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Статті в журналах з теми "Solvents extracts"
Kuznetsov, P. N., Z. R. Ismagilov, L. I. Kuznetsova, B. Avid, X. Fan, and Е. S. Mihkailova. "The Composition and Properties of Soluble Products from the Coal ThermoSolvolysis with Hydrocarbon Residues and Blends as Solvents." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 24, no. 3 (October 10, 2022): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj1431.
Повний текст джерелаZakaria, F., B. A. Talip, E. E. M. Kahar, N. Muhammad, N. Abdullah, and H. Basri. "Solvent used in extraction process of agarwood: a systematic review." Food Research 4, no. 3 (January 4, 2020): 731–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(3).333.
Повний текст джерелаSchuster, Anja, Nina Ortmayr, Gertie Janneke Oostingh, and Bettina Stelzhammer. "Compounds extracted from larch, birch bark, Douglas fir, and alder woods with four different solvents: Effects on five skin-related microbes." BioResources 15, no. 2 (March 25, 2020): 3368–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.2.3368-3381.
Повний текст джерелаGeetha, Sethupandian, Kokkaiah Irulandi, and Palanichamy Mehalingam. "EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITIES OF DIFFERENT SOLVENT EXTRACTS OF LEAVES OF PIPER UMBELLATUM." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i2.15570.
Повний текст джерелаKarunakaran, Thiruventhan, Yong Sean Goh, Rameshkumar Santhanam, Vikneswaran Murugaiyah, Mohamad Hafizi Abu Bakar, and Surash Ramanathan. "RP-HPLC-DAD Analysis of Mitragynine Content in Mitragyna speciosa Korth. (Ketum) Leaf Extracts Prepared Using Ultrasound Assisted Extraction Technique and Their Cytotoxicity." Separations 9, no. 11 (November 3, 2022): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations9110345.
Повний текст джерелаMokhtar, Siti Umairah. "Comparison of total phenolic and flavonoids contents in Malaysian propolis extract with two different extraction solvents." International Journal of Engineering Technology and Sciences 6, no. 2 (December 29, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijets.v6i2.2577.
Повний текст джерелаTzani, Andromachi, Ioanna Pitterou, Foteini Divani, Thalia Tsiaka, Georgios Sotiroudis, Panagiotis Zoumpoulakis, and Anastasia Detsi. "Green Extraction of Greek Propolis Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) and Incorporation of the NADES-Extracts in Cosmetic Formulation." Sustainable Chemistry 4, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 8–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/suschem4010002.
Повний текст джерелаUdaya Prakash N K, Sriraman V, Devika V, Peneena V, Sripriya N, Bhuvaneswari S, and Sampathkumar B. "Comparative studies on phytochemistry, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of direct and sequential extracts of chromolaena odorata leaves." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 2 (April 15, 2019): 914–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.275.
Повний текст джерелаThuanthong, Arthittaya, Jaran Patchimpet, Wonnop Visessanguan, Jarurat Panyo, Soottawat Benjakul, Yi Zhang, and Sappasith Klomklao. "Antioxidant properties of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) shell extracts as affected by solvents used for prior decolorization." ASEAN Journal of Scientific and Technological Reports 24, no. 3 (December 25, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.55164/ajstr.v24i3.243570.
Повний текст джерелаV. Le, Anh, Sophie E. Parks, Minh H. Nguyen, and Paul D. Roach. "Improving the Vanillin-Sulphuric Acid Method for Quantifying Total Saponins." Technologies 6, no. 3 (September 6, 2018): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies6030084.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Solvents extracts"
Rix, Catherine S. "Detecting life on Mars and the life marker chip : antibody assays for detecting organic molecules in liquid extracts of Martian samples." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2012. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/7250.
