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1
Staples, DJ, and DJ Vance. "Comparative recruitment of the banana prawn, Penaeus merguiensis, in five estuaries of the south-eastern Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 38, no. 1 (1987): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9870029.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recruitment patterns of postlarvae immigrating into mangrove nursery areas of five major estuaries around the south-eastern Gulf of Carpentaria, as well as juveniles emigrating offshore into coastal waters, were compared for the banana prawn, Penaeus merguiensis, from September 1978 to March 1979.. Although considerable variability was observed among rivers, some basic recruitment patterns were discernible. Recruitment of postlarvae tended to follow a 28-day cycle with increased immigration on alternate spring tides. Variability between rivers in the number of resident juvenile prawns at any one sampling time resulted mainly from differences in the relative magnitude of postlarval settlement from these monthly cohorts. After the first heavy rainfall of the monsoon season, the lower reaches of rivers with !xger catchment areas a!! ran fresh, setthg up a physica! barrier to further past larval immigration. In contrast, post larval immigration continued throughout the study period in the river with the smallest catchment. There was a trend for more successful immigration earlier in the more northern rivers. Offshore emigration was influenced by rainfall, tide height and number of resident juvenile prawns at the time of emigration. The relative importance of these three factors differed among rivers, depending on the timing of rainfall in relation to the timing of juvenile population changes and the degree of flooding. These local differences in the timing of emigration of juveniles could be detected in the abundance and size of adolescent prawns in the offshore coastal area of the south-eastern Gulf which in turn influenced the size composition of prawns available to the commercial fishery.
2
Richards, Eric. "How Did Poor People Emigrate from the British Isles to Australia in the Nineteenth Century?" Journal of British Studies 32, no. 3 (July 1993): 250–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386032.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One of the great themes of modern history is the movement of poor people across the face of the earth. For individuals and families the economic and psychological costs of these transoceanic migrations were severe. But they did not prevent millions of agriculturalists and proletarians from Europe reaching the new worlds in both the Atlantic and the Pacific basins in the nineteenth century. These people, in their myriad voyages, shifted the demographic balance of the continents and created new economies and societies wherever they went. The means by which these emigrations were achieved are little explored.Most emigrants directed themselves to the cheapest destinations. The Irish, for instance, migrated primarily to England, Scotland, and North America. The general account of British and European emigration in the nineteenth century demonstrates that the poor were not well placed to raise the costs of emigration or to insert themselves into the elaborate arrangements required for intercontinental migration. Usually the poor came last in the sequence of emigration.The passage to Australasia was the longest and the most expensive of these migrations. From its foundation as a penal colony in 1788, New South Wales depended almost entirely on convict labor during its first four decades. Unambiguous government sanction for free immigration emerged only at the end of the 1820s, when new plans were devised to encourage certain categories of emigrants from the British population. As each of the new Australian colonies was developed so the dependence on convict labor diminished.
3
HARLING, PHILIP. "ASSISTED EMIGRATION AND THE MORAL DILEMMAS OF THE MID-VICTORIAN IMPERIAL STATE." Historical Journal 59, no. 4 (March 28, 2016): 1027–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x15000473.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACTThis article examines three voyages of the late 1840s to advance the argument that emigration – often treated by its historians as ‘spontaneous’ – actually involved the laissez-faire mid-Victorian imperial state in significant projects of social engineering. The tale of the Virginius exemplifies that state's commitment to taking advantage of the Famine to convert the Irish countryside into an export economy of large-scale graziers. The tale of the Earl Grey exemplifies its commitment to transforming New South Wales into a conspicuously moral colony of free settlers. The tale of the Arabian exemplifies its commitment to saving plantation society in the British Caribbean from the twin threats posed by slave emancipation and free trade in sugar. These voyages also show how the British imperial state's involvement in immigration frequently immersed it in ethical controversy. Its strictly limited response to the Irish Famine contributed to mass death. Its modest effort to create better lives in Australia for a few thousand Irish orphans led to charges that it was dumping immoral paupers on its most promising colonies. Its eagerness to bolster sugar production in the West Indies put ‘liberated’ slaves in danger.
4
Arnold, GW, A. Grassia, DE Steven, and JR Weeldenburg. "Population ecology of western grey kangaroos in a remnant of wandoo woodland at Baker's Hill, southern Western Australia." Wildlife Research 18, no. 5 (1991): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9910561.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A subpopulation of western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) living in a 305-ha remnant of wandoo woodland in the mediterranean climate of the south-west of Western Australia was studied for 10 years. Measurements and estimates were made of a wide range of population characteristics including population size, composition, reproductive rate, emigration and immigration rates and death rates. Growth rates of males and females were established and yearly differences in nutritional status assessed. The population increased over four years from 146 � 22 to a plateau of around 200 before being culled to 95. The numbers then increased slowly over another six years to 158 individuals. The population had an average of 46 adult males per 100 adult females. Subadults plus juveniles made up 10-36% of the population, depending on the year. Breeding was seasonal, being earlier in years with early autumn rain. Reproductive rate was higher, overall, in these years. Females became sexually mature at about 16 kg, their reproductive rate increased with weight until they reached 24 kg; 91% of adult females over 24 kg had pouch young annually. Mortality of young appeared to be high, and to be the factor regulating the population. On average, only 27% of young survived the first year after leaving the pouch. Emigration rate was estimated to exceed immigration by 5% per annum. The estimated mortality rate of adults was 5% per annum. The nutritional status of individuals varied from year to year; within a year, only females were heavier in early summer than in later summer. It was concluded from faecal nitrogen levels that nitrogen was not a major factor influencing nutritional status in summer. Fifteen years after this remnant woodland was established by clearing, the subpopulation of kangaroos living in it appeared to be relatively stable in numbers, and certainly was not showing the marked fluctuations known to occur in semi-arid areas of Australia.
