Дисертації з теми "Sols – Pollution – Risques pour la santé"
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Barraza, Castelo Fiorella. "Evaluation de l'exposition humaine liée aux activités pétrolières en Equateur : de la surveillance de la qualité de l'air à l'étude du transfert des contaminants métalliques dans le continuum sol-plante." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30168/document.
Повний текст джерелаEcuador is the 5th crude oil producer country in South America. Oil extraction and refining generate toxic waste containing metals co-emitted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), naturally present in crude oil or added during production, and known for their carcinogenic and toxic effects in humans. In this context and as a part of the ANR MONOIL program, the first aim of this PhD research was to determine the distribution of metal(loid)s in the environment in the provinces of Orellana and Sucumbíos (oil extraction, North Amazon " NAR ") and the city of Esmeraldas (oil refining, North Pacific Coast, " NPC "). The second aim was to determine if there was a transfer of toxic metals, such as Cd, from soil or air to cacao crops, widely cultivated in Ecuador, and if the consumption of cacao-based products could imply risks for human health. Finally, the third aim was to monitor air quality over 2 years in both areas to assess the impact of anthropogenic activities and the oxidative burden of particulate matter (PM10). Soils and local crops were collected in 31 small-scale farms, between 2014 and 2016. Monthly PM10 samples were collected in 3 sites, in the vicinity of oil platforms close to the refinery. PM10 chemical composition (contents in metals, organic and elementary carbon (OC, EC), ions, sugars, polyols, PAHs) was determined. Human health risk assessment was performed taking into account ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact. Non carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects were quantified using the Hazard Index (HI) and the Total Cancer Risk (TCR). Bioaccessibility of Cd after ingestion was determined by the BARGE in vitro test in cacao beans and liquors. In aerosols, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation was quantified using 3 acellular assays: DTT (dithiothreitol), AA (ascorbic acid) and DCFH (2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein). Ba, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, V and Zn concentrations in 72% of the study soils exceeded the limits of the Ecuadorian legislation. For most of the crops, elements were below the limits of detection but, Cd in cacao and Pb in manioc were above the international standards for food quality. Cacao trees accumulate Cd in leaves, pod husks and beans. Because Cd contents in crude oil were below the detection limits, agrochemical products and natural inputs may also be important sources. Almost 100% of the total Cd content in cacao beans and liquor was bioaccessible by ingestion. The health risk after chocolate consumption was low to high, depending on the ingestion rate and the cacao liquor percentage. In PM10, As, Cd, Ni and Pb were below the EU thresholds. However, Ba and Mo, specific tracers of oil activities, used as weighting agents or catalyzers during drilling and refining, showed values much higher than those recorded in other urban-industrialized sites. PM10 composition depended on oil activity. OC/EC ratios were higher in the NAR (oil extraction) than in the NPC (oil refining), suggesting that biogenic emissions were more important in the Amazon area. PAHs contents were higher in the NPC, but levels of benzo-a-pyrene were below the EU limits. Oxidative potential results showed that compounds emitted by oil industry (PAHs, Ba, Ni, Zn) and by biomass burning (sugars) in the NAR as well as industrial tracers in the NPC (As, Ba, Ni, NH4+) were correlated with ROS generation. Regarding residential exposure, the main routes of exposure to metal(loid)s were first ingestion, inhalation and in a small extent soil dermal contact, being both children and adults vulnerable. Finally, the oil Ecuadorian environment is not only contaminated by oil activities. Other factors like deforestation, agriculture and natural emissions (volcanos) in the NAR and industries in the NPC also contribute to environmental damages and may lead to adverse health effects
Delannoy, Matthieu. "Évaluation du risque sanitaire lié à l’ingestion involontaire de sol : étude des propriétés du sol sur la biodisponibilité relative des PCB." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0294/document.
Повний текст джерелаPolychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and, overall, non-dioxin-like PCBs (NDL-PCBs) the most abundant congeners in contaminated environmental matrices, constitute a potential health hazard. This risk is even more acute for young children (6 month to 3-year-old) because of their mouthing activities and because this exposure occurs during a critical part of their growth. The main objective of this thesis was to characterise the impact of soil's characteristics on the relative bioavailability of PCBs. The impact of the soil organic matter characteristics on the relative bioavailability of PCBs was assessed using artificial soils. Several standardised organic matters were tested ranging from soluble organic matters (fulvic acids, humic acids) to one organic matters highly condensed, activated carbon, a model of black carbon. These elements lead to show important variations in terms of relative bioavailability from 0% (activated carbon) to 100%, maximal relative bioavailability (fulvic acids). These findings highlight the importance of OM condensation in terms of PCB retention during the digestive processes. Then, the Impact of organic carbon, black carbon and clay content, pH, NDL-PCBs concentrations in historically contaminated soils on bioavailability and bioaccessibility was assessed. These approaches tended to show the importance of OC and BC content on retention of PCBs. Relative bioavailability was found to be higher than 45%, whatever the soil. Thus, PCBs retention in contaminated soils appears rather limited. Finally, exposure to PCBs via soil ingestion appears proportional to the quantity ingested
Rios, Mora Juan Sebastian. "Optimisation de la gestion de l’impact des polluants gazeux du sol sur la qualité de l’air intérieur." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS035.