Повний текст джерелаPalu, Doreen. "Etude de la composition chimique d’extraits d’Ilex aquifolium Linné et de Calicotome villosa (Poiret) Link de Corse par RMN du carbone-13." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Corte, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022CORT0018.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this work was to determine chemical composition of wild growing corsican understudied plant species, with potential biological activities. This study was realized using the computerized NMR method developed over the past thirty years by the University of Corsica “Chimie et Biomasse” group, UMR CNRS “Sciences Pour l’environnement”. Identified secondary metabolites were then undertaken to evaluate their antimicrobial properties. As part of this study, we selected on the first place commun holly (Ilex aquifolium L.). After two successive column chromatography, hexane and dichloromethane leaves crude extracts and all chromatography fractions were analyzed by 13C NMR (GC(RI) and GC-MS sometimes) to allow the identification of eleven triterpens and α- and β-amyrin esters. Among identified compounds, ursolic acid and oleanolic acid were also quantified by 1H NMR in the dichloromethane crude extract using a reliable method developped and validated (accuracy, linearity precision of measurements). Ursolic acid accounted for 55.3% of the extract, followed by oleanolic acid, 20.8%. Evaluation of previous identified compounds antimicrobial activities has been performed in collaboration with « Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire du Végétal » group (University of Corsica). Triterpen acids and chloramphenicol (reference antibiotic) displayed similar antibacterial activities against three Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus cereus (MIC = 4 and 8 mg.L-1 vs. 2 and 4 mg.L-1). Moreover, dichloromethane and dichloromethane/ethyl acetate (50/50, v/v) berries extracts were submitted to successive column chromatography. Crude extracts and chromatography fractions 13C NMR spectra revealed presence of nine triterpens previously identidied, five phenolics derivatives, six monosaccharides and four lactones (menisdaurilide, aquilegiolide, dasycarponilide and 7-epi-griffonilide) were first time identified in berries holly extracts. On the second place, we determined chemical compositions of Calicotome villosa (Poir.) Link flowers and root extracts. 13C NMR analysis of dichloromethane and ethyl acetate flowers extracts and their chromatography fractions, allowed the identification of three flavonoids, five glycosyl flavonoids and four phenylpropanoids. We also studied chemical composition of a methanol root extract which has never been submitted to any chemical composition study. After successive column chromatography, eighteen compounds were identified by 13C NMR including sterols, flavonoids, a polyphenol and pterocarpans
Coppa, Carolina Fernanda Sengling Cebin. "Extração de oleuropeína de folhas de oliva com solvente hidroalcoólico e efeito dos extratos sobre a estabilidade oxidativa de óleos vegetais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74132/tde-01062016-114325/.
Повний текст джерелаOleuropein is the most abundant phenolic compound present in the leaves of the olive tree, and many studies have shown that this compound has significant antimicrobial properties, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, among others, emerging interest in studies of methods for extraction and use in products in the food industry, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. The aim of this study was the extraction of oleuropein from the olive leaf, using non-toxic solvent, for further application of the extracts in vegetable oils in order to check its effect on their oxidative stability. The solvent selected for the study was a mixture of ethanol and water (70:30, % mass, condition obtained from a previous study), in the presence of 1 % acetic acid. In a first step, extraction experiments were conducted using maceration (type I) and ultrasound (type II) under different temperature conditions (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 ° C). In a second step, through experiments with maceration at room temperature, the effect of the ratio olive leaves:solvent (1:8, 1:6 and 1:3) and the influence of the presence of acetic acid on the process of extraction (type III) was studied. Finally, using maceration in the presence of acetic acid at room temperature and proportion olive leaves:solvent of 1:3, sequencial extractions from the same raw material (type IV) were performed. The results of these experiments were expressed in oleuropein yield (RO), oleuropein content in extracts (TO) and global yield (RG). Analyzing the experiments I and II, it was found that the temperature did not have significant influence on the RO, TO and RG values. Furthermore, it was found the response values for the experiments with maceration was somewhat higher than values obtained for extractions using ultrasound. In type III trials, in general, a positive influence of the presence of acetic acid in the studied answers were observed. It was also found that in the presence of acid, higher amount of solvent leads to an increase of RO and RG values, and a decrease of TO value. Through the experiment type IV, it was found that even after four sequential extractions, it was not possible to exhaust oleuropein raw material. After obtaining all the hydroalcoholic extracts, na extract contanining approximately 19 % of oleuropein was selected for the study of oxidative stability of vegetable oils (olive and sunflower oil), using the Rancimat method. The presence of extract increased in 3 hours the induction time of extra-virgin olive oil, and in 2 hours the induction time of common olive oil. Crude and refined sunflower oils showed no improvement in the oxidative stability when added to the extracts. Oxidative stability tests were also performed by direct addition of olive leaf powder in extra virgin and common olive oil. For extra virgin olive oil, the addition of the powder leaves did not improve the oxidative stability, but for the common oil, an increase of more than 2 hours in induction time was observed. Results demonstrated that it is possible to obtain extracts containing significant concentrations of oleuropein using a renewable solvent. Furthermore, it was found that it can be used as a natural antioxidant in olive oil, improving its oxidative stability.
