Статті в журналах: "Source profiling"

1

BRAUNER, W., H. DURSCHNER, B. KOOPMANN, R. MARSCHALL, and K. PETERS. "MOVING SOURCE PROFILING (MSP)1." Geophysical Prospecting 36, no. 1 (January 1988): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1988.tb02148.x.

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2

Hill, Tracey, M. G. Burton, M. R. Cunningham, and V. Minier. "Profiling young massive stars." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 3, S242 (March 2007): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921307012665.

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AbstractWe present the results of spectral energy distribution analysis for 162 of the 405 sources reported in the SIMBA survey of Hill et al. (2005). The fits reveal source specific parameters including: the luminosity, mass, temperature, H2 number density, the surface density and the luminosity-to-mass ratio. Each of these parameters are examined with respect to the four classes of source present in the sample. Obvious luminosity and temperature distinctions exist between the mm-only cores and those cores with methanol maser and/or radio continuum emission, with the former cooler and less luminous than the latter. The evidence suggests that the mm-only cores are a precursor to the methanol maser in the formation of massive stars. The mm-only cores comprise two distinct populations distinguished by temperature. Analysis and conclusions about the nature of the cool-mm and warm-mm cores comprising the mm-only population are drawn.

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3

Zimmerman, Linda J., and Sen T. Chen. "Comparison of vertical seismic profiling techniques." GEOPHYSICS 58, no. 1 (January 1993): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443343.

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To study the imaging characteristics of various vertical seismic profiling techniques, two vertical seismic profiles (VSP) and a reversed vertical seismic profile (RVSP), where source and receiver positions are interchanged, were collected in the Loudon Oil Field in Illinois. Both VSPs were collected using a line of dynamite charges on the surface as sources. One was collected with geophones and the other with hydrophones as downhole receivers. The RVSP was collected by detonating 25 gram explosive charges in a well and detecting the seismic response with geophones at the surface. Three subsurface images (VSP with geophones, VSP with hydrophones, and RVSP) were produced using VSP-CDP transforms. For comparison, a surface seismic profile was collected along the same line with dynamite sources and vertical geophone receivers. The RVSP and hydrophone VSP stacked sections both produced higher frequency images at shallower depths than did the geophone VSP stacked section. However, the lower frequency geophone VSP stacked section produced an interpretable subsurface image at much greater depths than either the RVSP or the hydrophone VSP sections. The differences are due in part to the more powerful surface sources that were used for the VSPs than the downhole sources used for the RVSP. Furthermore, tube‐wave noise was a more severe problem for both the RVSP and the hydrophone VSP than for the geophone VSP. The results of this experiment demonstrate that if tube‐wave noise could be suppressed, hydrophone VSPs would provide attractive alternatives to geophone VSPs, because it is much easier and cheaper to deploy multilevel hydrophones downhole than geophones. Also, if a high‐powered, nondestructive source is developed, RVSP could be a practical alternative to VSP since one can easily lay out numerous receivers on the surface to record multioffset or three‐dimensional (3-D) VSP data.

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4

List, Alexandra, Emily M. Grossnickle, and Patricia A. Alexander. "Profiling Students’ Multiple Source Use by Question Type." Reading Psychology 37, no. 5 (December 9, 2015): 753–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02702711.2015.1111962.

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5

Krause-Polstorff, J., and Donald Walters. "Refractive turbulence profiling using an orbiting light source." Applied Optics 29, no. 13 (May 1, 1990): 1877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.29.001877.

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6

David, Donna E., Aaron M. Lynne, Jing Han, and Steven L. Foley. "Evaluation of Virulence Factor Profiling in the Characterization of Veterinary Escherichia coli Isolates." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 22 (October 1, 2010): 7509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00726-10.

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ABSTRACT Escherichia coli has been used as an indicator organism for fecal contamination of water and other environments and is often a commensal organism in healthy animals, yet a number of strains can cause disease in young or immunocompromised animals. In this study, 281 E. coli isolates from bovine, porcine, chicken, canine, equine, feline, and other veterinary sources were analyzed by BOXA1R PCR and by virulence factor profiling of 35 factors to determine whether they had utility in identifying the animal source of the isolates. The results of BOXA1R PCR analysis demonstrated a high degree of diversity; less than half of the isolates fell into one of 27 clusters with at least three isolates (based on 90% similarity). Nearly 60% of these clusters contained isolates from more than one animal source. Conversely, the results of virulence factor profiling demonstrated clustering by animal source. Three clusters, named Bovine, Chicken, and Porcine, based on discriminant components analysis, were represented by 90% or more of the respective isolates. A fourth group, termed Companion, was the most diverse, containing at least 84% of isolates from canine, feline, equine, and other animal sources. Based on these results, it appears that virulence factor profiling may have utility, helping identify the likely animal host species sources of certain E. coli isolates.

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7

Suprajitno, M., and S. A. Greenhalgh. "Theoretical vertical seismic profiling seismograms." GEOPHYSICS 51, no. 6 (June 1986): 1252–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442178.

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Offset vertical seismic profiling (VSP) theoretical seismograms which include multiples and mode conversions can be computed using a modified “reflectivity” method. In this method, the transformed displacement potentials are first calculated by multiplying the source spectrum by the composite reflectivity function. Integration over wavenumber, followed by inverse Fourier transformation over the frequency range of the signal, yields the synthetic trace. The composite reflectivity function for a buried receiver is derived from Kennett’s matrices (Kennett, 1974, 1979) which are synthesized to form phase‐related reflection and transmission coefficients from a layer stack. Both conventional fixed source‐moving receiver and fixed receiver‐walkaway source (multioffset) VSP geometries can be handled easily. The method can also readily accommodate deviated‐hole VSP. The method is general in that no ray needs to be specified. Because the order of the multiples can be controlled, wraparound problems with the discrete Fourier transform can be avoided. The normal‐incidence VSP seismograms can be rapidly generated as a special case. Several examples illustrate the method. Some classes of laterally varying structures can be approximately handled by restricting the range of ray‐angle integration and by using the principle of superposition.