Повний текст джерелаPolluted sites and most precisely vapor intrusion represents a potential risk for human health and its environment. Various screening-level and analytical models have been proposed in order to evaluate vapor intrusion and provide assessment tools for exposure risk. However, some in situ investigations show significant differences between predicted and measured indoor concentrations leading eventually to misleading conclusions and inappropriate solution implementations. These uncertainties are mainly associated with a poor characterization of the site, an incomplete modeling of transfer pathways and mechanisms, or by neglecting certain influencing parameters on this transfer. For example, ignoring the lateral source/building separation may serve as possible explanation of the uncertainties presented by the conventional models based on a homogeneous source distribution assumption. The authors agree that lateral migration plays an important role in the attenuation of the indoor concentration. In homogeneous or continuous source scenarios vapors may migrate mainly vertically towards the building. However, lateral source may promote lateral migration to the atmosphere and less into the building generating a greater attenuation of the indoor concentration. In this context, the main objective of this thesis work is to contribute to the improvement of the assessment and management risk tools in order to improve the accuracy of their estimations and increase their range of application. To do this, new vapor intrusion models are developed considering the lateral source/building separation. These models are built on a numerical experimentation and dimensionless analysis based on existing models (semi-empirical models considering a homogeneous source distribution). The combination of these two approaches allows, on the one hand, to maintain the aptitude of the existing models to consider the physical properties of the soil (permeability, diffusion coefficient, …) and the characteristics of the building (type of construction, building depression, volume,…), and on the other hand, to better precise the position of the source in the soil taking into account the influence of the lateral source/building separation in the estimations. From a comparative analysis, the accuracy of these new expressions is verified comparing to the proposed numerical model (CFD), experimental data and existing models in the literature. Finally, the proposed expressions were coupled with a ventilation code (MATHIS-QAI) allowing to better specify indoor characteristics (ventilation system, air permeability of the envelope, volume of the building, …) and estimate indoor air concentration levels as a function of environmental variations (wind speed, outside temperature, …) over time. From a parametric study it was shown that despite the significant impact of the characteristics of the building, the influence of the lateral source/building separation remains predominant on the attenuation of the indoor concentration (attenuation of several orders of magnitude when the source is laterally offset of the building compared to a homogeneous source). However, specifying the characteristics of the building (construction type, ventilation system, air permeability, …) and weather conditions may increase the accuracy of the estimation avoiding the implementation of extreme solutions or insufficient actions
Martin, Fabrine. "Ozone troposphérique : impact sur la santé." Lille 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIL2P013.
Повний текст джерелаAgis-Garcin, Aude. "Impact sanitaire de la pollution de l' air : état des connaissances, proposition d' objectifs et d' indicateurs de suivi." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05P223.
Повний текст джерелаJahnich, Mathieu. "Le traitement multimédiatique d'un risque pour la santé : étude d'un cas : le problème des gaz d'échappement." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00136863.
Повний текст джерелаRecherche sous la forme d'une allocation de recherche. Destiné à promouvoir une recherche
pluridisciplinaire, ce programme vise à renouveler l'approche scientifique des grandes
questions et à ouvrir des perspectives aux différents acteurs urbains, afin de mieux
comprendre les enjeux urbains contemporains, les transformations en cours et d'anticiper les
évolutions futures.
Concernant notre travail de recherche, les attentes de ce programme apparaissent
multiples :
- l'évolution de la médiatisation du problème, sa genèse et sa construction sociale,
- la manière dont le problème est traité actuellement,
- les connaissances et les comportements de la population, face ou avec cette médiatisation,
- les évolutions possibles des uns et des autres.
Nous nous trouvons donc dans le cas d'une recherche dite finalisée avec des objectifs en
tension :
- fournir des éléments concrets permettant d'orienter la politique de communication, avec la
question des liens entre l'information sur la pollution et le passage à l'action ;
- contribuer au domaine des sciences de l'information et de la communication et plus
particulièrement à la communication des sciences et à l'éducation à la santé.
Chbib, Chaza. "Pollution des sols et des eaux souterraines par les pesticides dans la région d’Akkar au nord du Liban : évaluation des risques sanitaires." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10110.