Tófoli, Rodolfo José [UNESP]. "Avaliação de biocompostos e composição mineral de extratos provenientes de duas macroalgas lóticas do estado de São Paulo." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/150494.
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No Brasil, há uma grande biodiversidade de espécies de algas lóticas, Dentre as mais conhecida, encontradas em rios e riachos da região sudeste do estado de São Paulo destaca-se a Oedogonium sp. e a Nitella microcarpa var. wrightii., dois gêneros de algas verdes. Entretanto, estudos de caracterização química de extratos destas algas ainda são inexistentes. Por esse motivo destaca-se a importância deste trabalho, o qual encontra-se subdivido em dois estudos. O primeiro teve por objetivo avaliar e quantificar compostos fenólicos e capacidade antioxidade de extratos de diferentes solventes da alga Oedogonium sp. Utilizou-se um delineamento experimental de mistura para determinar a influência dos solventes e verificou-se qual desses apresentou melhor rendimento na extração desses compostos da alga em pó. O segundo estudo teve por objetivo realizar a caracterização de duas macroalgas verdes: Nitella microcarpa var. wrightii, e Oedogonium sp., através da obtenção de um extrato, com o melhor sistema de solventes obtidos no primeiro estudo. Desta forma, foi possível quantificar quanto a presença de minerais, flavonoides, umidade, carotenoides, compostos fenólicos e capacidade antioxidante. No primeiro estudo, os resultados sugeriram que a mistura acetona-etanol apresentou melhor rendimento de extração tanto para compostos fenólicos como à capacidade antioxidante. No segundo estudo, a alga Oedogonium sp. destacou-se por apresentar uma grande quantidade de carotenoides totais. Já a espécie Nitella microcarpa var. wrightii, obteve altos valores de minerais.
In Brazil, there is a great biodiversity of lotic algae species. Among the most well known species found in rivers and streams in the southeast region of the state of São Paulo is Oedogonium sp. and Nitella microcarpa var. Wrightii., Two genus of green algae. However, studies of chemical characterization of extracts of these algae are still non existent. For this reason the importance of this work is highlighted, which is subdivided in two studies. The first one had the objective to evaluate and quantify phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of extracts of different solvents of the algae Oedogonium sp. An experimental design of the mixture was used to determine the influence of the solvents and it was verified which of them presented better yield in the extraction of these compounds from the powdered seaweed. The second study aimed to characterize two green macroalgae: Nitella microcarpa var. Wrightii, and Oedogonium sp., by obtaining an extract, with the best solvent system obtained in the first study. In this way, it was possible to quantify the presence of minerals, flavonoids, moisture, carotenoids, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. In the first study, the results suggested that the acetone-ethanol-water mixture had a better extraction yield for both phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. In the second study, the alga Oedogonium sp. was characterized by a large amount of total carotenoids. The other alga, of the species Nitella microcarpa var. Wrightii, has achieved high mineral values.
Ceschini, Valmir Carneiro. "Potencial antífungico de extratos de folhas de Eucalyptus staigeriana F. Muell. sobre Aspergillus flavus." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11141/tde-22112011-135925/.
