Дисертації з теми "Solute permeability"
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся з топ-24 дисертацій для дослідження на тему "Solute permeability".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Переглядайте дисертації для різних дисциплін та оформлюйте правильно вашу бібліографію.
Kemp, Paul J. "Ion and solute transport in alveolar type II pneumocytes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.253135.
Повний текст джерелаKellen, Michael R. "A model for microcirculatory fluid and solute exchange in the heart /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8124.
Повний текст джерелаOrsi, Mario. "The development of a coarse-grain biomembrane model and its use in multiscale simulations of solute permeability." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496091.
Повний текст джерелаLarsbo, Mats. "An improved dual-permeability model of solute transport in structured soils : model development and parameter identification in laboratory and field experiments /." Uppsala : Dept. of Soil Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/200551.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаSedin, John. "Prevention of Postoperative Duodenal Ileus by COX-2 Inhibition Improves Duodenal Function in Anaesthetised Rats." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fysiologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-198049.
Повний текст джерелаTang, Zhenye, Jide Zhong, Xianqing Feng, Yafei Zhang, Yadi Hu, Hui Liu, Jie Liu, Cem Emre Ferah, and Keyong Tang. "Effects of soluble soybean polysaccharide as filling agent on the properties of leathers - 224." Verein für Gerberei-Chemie und -Technik e. V, 2019. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34318.
Повний текст джерелаBielinski, Clément. "Impact of the flow on mass transfer from particles : biomedical applications." Thesis, Compiègne, 2021. https://bibliotheque.utc.fr/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/2021COMP2630.
Повний текст джерелаMass transfer from particles is encountered in many biomedical applications, such as controlled drug delivery, cell culture, or in designing bioartificial organs. In operating conditions, particles are subjected to various flows, whose effect on solute transport is still not well understood and controlled. In this PhD thesis, we study the effect of the flow on mass transfer from core-shell capsules and fibers, using numerical simulations. Solute release from a core-shell fiber confined in a channel and subjected to Poiseuille flow is studied using two-dimensional lattice Boltzmann simulations. The combined effects of the flow and the shell permeability on mass transfer are analyzed over a wide range of Reynolds number covering both steady and unsteady flows. A new correlation giving the Sherwood number (the dimensionless mass transfer coefficient) as a function of the shell permeability, the Reynolds number, and the Schmidt number is proposed. The shell permeability is difficult to measure. Current characterization methods only allow the determination of an effective permeability for the whole particle (core and shell combined), and not specifically the shell permeability. A novel method to characterize capsules shell permeability is proposed and validated on both numerical and experimental data. This method consists in extracting the capsule permeability by fitting the release curves with numerical solutions of Fick’s second law of diffusion computed in one dimension using the finite difference method, by assuming spherical symmetry. Solute release from a capsule placed in a shear flow is also analyzed by the mean of three-dimensional simulations coupling the lattice Boltzmann method and the immersedboundary method for the fluid-structure interaction. The flow is found to enhance the masstransfer efficiency by forced convection. The effect of the boundary conditions set at the surface of the capsule is examined, as well. Considering Dirichlet boundary conditions at the particle surface, as classically done in literature, leads to significantly higher Sherwood numbers as compared to the case of continuity of both the concentration and the mass flux, which is more adapted to model solute release. The suspension dynamics of soft capsules in a microfluidic constriction is also studied. A state diagram describing the transition from capsule passage to blockage is determined as a function of their geometrical and mechanical properties. It can be used, for example, to optimize the design of microfluidic devices in order to enhance the mass transfer efficiency
Colace, Gianmarco. "Modification of Poly(vinyl alcohol) film to maximize barrier properties." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668477.