Повний текст джерелаAkkar is the second agricultural zone in Lebanon. Pesticides are intensely applied in agricultural activities, and the groundwater has been reported to be highly contaminated by some pesticides. Due to the absence of a public network for water distribution, groundwater is used as the main source for drinking water of local inhabitants. The present study focus firstly on the evaluation of groundwater and soil contamination by OCPs, OPPs and ONPs and by heavy metals in order to characterize the degree of contamination. Secondly, it is focusing on the risk assessment of pollution on the population of Akkar. High levels of pesticides were detected in many villages in Akkar plain groundwater. Similarly, high concentrations of OCPs were detected in agricultural soil. A huge difference between the contamination levels in cultivated area and tillage land. Moreover, a significant variation has been established between soil depth. Results showed that some prohibited pesticides are still currently used in Akkar. To complete the background of pollution, trace metallic element As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn and Cd have been studied. The results showed that soils are moderately polluted by Cd. In parallel, a health study was conducted, the prevalence of nervous disorders; birth defects; cancer and other chronic diseases were exceeded those values reported in other regions. A significant correlation has been established between wells water consumption and the appearance of some diseases.More researches could be realized to identify pesticides levels in human blood or urine. Also it will be necessary to manage pesticides use in this region to reduce their effects on human health
Sentissi, Maya. "Impact sanitaire de la pollution atmosphérique urbaine particulaire." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05P032.
Повний текст джерелаAloui, Lisa. "Pollution atmosphérique et risque de cancer : bilan des études épidémiologiques récentes." Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05P193.
Повний текст джерелаDuranton, Guillaume. "Le moteur Diesel a-t-il un avenir en termes sanitaires ?" Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05P240.
Повний текст джерелаMercier, Fabien. "Contribution à l’évaluation de la contamination organique des poussières sédimentées et des particules en suspension dans l’habitat dans une perspective d’évaluation de l’exposition." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1B158.
Повний текст джерелаThe development of building materials and consumer products over the past fifty years has led to the introduction in indoor environments of new chemicals, including semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), such as plasticizers, flame retardants or pesticides. In order to determine the extent of the threat to public health posed by these contaminants in indoor environments and assess exposures, it is necessary to document the indoor concentrations. This thesis has consisted in the development of analytical tools for the determination of SVOCs concentrations in settled house dust and airborne particulate matter for exposure assessment purposes. First, a measurement strategy was defined, based on a critical analysis of the scientific literature and a health ranking of SVOCs. Secondly, analytical multi-residue methods by GC/MS/MS for settled dust, and TD/GC/MS for airborne particulate matter, were developed, evaluated and applied to real samples. Finally, the influence of storage conditions on SVOCs concentrations in dust samples was investigated
Filleul, Laurent. "Pollution atmosphérique et sante : le cas des personnes agées." Bordeaux 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR21024.
Повний текст джерелаIt is accepted that there is an health effect of actual levels of air pollution in industrialized countries on but some questions subsist on identification of susceptible subgroups. Based on a group of elderly people has been studied in this thesis. We have confirmed from Program PSAS-9, relationship between daily mortality and daily air pollution levels. Compared to all age population, elderly subjects showed a higher significant association between daily mortality and air pollution. We have investigated of individual factors of susceptibility among elderly in PAQUID cohort. We have observed that women and subjects living alone were more sensitive to air pollution. The association between chronic exposure to air pollution and long term mortality has been studied on a 25 year period in PAARC survey. Whatever age of subjects, we did not find a significant relationship. In conclusion, this work demonstrates a greater effect of air pollution among subjects ager 65 and over, especially in women and people who live alone. Identification of such factors appears useful to target preventing actions
Ndonkou, Peguy. "Les usages de l'eau au Cameroun : contribution à une étude anthropologique des maladies endémiques d'origine hydrique." Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX10024.
Повний текст джерелаTerrade, Vanessa de Fátima. "Les sols pollués : Leur remise en état au service de la justice environnementale." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCD069/document.