5
Tong, T. O., M. C. Kekana, M. Y. Shatalov, and S. P. Moshokoa. "A Deterministic Model for Five Major Medical Health Insurance Companies in South Africa." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 4866–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9567.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper, A deterministic for top five medical insurance in South African market system is analyzed under important parameters such as emigration, immigration, personal interaction and advertisement. The critical outcome indicate all those medical insurance will remain relevant to South African population as long the aforesaid parameters are positive and intensified.
6
Kekana, M. C., T. O. Tong, M. Y. Shatalov, and S. P. Moshokoa. "Series Solutions for South African Banks Users Using the Adomian Decomposition Method." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 2940–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9323.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper, A model for the four major South African banks namely Absa, First national, Standard and Nedbank users is developed and investigated. Series solutions for South African banks users is obtained using the Adomian decomposition method under factors emigration, immigration, advertisement of each bank and personal interaction amongst different bank users. The results reveals that people will continue using the four South African banks as long the aforesaid parameters are intensified.
7
Ilc Klun, Mojca. "The Importance of Individual Memories of Slovenian Emigrants When Interpreting Slovenian Emigration Processes." Ars & Humanitas 13, no. 1 (August 20, 2019): 174–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ah.13.1.174-190.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Slovenian emigration is often presented with a general overview in which general data and statistical facts prevail, while the individual experiences and memories of Slovenian emigrants are omitted from these descriptions. In the study, which was conducted using a biographical-narrative methodological approach among members of the Slovenian diaspora from the United States of America, Canada and Australia, we were interested in the personal experiences and memories of those who emigrated from Slovenia themselves, or whose ancestors did. Through those life stories and memories, we can illustrate Slovenian emigration processes in such a way that people would better understand global migration processes. In the article we present three real life stories of members of the Slovenian diaspora, their individual memories and perceptions of their place of origin, homeland, the memories of emigration and immigration processes and memories of integration to the new social environments.
8
Ilc Klun, Mojca. "The Importance of Individual Memories of Slovenian Emigrants When Interpreting Slovenian Emigration Processes." Ars & Humanitas 13, no. 1 (August 20, 2019): 174–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ars.13.1.174-190.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Slovenian emigration is often presented with a general overview in which general data and statistical facts prevail, while the individual experiences and memories of Slovenian emigrants are omitted from these descriptions. In the study, which was conducted using a biographical-narrative methodological approach among members of the Slovenian diaspora from the United States of America, Canada and Australia, we were interested in the personal experiences and memories of those who emigrated from Slovenia themselves, or whose ancestors did. Through those life stories and memories, we can illustrate Slovenian emigration processes in such a way that people would better understand global migration processes. In the article we present three real life stories of members of the Slovenian diaspora, their individual memories and perceptions of their place of origin, homeland, the memories of emigration and immigration processes and memories of integration to the new social environments.
9
Distaso, S., A. De Lucia, M. P. Circella, F. Cassano, F. Palasciano, and M. Scattarella. "Apulia (south Italy): From a land of emigration to a land of immigration." International Journal of Anthropology 19, no. 1-2 (January 2004): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02443083.
Повний текст джерела
10
Collins, Wiiliam J. "When the Tide Turned: Immigration and the Delay of the Great Black Migration." Journal of Economic History 57, no. 3 (September 1997): 607–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700019069.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article uses state and city level data to evaluate empirically Brinley Thomas's immigrant-as-deterrent view of the relationship between black emigration from the South and European immigration to the North. The article suggests a Todaro-like interpretation of the Great Migration, which emphasizes the importance of job availability to blacks in determining their expected wages. The combination of mass European immigration and hiring practices that favored white immigrants over blacks may have delayed the Great Migration by decades. The empirical work supports this view.
11
Collins, Wiiliam J. "When the Tide Turned: Immigration and the Delay of the Great Black Migration." Journal of Economic History 57, no. 3 (September 1997): 607–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700113385.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article uses state and city level data to evaluate empirically Brinley Thomas's immigrant-as-deterrent view of the relationship between black emigration from the South and European immigration to the North. The article suggests a Todaro-like interpretation of the Great Migration, which emphasizes the importance of job availability to blacks in determining their expected wages. The combination of mass European immigration and hiring practices that favored white immigrants over blacks may have delayed the Great Migration by decades. The empirical work supports this view.
12
Louw, Eric, and Gary Mersham. "Packing for Perth: The Growth of a Southern African Diaspora." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 10, no. 2 (June 2001): 303–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680101000204.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Southern African decolonization, the civil war and post-apartheid turmoil are creating a Southern African diaspora across the Anglo world. Australia has become a popular destination within this diaspora that South Africans now refer to emigration in general as “packing for Perth.” Thus far, little work has been done on this migratory phenomenon. This article seeks to develop an overview of the birth and developments of this diaspora, with a focus on the growth of the South African Australian community. As an overview, the article provides insights on how this emergent diaspora relates to earlier migrations, the factors behind post-apartheid emigration, the patterns and characteristics of post-apartheid migration, and the significance of Australia as a destination for South African migrants.
13
Hatoss, Anikó, Donna Starks, and Henriette Janse van Rensburg. "Afrikaans language maintenance in Australia." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 4–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.34.1.01hat.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Changes in the political climate in the home country have resulted in the emigration of South Africans to English speaking countries such as Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Despite the scale of movement of the South African population, language maintenance in these diasporic contexts has received little consideration. This paper presents a description of an Australian Afrikaans-speaking community in the small Queensland city of Toowoomba. The study shows a high degree of bilingualism amongst the first generation Afrikaans community but also shows incipient signs of language shift within the home and a weak connection between language and identity.