Повний текст джерелаEl alcohol polivinílico (PVA) es el polímero sintético más producido en el mundo. La excelente resistencia química y propiedades físicas de la resina de PVA han generado un amplio uso a nivel industrial. Los films de alcohol polivinílico exhiben alta resistencia a la tensión, resistencia a la abrasión y propiedades barrera al oxígeno, que en absencia de humedad son muy superiores a la de la mayoría de polímeros. Los films de PVA son ampliamente utilizados en aplicaciones de embalaje, donde la permeabilidad llega a ser una propiedad crítica a medir. Una amplia serie de modificaciones pueden ser aplicadas para cambiar la difusión a través de los films. Para este trabajo fueron elegidas dos tipos de modificaciones: la mezcla con otros polímeros hidrosolubles y la preparación de un material compuesto. Según Robeson, un modelo en serie de matriz y partículas conduce a un sistema tortuoso que, para un espesor dado, disminuye la permeabilidad, mientras los modelos de Bharadwaj para mezclas de polímeros fueron utilizados para la predicción de la permeabilidad. La producción de film se basa en la evaporación del solvente: el polímero se disuelve y forma una solución con una determinada concentración y viscosidad; luego las partículas o el segundo polímero son añadidos al sistema; la mezcla viscosa es vertida encima de un soporte de vidrio y distribuida manualmente sobre el soporte con una cuchilla aplicador regulado con diferentes distancias. Los experimentos de solubilidad fueron realizados midiendo el tiempo de disolución de los films modificados y del polímero de partida y no se observaron diferencias después de las modificaciones. Los experimentos con el método de dry cup fueron llevados a cabo para medir la permeabilidad al vapor de agua, registrando una disminución en los valores.
Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), a polyhydroxy polymer, is the largest volume, synthetic water-soluble polymer produced in the world. The excellent chemical resistance and physical properties of PVA resins have resulted in broad industrial use. Poly(vinyl alcohol) films exhibit high tensile strength, abrasion resistance, and oxygen barrier properties which under dry conditions are superior to those of most polymers. PVA films are broadly used in packaging applications, where permeability became a critical property to evaluate. A wide range of modifications can be applied to change the moisture diffusion through the film; two types were chosen for the work: blending with other water-soluble polymers and preparation of a composite. According to Robeson, a series model of polymeric matrix and particles, leads to a tortuous system, which, for a given thickness, decreases the permeability, meanwhile Bharadwaj models for blended polymer were used for permeability prediction. The film casting is based on solvent evaporation: the polymer is dissolved and forms a solution with a certain concentration and viscosity; then the particles or the second water-soluble polymer are loaded in the system; the viscous mixture is poured on a glass support and spread across it manually with a casting knife set at different gaps. So, the wet film is left to stand to evaporate the solvent and leave a dry film. Solubility experiments were performed, by measuring the dissolution time of the film, and it was not significantly influenced by the material modification. Dry cup method experiments were run to measure the water vapor permeability, recording a decreasing values of permeabilities.
Sobecki, Nicolas. "Upscaling of Thermodynamic Properties for Flow Simulation in Low Permeability Unconventional Reservoirs." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS005/document.
Повний текст джерелаTight oil and shale gas reservoirs have a significant part of their pore volume occupied by micro (below 2nm) and mesopores (between 2 and 50nm). This kind of environment creates strong interaction forces in the confined fluid with pore walls as well as between its own molecules and then changes dramatically the fluid phase behavior. An important work has therefore to be done on developing upscaling methodology of the pore size distribution for large scale reservoir simulations. Firstly, molecular simulations are performed on different confined fluids in order to get reference thermodynamic properties at liquid/vapor equilibrium for different pore sizes. Then, the comparison with commonly used modified equation of state (EOS) in the literature highlighted the model of flash with capillary pressure and critical temperature and pressure shift as the best one to match reference molecular simulation results. Afterwards fine grid matrix/fracture simulations have been built and performed for different pore size distributions. Then, coarse grid upscaling models have then been performed on the same synthetic case and compared to the reference fine grid results. A new triple porosity model considering fracture, small pores and large pores with MINC (Multiple Interacting Continua) approach, has shown very good match with the reference fine grid results. Finally a large scale stimulated reservoir volume with different pore size distribution inside the matrix has been built using the upscaling method developed here
Wang, Zhenyu. "Rôle de l’adénylate cyclase soluble, de phosphodiesterases et d’Epac dans la fonction mitochondriale cardiaque et la mort cellulaire." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS186/document.