Повний текст джерелаNos Estados Democráticos de Direito, as políticas públicas reconhecem um dever estatal de promover uma sociedade igualitária; sem pobreza, reduzindo, gradativamente, asdesigualdades sociais existentes e protegendo o meio ambiente. No entanto, em muitos países, como no Brasil, a aplicação dessas políticas não é realmente efetiva, principalmente no que concerne ao respeito ao direito fundamental a uma moradia livre de riscos à saude. O que sevê no dia a dia, são inúmeras familias morando sobre áreas contaminadas ou, simplesmente, sofrendo consequências nefastas ao seu direito ao meio ambiente sadio, por serem vizinhas de grandes indústrias, em uma violação clara aos princípios preliminares proclamados por esses Estados de Direito. Diante disso, o objetivo principal desse trabalho é o de compreender aimportância da gestão dos solos poluídos, a partir da adoção da política de sua reabilitação. Quanto mais desenvolvida for à legislação sobre a reabilitação das áreas poluídas, quanto melhor for o mecanismo de controle das áreas poluídas ou pontencialmente poluidas, menorserá o risco de que a população venha a viver nessas áreas, ou aos arredores delas, o que consequentemente, favorecerá a promoção de um meio ambiente sadio para todos, favorecendo o surgimento de uma sociedade pautada nos princípios da justiça ambiental.Como metodologia, utilizaremos a abordagem do direito comparado, a fim de demonstrar aevolução do direito fundamental ao meio ambiente na França e no Brasil e estudar alguns casos de poluição dos solos nos dois países. Esta escolha se baseia no fato da França, país industrializado, possuir já, uma certa, tradição no controle das áreas poluídas ou potencialmente poluídas. Ao contrário do Brasil, país em desenvolvimento, que está aind atentando implantar mecanismo para o conhecimento dos seus solos e para a implantação deum sistema de inventário. Dessa forma poder-se-á compreender a importância da legislação ambiental e dos mecanismos de controle da administração pública, para realmente assegurar o respeito ao direito fundamental ao meio ambiente para a população de cada um desses países. Adicionalmente, passamos a avaliar o aspecto sócioeconômico dos casos brasileiros, a fim de compreender a relação entre a poluição dos solos e a injustiça ambiental neste país. Concluíndo, que de um ponto de vista jurídico, não existe, ainda, uma relação entre a poluiçãodos solos ocasionada pela atividade industrial e as desigualdades sociais presentes em umpaís
Baudrit, Cédric. "Représentation et propagation de connaissances imprécises et incertaines : application à l'évaluation des risques liés aux sites et aux sols pollués." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011933.
Повний текст джерелаsur une évaluation des risques pour l'homme et l'environnement. Cette évaluation est effectuée à l'aide de modèles qui simulent le transfert de polluant depuis une source de pollution vers une cible vulnérable, pour différents scénarii d'exposition. La sélection des valeurs des paramètres de ces modèles s'appuie autant que possible sur les données recueillies lors des investigations de terrain (phase de diagnostic de site). Or pour des raisons de délais et de coûts, l'information recueillie lors de cette phase de diagnostic est toujours incomplète; elle est donc entachée d'incertitude. De même, les modèles de transferts et d'exposition présentent également des incertitudes à intégrer dans les procédures. Cette notion globale d'incertitude doit être prise en compte dans l'évaluation du risque pour que les résultats soient utiles lors la phase décisionnelle.
L'incertitude sur les paramètres peut avoir deux origines. La première provient du caractère aléatoire de l'information due à une variabilité naturelle résultant de phénomènes stochastiques. On parle alors d'incertitudes de variabilité ou d'incertitudes stochastiques. La seconde est liée au caractère imprécis de l'information lié à un manque de connaissance et qui résulte par exemple d'erreurs systématiques lors de mesures ou d'avis d'experts.
On parle alors d'incertitudes épistémiques. Dans le calcul de risque, ces deux notions sont souvent confondues alors qu'elles devraient être traitées de manière différente.
L'incertitude en évaluation des risques a surtout été appréhendée dans un cadre purement probabiliste.
Cela revient à supposer que la connaissance sur les paramètres des modèles est toujours de nature aléatoire (variabilité). Cette approche consiste à représenter les paramètres incertains par des distributions de probabilité uniques et à transmettre l'incertitude relative à ces paramètres sur celle du risque encouru par la cible, en appliquant en général la technique dite Monte Carlo. Si cette approche est bien connue, toute la difficulté tient à une définition cohérente des distributions de probabilité affectées aux paramètres par rapport à la connaissance disponible. En effet dans un contexte d'évaluation des risques liés à l'exposition aux polluants, l'information dont on dispose concernant certains paramètres est souvent de nature imprécise. Le calage d'une distribution de probabilité unique sur ce type de
connaissance devient subjectif et en partie arbitraire.
L'information dont on dispose réellement est souvent plus riche qu'un intervalle mais moins riche qu'une distribution de probabilité. En pratique, l'information de nature aléatoire est traitée de manière rigoureuse par les distributions de probabilité classiques. Celle de nature imprécise est traitée de manière rigoureuse par des familles de distributions de probabilité définies au moyen de paires de probabilités cumulées hautes et basses ou, à l'aide de théories plus récentes, au moyen de distributions de possibilité (aussi appelées intervalles flous) ou encore au moyen d'intervalles aléatoires utilisant les fonctions de croyance de Dempster-Shafer.