Повний текст джерелаThis study aimed to evaluate the antifungal potential of Eucalyptus staigeriana F. Muell. leaf extracts against Aspergillus flavus. The extracts were prepared using fresh, lyophilized, and air-dried leaves, different extraction times, and different solvents, such as methanol, ethanol, water at room temperature, and water at 60ºC. To measure the antifungal potential, the poisoned food technique was used in PDA medium, and the radial growth of the fungus was evaluated for six days. The percentage of inhibition was assessed by comparing the measurements of the radial growth diameter of the fungus in the extracts with the control plates containing only the solvents. The essential oil of E. staigeriana was used as a positive control. The methanolic extracts presented the best antifungal potential, followed by the ethanolic and aqueous extracts. The use of fresh leaves was the best type of preparation and no statistically significant difference between 1-h and 24-h solvent extraction was found, indicating the 1-h extraction process as the most feasible. The extract presenting the best performance using the microwell technique had the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) measured, and the fungal growth was monitored by fluorescence derived from the fungal esterase reaction with fluorescein diacetate. The extract that achieved the best result the methanolic extract, with 1-h extraction from lyophilized leaves of E. staigeriana, and the MIC was 26.75 L/mL, while the essential oil was 12.5 L/mL, demonstrating the relative efficiency of the solvent extraction and its practicality and easy implementation when compared with the extraction of essential oils.
Gomes, Anabele Stefânia. "Atividade fitotóxica de extratos foliares de Pouteria torta (Mart.) Radlk." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2013. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/14735.
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Muitos metabólitos secundários podem ser sintetizados desde os primeiros estágios da planta, no entanto outros podem ter sua produção desencadeada ou aumentada em resposta a algum estímulo ambiental, o que pode afetar seu potencial fitotóxico. O método de extração e o tipo de solvente utilizado para tal podem interferir na estrutura de produtos e na quantidade a ser extraída. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o potencial fitotóxico de extratos aquosos de folhas de P. torta coletadas na estação chuvosa e na estação seca no Cerrado, e obtidos por extração a quente e a frio, nas espécies alvo Sesamum indicum (gergelim) e Urochloa decumbens (braquiária). Ainda, comparar a atividade dos extratos aquosos com extratos obtidos por acetato de etila. Os extratos foram testados em cinco concentrações, 200, 400, 800, 1600 e 3200 ppm. Foram realizados experimentos de germinação e crescimento inicial em placa de petri que foram mantidas em câmara de germinação por sete dias, a 30ºC, com fotoperíodo de 12h. Não houve diferença na atividade em relação à época de coleta ou ao método de extração. Em relação ao extrato obtido por acetato de etila, a extração aquosa mostrou-se mais indicada para obtenção de fitoquímicos na espécie estudada, por ter maior efeito inibitório sob as espécies-alvo, além de ter baixo custo. A germinabilidade e o tempo médio de germinação não foram alterados em nenhuma das espécies, no entanto, o crescimento inicial foi inibido. O crescimento radicular foi mais sensível aos efeitos dos fitoquímicos que o crescimento aéreo. O gergelim mostrou-se mais sensível aos tratamentos do que a braquiária. ______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Many secondary metabolites can be synthesized since the earliest stages of plants life, however, others may have their production initiated or increased in response to an environmental stress, which can affect their phytotoxic potential. The method of extraction and the solvent used may interfere with the structure of products and quantity to be extracted. The aim of this study is to evaluate phytotoxic potential of aqueous extracts from leaves of P. Torta, collected during the rainy and the dry season in Cerrado, obtained by hot and cold extractions, using as the target species Sesamum indicum and Urochloa decumbens. Also, to compare the activity of aqueous extracts with the extracts obtained by ethyl acetate. The extracts were tested at five different concentrations: 200, 400, 800, 1600 and 3200 ppm. Germination and early growth experiments were tested in Petri dish, which were kept in growth chamber for seven days, at 30°C, with a 12h photoperiod .There was no difference in the activity concerning to time of collection or method of extraction. Regarding the extract obtained by ethyl acetate, the aqueous extraction was more suitable for obtaining phytochemicals from the studied specie, because of greater inhibitory effect on target species and low cost. Germinability and the mean time to germination were not altered in any target species, however, early growth was inhibited. Root growth was more sensitive to effects of phytochemical than to aerial growth. The sesame was more sensitive to the treatments than brachiaria.
Zamil, Raya. "Recycling Cathode of Lithium-Ion Battery by Using Deep Eutectic Solvents to Extract Cobalt." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-173089.
Повний текст джерелаZancan, Kelly Cristine. "Obtenção de extrato de gengibre (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) com dioxido de carbono supercritico e co-solventes : um estudo da atividade biologica dos extratos." [s.n.], 2001. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/254874.