Повний текст джерелаCAMP is an important messenger in neurohormonal regulation of the heart. By activating its effectors, cAMP regulates many cellular functions such as gene expression, excitation-contraction coupling and cellular metabolism. In mammals, cAMP is produced by a family of adenylyl cyclase with various subcellular locations and membrane anchorage. The existence and role of cyclic nucleotide signaling in mitochondria has been postulated, but has not yet been demonstrated. Moreover, its implication in the regulation of cell death is still unknown. In this thesis, we demonstrated the local expression of several actors of cAMP signaling within cardiac mitochondria, namely a truncated form of soluble AC (sACt) and the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1 (Epac1) and showed a protective role for sACt against cell death, apoptosis as well as necrosis, in primary cardiomyocytes. Upon stimulation with bicarbonate (HCO3-) and Ca2+, sACt produces cAMP, which in turn stimulates oxygen consumption, increased the mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψm) and ATP production. cAMP is rate-limiting for matrix Ca2+ entry via the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) and, as a consequence, prevented mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). In addition, in mitochondria isolated from failing rat hearts, stimulation of the mitochondrial cAMP pathway by HCO3- rescued the sensitization of mitochondria to Ca2+-induced MPT. We also found that PDE2, 3 and 4 families are located in cardiac mitochondria. They form a local signaling pathway with soluble AC in the matrix, which regulates cardiac mitochondrial functions. Thus, our study identifies a link between mitochondrial cAMP, mitochondrial metabolism, some PDEs and cell death in the heart, which is independent of cytosolic cAMP signaling. This might constitute a novel cardioprotective mechanism through mitochondrial function preservation in pathophysiological conditions
Garcia, Julio Enrique. "Fluid Dynamics of Carbon Dioxide Disposal into Saline Aquifers." Berkeley, Calif. : Oak Ridge, Tenn. : Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ; distributed by the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 2003. http://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/821335-QqO4VQ/native/.
Повний текст джерелаPublished through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "LBNL--54280" Garcia, Julio Enrique. USDOE Director. Office of Science. Basic Energy Sciences (US) 12/18/2003. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.
Shreepathi, Subrahmanya, Hung Van Hoang, and Rudolf Holze. "Corrosion Protection Performance and Spectroscopic Investigations of Soluble Conducting Polyaniline-Dodecylbenzenesulfonate Synthesized via Inverse Emulsion Procedure." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-200900775.
Повний текст джерела![Delta](http://scitation.aip.org/stockgif3/Dgr.gif)
Dereims, Arnaud. "simulation industrielle des procédés d’élaboration de pièces composites par infusion de résine : couplage fluide / solide poreux très faiblement perméable en grandes déformations." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EMSE0699/document.
Повний текст джерелаComposite manufacturing processes by resin infusion, despite their many benefits, struggle to establish themselves in the industrial production phases due to difficulties to control them. So, in partnership with ESI Group, a comprehensive model for the simulation of these processes is developed at the ENSM-SE since the pioneering work of P. Celle.Our work focuses on the generalization of this model to handle complex industrial cases in three dimensions, as well as its extension to “post-infusion” flow simulation. The approach is based on three domains decomposition of the field (Distribution medium, impregnated preforms, dry preforms) consisting in coupling a Stokes flow in the distribution medium with a Darcy flow in the preforms. In addition, the mutual influence of the resin on the preforms and of the preforms deformation on the permeability is considered, through Terzaghi’s law and models expressing the permeability as a function of the fibre fraction, data only accessible with a 3D coupled mechanical approach. Finally, the process is divided into three phases: initial compression of dry preforms, filling and “post-infusion”. The numerical methods developed in this work, apply to real infusion cases often discarded in recent publications, involving very low permeability (~10-15 m²), thin distribution medium (~ 1 mm) and complex geometries (3D curved).This innovative approach has been implemented in an industrial simulation code (ProFlotTM), validated analytically over test cases and experimentally over industrial cases in the European project INFUCOMP
Escudero, Pérez Beatriz. "The role of shed GP in Ebola virus pathogenicity." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENSL0933/document.