Un des premiers objectifs de ce travail est de promouvoir la cohérence entre la manière dont on représente la connaissance sur les paramètres
des modèles du risque et la connaissance dont on dispose réellement. Le deuxième objectif est de proposer différentes méthodes pour propager l'information de nature aléatoire et l'information de nature imprécise à travers les modèles du risque tout en essayant de tenir compte des dépendances entre les paramètres. Enfin, ces méthodes alternatives ont été testées sur des cas synthétiques puis sur des cas réels simplifiés, notamment pour proposer des moyens de présenter les résultats pour une phase décisionnelle:
- Calcul de dose : Transfert d'un polluant radioactif (le strontium) depuis le dépôt jusqu'à
l'homme, au travers de la consommation d'un aliment (le lait de vache).
- Risque toxique après un déversement accidentel de trichloréthylène (TCE) au dessus d'une nappe d'eau (modèle semi analytique).
- Risque pour la santé liée aux sols pollués par des retombées de plomb.
Parat, Sylvie. "Étude des relations entre climatisation, micro-organismes aéroportés et santé : une approche médicale, métrologique et technique." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE19010.
Повний текст джерелаReungoat, Patrice. "L'évaluation de l'exposition à la pollution atmosphérique d'origine automobile dans le cadre d'études épidémiologiques : application à l'étude VESTA." Paris 5, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA05P646.
Повний текст джерелаAutomobile exhaust is a major source of air pollution in urban areas. For studying short and long term health effects of this traffic air pollution (TAP) epidemiologists have to determine precisely exposure to such pollution to avoid misclassification. In France, the ExTra index produced by the French Scientific Center for Building Physics (CSTB) and the French National Institute for Transport and Safety Research (INRETS), estimates ambient concentrations of transport-related pollutants in front of the work and living places of urban dwellers. These estimates, combined with time-activity diaries, enable individual exposure to these pollutants in front of these living places to be assessed. Two pollutant dispersion models are used to calculate the ExTra index : the Danish model OSPM (Operational Street Pollution Model) and the CALINE3 model (California Line Source Dispersion Model). Before being applied to large scale epidemiological studies such as the VESTA study (a French multicentric case-control study on asthma), the ExTra index needs to be validated. This research had two goals : 1) to validate the ExTra index, 2) to apply this index to the VESTA study (V Epidemiological Study on Transport and Asthma). The validation study of the ExTra index was performed in four of the French towns participating in the VESTA study. This validation was based on the comparison of nitrogen oxide concentrations (NOx) obtained by measurement against those obtained from calculations, using the ExTra index and the OSPM model. The model was tested at 100 street canyon sites. Then, we used the ExTra index to assess lifelong nitrogen oxides concentrations the 403 study children were exposed to in front of their living places. This assessment highlighted significant disparities : mean ExTra index values and share attributable to proximity traffic were respectively 70 ± 42 and 14 ± 22 æg. M -3 NOx equivalent NO2 for the 403 children. Beyond the validation of the ExTra index for NOx concentrations and the description of the VESTA children's TAP exposures, the results obtained by a discriminant analysis (with classification trees) gave us guidelines for the use of this index (rather than background pollution levels provided by the networks) according to the different residence and school characteristics of a subject throughout his (her) life. .
Percot, Stéphane. "Contribution des retombées atmosphériques aux flux de polluants issus d'un petit bassin versant urbain : cas du Pin Sec à Nantes." Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00851955.
Повний текст джерелаBoudet, Céline. "Exposition du citadin aux particules fines en suspension : estimation de la part attribuable aux émissions automobiles : contribution à l'évaluation du risque sanitaire." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE18003.
Повний текст джерелаPelletier, Maud. "Expositions agrégées aux composés organiques semi-volatils dans l'habitat et risques sanitaires associés." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B028/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn housing, people are exposed to an increasing number of chemicals, including semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). SVOCs are present on surfaces, in the gas phase, airborne particles and settled dust. Humans are exposed through ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact. Many of these compounds have suspected toxic effects on human health. The objective of this thesis is to assess, by a risk assessment approach, the public health risk posed by the exposure to SVOCs frequently detected in French dwellings. At first, indoor exposures were estimated for 32 compounds from contamination data and human parameters such as body weight, inhalation rate, time spent in dwellings etc. Ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact exposure pathways were aggregated for the indoor SVOCs of greatest concern and for several age groups from birth to age 30. In a second step, human health risks were modeled from these exposures and from available toxicity data. Each SVOC was considered separately and also in mixtures, based on the assumption of dose additivity. This work provided exposures distributions representative of the French population and identified the dominant media and exposure routes for each compound as well as the most at risk SVOCs for a certain portion of the French population