14
Huff, Gregg, and Giovanni Caggiano. "Globalization, Immigration, and Lewisian Elastic Labor in Pre–World War II Southeast Asia." Journal of Economic History 67, no. 1 (March 2007): 33–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050707000022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Between 1880 and 1939 Burma, Malaya, and Thailand received inflows of migrants from India and China comparable in size to European immigration in the New World. This article examines the forces that lay behind migration to Southeast Asia and asks if experience there bears out Lewis's unlimited labor supply hypothesis. We find that it does and, furthermore, that immigration created a highly integrated labor market stretching from South India to Southeastern China. Emigration from India and China and elastic labor supply are identified as important components of Asian globalization before the Second World War.
15
Vollmer, Renate. "Assisted Emigration from Northern Germany to South Australia in the Nineteenth Century." Australian Journal of Politics & History 44, no. 1 (March 1998): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8497.00003.
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16
Way, Raymond Tint. "Burmese Culture, Personality and Mental Health." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 19, no. 3 (September 1985): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048678509158832.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As Australia, shaped by new policies of immigration and multiculturalism, grows more cosmopolitan, the challenge for psychiatry is to gain greater familiarity with the new ethnic minority groups, including their cultural personalities and backgrounds. The problem faced by the Burmese group in Australia is distinctive and poignant. Some 20,000 Burmese immigrated following World War II, chiefly to Western Australia in the first place, uniting and consolidating their families. Following the military coup and the Revolutionary Council Government of the early 60s, further emigration from Burma was cut off. This meant that the Burmese in Australia, already under stress arising from cultural differences, were prevented from developing the extensive internal social support systems that characterise other major ethnic groups. The author, a Burmese doctor working in a psychiatric setting in Sydney, draws attention to aspects of his country and its people which should be helpful for psychiatric and related professions.
17
Mcconkey, SD, S. Heinrich, C. Lalas, H. Mcconnell, and N. Mcnally. "Pattern Of Immigration Of New Zealand Sea Lions Phocarctos Hookeri To Otago, New Zealand: Implications For Management." Australian Mammalogy 24, no. 1 (2002): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am02107.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present management strategy for New Zealand sea lions Phocarctos hookeri assumes that kills in a squid trawl fishery around Auckland Islands, the species population base, have prevented an increase in abundance of sea lions. This strategy also assumes that emigration will be initiated as the population reaches carrying capacity, and that emigration rates will be density dependent. We used the combination of photographic identification of individuals and diagnostic features of age classes to estimate immigration rates of P. hookeri to Otago, South Island, New Zealand. Most immigrants were males = 2 years old at arrival, and included animals tagged as pups at Auckland Islands. Estimates for total numbers of immigrants to Otago from four consecutive cohorts, 1991/92 - 1994/95, varied three-fold through a period of constant annual pup production at Auckland Islands. The greatest influx was from the 1993/94 cohort, a breeding season that predated the enforcement of early closures of the squid fishery. We suggest published records from the Auckland Islands indicate that this population is already at carrying capacity. If so, then factors other than, or in addition to, pup production and fishery mortality have an impact on emigration rates.
18
Bulbeck, Chilla. "The ‘white worrier’ in South Australia." Journal of Sociology 40, no. 4 (December 2004): 341–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783304048379.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In his analysis of ‘paranoid nationalism’, Hage (2003: xii, 2) coins the figure of the ‘white worrier’ to identify how white Australians marginalized by the inequalities of economic rationalism and globalization displace their anxieties onto even weaker ‘others’, Aboriginal people and migrants, particularly refugees. Hage’s ideas are applied to the discourses used by young South Australians when they discuss Australian multiculturalism, immigration and reconciliation. Hage’s suggestion that white worrying is the response of the white working class male to his economic and ideological marginalization is only partially supported in this sample of young people. While those from non-English speaking and Indigenous backgrounds are much less likely to be ‘paranoid nationalists’, fear and loathing of the other are expressed across the socio-economic spectrum of young ‘white’ Australians, with exposure to a university education, either on the part of respondents or their parents, being the main antidote to hostile attitudes to the ‘other’.
19
Iredale, Robyn, and Christine Fox. "The Impact of Immigration on School Education in New South Wales, Australia." International Migration Review 31, no. 3 (September 1997): 655–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839703100306.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Australia's immigration policies have had a dramatic effect on school populations, especially in the state of New South Wales which receives about 40 percent of the intake. This article is based on a study that was carried out for the Bureau of Immigration, Multicultural and Population Research and the NSW Ministry of Education. The study revealed that many non-English-speaking background pupils miss out on English as a second language instruction, community languages are allowed to lapse, and aspects of the school environment, such as relations between different groups, are not given the attention that they deserve.
20
Polonsky, M. J., D. R. Scott, and Hazel T. Suchard. "A Profile of Emigrants from South Africa: The Australian Case." International Migration Review 23, no. 4 (December 1989): 933–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838902300409.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper details the results of a survey of a representative group of persons emigrating from South Africa to Australia. The characteristics of the group are identified and reasons for their emigration are suggested. They are found to be skilled persons of liberal or apolitical leanings, who should be of benefit to a future nonracial Australia and a loss to such a potential future South Africa. It is noted that a proportion of the emigrants have little knowledge of their country of destination and have strong family ties in their country of origin. It is suggested that this may result in their being unable to settle satisfactorily in their new homeland.