Повний текст джерелаDuring Ebola virus (EBOV) infection several soluble glycoproteins are released in high amounts from infected cells but as yet still no clear role has been identified for these viral proteins. We hypothesized that the impairment of coagulation and vascular systems observed during EBOV infection could be, at least in part, due to these soluble glycoproteins.Here, for the first time we identify the cellular targets of EBOV soluble protein shed GP and provide evidence that through its glycosylation, shed GP can activate non-infected dendritic cells and macrophages, inducing, through TLR4, the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We also demonstrate that shed GP activity is negated upon addition of Mannose-Binding sera Lectin (MBL), a molecule known to interact with sugar arrays present on the surface of different microorganisms. We have also revealed that shed GP activates permeability of HUVECs both directly and indirectly through cytokine release. Overall, this study suggests that shed GP may be one of the principal factors responsible for the early stimulation of immune cells that then produce high amounts of proinflammatory cytokines that, combined with massive virus replication and virus-induced cell damage, can lead to a septic shock-like syndrome and high mortality
Bignonnet, François. "Caractérisation expérimentale et modélisation micro-mécanique de la perméabilité et la résistance de roches argileuses." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1060/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis is focused on the strength, plasticity and transport properties of mudrocks. Two industrial applications are the shale gas production and the underground gas or waste storage. In a first part, the permeability is described as resulting from the homogenisation of the flow of a Newtonian fluid within the pore space. A Hashin-Shtrikman like framework is derived for the permeability upscaling and used to propose a FFT-based numerical method for the efficient computation of bounds on the permeability, directly compatible with a voxelised representation of the pore space. As an alternative, analytic homogenisation techniques based on the definition of equivalent permeable cells are developed to provide building blocks for the micro-mechanical modelling of permeability. The gas slip at pore walls is accounted for to model Klinkenberg effects for gas permeability. Partial water saturation is also considered to model relative gas permeability and gas breakthrough pressure. In the mean time, a thorough experimental investigation of the evolution of porosity and permeability with confining pressure and partial water saturation has been carried out on several types of mudrocks. In a second part, the ductile strength properties is studied. An efficient FFT-based numerical method is proposed to compute the homogenised strength domain of heterogeneous media with complex micro-structures. Next, a three-scale analytic model of the strength of a granular media reinforced by rigid inclusions with imperfect interfaces is presented. In a third part, this strength model is re-interpreted in plasticity to propose a purely micro-mechanical model, whose macroscopic interpretation is similar to the Cam-clay model, including hardening or softening due to an evolving porosity and a critical state line
Bibikova, O. (Olga). "Plasmon-resonant gold nanoparticles for bioimaging and sensing applications." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2018. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526219974.
Повний текст джерелаTiivistelmä Tämä opinnäytetyö kertoo tutkimuksista, joissa plasmoninanopartikkeleita ja erityisesti kultananotähtiä on käytetty signaalinvahvistimina biofotoniikan sovelluksissa, kuten visualisointi, elävien solujen käsittely ja kemiallinen tunnistus. Tässä työssä verrattiin eri kokoisten ja muotoisten nanopartikkeleiden ja niiden piioksidikomposiittien optisia ominaisuuksia. Sopivimpina plasmoninanorakenteina kultananotähtiä käytettiin optisiin kuvantamismenetelmiin, kuten konfokaalimikroskopiaan ja Doppler-optiseen koherenssitomografiaan. Lisäksi kuvattiin myös kultananopartikkelien kykyä parantaa pinta-aktivoidun värähtelevän spektroskopian signaalia, mukaan lukien Raman- ja Fourier-muunnos-infrapuna-spektroskopia. Lopuksi, eri kultananopartikkeleita käytettiin soluoptoporaatioon eksogeenisten aineiden läpäisevyyden lisäämiseksi. Yhteenvetona, työssä osoitettiin nanotähtien merkittävät edut, kuten matala-myrkyllisyys, suuret sironta- ja kontrastiominaisuudet, laaja plasmoniresonanssin aallonpituusalue ja sen viritettävyys, sekä kyky parantaa analyyttimolekyylien signaalia värähtelyspektroskopiassa. Niinpä tutkimustulokset nanotähtien tehokkuudesta ovat laajasti käyttökelpoisia ja ne avaavat laajan näkökulman niiden hyödyntämiseen nanobiofotoniikassa ja biolääketieteessä
Gervais, Pierre-Colin. "Études expérimentale et numérique du colmatage de filtre plissé." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0007/document.
Повний текст джерелаPleated filters are widely used in air treatments because of the advantageous effective surface to overall dimension ratio they offer. Their major drawback though resides in their reduced lifetime which still needs to be controlled. Indeed, when clogging, the pressure drop considerably increases, the filtration flow is then no longer maintained which might lead to the deterioration of the media. It is then crucial to characterize the evolution of the pressure drop under operating conditions in order to best design these equipments. Part of our work consisted in studying how the operating conditions influence the geometry of the deposit. To do so, we used Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), a non-destructive imaging technique that keeps intact the particle structuring. The visualization of aerosol deposit at the beginning of the filtration process allows observing preferential particle deposition on the whole height of the pleat. A numerical approach was used to study the permeability of bimodal fibrous media and we experimentally studied the local velocity as well as the biphasic flow inside pleated filter media. Comparison between experiments and simulations allowed us to validate the Geodict code for a wide range of media properties and velocities. Regarding bimodal fibrous media, the fast data acquisition has allowed testing several existing models which resulted in classifying them in a unique way. If the experimental results on the initial deposition in pleated filters are encouraging, those related to beforehand clogging point to several improvements regarding the technique we used
Remy, Jean-Michel. "Influence de la structure du milieu poreux carbonate sur les transferts d'eau et les changements de phase eau-glace : application a la durabilité au gel de roches calcaires de Lorraine." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPL132N.