Saba, Dany. "Les radionucléides et le plomb émis par une usine de fertilisants au Liban : Etude de leurs mobilités dans les sols et les plantes pour une évaluation du risque sanitaire." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA025/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe use of phosphate fertilizers and phosphate rock as raw material by fertilizer plants, and the by-product phosphogypsum, contribute in increasing the levels of natural radionuclides and trace metals in the environment. This may affect the ecosystem and human health.This study evaluates the radiological impact of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides, mainly 238U, 232Th and their decay product, and 40K. As well as, it evaluates the health impact of Pb, present in the raw material and fertilizers produced by a fertilizer plant in Lebanon.The main objective is to characterize the diffuse contamination of these pollutants with a view to assess the health risk in 9 non-cultivated residential sites around the plant. A focus on the quantitative assessment of the health risk is specifically linked to the consumption of the wild plant Dittrichia viscosa and the accidental ingestion of soil dust for the inhabitants of the study area. The concept of bioaccessibility of soil and plant Pb is integrated into these assessments. Chemical extractions using EDTA and the Physiologically Based Extraction Test (PBET) were used for in vitro estimation of available and bioaccessible Pb fractions. These were incorporated into the risk calculations. The radiological risks related to gamma ionizing radiation from radioelements were also estimated via radiological parameters.All of the work has shown that the fertilizer plant generates diffuse contamination that increases the levels of radionuclides and Pb in the near environment, specifically in soils (for 238U, 226Ra and their decay products 214Pb, 212Pb and 210Pb, as well as for Pb), and in the aerial parts of Dittrichia viscosa plants (for Pb and 210Pb). The study of the distribution of 210Pb and PbEDTA fractions provide additional information to characterize the Pb contribution due to the activity of the plant. The results showed that the mean values of activity concentrations of radioelements in soil samples were slightly higher than those determined in other Lebanese regions and worldwide average values. Based on the radiological parameters, no significant risk has been identified for the population frequenting the area.The pseudo-total soil Pb concentrations were below the applied thresholds. Threshold exceedances were observed for Pb levels in Dittrichia viscosa leaves.Two health risk assessment schemes for Pb were studied: a first classical scheme based on the hypothesis of the total ingestion of total Pb levels in soils and plants; a second scheme where only fractions reaching the systemic circulation have been measured and considered in risk calculations. These two schemes were studied for two high-exposure field scenarios. Taking into account the bioaccessible Pb concentrations in the calculations greatly reduces (at least by a factor of 10) the potential risk for both scenarios, whereas the classical risk calculations show a significant risk for the children. Whatever the chosen risk calculation scheme, ingestion of plants remains the main route of exposure for the two maximalist scenarios
Baubestre, Claude. "Surveillance biologique et environnementale du risque professionnel lié aux effluents automobiles : étude dans deux garages municipaux parisiens." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05P620.
Повний текст джерелаGuitton, Stéphanie. "La santé urbaine au risque de l'eau à Addis-Abeba (Éthiopie) : entre dangers sanitaires, menaces perçues, pratiques et vulnérabilités socio-environnementales." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010676.
Повний текст джерелаLaurent, Céline. "Biodisponibilité du cuivre et du zinc pour les plantes et les vers de terre : interactions entre les effets de fertilisants organiques sur le long-terme et des organismes sur l'évolution des propriétés physico-chimiques du sol." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA034.
Повний текст джерелаThe agronomic valorization of organic fertilizers (OF) is one of the main source contamination of agricultural soils in trace elements. This is particularly significant for copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) for which the ecotoxicity and more generally their impact on soil fertility on the long-term is a matter of concerns. The scientific literature of the two last decades did not enable to state clearly whether Cu and Zn bioavailability for soil organisms will be impacted by OF application. Indeed, previous studies did not take into account the modifications of Cu and Zn availability in soils induced by (i) pH and organic matter (OM) temporal evolution observed with OF application and (ii) organism activities in the soil they can bio-influence. My PhD work thus aimed at assessing the respective effects of soil contamination, soil pH and OM evolution and key soil organisms (i.e. plants and earthworms) in the bio-influenced volume of soil, on Cu and Zn bioavailability for these organisms in the context of OF applications.This work was based on soils sampled from field trials in Réunion and amended for a decade with mineral or organic fertilizers, or never fertilized. The evolution of pH, concentration and aromaticity of dissolved organic matter (DOM), and Cu and Zn availability (i.e. totale concentration and free ionic activity) was measured in soil solutions of the non-bio-influenced soils and the soil bio-influenced by the activities of either plant roots (i.e. rhizosphere) or earthworm bioturbation (i.e. drilosphere). Copper and Zn bioavailability was assessed by the measurement of Cu and Zn concentration in a tropical epi-endogeic earthworm species (Dichogaster saliens) and a temperate plant species (Festuca arundinacea, fescue) exposed to soils in mesocosms under laboratory conditions.In the absence of bio-influence, OF application did not only increase the level of Cu and Zn contamination in soils, but also pH and the concentration and aromaticity of DOM in soil solutions. Total Cu concentration in soil solution increased in soils amended with OF proportionally to DOM concentration while Cu2+ activity decreased mainly proportionally to pH increase, which resulted in a similar Cu availability between soils amended with OF or not. Due to the lower affinity of Zn for DOM, total Zn concentration and Zn2+ activity decreased in soils with OF application proportionally to pH increase, which resulted in Zn availability equal or lower in soils amended with OF than in non-amended soils. Thus, the modification of pH and DOM seems to regulate Cu and Zn availability in non-bio-influenced soils by exerting a protective effect that counteracts Cu and Zn contamination.Under the influence of earthworms or plants, the variation range of pH and DOM concentration was reduced regardless of fertilization type in bio-influenced soils compared to non-bio-influenced soils. In the drilosphere, this resulted in a similar effect of OF application on Cu and Zn availability but in a lesser extent than the effect of OF application in non-bio-influenced soils. In the rhizosphere, the intense root activities resulted in the absence of OF effect on Cu and Zn availability. The combination of the protective effects induced by OF application and organism activity explained why Cu and Zn bioavailability for earthworms and plants did not increase with OF application for a decade despite Cu and Zn contamination in soil
Tesson, Vincent. "Devenir des virus entériques de l'homme dans les eaux et les sols : vers une comparaison de scénarios de rejets et de recyclages." Thesis, Avignon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AVIG0343/document.