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8

Baglari, Dipjyoti, Arindam Dey, and Jumrik Taipodia. "Subsurface Profiling Using Roadside MASW Survey: Influence of Multiple Sources and Offline Distance." Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics 27, no. 2 (June 2022): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32389/21-010.

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Roadside MASW survey utilizes traffic-generated surface wave signals for subsurface characterization and, thus, can be a useful geophysical method, especially in urban areas. However, such signals originating from vehicular movements over road surface irregularities, or sources, produce complex field records of multi-source and multi-azimuthal characteristics. Such sources are termed intra-line if they exist within the receiver spread and outer-line when they exist outside the receiver spread. In a roadside survey, the receiver spread is placed outside and parallel to the centreline of the road, thereby creating an offline distance with respect to the sources on the road. In this study, experimental investigations are conducted to determine the influence of the presence of intra-line or outer-line sources and offline distances of source positioning on the dispersion imaging of roadside MASW records. Artificial hurdles were placed deliberately at different positions on an adjacent road to determine the influence of intra-line and outer-line sources. Furthermore, receiver arrays were placed at varying offline distances with respect to the centreline of the adjacent road to assess the effect of offline distance on the dispersion imaging and subsequent shear wave velocity profile. The study finds that the dispersion images obtained from the intra-line source have better resolutions compared to those obtained from the outer-line source. Further, the presence of multiple sources during the data acquisition does not necessarily shed any detrimental influence on dispersion imaging as long as there is no contamination and mutual interferences of the raw wavefield records. As the offline distance increases, the intensity of the traffic-generated source signal diminishes. It is observed typically for the studied site that beyond an offline distance of 15 m, there remains no recognizable energy to obtain a distinct dispersion image. A comparative study of the shear wave velocity profiles obtained from a borehole, roadside, active, and passive remote MASW surveys revealed an agreeable match, thereby indicating the usability of the roadside MASW survey, especially when offline distance is not enormously large.

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9

Li, Xiaoyang, Wenbiao Zhou, and Dake Liu. "Application Source Codes Profiling for ASIP Memory Subsystem Design." Procedia Engineering 29 (2012): 3160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.01.458.

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10

Koch, Stefan. "Profiling an Open Source Project Ecology and Its Programmers." Electronic Markets 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10196780410001675031.

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11

Jeong, Dawoon, Se Jin Park, Hansol Jang, Hyunjoo Kim, Jaesun Kim, and Chang-Seok Kim. "Swept-Source-Based Chromatic Confocal Microscopy." Sensors 20, no. 24 (December 21, 2020): 7347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20247347.

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Chromatic confocal microscopy (CCM) has been intensively developed because it can exhibit effective focal position scanning based on the axial chromatic aberration of broadband light reflected from a target. To improve the imaging speed of three-dimensional (3D) surface profiling, we have proposed the novel concept of swept-source-based CCM (SS-CCM) and investigated the usefulness of the corresponding imaging system. Compared to conventional CCM based on a broadband light source and a spectrometer, a swept-source in the proposed SS-CCM generates light with a narrower linewidth for higher intensity, and a single photodetector employed in the system exhibits a fast and sensitive response by immediately obtaining spectrally encoded depth from a chromatic dispersive lens array. Results of the experiments conducted to test the proposed SS-CCM system indicate that the system exhibits an axial chromatic focal distance range of approximately 360 μm for the 770–820 nm swept wavelength range. Moreover, high-speed surface profiling images of a cover glass and coin were successfully obtained with a short measurement time of 5 ms at a single position.

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12

Kazymyrova, Iryna. "Linguistic profile of source as a terminographical tool." Ukrainska mova, no. 2 (2020): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ukrmova2020.02.059.

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The article characterizes the sources of the historical dictionary of linguistic terms. The source base for the study of the evolution of Ukrainian linguistic terminology includes secondary sources, divided into such groups: 1) grammars and textbooks; 2) dictionaries and encyclopedias; 3) monographs and scientific articles on linguistic issues. The concept of “linguistic profile of the source” is used to describe the linguistic source of the historical dictionary of linguistic terms. The conceptualization process as a cognitive mechanism of the meaning formation is based on speech operations that a person uses in language usage. Determinant in the perception of information is the phenomenon of attention, which has several designations in cognitive linguistics: highlighting, perspectivization, profiling, focusing. The linguistic conceptualization of the cognitive profiling operation is based on the thesis that a person has the cognitive ability to perceive, interpret and describe the same reference situation differently, using different linguistic means. It is because a person chooses the most important and significant information for him at this moment from all other. Terms figure and background are used to describe the perceptual connection between the object of focus and the rest of the perceptual field. The links between terms figure and background at first were described by the Danish Gestalt psychologist E. Rubin. The concept of a linguistic profile of source is used to focus the researches attention on those aspects of the analyzed sources that are important for studying the evolution of the linguistic term. The following key points are I. “External” criticism of the source. 1. Time of the source creation. 2. Place of the source creation. 3. The historical and cultural and linguistic situation in the region of the source creation. 4. The author of the source, its age, education, worldview, etc. 5. Motives and circumstances of the source creation. 6. Estimation of the source in linguistic works. 7. Works that are the basis of the analyzed source. ІІ. “Internal” source criticism. 1. Complete coverage of language tiers. 2. The terms that denote the linguistic concepts, their hierarchical organization. 3. The author’s orientation on the specific Ukrainian / borrowed vocabulary to describe linguistic concepts. 4. Features of the usage of lexical units to denote the linguistic concepts in the source text, their paradigmatics and syntagmatics. This article is modelled the linguistic profile of I.H. Verkhratskyi’s works. The analysis of linguistic sources by these parameters makes it possible to present the history of a linguistic term in a linguistic text, taking into account its contextual environment and the richness of syntagmatic and paradigmatic connections. The linguistic profile of the source/works is an actual basis of dictionary articles of historical dictionaries of linguistic terms of different genres. Keywords: linguistic term, historical dictionary of linguistic terms, linguistic source studies, profiling, linguistic profile of a source, language personality.

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13

Clack, Chris, Stuart Clayman, and David Parrott. "Lexical profiling: theory and practice." Journal of Functional Programming 5, no. 2 (April 1995): 225–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796800001337.

