCLI4083.1. S. Grainger, C. S. Frederiksen, and X. Zheng. Assessment of modes of interannual variability of Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation in CMIP5 models. J. Clim., 27:8107–8125, 2014. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00251.1. E. Kalnay, M. Kanamitsu, R. Kistler, W. Collins, D. Deaven, L. Gandin, M. Iredell, S. Saha, G. White, J. Woollen, Y. Zhu, M. Chelliah, W. Ebisuzaki, W. Higgins, J. Janowiak, K. C. Mo, C. Ropelewski, J. Wang, A. Leetmaa, R. Reynolds, R. Jenne, and D. Joseph. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77:437–472, 1996. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2. H. A. Rashid, A. Sullivan, A. C. Hirst, D. Bi, X. Zhou, and S. J. Marsland. Evaluation of El Nino-Southern Oscillation in the ACCESS coupled model simulations for CMIP5. Aust. Met. Ocean. J., 63:161–180, 2013. doi:10.22499/2.6301.010. K. E. Taylor, R. J. Stouffer, and G. A. Meehl. An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 93:485–498, 2012. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1.

Pelargonium capitatum (rose pelargonium) is a plant indigenous to southern Africa, originally brought to Western Australia for its ornamental qualities. It has since become naturalized in the Southwest Australian Floristic Region, recognized for its high level of species endemism, where it is a serious invasive weed in bushlands and coastal dunes. Since P. capitatum outcompetes native species it is listed among the top 10 most important coastal weeds of the region (3). In 2008, large patches of stunted, dying, and dead P. capitatum plants were observed within a population covering coastal dunes at Woodman Point, Western Australia (GPS coordinates 32°07′40.51″S, 115°45′28.39″E). Diseased plants had small misshapen leaves in clumps that were often chlorotic or pink, shortened internodes, and exhibited phylloidy typical of infection by a phytoplasma. From August 2009 to January 2010, samples from symptomatic and asymptomatic plants were collected from the site and from plants of an asymptomatic population at another site located on the Murdoch University campus nearby. DNA was extracted from 15 samples collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic plants at the dune site and from five at the campus site. Briefly, 2 to 5 g of leaf and stem tissue was cut into 5-mm pieces and shaken overnight in 30 ml of phosphate-buffered saline buffer. Supernatant was filtered and a pellet was collected by centrifugation. After resuspension in 500 μl of extraction buffer (200 mM Tris-HCl [pH 7.5] 250mM NaCl, 25mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate, and 2% polyvinylpyrrolidone), DNA was precipitated in 500 μl of cold isopropanol. Samples were tested for the presence of phytoplasma ribosomal 16S DNA by nested PCR using phytoplasma universal primers P1/P7 followed by amplification with primers Tint, R16mF2, and R16mR1 (1,2,4). Phytoplasma-specific DNA sequences were synthesized directly from amplicons using the above primers. Phytoplasma was detected from both symptomatic and asymptomatic plant samples collected from the dune site but not from the campus site. Analysis of the nine sequences obtained (GenBank Accession Nos. HM583339, HM583340, HM583341, HM583342, HM583343, HM583344, HM583345, HM583346, and HM583347) revealed high sequence identity between isolates (~99%) and with the ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia’ (16SrII) group of phytoplasmas (1,4). Presence of phytoplasma in symptomatic plants was confirmed by histological examination of stem sections stained with Dienes' stain. This finding is significant because there is potential for utilizing this phytoplasma to control P. capitatum where it has invaded ecologically significant sites, although its effect on indigenous plants must be determined first. Although phytoplasmas within the 16SrII group have been identified in Australia previously (1,4), to our knowledge, this is the first report of it infecting P. capitatum. References: (1) K. S. Gibb et al. Phytopathology 85:169, 1995. (2) D. E. Gundersen and I.-M. Lee. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 35:144, 1996. (3) B. M. J. Hussey et al. Western Weeds. A Guide to the Weeds of Western Australia. 2nd ed. Plant Protection Society of Western Australia, Victoria Park, 2007. (4) M. Saqib et al. J. R. Soc. West. Aust. 90:175, 2007.