21
CELI, Giuseppe, and Domenico VITI. "LAND USE, INTERNAL MOBILITY AND EXTERNAL IMMIGRATION IN ITALY." Annals of Spiru Haret University. Economic Series 18, no. 3 (August 7, 2018): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/1832.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
After the Second World War, the economic development ofItalyhas profoundly changed the use of land. The paper investigates economic and regulatory implications of land withdrawal inItalyand the nexus with internal and foreign migration. The dualistic character of Italian economic development induced, especially in the 1950s and 1960s, huge migration flows from southern regions to the North, with strong repercussions in terms of abandonment of farmland and urban congestion. In recent times, in the light of increasing pressures from globalization, a revival of internal migration flows from the South to the North has occurred inItaly, but with different characteristics and implications with respect to the past. The interaction between internal mobility and foreign immigration (a new phenomenon forItaly, traditionally an emigration country) entails possible economic contra-indications but also new opportunities for rural development.
22
Raymer, James, Xujing Bai, Nan Liu, and Tom Wilson. "Estimating a Consistent and Detailed Time Series of Immigration and Emigration for Sub-state Regions of Australia." Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy 13, no. 2 (September 4, 2019): 411–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12061-019-09310-w.
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23
Mitchell, Tony. "Migration, Memory and Hong Kong as a 'Space of Transit' in Clara Law's Autumn Moon." Cultural Studies Review 9, no. 1 (September 13, 2013): 139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/csr.v9i1.3589.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Macau-born and Melbourne-based film maker Clara Law and her screenwriter-producer-director husband Eddie Fong have produced a transnational output of films which are beginning to receive critical recognition as major contributions to contemporary cinema. These ‘films of migration’ explore what Gina Marchetti has encapsulated as ‘the Chinese experience of dislocation, relocation, emigration, immigration, cultural hybridity, migrancy, exile, and nomadism—together termed the “Chinese diaspora”’. The self-imposed ‘relocation’ of Law and Fong to Australia in 1994 was the result of increasing frustration with the rampantly commercial imperatives of Hong Kong cinema and its lack of appreciation for the auteur cinema they wanted to pursue.
24
Abadan-Unat, Nermin. "East-West vs. South-North Migration: Effects upon the Recruitment Areas of the 1960s." International Migration Review 26, no. 2 (June 1992): 401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600213.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The end of the Cold War has been marked by the re-emergence of nationalism. This article is focused on Turkey and Turkish emigration abroad. It examines integration of second generation immigrants in Western Europe and various forces fostering Islamic identity. It then compares political discourse on immigration in France and Germany. It concludes that the resurgence of ethnic identity as the basis for effective political action in widely divergent societies is a key feature of the post-Cold War period. Immigrants have been actively involved in this general process as witnessed by the role of immigrants in recent conflict in Yugoslavia and Turkey.
25
McKenzie, Hamish, and Catie Gressier. "‘They’re coming’: Precarity and the white nation fantasy among South African migrants in Melbourne." Ethnicities 17, no. 1 (July 24, 2016): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468796816653626.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper explores the social reproduction of precarity among white South African migrants in Australia. Building on Griffiths and Prozesky’s elucidation of the white South African imaginary and its role in triggering emigration, we draw on ethnographic data on white South Africans living in Melbourne to argue that our informants reproduce what Hage terms a ‘white nation fantasy’. In documenting the ways our informants’ migration experiences can be read as a function of a threatened social imaginary, we suggest that their ‘successful’ resettlement in Australia points to the congruence of their ontological grounding with the white nation fantasy predominating in Australia. Ultimately, however, we argue that the sense of precarity our informants experience in Australia is intrinsically embedded in their reproduction of the white nation fantasy. Our case study therefore serves as a cautionary tale to inflexible constructions of whiteness globally.
26
Zukowski, Arkadiusz. "Emigration of Polish Jews to South Africa during the second Polish republic (1919–1939)." Nordisk Judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies 17, no. 1-2 (September 1, 1996): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30752/nj.69530.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The term “the wandering Jew” could be properly referred to the situation of Polish Jews during the Second Polish Republic. Polish Jews constituted the largest separate ethnic group within overseas emigration from Poland during the years 1918–1939. They left Poland mainly for economic, and later for political reasons. The settlement schemes were supported and sponsored by Polish governmental agencies and Jewish societies in Poland and abroad. During the years 1918–1939 about several thousand Polish Jews emigrated to South Africa. A new immigration law implemented after 1930 had seriously reduced the influx of Polish Jews. That emigration had a very permanent character and included mainly members of the lower middle class. From the great variety of social, cultural, religious and professional activity of Polish Jews who settled in South Africa a pro-Polish attitude and activity was only evident in a tiny proportion of immigrants. The pro-Polish activity of Polish Jews was focused in Johannesburg (e.g. The Polish-Hebrew Benevolent Association) and in Cape Town (e.g. The Federation of Polish Jews in the Cape). An integrating role in that activity was played by Polish consular posts.
27
Iredale, Robyn, and Christine Fox. "The Impact of Immigration on School Education in New South Wales, Australia." International Migration Review 31, no. 3 (1997): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2547290.
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28
Beer, Andrew. "Immigration and slow‐growth economies: the experience of South Australia and Tasmania." Australian Geographer 29, no. 2 (July 1998): 223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049189808703216.
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29
Forrest, James, Ron Johnston, and Michael Poulsen. "Middle-class diaspora: recent immigration to Australia from South Africa and Zimbabwe." South African Geographical Journal 95, no. 1 (June 2013): 50–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2013.806104.