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AbstractThis paper addresses the issue of analysing the run-time behaviour of lazy, higher-order functional programs. We examine the difference between the way that functional programmers and functional language implementors view program behaviour. Existing profiling techniques are discussed and a new technique is proposed which produces results that are straightforward for programmers to assimilate. The new technique, which we call lexical profiling, collects information about the run-time behaviour of functional programs, and reports the results with respect to the original source code rather than simply listing the actions performed at run-time. Lexical profiling complements implementation-specific profiling and is important because it provides a view of program activity which is largely independent of the underlying evaluation mechanism. Using the lexical profiler, programmers may easily relate results back to the source program. We give a full implementation of the lexical profiling technique for a sequential, interpretive graph reduction engine, and extensions for compiled and parallel graph reduction are discussed.

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14

Elbring, G. J., H. C. Hardee, and B. N. P. Paulsson. "A test of a controlled downhole seismic source." GEOPHYSICS 54, no. 9 (September 1989): 1193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442754.

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With the growing interest in borehole seismic investigations such as vertical seismic profiling and crosshole surveys, the need for new instrumentation has arisen, especially in the area of seismic sources. An ideal seismic downhole source should be nondestructive to the well, provide enough energy to be recorded at useful distances, produce a broad band of seismic frequencies, and create a reproducible signal. A prototype of a source that fits these requirements has been constructed and was described in a previous paper (Hardee et al., 1987).

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15

Mansmann, U. "Genomic Profiling." Methods of Information in Medicine 44, no. 03 (2005): 454–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1633993.

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Summary Objectives: The current literature on the use of micro-arrays to generate prognostic profiles is still a methodological wasteland. Many valid questions, such as how profiling studies should be evaluated and what conclusions can be drawn, remain unanswered. Or how can flaws in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data be detected? Undiscovered imperfections can lead to a waste of valuable resources as well as be a latent source of false conclusions. Methods: Three seminal papers on the prognosis of breast cancer using genomic profiling will be discussed. Six principles of good experimental design will be used for methodological guidance: defining relevant endpoints, avoiding systematic bias, generalizability of results, appropriately sized samples to achieve sufficient power, simple design to improve interpretability, and avoiding artificial assumptions. Results: Severe violations of at least one of the six principles of good experimental design can be found in each of the three papers. A strategy is presented to assess whether a study has achieved a high level of methodological quality. This strategy also helps to establish a suitable protocol for future profiling projects. Conclusions: Determining the design of a study in a protocol is a first step to avoid impending pitfalls. The protocol should deal with the problem of understanding the complex reality behind genomic profiling. There are basic guiding principles which can help handle the complex task of designing prognostic studies to find genomic signatures.

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16

Ponsuksili, Siriluck, Klaus Wimmers, James Adjaye, and Karl Schellander. "A source for expression profiling in single preimplantation bovine embryos." Theriogenology 57, no. 6 (April 2002): 1611–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0093-691x(02)00661-1.

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17

Lamaze, G. P., H. Chen-Mayer, J. K. Langland, and R. G. Downing. "Neutron Depth Profiling with the New NIST Cold Neutron Source." Surface and Interface Analysis 25, no. 3 (March 1997): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9918(199703)25:3<217::aid-sia226>3.0.co;2-3.

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18

Kiah, M. L. M., Ahmed Haiqi, B. B. Zaidan, and A. A. Zaidan. "Open source EMR software: Profiling, insights and hands-on analysis." Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 117, no. 2 (November 2014): 360–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2014.07.002.

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19

Radenz, Martin, Patric Seifert, Holger Baars, Athena Augusta Floutsi, Zhenping Yin, and Johannes Bühl. "Automated time–height-resolved air mass source attribution for profiling remote sensing applications." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 4 (March 1, 2021): 3015–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3015-2021.

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Abstract. Height-resolved air mass source attribution is crucial for the evaluation of profiling ground-based remote sensing observations, especially when using lidar (light detection and ranging) to investigate different aerosol types throughout the atmosphere. Lidar networks, such as EARLINET (European Aerosol Research Lidar Network) in the frame of ACTRIS (Aerosol, Clouds and Trace Gases), observe profiles of optical aerosol properties almost continuously, but usually, additional information is needed to support the characterization of the observed particles. This work presents an approach explaining how backward trajectories or particle positions from a dispersion model can be combined with geographical information (a land cover classification and manually defined areas) to obtain a continuous and vertically resolved estimate of an air mass source above a certain location. Ideally, such an estimate depends on as few as possible a priori information and auxiliary data. An automated framework for the computation of such an air mass source is presented, and two applications are described. First, the air mass source information is used for the interpretation of air mass sources for three case studies with lidar observations from Limassol (Cyprus), Punta Arenas (Chile) and ship-borne off Cabo Verde. Second, air mass source statistics are calculated for two multi-week campaigns to assess potential observation biases of lidar-based aerosol statistics. Such an automated approach is a valuable tool for the analysis of short-term campaigns but also for long-term data sets, for example, acquired by EARLINET.

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20

Ebdon, J. E., J. L. Wallis, and H. D. Taylor. "A simplified low-cost approach to antibiotic resistance profiling for faecal source tracking." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 1 (July 1, 2004): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0052.

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Antibiotic resistance profiling (ARP) is a potentially useful method for distinguishing faecal bacteria according to host source. This phenotypic approach has cost benefits over genotypic methods, but existing protocols are time-consuming and manual data handling is open to human error. A simplified, low-cost approach to the ARP technique was developed that used automated data recording techniques combined with simple statistical analyses to compare isolates of the genus Enterococcus from various faecal sources. An initial battery of 21 antibiotics (at up to four concentrations) was chosen for source discrimination. Images of growth or non-growth in microplate wells were stored as bitmaps and converted to binary data to form a database of known antibiotic resistance profiles. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) showed that the average rate of isolates correctly classified by the database (wastewater vs non-wastewater) was 86%. Once the more discriminating antibiotics and their concentrations had been identified, it was possible to reduce the number of tests from 80 to 18 whilst increasing the number of correctly classified human isolates. ARP could offer a low-cost and rapid means of identifying sources of faecal pollution. As such, the technique may be of particular benefit to developing countries, where water quality may have a significant impact on health and where cost is a major factor when choosing environmental management technology.