Повний текст джерелаDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: o gengibre e seus produtos tais como o óleo essencial e oleoresina são internacionalmente comercializados para uso nas indústrias de alimentose farmacêuticas.O óleo essencial possui os compostos mais voláteis responsáveis pelo aroma característico do gengibre e a oleoresina contem além destes, substâncias classificadas como pungentes. Algumas destas substâncias pungentes agem como importantes antioxidantes. Atualmente, antioxidante obtidos a partir de fontes naturais são associados a benefícios para saúde humana, uma vez que os radicais livres estão relacionados com doenças do coração, malária, AIDS, câncer, neurodegenerativas entre outras. Devido a isso toma-se muito importante o estudo de novos antioxidantes. O uso da extração supercritica tem crescido muito nos últimos anos, entretanto ainda é necessária a obtenção de um número considerável de informações experimentais para que a construção de plantas indústriais deste tipo de processo aconteça. Neste trabalho os efeitos da temperatura (25 e 35°C), pressão (200 e 250 bar) e o uso de co-solventes (etanol e isopropanol, ambos ai, 17% (mim)) sobre o rendimento total e a cinética de extração da oleoresina de gengibre foram estudados. O equipamento utilizado consistiu de um extrator de leito fixo com diâmetro de 2,83x10.2m e comprimento de 0,375 m. Os ensaios foram realizados com vazão média de CO2de 5,83xlO-5kg/s. Os experimentos tiveram 7 horas de duração. A duração do periodo de taxa constante de extração variou de 1,3 a 2,7 horas e os rendimentos ficaram na faixa de 1,93% a 2,65%. A identificação das substâncias presentes na oleoresina foi feita através de CGIEM. Os extratos de gengibre analisados mostraram-se antioxidantes eficazes, possuíram ação anticancerígenas para algumas linhagens de câncer e inibiram o crescimento de algumas bactérias aqui estudadas. A espectrofotometria mostrou-se inadequada para a quantificação dos gingeróis e shogaóis. Os extratos do período de taxa constante e de taxa decrescente de extração apresentaram monoterpenos, sesquiterpenos, gingeróis e shogaóis em sua composição, enquanto o período difusional mostrou principalmente gingeróis e shogaóis.
Abstract: Ginger and ginger products such as essencial oil and oleoresin are internationally comercialized for use in food and pharmaceutical processing. The essential oil posses the volatile compounds responsible for the characterist ginger flavor and the oleoresin contains also substances classified as pungent. Some of these pungent substances act as important antioxidant agents. Today, antioxidants from natural resources are associated with health benefits since oxygenated compounds are related to a positive action against heart deseases, malaria, neurodegenerative, AIDS, cancer. The use od SCFE in the last years has increased steadily but yet a number of experimental information needed for process desing is still lacking. In this work the effects of temperature ( 25 and 35°C), pressure (200 e 250 bar), and the use of co-colvent (ethanol and isopropanol, both at 1,17% (mim)) on the total yield (mass of oleoresin! mass of feed) and the kinetics of ginger oleoresin extraction studied. The experimental setup used has a fixed bed extractor wiyh a diameter2,83xl0.2 m and length of 0,375 m. The assays were done at a CO2 flow rate of 5,23xlO-5kg/s. Typical experimental runs took 7 hours. The duration of the constant extraction rate period ranged from 1,3 to 2,7 hours and the yields varied from 1,93 to 2,65%. The identification of the substances presents in the extracts was done by GC/MS. The extracts analised showed a power antioxidants. They also had a action against some kinds of cancer and some bacterias here studied. Spectrofotometry showed not adequated for gingerol and shogaol quantification. The extracts of the constant rate extration period and the decrescent rate extraction period presented of monoterpens, sesquiterpens, gingerols and shogaols in their composition while the extracts of difusion period showed mainly gingerols and shogaols.
Mestrado
Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos
Veggi, Priscilla Carvalho. "Obtenção de extratos vegetais por diferentes metodos de extração : estudo experimental e simulação dos processos." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/254860.