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30
Romanenko, Olena. "SLAVIC COMMUNITIES IN AUSTRALIA: THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND THE CURRENT SITUATION." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Ostrozʹka akademìâ". Serìâ Ìstoričnì nauki 1 (December 17, 2020): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2409-6806-2020-31-14-23.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Migration to the Australian continent has ancient origins. On 1 January 1901, the Federation of the Commonwealth of Australia included six former colonies: New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania, Queensland, and Western Australia. The British origin had 78% of those who were born overseas. The immigration was high on the national agenda. The most ambitious nation-building plan based on immigration was adopted in Australia in the post-World War II period. The shock of the war was so strong that even old stereotypes did not prevent Australians from embarking on immigration propaganda with the slogan “Populate or Perish”. In the middle 1950s, the Australian Department of Immigration realized that family reunion was an important component of successful settlement. In 1955 the Department implemented “Operation Reunion” – a scheme was intended to assist family members overseas to migrate to the continent and reunite with the family already living in Australia. As a result, 30000 people managed to migrate from countries such as Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the Soviet Union, and the former Yugoslavia under this scheme. Today Australia’s approach to multicultural affairs is a unique model based on integration and social cohesion. On governmental level, the Australians try to maintain national unity through respect and preservation of cultural diversity. An example of such an attitude to historical memory is a database created by the Department of Home Affairs (DHA). For our research, we decided to choose information about residents of East-Central European origin (Ukraine-born, Poland-born, and Czech Republic-born citizens) in Australia, based on the information from the above mentioned database. The article provides the brief historical background of Polish, Ukrainian and Czech groups on the Continent and describes the main characteristics of these groups of people, such as geographic distribution, age, language, religion, year of arrival, median income, educational qualifications, and employment characteristics.
31
Kamphoefner, Walter D. "Who Went South? The German Ethnic Niche in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres." Social Science History 41, no. 3 (2017): 363–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2017.13.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article examines the demographic and occupational selectivity of German immigration to South America (primarily Argentina and Brazil) and Australia, compared to Germans bound for the United States, and the geographic and occupational niches they occupied at various destinations. It draws upon both individual-level and aggregate data from censuses and migration records on three continents to examine occupational profiles, urbanization rates, sex ratios, age structure, and age heaping as a rough measure of “quality,” among German immigrants to these destinations, concluding that immigration to the United States tended to be the least selective.
32
Nolan, Anne. "The ‘healthy immigrant’ effect: initial evidence for Ireland." Health Economics, Policy and Law 7, no. 3 (January 19, 2011): 343–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174413311000040x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe period from 1996 to 2008 was one of rapid economic and social change in Ireland, with one of the most significant changes being the transition from a situation of net emigration to one of substantial net immigration. Although research on the impact of immigration on Irish society, as well as the labour market characteristics and experiences of immigrants in Ireland has increased in recent years, comparatively little is known about the health status of immigrants to Ireland. An extensive international literature has documented a ‘healthy immigrant’ effect for large immigrant-receiving countries such as the United States, Canada and Australia, whereby the health status of immigrants is better than comparable native-born individuals. There is also evidence to suggest that immigrants’ health status deteriorates with time spent in the host country. However, the Irish immigration experience differs considerably from that of countries that have been the focus of research on the ‘healthy immigrant’ effect. Using microdata from a nationally representative survey of the population in 2007, this paper finds only limited evidence in favour of a ‘healthy immigrant’ effect for Ireland, although the distinctive features of the Irish immigrant population, and the nature of the data available, may partly explain the results.
33
Williams, Michael. "Brief Sojourn in your Native Land: Sydney Links with South China." Queensland Review 6, no. 2 (November 1999): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600001112.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The title of this paper is taken from a testimonial signed by a number of Gundagai residents on the departure for China in 1903 of Mark Loong after sixteen years in the district. That the notion of a person ‘sojourning’ in China is a contradiction of the prevailing ‘sojourner’ concept usually held about early Chinese migrants in Australia is the result the failure of Australian-Chinese research to fully appreciate the significance of family and district links between Australia and China and their impact upon the motivation, organisation and settlement patterns of Chinese people in Australia before the middle of the twentieth century. Without such an appreciation most research into Australian-Chinese history has focused only on those who established families in Australia or who ran successful businesses. This paper will focus on describing some features of these family and districts links with regard to that generation who arrived after the gold rushes of the 1850s to 1870s but before the Immigration Restriction Act 1901, who originated in one south China district, Zhongshan , and who lived primarily in one Australian city, Sydney. These restraints are partly due to reliance on sources such as the administrative files of the Immigration Restriction Act which begin only in 1901, and partly to the fact that this research represents a first step in the investigation of the significance of district of origin and the people of Zhongshan district in Sydney are the first to be investigated.
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Vaa, Leulu Felise. "The Future of Western Samoan Migration to New Zealand." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, no. 2 (June 1992): 313–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100206.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The history of Samoan migration to New Zealand, a demographic profile of the migrants, and the future of such migration are discussed. Migration became a serious phenomenon after independence in 1962, with primarily young, unskilled workers moving to take up jobs in the agricultural and service sectors. Remaining essentially unchanged since 1962, New Zealand's immigration policy gives preferential treatment to Western Samoans and recognizes their valuable labor contribution. The future of migration to New Zealand is discussed in the context of the costs and benefits to Western Samoa. Contrary to some observers, the author argues that emigration has been beneficial rather than deleterious to Western Samoa's development and predicts the continuation of Samoan migration to New Zealand, Australia, United States and other countries, with increased emphasis on family reunion.