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21

Steer, David N., Larry D. Brown, James H. Knapp, and David J. Baird. "Comparison of explosive and vibroseis source energy penetration during COCORP deep seismic reflection profiling in the Williston Basin." GEOPHYSICS 61, no. 1 (January 1996): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443941.

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Comparison of high‐fold (50) vibroseis recordings with coincident low‐fold (6) explosive source data from deep reflection surveys in the Williston Basin indicates that while vibroseis generated energy decays to ambient noise levels at 7–9 s two‐way traveltime (twtt) (20–30 km depth), energy from explosive sources remains above ambient levels to 35–60 s twtt (105–180 km depth). Moreover, single, moderately sized (30 kg) and well‐placed charges proved to be as effective as larger (90 kg) sources at penetrating to mantle traveltimes in this area. However, the explosive source energy proved highly variable, with source‐to‐ground coupling being a major limiting factor in shot efficacy. Stacked results from the vibroseis sources provide superior imagery of shallow and moderate crustal levels by virtue of greater redundancy and shot‐to‐shot uniformity; shot statics, low fold, and ray‐path distortion across the relatively large (24–30 km aperture) spreads used during the explosive recording have proven to be especially problematic in producing “conventional” seismic sections. In spite of these complications, the explosive source recording served its primary purpose in confirming Moho truncation and the presence of a dipping reflection fabric in the upper mantle along the western flank of the Trans‐Hudson orogen buried beneath the Williston Basin.

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22

Poletto, Flavio. "Energy balance of a drill-bit seismic source, part 2: Drill-bit versus conventional seismic sources." GEOPHYSICS 70, no. 2 (March 2005): T29—T44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1897039.

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The radiation properties of a downhole drill-bit seismic source are related to the amplitude and frequency of the forces exerted by the working bit. The main vibration modes of roller-cone and polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bits are investigated under different drilling conditions. The analysis includes vibrations produced by teeth indention, multilobed patterns, bouncing with periodic and random effects, single-cutter forces, stick-slip and whirling effects, mud-pressure modulation forces, and bit wear. Drill-bit radiation properties are calculated using the results obtained in part 1 of this paper and are numerically compared to the radiation of conventional vertical seismic profiling (VSP) sources.

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23

PITT, P. L., R. D. SMITH, G. C. SHEFFLER, R. D. WARREN, R. M. CLEMENTS, and T. S. HAMILTON. "A PULSED PLASMA JET ACOUSTIC SOURCE FOR PROFILING THE OCEAN FLOOR1." Geophysical Prospecting 36, no. 5 (July 1988): 523–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1988.tb02177.x.

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24

Linebarger, R. S., B. R. Tittmann, J. M. Richardson, and K. A. Marsh. "Depth-dependent two-dimensional thermal-wave source profiling in homogeneous media." Canadian Journal of Physics 64, no. 9 (September 1, 1986): 1311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p86-229.

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The main thrust of thermal-wave infrared (IR) microscopy has largely been concerned with the characterization of the amplitude and phase of the received IR radiation emitted from the surface of a solid in which thermal waves are propagating. The effort reported herein describes an experiment designed to test the physical validity of a thermal-wave inversion technique. This technique allows one to spatially characterize a thermal-wave source in a homogeneous, isotropic medium, given certain boundary conditions and a priori statistical assumptions. Results for the thermal-wave profiling in an ultrasonically excited thin sheet of mylar are compared with those obtained using an equivalent mathematical model.

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25

Ronsheim, P., D. Chidambarrao, B. Jagannathan, and D. Hunt. "Backside sputter depth profiling of phosphorus diffusion from a polysilicon source." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 20, no. 1 (2002): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.1424281.

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26

Sostarecz, A. G., S. Sun, C. Szakal, A. Wucher, and N. Winograd. "Depth profiling studies of multilayer films with a C60+ ion source." Applied Surface Science 231-232 (June 2004): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2004.03.111.

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27

Bakulin, Andrey, Albena Mateeva, Rodney Calvert, Patsy Jorgensen, and Jorge Lopez. "Virtual shear source makes shear waves with air guns." GEOPHYSICS 72, no. 2 (March 2007): A7—A11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2430563.

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We demonstrate a novel application of the virtual source method to create shear-wave sources at the location of buried geophones. These virtual downhole sources excite shear waves with a different radiation pattern than known sources. They can be useful in various shear-wave applications. Here we focus on the virtual shear check shot to generate accurate shear-velocity profiles in offshore environments using typical acquisition for marine walkaway vertical seismic profiling (VSP). The virtual source method is applied to walkaway VSP data to obtain new traces resembling seismograms acquired with downhole seismic sources at geophone locations, thus bypassing any overburden complexity. The virtual sources can be synthesized to radiate predominantly shear waves by collecting converted-wave energy scattered throughout the overburden. We illustrate the concept in a synthetic layered model and demonstrate the method by estimating accurate P- and S-wave velocity profiles below salt using a walkaway VSP from the deepwater Gulf of Mexico.

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28

Mthembu, M. S., P. T. Biyela, T. G. Djarova, and A. K. Basson. "The use of antibiotic resistance profiling as a means of tracing sources of fecal contamination in source waters." Water Supply 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.228.

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Fecal contamination of source waters and its associated intestinal pathogens continues to pose risks to public health although the extent and effect of microbial contamination of source waters gets very little attention in designing treatment plants in most developing countries. Coliform counts give an indication of the overall bacterial contamination of water and thus its safety for human consumption. However, their presence fails to provide information about the source of fecal contamination which is vital to managing fecal contamination problems in surface waters. This study explored the use of multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indexing as means of differentiating E. coli isolates from different sources. A total of 322 E. coli isolates were obtained from municipal wastewater and from fecal samples from domestic and wild animals. Conventional culture methods and standard chemical and biochemical tests were used for isolation and identification of E. coli. Isolates were assayed against 10 antibiotics using the micro-dilution technique. The results obtained generated antibiotic resistance profiles which were used to statistically group the isolates into different subsets. Correct source classification was obtained for 60% of human-derived and 95% non-human-derived E. coli respectively. These results indicate the validity of the usefulness of MAR indexing as a method of bacterial source tracking.