Повний текст джерелаDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Neste trabalho é apresentado um estudo comparativo do custo de manufatura para diferentes técnicas de extração: extração com solventes a baixa pressão (LPSE: Low Pressure Solvent Extraction) em taque agitado e percolação, e extração supercrítica (SFE: Supercritical Fluid Extraction). As estimativas dos custos para os processos de extração LPSE por agitação e percolação foram realizadas por meio do simulador de processos SuperPro DesignerÒ. Foi realizado um estudo experimental para a obtenção, por extração supercrítica, de polifenóis de folhas de pitanga (Eugenia uniflora). Para o estudo do aumento de escala, assumiu-se que os parâmetros em escala laboratorial: rendimento da extração, tempo e a relação entre a massa de alimentação e solvente, são mantidos constantes para o equipamento em escala industrial. Assim, as estimativas foram realizadas tendo como base dados de literatura para a matriz vegetal macela (Achyrocline satureioides). Os estudos foram realizados para extratores de 50 L, 100 L e 300 L. Os custos de manufatura para LPSE em taque agitado e percolação foram: US$ 877,21/kg; US$ 698,73/kg; US$ 573,34/kg e US$ 814,46/kg; US$ 567,86/kg; US$ 384,00/kg, respectivamente em extratores de 50 L, 100 L e 300 L. Notou-se a influência dos parâmetros tempo e rendimento no custo dos extratos. Posteriormente, um estudo do custo do extrato através do processo SFE para mesma matriz vegetal foi realizado. Porém, para SFE o custo do extrato foi estimado através do parâmetro tCER, tempo em que aproximadamente 70 % do leito de extração é esgotado, sendo esta uma boa estimativa para o menor tempo de ciclo. O custo de manufatura do extrato obtido por SFE foi US$ 585,49/kg. Uma avaliação comparativa entre os três processos foi realizada e, dentre os principais custos obtidos: de investimento inicial, matéria-prima e utilidades, notou-se que o custo de investimento não é predominante na formação do custo de manufatura. O custo de matéria-prima para alguns dos tamanhos de extratores representou o fator preponderante. Posteriormente à esta etapa, foi realizado o estudo da cinética do processo de extração supercrítica para obtenção do extrato de folhas da pitanga (Eugenia uniflora) a partir de dados otimizados da literatura; este estudo foi realizado em coluna de extração de 300 mL. Utilizou-se temperatura e pressão de 333,15 K e 60 MPa sob diferentes condições de vazão a fim de estudar o comportamento cinético da extração em relação ao rendimento e à presença de compostos voláteis. Ainda foram realizadas análises para identificação dos compostos por cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD) e cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-EM). O estudo do aumento de escala foi realizado usando-se uma unidade piloto equipada com dois extratores de 5 L contendo 3 separadores (S1, S2 e S3); como referência foi empregado o ensaio cinético realizado para folhas de pitanga na coluna de 300 mL. Seguindo o critério de aumento de escala em que se mantém constante a proporção entre a massa de solvente e a massa de matéria-prima, o aumento de escala foi de 17 vezes. Para os experimentos foram selecionadas as seguintes condições de operação para os três separadores S1, S2 e S3: 10 MPa/333,15 K; 7 MPa/303,15 K e 3 MPa /313,15 K, respectivamente. Quatro pontos selecionados da cinética de extração em coluna de 300 Ml foram então reproduzidos. O custo do extrato foi estimado utilizando o simulador SuperPro DesignerÒ obtendo-se um custo do manufatura de US$ 449,89/kg
Abstract: In this work a comparative study of the cost of manufacturing (COM) for different extraction techniques is presented: low pressure solvent extraction (LPSE) in agitation and percolation, and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). The COM estimation was carried using the processes simulator SuperPro Designer®; agitation and percolation LPSE processes were developed in the simulator. An experimental study to obtain poliphenols by supercritical fluid extraction from leaves of pitanga (Eugenia uniflora) was also performed. For the scale-up study it was assumed that the parameters for the laboratorial scale SFE unit: yield of extraction, time and ratio between the feed mass and solvent mass are kept constant for the equipment in industrial scale. The estimations were carried using literature information for the vegetable matrix macela (Achyrocline satureioides). The studies were done for extraction vessels of 50 L, 100 L and 300 L. The COM for LPSE agitation and percolation processes were: US$ 877.21/kg; US$ 698.73/kg; US$ 573.34/kg and US$ 814.46/kg; US$ 567.86/kg; US$ 384.00/kg, respectively for extractors of 50 L, 100 L and 300 L. It was observed the