Повний текст джерелаRobles, Martínez Ángel. "Modelling, simulation and control of the filtration process in a submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor treating urban wastewater." Doctoral thesis, Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/34102.
Повний текст джерелаRobles Martínez, Á. (2013). Modelling, simulation and control of the filtration process in a submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor treating urban wastewater [Tesis doctoral]. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/34102
Alfresco
Premiado
Wu, Jia-Chiann, and 吳佳倩. "Investigation of Flow and Solute Transport in Two-Dimensional Saturated Porous Media with Self-Similar Permeability." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10709791424155208533.
Повний текст джерелаMin, Tsai Li, and 蔡莉敏. "The Effects of Polysorbate Surfactant on the Physical Stability and the Solute''s Permeability of Liposomes." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42878291321575916575.
Повний текст джерела國立中央大學
化學工程研究所
87
Liposome physical stability plays a critical role in various stages of the applications and development of liposomes. The classic assay of the physical stability of liposomes is to monitor the change in the liposome size with time and the solute''s permeability. In the investigation, the liposomes with the compositions containing Egg PC, Vitamin E, and various amount of polysorbate (Tween type) surfactants were prepared by the probe sonication method. The change of vesicle size and the loss of the entrapped hydrophilic fluorescence (5(6)-carboxyfluorescein) were measured at 25℃ and 37℃. From the results, the additions of the Tween20 and Tween80 surfactants accelerated the change in size. Whereas, the addition of 4wt% surfactants had no effect on the permeability at 25℃, but as the amount of surfactants added increased to 8wt%, the permeability was promoted both at 25℃ and 37℃. To understand the surfactant''s effect on the overall interaction between the liposomes(intervesicle interaction), the second virial coefficients of the liposome interactions were determinated by the dilution heat of liposome solution verses the particle(liposome) density of the solution. Negative second virial coefficients were obtained for the liposomes of all the compositions under studied, and this indicated a repulsive potential between the liposomes. The additions of Tween20 and Tween80 decreased the repulsive potential between the liposomes as the absolute value of the second virial coefficient decreased. Wherein, the zeta potential of the liposomes with the surfactants was not very different from the ones without surfactants at 25℃ indicating that the surfactants had little effects on the electrostatic potential between the liposomes. Therefore, the decrease of the repulsive potential can be attributed from the hydrophobic interactions between the (CH2-CH2-O)n groups on the headgroup of surfactants. However, as the temperature raised, the decreased electrostatic and hydration repulsive forces may surpass the favored hydrophobic interaction and resulted in the decline in the repulsive potential between the liposomes. Further, the spectrum of DSC(differential scanning calorimeter) revealed that the additions of Tween20 and Tween80 caused no difference in the intravesicle interaction. Therefore, the effect of the surfactants on the liposome physical stability is mainly in the intervesicle interaction. This study shed light on that the increase of the biological stability of the liposome with PEG conjugated lipids is mainly from the prevention of immuo-response by the PEG structure of the liposome outer layer. While, the physical stability is reduced caused by the hydrophobic interactions between the exposed PEG segments. The investigation also demonstrated that the ITC(isothermal titration micro-calorimeter) is a powerful tool for studying particle(colloid) interactions in solution.
Shi, Mingjuan. "Characterizing heterogeneity in low-permeability strata and its control on fluid flow and solute transport by thermalhaline free convection." Thesis, 2005. http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/1724/shim98915.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаSchüßler, [geb Hecht] Nina Kristin Petra. "Novel formulation principles for bioavailability enhancement of poorly water-soluble and poorly permeable drugs." Doctoral thesis, 2018. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-162766.