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29

Doll, William E., Richard D. Miller, and Jianghai Xia. "A noninvasive shallow seismic source comparison on the Oak Ridge Reservation, Tennessee." GEOPHYSICS 63, no. 4 (July 1998): 1318–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444433.

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Nine seismic sources were compared in preparation for production seismic reflection profiling to about 500 m depth at a hazardous waste site on the Oak Ridge Reservation, Tennessee. Test data provided a 125-shotpoint common midpoint profile and a walkaway vertical seismic profile for each source. Sources tested included five swept sources and four impulsive sources. Eight of the sources were “noninvasive,” in that they would not penetrate the ground surface. When spectral whitening methods were applied to the data, the IVI Minivib provided the best image of the subsurface on the basis of continuity and clarity of reflections. Without prewhitening, the performance of the IVI Minivib and the Bison elastic wave generator were similar.

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30

Kumari, Asha, and Asish Kumar Parida. "Metabolite profiling of the leaf extract reveals the antioxidant and nutraceuticals potential of the halophyte Salvadora persica." RSC Advances 6, no. 57 (2016): 51629–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra08415j.

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31

Romanyuk, O., J. Brault, I. Gordeev, E. Ukraintsev, J. Houdková та P. Jiříček. "Depth profiling of AlN and Al_xGa_1−xN crystals by XPS using Al Kα and Ag Lα line excitation and Ar ion gas cluster ion source". Journal of Applied Physics 133, № 3 (21 січня 2023): 035301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0125938.

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AlGaN-based heterostructures are promising candidates for the fabrication of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes. The analysis of the atomic composition of the grown epitaxial films is important from a technological point of view, allowing precise control over the wavelength and intensity of the emitted light. In this work, the depth profiling of AlN(0001), AlGaN(0001), and AlGaN quantum dot surfaces grown by molecular beam epitaxy was carried out by using angle-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) combined with Ar gas cluster ion source (GCIS) sputtering. Core level shifts in XPS spectra measured by Al Kα and Ag Lα photon sources were determined. We found that sputtering by Ar1000+ ion clusters with an energy of 10 keV creates disorder on the surface and induces changes in surface atomic composition. As a result, depth profiling with a typical surface-sensitive Al Kα photon source is affected by the damaged layer. The application of a less surface-sensitive Ag Lα photon source with high photon energy could suppress the contribution from the damaged surface layer. Combining GCIS sputtering with Ag Lα line XPS measurements is, therefore, very promising for the quantification of atomic composition in the buried epitaxial layers or heterostructures with thicknesses of several tens of nm.

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32

Paulo, Joao A., Jeremy D. O’Connell, Aleksandr Gaun, and Steven P. Gygi. "Proteome-wide quantitative multiplexed profiling of protein expression: carbon-source dependency in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular Biology of the Cell 26, no. 22 (November 5, 2015): 4063–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e15-07-0499.

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The global proteomic alterations in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae due to differences in carbon sources can be comprehensively examined using mass spectrometry–based multiplexing strategies. In this study, we investigate changes in the S. cerevisiae proteome resulting from cultures grown in minimal media using galactose, glucose, or raffinose as the carbon source. We used a tandem mass tag 9-plex strategy to determine alterations in relative protein abundance due to a particular carbon source, in triplicate, thereby permitting subsequent statistical analyses. We quantified more than 4700 proteins across all nine samples; 1003 proteins demonstrated statistically significant differences in abundance in at least one condition. The majority of altered proteins were classified as functioning in metabolic processes and as having cellular origins of plasma membrane and mitochondria. In contrast, proteins remaining relatively unchanged in abundance included those having nucleic acid–related processes, such as transcription and RNA processing. In addition, the comprehensiveness of the data set enabled the analysis of subsets of functionally related proteins, such as phosphatases, kinases, and transcription factors. As a resource, these data can be mined further in efforts to understand better the roles of carbon source fermentation in yeast metabolic pathways and the alterations observed therein, potentially for industrial applications, such as biofuel feedstock production.

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Das, Umesh C., and Adrianus T. de Hoop. "Efficient computation of apparent resistivity curves for depth profiling of a layered earth." GEOPHYSICS 60, no. 6 (November 1995): 1691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443901.

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The problem of computing the electrical potential as a result of a direct current electric source in a layered earth is reformulated to avoid instability in the numerical computation that may occur with the standard propagator matrix formalism described in a number of textbooks. The present spectral formalism involves constituents that contain only exponential functions with nonpositive arguments. The vertical spectral input admittances at the interface levels up to the source level are calculated recursively, starting at the uppermost and lowermost interfaces of the layered earth. These admittances at the source level are then used to compute the electrical voltage at the source level. With the known voltage and the admittances at the source level, the spectral amplitudes at the source level are known. Computation of the amplitudes at the other interfaces is, progressively, carried out by expressing the amplitudes at any interface above the source level in terms of the amplitude on the interface just below it and expressing the amplitudes at any interface below the source level in terms of the amplitude on the interface just above it. This results in an efficient scheme for computing electrical potential in any arbitrary depth levels (required for imaging subsurface conductivity). We simulate single‐borehole and hole‐to‐hole experiments. Neglecting the influence of the boreholes, we consider a plane layered earth model in which point electrodes along a vertical line (source line) inject and extract a stationary electric current, and point electrodes either along the source line or along another vertical line (receiver line) measure a potential difference. From the potential measurements, apparent resistivities are computed along the vertical lines.

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34

de Vries, Sjouke, Frank Blaauw, and Vasilios Andrikopoulos. "Cost-Profiling Microservice Applications Using an APM Stack." Future Internet 15, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi15010037.