Повний текст джерелаUrban treated wastewaters may be heavily contaminated by human pathogenic enteric viruses that cause acute gastroenteritis, despite their treatment. In order to compare health risks of different wastewater management scenarios, we investigated (i) how to predict virus shedding from epidemiological data on acute gastroenteritis, (ii) the environmental fate of these viruses when wastewaters are discharged into rivers, and (iii) the fate of these viruses when they are brought to the soil by irrigation. Our study focused on a wastewater collection basin of 240,000 inhabitants near Clermont-Ferrand, on the Artière and Allier Rivers and the Allier alluvial groundwater potentially contaminated by wastewater discharges, and on a soil in the irrigation perimeter reusing these wastewaters. Concentrations of various viruses were monitored over the same period in raw and treated wastewaters, as well as in surface and underground freshwaters. We proposed a method based on epidemiological data to estimate the daily number of new cases of acute gastroenteritis of viral etiology in 2015-2016; and we combined these estimates with a viral shedding model to estimate the quantities of enteric viruses arriving at the treatment plant. The fate of viruses has been simulated by taking into account the removal of viruses in the treatment plant and dilution-mixing in rivers. The fate of viruses brought to the soil by treated wastewater reused in agricultural irrigation was studied on a well-represented soil in the perimeter using a surrogate virus. Its fate has been described by a model combining transfer, reversible immobilization and removal; the model distinguished between mobile and immobile waters, as well as between free viruses and viruses adsorbed on colloids in suspension. The method for switching from epidemiology to virus shedding allowed us to accurately simulate virus inflows to the treatment plant, including a winter peak and the prominent role of norovirus GII in viral gastroenteritis cases. The simulation of virus removal in the treatment plant and subsequent dilution-mixing phenomena in rivers allow correctly simulating the viral load in the river downstream of the wastewater discharge, but their subsequent fate remains poorly characterized. When brought to the soil, the surrogate virus was progressively removed or irreversibly immobilized, according to a 0.38 log10 daily removal. The reversibly immobilized fraction could be estimated by a Freundlich isotherm. The addition of Mg2+ favored the immobilization of viruses, as well as their adsorption on colloids dispersed in mobile water. While sterilized wastewater had no major effect on virus immobilization compared to artificial soil solution due to the antagonistic effects of their organic compounds and mineral cations, groundwater rich in Mg2+ favored immobilization of viruses. An additional work, complementary to this PhD, showed the impact of irrigations on vegetable surface and internalized contaminations. After improvement, our study could be coupled with a quantitative viral risks assessment.Key words: enteric virus, sewage, discharge, reuse, irrigation, environmental fate, scenarios, assessment
Mahdjoub-Assaad, Sarah. "Les nuisances liées au trafic routier (bruit, pollution de l’air et insécurité) : de la gêne à la perception du risque sanitaire sous l’angle des inégalités sociales." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1252/document.
Повний текст джерелаAn important factor supporting urban growth, and the viability of the urban centers, is transportation but road transport is still a common important source of traffic accidents, noise, and air which have heavy consequences on public health such as annoyance. The main objective of our thesis was to identify the determinants of each kind of trafficrelated annoyance (sociodemographic, socioeconomic, daily mobilty). The secondary objective was to identify the determinants of health risk perception and the feelings of health effects on his own health. Then, tow cross-sectional studies have been conducted in the general population, in the Rhône Department, in France. The main finding of our study is that the socioeconomic level doesn’t play a rule neither in the expression of annoyance nor in the health risk perception. However, active travel modes and public transport users are highly annoyed by traffic air pollution and road-traffic noise more than motorized users. Moreover, annoyance related to air pollution seemed to influence the feeling of health effects of noise and air pollution. Our results should be useful for urban policies. Create a friendly environment by reducing the use of cars, promoting non-motorized or “active” travel mode use (walking, cycling), to improve public transport and to promote the use of public transport, avoiding to add noisy road infrastructure near population centers, to develop facilities for pedestrians and for cyclists - all of these measures are needed to reduce road-traffic nuisances and the feeling of annoyance
Schvoerer, Evelyne. "Recherche de virus entériques dans des eaux de l'environnement et des prélèvements cliniques par des techniques moléculaires : place des calicivirus." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR28793.