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Кашницкий, Илья Савельевич. "Демографический дайджест". Демографическое обозрение 3, № 3 (18 листопада 2016): 170–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/demreview.v3i3.1750.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Murphy M. The Impact of Migration on Long-Term European Population Trends, 1850 to PresentKelle J., A.O. Haller. Who Benefits from Economic Growth? Work and Pay in BrazilVictora C.G., R. Bahl, A.J.D. Barros, G.V.A. França, S. Horton, J. Krasevec, S. Murch, M.J. Sankar, N. Walker, N.C Rollins. Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect Stillwell J., M. Thomas. How far do internal migrants really move? Demonstrating a new method for the estimation of intra-zonal distanceMarjavaara R., E. Lundholm. Does Second-Home Ownership Trigger Migration in Later Life?Bell M., E. Charles-Edwards, P. Ueffing, J. Stillwell, M. Kupiszewski, D. Kupiszewska. Internal Migration and Development: Comparing Migration Intensities Around the WorldGoujon A., S. KC, M. Speringer, B. Barakat, M. Potancoková, J. Eder, E. Striessnig, R. Bauer, W. Lutz. A harmonized dataset on global educational attainment between 1970 and 2060 – an analytical window into recent trends and future prospects in human capital developmentCooray A., F. Schneider. Does corruption promote emigration? An empirical examinationUeffing P., F. Rowe, C.H. Mulder. Differences in Attitudes towards Immigration between Australia and Germany: The Role of Immigration Policy
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Sofyan, Nurchalis. "الحقائق الاجتماعية في رواية الأرواح المتمردة". Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura 18, № 1 (7 жовтня 2019): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/jiif.v18i1.5247.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lebanon refugees are the most numerous immigrants among other Arab countries. Substantially, the Lebanese immigration occurred in the period of 1860-1914 with a total of approximately 330,000 refugees. Massive immigration is happening to Arab countries, North America, South America, Africa, Australia, and Europe. Historians claim that the cause of the massive immigration is a conflict between religions and political suppression. Researcher wanted to examine other factors that cause immigration, which was written in the novel Al-Arwāḥal-Mutamarridah by Jibrān Khalīl Jibrān, which describes events that took place in Lebanon at that time. So as works of art, the novel also reveals the historical facts. This research led to the conclusion that some expressions in this novel identify the factors that contribute to the Lebanese immigration, which is not revealed in the history books.
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Ames, David. "Australia (Melbourne)." Psychiatric Bulletin 16, no. 9 (September 1992): 552–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.16.9.552.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Australia is a unique, geologically ancient island continent. Its flora and fauna are unlike those found anywhere else and the same may be said of its people, politics and health services. The population of 17.3 millions represents a multicultural mix, with an anglo-celtic core conflated by sustained post-war immigration from southern Europe, Turkey, southeast Asia and south America. One in five current Australians was born elsewhere, one in ten comes from a non-English speaking background, and a quarter of those born here have a parent who was born overseas. Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders form 1.4% of the total population. They have third world mortality figures but die of first world diseases, their life expectancy being 20 years less than that of other Australians. Two hundred and four years after what they see as the British invasion, their standard of living lags far behind all other socio-cultural groups in the country. Most members of the Aboriginal community do not live long enough to develop Alzheimer's disease, but it and other age-related diseases are emerging as the major determinants of health costs as Australia moves towards the 21st century.
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Giolitto, Marco. "Pampa comme terrain: l’interculturel à l’intérieur d’une même culture." Travaux neuchâtelois de linguistique, no. 36 (June 1, 2002): 123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26034/tranel.2002.2578.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this article I shall examine an unusual aspect of immigration. Nowadays, immigration is Europe-bound. In the XIX century, however, a large number of European emigrants left for America. I will focus, in particular, on Piedmontese emigration in Argentina – one that was quite widespread and influential on the economy of this South-American country. A survey carried out among the descendants of Piedmontese emigrants will be briefly discussed in order to address a rather neglected aspect: namely, the relationship between Piedmontese people in Piedmont and in Argentina. Do they belong to the same heritage or has a century of separation developed two traditions? In view of this, I will refer to some examples based on my own experience with Piedmontese people in Argentina as well as on gatherings between them and twinning-delegations from several towns in Piedmont who travelled to Argentina. Arguments in favour of, and against, the development of two separate traditions will be addressed and evaluated in order to prove that, in the end, the heritage is one and the same, albeit profoundly changed.
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Doube, Bernard M., and Paul S. Giller. "A comparison of two types of trap for sampling dung beetle populations (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 80, no. 3 (September 1990): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300050458.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe effectiveness of pitfall traps baited with cattle dung enclosed in a gauze bag and pads of cattle dung on soil as methods for sampling dung beetle populations was assessed in the summer-rainfall regions of South Africa using 17 species of nocturnal/crepuscular tunnelling beetles. Pitfall traps accumulated the catch and prevented both access to and emigration from the dung bait. In contrast, beetles had direct access to dung pads on soil which allowed colonists to modify the bait and to emigrate. The number of beetles collected was therefore the net result of immigration and emigration. On each of five occasions in November–December 1985, 40 pitfall traps and 40 dung pads were set out in the evening and the trapped beetles recovered the following morning. Overall, 3774 individuals were trapped. For most species there was no significant difference between trap types in the numbers caught but two species were significantly more numerous in pitfall traps and one species was more numerous in the dung pads. However, both methods produced similar patterns of rank abundance of species (r=0.95). There was no evidence that beetles were more evenly distributed between dung pad baits than between pitfall traps.
40
Bonnell, Andrew G. "Transnational Socialists? German Social Democrats in Australia before 1914." Itinerario 37, no. 1 (April 2013): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115313000284.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Emigration from the German states was a mass phenomenon in the “long” nineteenth century. Much of this migration was of course labour migration, and German workers were very much on the move during the nineteenth century: in addition to the traditional Wanderschaft (travels) of journeymen, the century saw increasing internal migration within and between German-speaking lands, migration from rural areas to cities, and the participation of working people in emigration to destinations outside Europe. Over five million Germans left the German states from 1820 to 1914, with a large majority choosing the United States as their destination, especially in the earliest waves of migration. By comparison with the mass migration to North America, the flow of German migrants to the British colonies in Australia (which federated to form a single Commonwealth in 1901) was a relative trickle, but the numbers were still significant in the Australian context, with Germans counted as the second-largest national group among European settlers after the “British-born” (which included the Irish) in the nineteenth century, albeit a long way behind the British. After the influx of Old Lutheran religious dissidents from Prussia to South Australia in the late 1830s, there was a wave of German emigrants in the 1840s and 1850s, driven by the “push” factor of agrarian and economic crisis in the German states in the 1840s followed by the attraction of the Australian gold rushes and other opportunities, such as land-ownership incentives. While the majority of German settlers were economic migrants, this latter period also saw the arrival in the Australian colonies of a few “Forty-Eighters,” radicals and liberals who had been active in the political upheavals of 1848–9, some of whom became active in politics and the press in Australia. The 1891 census counted over 45,000 German-born residents in the Australian colonies.