Abstract A description is provided for Stigmina carpophila. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: On leaves forming small purplish spots with a yellow centre, then turning brown and later developing into a shot-hole effect when the central portion drops out; on twigs as small black spots which later enlarge and become sunken. HOSTS: Prunus amygdalus[Prunus dulcis] [almond], P. armeniaca [apricot], P. avium [sweet cherry], P. cerasus [sour cherry], P. communis, P. domestica [plum], P. italica, P. laurocerasus [cherry laurel], P. persica [peach]. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Algeria [4, 171], Angola [47, 3400], Azores [Beusaude, 6, 80], Egypt [26, 497], Ethiopia [IMI], Libya [IMI], Madagascar [30, 630], Morocco [Maire & Werner, 18, 550], South Africa [19, 418], Zimbabwe [Hopkins, 21, 213]. ASIA: Afghanistan [Gattani et al., 42, 296], China (Hunan [Wang, 25, 525], N.W. [40, 543], Kinagsu-Szechwan [45, 2441]), Hong Kong [33, 411; IMI], India (IMI, [Butler & Bisby, 41, 18], Kashmir [47, 2759, 72, 3842]), Iran [38, 378], Iraq [47, 3062], Israel [15, 683], Japan [Shira & Hara, 7, 672], Lebanon [49, 982], Pakistan [IMI, 44, 2757; 52, 376], Syria [38, 383], Turkey [IMI, 27, 350; 34, 464], former USSR ['Armenia', 'Stalinsk', 'Tadzhikistan', 'Uzbekistan' (37, 292, 710; 5, 175; 6, 18; 20, 372), 'Kazakhstan' (45, 1728), 'Kinghizstan' (44, 1470), 'Soviet Far East' (46, 19), 'Turkmen' (Golovin, Ashkabad Inst. Bot. Akad. Nauk TSSR 1965; 50, 1113)]. AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA: Australia [NSW, Qd., S. Aust., Vict., W. Aust. (IMI, 27, 27; 42, 331; 25, 218; 22, 470; Carne, 5, 118), Tas. (3, 259)], New Zealand [Brien, 18, 726]. EUROPE: Austria [29, 403], Belgium [28, 51], Bulgaria [40, 543], Crete [50, 1144], Cyprus [IMI, Natrass, 17, 346], former Czechoslovakia [IMI], Denmark [27, 411], France [19, 104], Germany [IMI, 11, 186], Greece [5, 15], Hungary [18, 535], Ireland [Adamas & Pethybridge, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. B 28(4): 148 (1910), Italy [IMI, 26, 229], Netherlands [27, 244], Norway [Jørstad, 25, 184], Poland [4, 314], Portugal [D'Almeida, Contrib. Mycol. Port. : 47 (1903)], Rumania [20, 558; IMI], Spain [1, 354], Sweden [IMI, Rabenhorst-Winter, Fl. europ. exsicc. no. 2777 (1903)], Switzerland [27, 428], UK (IMI, [Moore, 39, 212], Channel Isles (Jersey [Philipps, 41, 2]), former USSR [Voronikhin, Mater. Mycol. fl. Sotchi Distr. : 58 (1914), Smarods, 10, 223, Brundza, 42, 308; 17, 837; 43, 1347], former Yugoslavia [31, 594]. NORTH AMERICA: Canada [IMI, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewan (Canad. Pl. Dis. Surv. 1920-1964), Que (46, 3383)], Mexico [1, 375, 72, 6164], USA [Agric. Handb. USDA 165, 1960 (40, 511), 40, 116, 71, 5682, 75, 1212)]. CENTRAL AMERICA & CARRIBEAN: Honduras [Muller et al., 41, 128]. SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina [Hauman-Merck, An. Mus. Nac. Hist. nat. B. Aires 26: 202 (1914); 20, 9; Valiela, 24, 28; Marchionatto, 24, 280], Bolivia [37, 8], Brazil (Central-Southern [32, 616]), Chile [23, 254], Peru [31, 208], Uraguay [28, 224].

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geology, 1996.
Copies of previously published articles inserted. Microfiches contain Appendices 2-16. Diskette contains Core log sheets. Microfiches and diskette are in pockets on back end paper. System requirements for disk: IBM-compatible 386-level or higher machine, Windows 3.1 or Windows 95. Other requirements: Free hand version 3 or higher. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-187).

Thesis (M.S. in Physical Oceanography)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2002.
Thesis advisor(s): Mary L. Batteen, Curtis A. Collins. Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-88). Also available online.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, National Centre for Petroleum Geology & Geophysics (NCPGG) /Dept. of Geology & Geophysics, 1993.
At head of title: "NERDDC/SENRAC Research Project." Three folded maps in pocket. Two microfiches in pocket. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-187).

I have utilised the orthography favoured by teachers and organisations associated with the Pitjantjatjara; my first lessons in the language were taught by Nancy Sheppard, previously of Ernabella who used this system (cf.Sheppard,1975) . Pitjantjatjara uses seventeen consonants, and six vowels. The plosives p, k, t and tj are unaspirated. The language has two sounds indicated by r; a rolled r, symbolised as rr; and a retroflexed r. I have not indicated these retroflexes in the text, but point out here that the two words containing retroflexed r so.unds I use most frequently in the thesis are malu (red kangaroo), a retroflexed lateral; and anangu (Aboriginal person), a retroflexed nasal. There are three long vowel sounds, symbolised as ii, aa and uu; short vowels are i as in 'hit'; a as in 'cut' and u as in 'put'. Consonants are pronounced as follows: tj as an unaspirated English 'j'; ng as in 'long'; ny as in 'canyon'; ly has no English equivalent; w, y and m are pronounced as in English.

At head of title: "NERDDC/SENRAC Research Project."
Three folded maps in pocket
Two microfiches in pocket
Bibliography: leaves 155-187
118, [70] leaves, [23] leaves of plates : ill. (chiefly col.), maps ; 30 cm. + 2 microfiches
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, National Centre for Petroleum Geology & Geophysics (NCPGG) /Dept. of Geology & Geophysics, 1993