Повний текст джерелаSeit vier Jahrzehnten werden Hochdurchsatz-Screenings in der Arzneimittelforschung durchgeführt, was die Erkennung von potentiellen Wirkstoffkandidaten vorantreibt. Diese Vorgehensweise begünstigt jedoch häufig die Identifizierung von Substanzen mit unerwünschten physikochemischen Eigenschaften wie geringer Wasserlöslichkeit oder geringer Membranpermeabilität. Der Bioverfügbarkeitstheorie zufolge sind die Auflösung und die Absorption eines Arzneistoffs Voraussetzung für die systemische Verfügbarkeit und die therapeutische Wirkung. Daher werden innovative Strategien, die die ungünstigen Eigenschaften neuer Wirkstoffkandidaten optimieren, dringend benötigt, um die Arzneistoffkonzentration am Wirkort zu erhöhen und gleichzeitig Wirkstoffschwankungen zu reduzieren. In Kapitel I dieser Forschungsarbeit wird die hydrophobe Ionenpaarbildung als vielversprechende Strategie diskutiert, um die Bioverfügbarkeit von BCS Klasse III Substanzen zu verbessern, die sich durch hohe Wasserlöslichkeit und geringe Permeabilität auszeichnen. Der Review zeigt die Grenzen von schlecht absorbierbaren Arzneistoffen auf und stellt den Ansatz vor, diese mit hydrophoben Gegenionen zu kombinieren. Abgesehen von der Motivation, die physikochemischen, biopharma-zeutischen und toxikologischen Eigenschaften von BCS Klasse III Substanzen positiv zu beeinflussen, wird die Formulierung der hydrophoben Ionenpaare in Trägersysteme erleichtert. Neben den Vorteilen werden auch die Nachteile der hydrophoben Ionenpaarbildung, wie beispielsweise die geringere Wasserlöslichkeit der Ionenpaare, kritisch dargestellt. Abschließend gibt der Review eine Übersicht über die verschiedenen nicht-invasiven Applikationsrouten, die nach hydrophober Ionenpaarbildung realisierbar sind, was die orale/enterale, bukkale, nasale, okulare und transdermale Arzneistoffgabe umfasst. Insgesamt bietet dieser Formulierungsansatz wesentliche Vorteile im Hinblick auf die Verbesserung der Bioverfügbarkeit von BCS Klasse III Substanzen. Kapitel II befasst sich mit GHQ168, entwickelt von Holzgrabe et al., einer BCS Klasse II Substanz mit geringer Wasserlöslichkeit und hoher Permeabilität. GHQ168 wurde zur Behandlung der afrikanischen Schlafkrankheit entwickelt, einer tropischen Erkrankung, für die neue Arzneistoffe dringend benötigt werden. Diese Leitsubstanz bewies in Zellkulturversuchen sehr hohe Aktivität gegen Trypanosoma brucei brucei und Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, die geringe Wasserlöslichkeit verhinderte jedoch die weitere präklinische Entwicklung. Um diese Herausforderung anzugehen, wurden zwei verschiedene Ansätze gewählt, zum einen (I) die chemische Modifikation und zum anderen (II) die Sprühtrocknung von GHQ168. Die neu synthetisierten Derivate und das sprühgetrocknete GHQ168 wurden physikochemisch und mikrobiologisch charakterisiert. Beide Ansätze verbesserten erfolgreich die Wasserlöslichkeit, im Fall der Derivate von GHQ168 jedoch zu Lasten der Aktivität. Weiterhin wurden die pharmakokinetischen Eigenschaften von GHQ168 und den aktivsten Derivaten, GHQ242 und GHQ243, untersucht. Nach intraperitonealer Applikation resultierten Halbwertszeiten zwischen 1.5 und 3.5 Stunden und eine mittlere bis hohe Plasmaproteinbindung für GHQ243 (45%) und GHQ168 (80%) und eine sehr hohe Plasmaproteinbindung für GHQ242 (> 99%). Die sprühgetrocknete Formulierung von GHQ168 sowie GHQ242 und GHQ243 wurden in zwei in vivo Studien in Mäusen, die mit t. b. rhodesiense (STIB900) infiziert waren, untersucht, die Modelle werden als (I) stringent model und (II) early-treatment model bezeichnet. Im stringent model (2x tägliche Gabe an Tag 3-6 nach Infektion) war die durchschnittliche Überlebensdauer von Mäusen, die mit sprühgetrocknetem GHQ168 behandelt worden waren, statistisch signifikant höher als die der unbehandelten Kontrollgruppe (17 gegenüber 