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Understanding how the different parts of a cloud-native application contribute to its operating expenses is an important step towards optimizing this cost. However, with the adoption and rollout of microservice architectures, the gathering of the necessary data becomes much more involved and nuanced due to the distributed and heterogeneous nature of these architectures. Existing solutions for this purpose are either closed-source and proprietary or focus only on the infrastructural footprint of the applications. In response to that, in this work, we present a cost-profiling solution aimed at Kubernetes-based microservice applications, building on a popular open-source application performance monitoring (APM) stack. By means of a case study with a data engineering company, we demonstrate how our proposed solution can provide deeper insights into the cost profile of the various application components and drive informed decision-making in managing the deployment of the application.

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35

Skjellerup, P., S. B. Smithson, and H. C. Larsen. "Deep seismic profiling in central West Greenland." Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 148 (January 1, 1990): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/rapggu.v148.8115.

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During September 1989 a survey of the Godthåbsfjord area was carried out in order to study the deep seismic structure of high-grade Archaean crust (Bridgwater et al., 1976; McGregor et al., 1986). Refraction profiles were made along Godthåbsfjord and Ameralik. Receiver stations were placed along the fjords and inland to provide cross-profiles and 3-D coverage (fig. 1). Marine air-guns provided the seismic energy source.

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Guo, Ting, Chengping Hu, Ling Qin, Huaping Yang, Qihua Gu, Liming Cao, Pengbo Deng, et al. "Sputum supernatant as an alternative source for liquid biopsy in patients with advanced lung cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): e21617-e21617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e21617.

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e21617 Background: With the advancements in the development of targeted therapy, the detection of actionable genes has become routine practice in diagnosing lung cancer. Plasma-based mutation profiling is widely used in clinical settings. Profiling using other body fluids is actively explored. In this study, we investigated the potential of induced sputum obtained from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients for mutation profiling. Methods: We performed targeted sequencing on matched FFPE, plasma and induced sputum samples of 41 treatment-naïve advanced NSCLC using a panel consisting of 168 lung cancer-related genes. 10ml of whole blood and 8 ml of induced sputum were obtained from each patient. Induced sputum samples were fractionated into supernatant (sup) and precipitates (ppt). The cohort had a median age of 65 with a majority (32/41) diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma. 7 of them were diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma and the remaining 2 patients were diagnosed with neuroendocrine tumor. All patients had advanced disease (stage III or IV). Results: First, we investigated the optimal sputum fraction for mutation profiling by comparing the detection rates and maximum allelic fraction (maxAF) between sputum sup and ppt samples using matched tissue and plasma as references. The detection rate was defined as any mutation detected from the panel used; while maxAF was defined as the highest mutation allelic fraction among all mutations detected. Tissue, plasma, sputum sup and ppt achieved a rate of detection of 100%, 76.9%, 72.4% and 65.7% respectively, revealing comparable detection rates between plasma and sputum sup (p = 0.89). Sup had a significantly higher average maxAF than plasma (p = 0.03) and ppt samples (p < 0.01). Using driver mutations detected from tissue samples as references, sup, ppt and plasma samples achieved a sensitivity of 63.2%, 50% and 67.8%, respectively. Next, we investigated whether induced sputum obtained from smokers would be more informative than non-smokers. Our analysis revealed that sup from smokers had a significantly higher average AF than sup from non-smokers (p < 0.001). Furthermore, there was a statistical significant difference in average AF between sup and ppt obtained from smoker (p < 0.001) but such difference was non-existent in non-smokers (p = 0.46). Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that sputum sup demonstrates a comparable performance as plasma samples and is as a better sampling source than its ppt. Induced sputum from advanced stage NSCLC patients is an alternative media for mutation profiling.

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37

Jensen, Travis L., William F. Hooper, Sami R. Cherikh, and Johannes B. Goll. "RP-REP Ribosomal Profiling Reports: an open-source cloud-enabled framework for reproducible ribosomal profiling data processing, analysis, and result reporting." F1000Research 10 (February 24, 2021): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.40668.1.

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Ribosomal profiling is an emerging experimental technology to measure protein synthesis by sequencing short mRNA fragments undergoing translation in ribosomes. Applied on the genome wide scale, this is a powerful tool to profile global protein synthesis within cell populations of interest. Such information can be utilized for biomarker discovery and detection of treatment-responsive genes. However, analysis of ribosomal profiling data requires careful preprocessing to reduce the impact of artifacts and dedicated statistical methods for visualizing and modeling the high-dimensional discrete read count data. Here we present Ribosomal Profiling Reports (RP-REP), a new open-source cloud-enabled software that allows users to execute start-to-end gene-level ribosomal profiling and RNA-Seq analysis on a pre-configured Amazon Virtual Machine Image (AMI) hosted on AWS or on the user’s own Ubuntu Linux server. The software works with FASTQ files stored locally, on AWS S3, or at the Sequence Read Archive (SRA). RP-REP automatically executes a series of customizable steps including filtering of contaminant RNA, enrichment of true ribosomal footprints, reference alignment and gene translation quantification, gene body coverage, CRAM compression, reference alignment QC, data normalization, multivariate data visualization, identification of differentially translated genes, and generation of heatmaps, co-translated gene clusters, enriched pathways, and other custom visualizations. RP-REP provides functionality to contrast RNA-SEQ and ribosomal profiling results, and calculates translational efficiency per gene. The software outputs a PDF report and publication-ready table and figure files. As a use case, we provide RP-REP results for a dengue virus study that tested cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum cellular fractions of human Huh7 cells pre-infection and at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 40 h post-infection. Case study results, Ubuntu installation scripts, and the most recent RP-REP source code are accessible at GitHub. The cloud-ready AMI is available at AWS (AMI ID: RPREP RSEQREP (Ribosome Profiling and RNA-Seq Reports) v2.1 (ami-00b92f52d763145d3)).

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38

Tomlekova, Nasya, Petko Mladenov, Ivayla Dincheva, and Emilya Nacheva. "Metabolic Profiling of Bulgarian Potato Cultivars." Foods 11, no. 13 (July 4, 2022): 1981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11131981.