Повний текст джерелаPeiffer, Julie. "Étude de la neurotoxicité d’un Polluant Organique Persistant chez le rat : effets à court et à long terme de l’inhalation répétée de fluorène sur le développement sensori-moteur du jeune et le comportement à l’âge adulte." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL103N/document.
Повний текст джерелаActually air pollution is ubiquitous due to the emission of chemical compound from many sources. In this context, Polycyclic Aromaric Hydrocarbons (PAH)related compounds are widely distributed in the air and have shown deleterious health effects.Fluorene was chosen as a representative compound of PAHs pollution. This work consisted in the evaluation of its neurotoxic effects in adult animals, exposed i.p., orally or by exposure nose-only. The inhalation model of exposure was then applied to the study of its effects on sensorimotor development and on behavioral activity of animals exposed in utero or during lactation.The results showed that fluorene is able to induce behavioral changes in adult animals exposed directly or indirectly on the level of anxiety and the locomotor activity, whereas no effect on learning and memory abilities has been observed. However, no defect on the development of motor and sensory functions was demonstrated. Furthermore, the analysis of the presence of the compound and three of its metabolites showed that the pollutant was able to cross the blood brain barrier and can be metabolized in the brain. Moreover, variations have been observed concerning behavioral and physiological responses between studies, showing that effects induced by fluorene are dependent on the way of administration, the level of contamination and the time of exposure.In conclusion, these results demonstrate in animals the behavioral toxicity of fluorene at levels of contamination corresponding to human cases of exposure, confirming so the risk of PAH exposure throughout life
Yan, Bo-Fang. "Ecophysiologie de l'allocation du cadmium au grain chez le blé dur." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0114/document.
Повний текст джерелаCadmium (Cd) is a toxic element. Human activities have contaminated a wide range of agricultural soils. Most of Cd entering human bodies is through the dietary intake, and especially through staple food like cereals. Durum wheat naturally accumulates more Cd in its grains than other cereals. A significant fraction of the French durum wheat production has been found to exceed the European regulatory limit set for Cd. There is thus a need to reduce the accumulation of Cd in durum wheat grains. This thesis is dedicated to a better understanding of the ecophysiology of Cd allocation to the grains in durum wheat, with the ambition of helping to find agronomic strategies to reduce the Cd contamination level of durum wheat products.In first, we investigated the relationship between the aboveground partitioning of Cd and the shoot allometry. We hypothesized that the partitioning of shoot biomass between grains and straws is a driver of the allocation of Cd to the grains. Eight French durum wheat cultivars differing in their stem height were grown in presence of Cd. As expected, the main factor explaining the difference in their grain Cd was the shoot biomass partitioning. Cultivars allocating a higher proportion of their aerial biomass to the straws, i.e. long-stem cultivars, tended to accumulate less Cd in their grains because stems and leaves are sinks for Cd in competition with developing grains.Minerals imported into cereal grains originate from either direct post-anthesis root uptake or from the remobilization of pre-anthesis stores. The second part of this work was dedicated to determine the quantitative importance of these two pathways for Cd in durum wheat, and how their relative contribution vary between cultivars and with the level of nitrogen (N) supply. Stable isotopic labelling was used to trace the flux of Cd taken up post-anthesis. The impact of N supply was tested by depriving half of the plants of N after anthesis, in two cultivars showing a contrasted ability to accumulate Cd in their grains. The contribution of Cd remobilization was around 50%, which means that half of Cd in grains originated from Cd taken up pre-anthesis. Cd was remobilized from stems, possibly from roots, but not from leaves. The contribution of remobilization did not vary between the two cultivars so that no relationship between the pathway and the level of accumulation of Cd in grain was evidenced. Post-anthesis N deprivation triggered the remobilization of N without affecting that of Cd, which suggests that Cd remobilization is a senescent-independent process.In third, we investigated how the characteristics of Cd allocation to the grains was affected by the level of Cd exposure. [...]In last, we focused on how Cd was distributed within durum wheat grains. [...] This work provided the first map of Cd localization in durum wheat grains. Cd distribution was characterized by a strong accumulation of Cd in the crease and by a non-negligible dissemination in the starchy endosperm, as compared to Fe and Zn