9 Tagen). Im Gegensatz hierzu wurde kein statistisch signifikanter Unterschied für GHQ242 (14 Tage) und GHQ243 (12 Tage) festgestellt. GHQ168 wurde im early-treatment model (2x tägliche Gabe an Tag 1-4 nach Infektion) weiter untersucht und erneut wurde eine statistisch signifikante Verbesserung der durchschnittlichen Überlebensdauer (32 Tage (Ende der Beobachtungsphase) gegenüber 7 Tagen) bewiesen. Letztendlich konnte für die sprühgetrocknete Formulierung von GHQ168 eine erstaunliche Aktivität gegenüber Trypanosomen gezeigt werden. NADPH-Oxidasen (NOX) wurden als Hauptproduzenten von endothelialem reaktivem Sauerstoff erkannt. Kapitel III befasst sich mit Formulierungsstudien von Triazolopyrimidinderivaten aus der VAS-Substanzbibliothek, einer Reihe von NADPH-Oxidase-Inhibitoren. Diese Substanzen wurden zur Behandlung erhöhter reaktiver Sauerstoffspezies Werte entwickelt, denn diese tragen zur Entstehung von kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen bei. Obwohl die in vitro Ergebnisse zahlreicher Studien auf die vielversprechende Wirksamkeit und Selektivität der VAS-Substanzen hinweisen, verhinderte die geringe Wasserlöslichkeit den Übertrag auf in vivo Studien sowie die weitere präklinische Entwicklung. Daher wurden drei Derivate, VAS2870, VAS3947 und VAS4024, physikochemisch charakterisiert und VAS3947, die wasserlöslichste Substanz, wurde für weitere Formulierungsentwicklungen ausgewählt. Die Formulierungsansätze umfassten (I) die Sprühtrocknung, (II) die Herstellung von Mikroemulsionen und (III) die Komplexierung mit Cyclodextrinen, um Formulierungen für die orale und parenterale Verabreichung zu entwickeln. Die Löslichkeitsverbesserung von VAS3947 konnte für alle Ansätze erfolgreich gezeigt werden und wurde als Übersättigungsrate im Vergleich zur Löslichkeit der unformulierten Substanz dargestellt. Für sieben sprühgetrocknete Formulierungen und für vier Mikroemulsionen ergab sich eine Übersättigungsrate von 3-9, beziehungsweise von 8-19 nach 120 Minuten. Die sechs Cyclodextrin-Formulierungen erreichten mit 3-174 nach 20 Stunden die höchste Übersättigungsrate. Der Einschluss von VAS3947 in die Kavität der Cyclodextrine sowie die Interaktion mit deren Außenseite wurde mittels NMR aufgeklärt. Schließlich wurde erstmals die Möglichkeit der oralen und parenteralen Gabe der NOX-Inhibitoren eröffnet. Nach erfolgreicher Löslichkeitsverbesserung von VAS3947 wurden weitere Untersuchungen mit dem Ziel von in vivo Studien durchgeführt, was Stabilitätsuntersuchungen mit besonderem Schwerpunkt auf Stabilität in Lösung und in Plasma einschließt, wie im Kapitel IV aufgezeigt. Weiterhin wurden erstmals Permeabilitäts- und Zytotoxizitätsstudien durchgeführt. Es stellte sich heraus, dass VAS3947 in Puffer und bei Lichtexposition instabil war. Zudem wurde die Substanz in Gegenwart von Maus-Mikrosomen und in menschlichem Plasma abgebaut. Die VAS-Substanzen enthalten eine Oxazol-Ringstruktur, die über einen Thioether mit dem Triazolopyrimidin-Gerüst verbunden ist. Diese Strukturelemente sind für die Wirksamkeit der Substanzklasse verantwortlich, sind jedoch auch hydrolyseempfindlich und anfällig für weitere Abbaureaktionen. Zudem schädigte VAS3947 die Membranintegrität in den Permeabilitätsversuchen und die Zytotoxizitätsuntersuchungen in HEK-293 und HEP-G2 Zellen ergaben IC50-Werte im gleichen Konzentrationsbereich wie in Aktivitätsuntersuchungen berichtet. Zusammenfassend wurde aufgezeigt, dass die VAS-Substanzen weder ein geeignetes Modell für die Untersuchung reaktiver Sauerstoffspezies sind, noch geeignet für die weitere präklinische Entwicklung
Chen, Jeremy L. "Investigation of film forming properties of β-chitosan from jumbo squid pens (Dosidicus gigas) and improvement of water solubility of β-chitosan". Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/29852.
Повний текст джерелаGraduation date: 2012