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Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) are the fourth most economically important crop in the world. They have a short period of vegetation and are an excellent source of carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins, organic acids, minerals and phenolics as antioxidant substances. Potato can be a major dietary source of various bioactive compounds. In this study, we applied gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolite profiling to classify eight Bulgarian potato cultivars bred in the Maritsa Vegetable Crops Research Institute (VCRI), Plovdiv, according to their metabolite contents. Altogether, we determine their flavonoids/phenolics to evaluate their nutritive quality for the breeding program with the target of determining strong health-promoting compounds. The “Kalina” cultivar is highlighted as the best one with the highest number of metabolites, containing 14 out of the 26 evaluated; it was selected as the highest-quality cultivar, compared with the other seven cultivars studied. According to the grouping of the cultivars in principal component analysis PCA, their positive distribution is explained mainly by them having the highest contents of aminobutyric and isocitric acids, methionine and alanine and lower levels of fumaric acid, pyroglutamic acid and glycine, in contrast to the cultivars distributed negatively, which had high contents of carbohydrates and relatively low contents of most of the amino acids. The highest number of amino acids was found in the cultivar “Kalina”, followed by “Perun” and “Bor”. The highest number of carbohydrates was found in “Pavelsko” and “Iverce”, while the prominent accumulation of organic acids was found in “Kalina”, “Bor” and “Rozhen”. The highest number of flavonoids in the flesh of the tubers was found in the cultivars “Nadezhda” and “Pavelsko”, followed by “Bor”. The highest ratio of flavonoids/phenolics in the flesh was found in “Pavelsko” and in “Nadezhda”, followed by “Iverce”.

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Chen, S. T., E. A. Eriksen, and M. A. Miller. "Experimental studies on downhole seismic sources." GEOPHYSICS 55, no. 12 (December 1990): 1645–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442818.

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Reversed vertical seismic profiling (RVSP) and crosshole seismology can produce detailed images around a well since they record higher frequency data than surface seismic. The key issue, however, is whether or not a source can be constructed that can deliver enough energy downhole and yet do no significant damage to the borehole. We have investigated various candidate downhole sources for reversed vertical seismic profiling and crosshole seismology. The potential sources studied included explosive charges, a perforating gun, an air gun, and a water gun. The studies were conducted in both open and cased holes in various lithologies. We found that an explosive charge or an air gun can be a viable direct source in both open and cased wells (cemented or free casing). In an open borehole or in a cased well (with new casing), neither explosive charges nor air gun produced damage that was detectable by the borehole televiewer. However, the long‐spaced sonic logging tool indicated that both sources may cause a deterioration of the cement bond between the formation and the casing where the cement is new and its integrity is questionable. The direct P-wave signal is found to be approximately linearly proportional to the amount of explosives used. The signal amplitude decreases as the transmitting distance increases approximately as the power law (−2.14).

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40

Estévez-Danta, Andrea, Rosa Montes, Lubertus Bijlsma, Rafael Cela, Alberto Celma, Iria González-Mariño, Manuel Miró, et al. "Source identification of amphetamine-like stimulants in Spanish wastewater through enantiomeric profiling." Water Research 206 (November 2021): 117719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117719.

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41

Wallis, Louise, Catherine Hitchcock, Dennis McNevin, and Jennifer Raymond. "Source Level Attribution: DNA Profiling from the ABAcard® HemaTrace® Kit." Forensic Sciences 1, no. 3 (October 7, 2021): 116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci1030011.

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ABAcard® HemaTrace® kits have been used for crime scene stains for confirmation of human blood for many years. However, when the stain is too small to allow for separate testing, confirmatory testing may be forgone to preference DNA analysis. This can lead to court challenges as to the biological source and therefore probative value of the DNA profile. This research aimed to develop a protocol for DNA analysis of a minute blood stain subsequent to HemaTrace® testing. Stains were collected and subjected to HemaTrace® testing. Swabs were then removed from the HemaTrace® buffer solution and processed. DNA yields and STR DNA profiles were analysed for both quantity and quality. Full profiles were reliably obtained from stains with diameters of 0.6 mm–0.7 mm, reflecting DNA concentrations between 0.0036 ng/μL and 0.007 ng/μL, varying according to substrate characteristics. However, stains below a diameter of 0.6 mm should proceed directly for DNA profiling. This protocol was also successfully performed on blood stains which had undergone UV irradiation, although use of the reporting peak height threshold (lower than the routine analytical threshold) was required to obtain useable profiles. We have been able to demonstrate a protocol which, with minor adjustments to crime scene procedures, allows for both the confirmation of the presence of human blood, together with the generation of useful DNA profiles.

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42

Roberts, A. J., S. J. Hutton, C. J. Blomfield, I. Drummond, and S. C. Page. "Characterisation and Optimisation of a Polyatomic Ion Source for Organic Depth Profiling." Journal of Surface Analysis 15, no. 3 (2009): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1384/jsa.15.287.

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43

Benskin, Jonathan P., Leo W. Y. Yeung, Nobuyoshi Yamashita, Sachi Taniyasu, Paul K. S. Lam, and Jonathan W. Martin. "Perfluorinated Acid Isomer Profiling in Water and Quantitative Assessment of Manufacturing Source." Environmental Science & Technology 44, no. 23 (December 2010): 9049–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es102582x.

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44

Zhang, Yan, Weixin Li, Jie Sun, Rui Zhang, Bing Wu, Xuxiang Zhang, and Shupei Cheng. "NMR-based metabolic profiling for serum of mouse exposed to source water." Ecotoxicology 20, no. 5 (March 12, 2011): 1065–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10646-011-0626-0.

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45

Horodetsky, S. D., and J. I. Kleiman. "Nondestructive Depth Profiling by Electron Spectroscopy with a Tuned Energy Excitation Source." physica status solidi (a) 191, no. 1 (May 2002): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-396x(200205)191:1<195::aid-pssa195>3.0.co;2-b.

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46

Nagy, Ádám, and László Abrankó. "Profiling of hydroxycinnamoylquinic acids in plant extracts using in-source CID fragmentation." Journal of Mass Spectrometry 51, no. 12 (October 7, 2016): 1130–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jms.3847.

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47

Duran, Metin, Deniz Yurtsever, and Timur Dunaev. "Choice of indicator organism and library size considerations for phenotypic microbial source tracking by FAME profiling." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 10 (November 1, 2009): 2659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.656.