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Mwanri, Lillian, Leticia Anderson, and Kathomi Gatwiri. "Telling Our Stories: Resilience during Resettlement for African Skilled Migrants in Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8 (April 9, 2021): 3954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083954.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: Emigration to Australia by people from Africa has grown steadily in the past two decades, with skilled migration an increasingly significant component of migration streams. Challenges to resettlement in Australia by African migrants have been identified, including difficulties securing employment, experiences of racism, discrimination and social isolation. These challenges can negatively impact resettlement outcomes, including health and wellbeing. There has been limited research that has examined protective and resilience factors that help highly skilled African migrants mitigate the aforementioned challenges in Australia. This paper discusses how individual and community resilience factors supported successful resettlement Africans in Australia. The paper is contextualised within a larger study which sought to investigate how belonging and identity inform Afrodiasporic experiences of Africans in Australia. Methods: A qualitative inquiry was conducted with twenty-seven (n = 27) skilled African migrants based in South Australia, using face-to-face semi-structured interviews. Participants were not directly questioned about ‘resilience,’ but were encouraged to reflect critically on how they navigated the transition to living in Australia, and to identify factors that facilitated a successful resettlement. Results: The study findings revealed a mixture of settlement experiences for participants. Resettlement challenges were observed as barriers to fully meeting expectations of emigration. However, there were significant protective factors reported that supported resilience, including participants’ capacities for excellence and willingness to work hard; the social capital vested in community and family support networks; and African religious and cultural values and traditions. Many participants emphasised their pride in their contributions to Australian society as well as their desire to contribute to changing narratives of what it means to be African in Australia. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that despite challenges, skilled African migrants’ resilience, ambition and determination were significant enablers to a healthy resettlement in Australia, contributing effectively to social, economic and cultural expectations, and subsequently meeting most of their own migration intentions. These findings suggest that resilience factors identified in the study are key elements of integration.
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Ryazantsev, Sergey, and Mauro Alexandre Luís Miguel. "Economic Aspects of Migration in the Republic of Angola." DEMIS. Demographic Research 2, no. 1 (March 23, 2022): 80–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/demis.2022.2.1.7.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article discusses the features of migration in the Republic of Angola. The country has a strong demographic and economic potential. Migration processes occur in two directions: there is an immigration to the country of qualified and highly qualified specialists, return forced migrants; and labor and educational migrants emigrate from the country. Between Angola and Portugal there are fairly stable migration ties. The largest Angolan diaspora outside of Africa has formed in the former metropolis. Portugal attracts Angolans with a common language, historical ties, labor market opportunities, and prospects for integration into society. Also, Angolan diasporas began to form in the so-called “new emigration” countries - France, the USA, South Africa, Brazil. The most recent trend has been the emigration of Angolans to China, which is actively developing and establishing strong ties with African countries. Remittances from labor migrants and representatives of the Angolan diasporas characterize new directions of emigration from the country. Remittances to Angola come mainly from those countries where labor migrants go to work. Angola gradually transformed from a country of outflow of forced migrants into a country of reception of forced migrants. Large-scale return migration of Angolan refugees who had previously left the country is taking place in the country. Despite the magnitude of the phenomenon of forced migration, there is little research on the integration of refugees and the reintegration of returned refugees into Angolan society. As a result, the potential of former refugees is not fully utilized in terms of developing the human capital of Angola and its regions.
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Ghezelbash, Daniel. "LEGAL TRANSFERS OF RESTRICTIVE IMMIGRATION LAWS: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 66, no. 1 (October 25, 2016): 235–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589316000373.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThis article examines the legal transfer of restrictive race-based immigration laws across self-governing settler societies in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. These societies shared the common policy objective of limiting Chinese and other ‘non-white’ immigration. They each also faced informal and formal restrictions on implementing overtly racist immigration policies. This created fertile ground for legal transfers. When an innovation was found that could achieve the policy goal of race-based immigration restriction, without direct reference to race, it quickly spread across all jurisdictions operating in that paradigm. The legal transfer of three mechanisms is examined: (1) landing taxes; (2) passenger-per-ship restrictions; and (3) literacy tests. The article concludes by drawing parallels with contemporary transfers of restrictive border control policies targeting asylum seekers and irregular migrants more broadly.
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Connell, John, and Richard P. C. Brown. "Migration and Remittances in the South Pacific: Towards New Perspectives." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 4, no. 1 (March 1995): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689500400101.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For more than a quarter of a century there has been substantial emigration from the smaller island states of the Pacific to metropolitan fringe states, mainly the United States, New Zealand and Australia. Migration reduced unemployment in the island states and remittances have contributed to raised living standards. There has been some shift of remittances from consumption to investment. Communal remittances are of greater significance than in other world regions. There is a high propensity to sustain remittance flows over long periods of time at some cost to the senders. The duration and magnitude of migration, the remittance flows and their considerable social and economic consequences in a range of contexts has demonstrated the need for much more attention to be given, in terms of both studies and policy formation, to the role of migration and remittances in economic and social development in the Pacific region.