influence of time and yield parameters on the COM. Later, a study of SFE process COM for the same vegetable matrix was done. For SFE the COM was estimated using the tCER parameter as cycle time, where approximately 70% of extraction bed is exhausted, being this a good estimation. The COM of extract obtained by SFE was US$ 585.49/kg. A comparative evaluation between the tree processes was carried out, and among the major costs factors: investment, raw material and utilities, it was observed that the investment cost is not predominant in the COM of the extracts. The raw material cost certain vessel sizes represented the major cost factor. After this step, a study of the SFE kinetics for leaves of pitanga (Eugenia uniflora) was carried out. The operating conditions were selected from optimized data from literature; this study was done in a 300 mL column vessel. It was utilized temperatures and pressure of 333.15 K and 60 MPa under different flow rates in order to study the kinetic behavior of the overall extraction curve and the presence of volatile compounds. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were used for identification of the compounds present in the extract. The scale-up study was carried out using a pilot unit equipped with two extractor of 5L vessel containing 3 separators vessels (S1, S2 and S3); as reference the kinetic assay for pitanga leaves in 300 mL column vessel was used. According to the scaleup criterion that the ratio between solvent mass and raw material mass is kept constant, the scale-up was of 17 times. For the experiment the following operation condition for the three separators S1, S2 and S3 were selected: 10 MPa/333.15 K; 7 MPa/303.15 K and 3 MPa /313.15 K, respectively. Four points selected from kinetic experiment in 300 mL column vessel were reproduced. The extract COM was estimated using simulator SuperPro DesignerÒ (US$ 449,89/kg)
Mestrado
Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos
Pacetta, Cosmo Fernando. "Estudo de diferentes metodologias para a obtenção de extratos de folhas de oliveira (Olea europaea) contendo oleuropeína." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74132/tde-05052014-135759/.
Повний текст джерелаOleuropein is the most abundant biofenol present in olive leaves (Olea europaea), presenting important antioxidant and antimicrobial functions. Studies focusing on obtaining this compound have been conducted; however, many of them use toxic solvents and expensive methods. The present work aimed to study different methodologies for obtaining extracts from olive leaves containing significant amounts of oleuropein. The extracts were obtained from micronized olive leaves, with or without pretreatment for reducing the chlorophyll content, submitted to single and multiple contacts with different solvents such as diethyl ether, chloroform, acetone, ethanol, 1- propanol, 2 -propanol, water and hydroalcoholic solutions at different concentrations. The contact between the micronized leaves and the solvents was promoted by the following methods: manual shaking at room temperature, mechanical agitation at 50 °C, ultrasound or a combination of these last two methods, totaling 38 experiments, from which in 17 of them the extracts were produced in the liquid form, and in 21 in the solid form (as a powder). The results show that, in general, previous step of reducing the content of chlorophyll (performed by successive contacts with hexane, dichloromethane or with supercritical CO2) was not advantageous due to the high amount of solvent used in relation to amounts of extracts. In these experiments, the highest concentration of oleuropein, 1.88 % was detected in the procedure in which the micronized leaves were previously soaked with ethanol and cleaned with supercritical CO2 and then placed in contact with the mixture of ethanol and water in the proportion 1:1, using ultrasound combined with mechanical agitation as extraction method. In the last experiments of the work, the addition of organic acids (citric or acetic acid) together with hydroalcoholic solvents (different water contents) in the extraction of oleuropein in ultrasound was studied, using samples that have not previously been treated for removal of chlorophyll. The combination of acetic acid to the ethanolic solution containing 30 % of water resulted in an extract with 2.17 % of oleuropein, with only one contact to the solvent. When three contacts were used, under the same conditions, the oleuropein content increased to 4.8 %, larger than some values found in the literature, using the same extraction method, indicating that the process can be further optimized using simple techniques and solvents that do not harm the environment.
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