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The primary objective of this study was to investigate the effects of choice of the indicator organisms on the accuracy of classifying the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles of the known-source library isolates. First, a known-source library containing the FAME profiles of Enterococcus isolates cultured from six different possible sources of microbial pollution was developed. A total of 511 Enterococcus isolates were profiled: 120 isolates from sewage samples representing humans; 69 from dairy and cattle cow; 74 from chicken; 76 from swine; 94 from deer; and 78 from waterfowl. Classification of known-source Enterococcus isolates into their respective host categories resulted with a 66% average rate of correct classification (ARCC) in a six-way discriminant analysis (DA). The ARCC increased to 75% when the individual hosts were pooled into larger categories of human, livestock, and wildlife. The accuracy was 80% when isolates of human origin were discriminated against those of non-human origins. Recently, several studies reported the ARCCs for various classification schemes associated with total coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC), and Escherichia coli of the known-source isolates. When the accuracy of classification of Enterococcus isolates was compared to those reported for TC, FC, and E. coli isolates, the lowest ARCCs were associated with classification of E. coli isolates, the only species level indicator organism among the four compared. It was found that the degree of discrimination increases as the indicator becomes more inclusive of bacteria from different genus. In addition, random cluster formation analysis indicates that known-source libraries with isolate numbers between 300 and 500 might be sufficient for MST by FAME.

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Amrouche, Mohamed, and Hiroaki Yamanaka. "Two-dimensional shallow soil profiling using time-domain waveform inversion." GEOPHYSICS 80, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): EN27—EN41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2014-0027.1.

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Near-surface characterization has now gained significance among exploration geophysicists, and many methods are being proposed to retrieve the 2D structures of shallow soils. Because most of these methods are based on the modal inversion of the surface waves, they can only be applied to laterally homogeneous or smoothly heterogeneous soil models. We have developed a time-domain waveform inversion method for 2D near-surface exploration that offers an alternative approach to existing surface-wave techniques for layered soils with a flat surface. Our method directly fits the input Rayleigh waveforms to retrieve the 2D soil structure without need of any modal identification, allowing the inversion of soil models that can be challenging with modal-inversion-based approaches. In our method, the forward problem formulated in the time domain is based on a 2.5D staggered-grid finite-difference scheme to simulate the P-SV wavefield; soil modeling was achieved by dividing soil layers into specific number of blocks with discontinuous interfaces. The inversion strategy depends on attributing suitable values for the interface depth and S-wave velocity for each block to reconstruct a numerical soil model that fit the input waveforms. Because we cannot know the source signature during data acquisition, source deconvolution by a reference station is applied to observed and calculated waveforms to make a waveform inversion free of the source signature. Numerical experiments revealed that our method was able to sufficiently reconstruct soil structures with strong lateral velocity gradient or soils with a blind layer in noisy environments, using a single source and reasonable number of receivers. We also applied this method to real waveform data, and we succeeded in obtaining good correlation between the inverted 2D soil model and the existing borehole data.

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Zhang, Zhenhua, Peng Chen, and Zhihua Mao. "SOLS: An Open-Source Spaceborne Oceanic Lidar Simulator." Remote Sensing 14, no. 8 (April 12, 2022): 1849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14081849.

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In recent years, oceanic lidar has seen a wide range of oceanic applications, such as optical profiling and detecting bathymetry. Furthermore, spaceborne lidars, CALIOP and ICESat-2, designed for atmospheric and ice science applications, have been used for ocean backscattering retrievals, but, until now, there has been no spaceborne lidar specifically designed for ocean detection. There is a demand for an effective lidar simulator to study the detection potential capability of spaceborne oceanic lidar. In this study, an open-source spaceborne oceanic lidar simulator named SOLS was developed, which is available freely. Moreover, the maximum detectable depth and corresponding optimal wavelength for spaceborne lidar were analyzed at a global scale by using SOLS. The factors controlling detection limits of a spaceborne ocean profiling lidar in different cases were discussed. Then, the maximum detectable depths with different relative measurement errors and the influence of solar background radiance were estimated. Subsequently, the effects of laser and detector parameters on maximum detectable depths were studied. The relationship between the lidar detectable depth and the ocean mixed layer depth was also discussed. Preliminary results show that the maximum detectable depth could reach deeper than 120 m in the oligotrophic sea at low latitudes. We found that 490 nm is the optimal wavelength for most of the open seawater. For coastal water, 532 nm is a more suitable choice considering both the technical maturity and geophysical parameters. If possible, a lidar equipped with 440 nm could achieve the greatest depth in oligotrophic seawater in subtropical gyres north and south of the equator. The upper mixed layer vertical structure in most of the global open ocean is within the lidar maximum detectable depth. These results show that SOLS can help the design of future spaceborne oceanic lidar systems a lot.

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50

Fulton, W. Stephen. "Tire-Cord Adhesion: How the Source of Zinc Can Influence the Structure of the Bonding Interface." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 79, no. 5 (November 1, 2006): 790–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547967.

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Abstract Many excellent, fundamental studies on tire cord adhesion have described how zinc diffuses through the rubber brass interface to be sulphidized to form zinc sulphide and how zinc combines with oxygen to create zinc oxide during dezincification. The source of zinc is assumed primarily to originate in the brass of the tire cord. However, studies using isotope-depleted zinc oxide in the rubber formulation are presented here which reveal how zinc from different sources is distributed within the bonding interface, before and after aging. To differentiate between two sources of zinc, i.e. brass and compound, zinc oxide made from 64Zn-depleted zinc was mixed in the formulation and Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) depth profiling was used to follow the zinc isotope ratios within the interfacial layers. As the relative ratios of the various zinc isotopes changed during depth profiling, the contribution of zinc from each source could be determined. Profiles were obtained for unaged, heat-aged and humidity-aged samples and in each case a relatively large amount of zinc that originated in the rubber compound was shown to be incorporated as zinc sulphide during the thickening of the interfacial layer. Heat-ageing produced a thickened dendritic structure that was visualized in Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) using a sample prepared by focussed ion beam (FIB) techniques. This study was complemented by Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analysis, producing elemental linescans to illustrate more fully the role of zinc during the thickening of the bonding interface.

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