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Monteath, Peter. "Globalising German Anthropology: Erhard Eylmann in Australia." Itinerario 37, no. 1 (April 2013): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115313000247.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The German presence in nineteenth-century South Australia is associated primarily with the immigration of Prussian Lutherans escaping religious persecution in their homeland. Their settlement in the fledgling British colony aided its early, stuttering development; in the longer term it also fitted neatly South Australia's perception of itself as a “paradise of dissent.” These Germans took their religion seriously, none more so than the Lutheran missionaries who committed themselves to bringing the Gospel to the indigenous people of the Adelaide plains and, eventually, much further afield as well. In reality, however, the story of the German contribution to the history of this British colony extended far beyond these pious Lutherans. Among those who followed in their wake, whether as settlers or travellers, were Germans of many different backgrounds, who made their way to the Antipodes for a multitude of reasons. In South Australia as much as anywhere, globalising Germany was a multi-facetted project.The intellectual gamut of Germans in South Australia is nowhere more evident than in the realm of anthropology. The missionaries were not alone in displaying a keen interest in the Australian Aborigines. Anthropologists steeped in the empirical tradition that came to dominate the nascent discipline at the end of the nineteenth century also turned their attention to Australia. Indeed, in Germany and elsewhere, Australia occupied a special position in international discourse. The American anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan had observed in 1880 that Australian aboriginal societies “now represent the condition of mankind in savagery better than it is elsewhere represented on the earth—a condition now rapidly passing away.”
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Zan, Q., and Y. Bian. "Analysis on the Changing Spatial Patterns of China's Migration in 1985–2010." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-2 (November 11, 2014): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-2-37-2014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Based on the data of China’s fourth, fifth and sixth population census, taking the seven geographical zone as research units, the Changing Spatial Patterns of China's Migration in 1985–2010 is studied by the means of spatial analysis and mathematical statistics. The empirical results show that: (1) The migration population in China was increasing a lot in 1985–2010, and the main part of it is Provincial migration. (2) The total number of migration, immigration and emigration, the relative proportion of inter provincial and provincial migration have been positively correlated to the regional economic development level. (3) The emigrations from Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and overseas mainly moved to East and North China. (4) Central and west of China are the main area where people outflowed from, and most migration population moved to south-eastern coastal areas. The migration in Northeast and northwest of China is still relatively small. The main direction of population migration and flowing is from west to east and from north to south.
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Anganoo, Lucille, and Sadhana Manik. "'My coming to South Africa made everything possible': The socio-economic and political reasons for migrant teachers being in Johannesburg." Journal of Geography Education in Africa 2, no. 1 (October 30, 2019): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46622/jogea.v2i1.2480.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Teacher migration is a phenomenon that gained international momentum more than eighteen years ago. South Africa was one of the developing countries within the Commonwealth which were greatly affected by the loss of homegrown skills in respect to teacher emigration to the United Kingdom. In the past ten years, however, South Africa has attracted teachers from neighbouring countries. Whilst there have been some studies on migrant teachers in South Africa, research on migrant teachers in primary schools is a neglected area. This paper reports on some of the findings of a qualitative teacher immigration study undertaken in Johannesburg which focussed on primary school teachers. The paper explores the economic, political, and social reasons for migrant teachers teaching in Johannesburg. The push and pull theory of the seminal scholar, Lee (1966) and Bett’s (2010) insights into survival migration and chain migration provide the theoretical dimensions for this paper. Primary school teachers from both public and private schools participated in this research and data was generated through interviews and focus group discussions. Migrant teachers select Johannesburg, South Africa as a survival strategy for a range of economic, political and social reasons. Primary schools in Johannesburg have been overcoming their teacher shortages with this influx of migrant teachers, benefitting from this brain gain.
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Udah, Hyacinth. "‘Not by Default Accepted’: The African Experience of Othering and Being Othered in Australia." Journal of Asian and African Studies 53, no. 3 (January 23, 2017): 384–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909616686624.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the face of the increasing migration of black Africans to Australia, this paper seeks to raise conversations about the meta-discourses of Otherness in the Australian society. The paper aims to provide insights into black Africans’ experience of othering and being othered in Australia. The paper draws from a broader study which examined the lived experiences of Africans in South East Queensland and highlights that the presentation of white as norm in Australia, one of or the institutional and social contexts that create conditions reinforcing othering practices, is perpetuated, especially, when the racial order in society is not acknowledged and challenged. The paper proposes that the condition of Africans in Australia may not just be explained by their immigration status or their lack of skills but linked to how they are positioned and constructed in Australia as visible ‘Others.’
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Schmortte, Jan. "Attitudes towards German Immigration in South Australia in the post-Second World War Period, 1947-60." Australian Journal of Politics and History 51, no. 4 (December 2005): 530–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.2005.00392.x.
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Rees, Anne. "‘Treated like Chinamen’: United States immigration restriction and white British subjects." Journal of Global History 14, no. 2 (July 2019): 239–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022819000056.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractIn 1921, the United States introduced national immigration quotas. Although designed to curb the arrival of ‘undesirables’ from south-east Europe, this quota system also applied to Britain and its white Dominions. By 1929, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa were each allocated 100 quota places per annum. The British quota was far greater, but still struggled to meet demand. Through a focus on the Australian example, this article investigates how an immigration regime intended to bolster America’s ‘Anglo-Saxon’ identity also exposed the limits of Anglospheric kinship by closing the gates to white Britons. Although the quotas had a comparatively minor impact on Britons, their exclusion held great significance in the context of Anglo-American relations, where the rhetoric of transnational white solidarity produced expectations of unqualified welcome in the United States. After 1921, as such welcome disappeared and then failed to rematerialize, the global community of white men’s countries was shaken and remade.