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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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1

Boussinot, G., C. Hüter, R. Spatschek, and E. A. Brener. "Isothermal solidification in peritectic systems." Acta Materialia 75 (August 2014): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2014.04.055.

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2

Podolinsky, V. V., Yu N. Taran, and V. G. Drykin. "Eutectic solidification in organic systems." Journal of Crystal Growth 74, no. 1 (January 1986): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0248(86)90248-4.

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3

Chen, Ming, Yu Jiang, Wen Long Sun, Xiao Dong Hu, and Chun Li Liu. "Numerical Simulation of Binary Alloy Crystal Growth of Multiple Dendrites and Direcitonal Solidification Using Phase-Field Method." Advanced Materials Research 774-776 (September 2013): 703–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.774-776.703.

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Phase field method (PFM) offers the prospect of carrying out realistic numerical calculation on dendrite growth in metallic systems. The dendritic growth process of multiple dendrites and direcitonal solidification during isothermal solidifications in a Fe-0.5mole%C binary alloy were simulated using phase field model. Competitive growth of multiple equiaxed dendrites were simulated, and the effect of anisotropy on the solute segregation and microstructural dedritic growth pattern in directional solidification process was studied in the paper. The simulation results showed the impingement of arbitrarily oriented grains, and the grains began to impinge and coalesce the adjacent grains with time going on, which made the dendrite growth inhibited obviously. In the directional solidification, the maximum concentration gradient showed in the dendrite tip, and highest solute concentration existed at the bottom of the dendrites. With the increasing of the anisotropy, dendrite tip radius became smaller, and the crystal structure is more uniform and dense.

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4

Lutsyk, Vasily, Anna Zelenaya, and Maria Parfenova. "Solidification Paths within the Ceramic Systems." Advanced Materials Research 704 (June 2013): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.704.173.

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The aim of this work is to assemble the computer models of phase diagrams (PD) for the typical ternary systems and to examine the processes of crystallization on its base. Spatial schemes of mono-and invariant equilibria have been used for it. Analysis of concentration fields, obtained by the projection of the surfaces on the Gibbs triangle, allows establish the boundaries of phase regions (located above the considered fields), the sequence of phase transformations and microstructural elements for the solidification of the initial melt at equilibrium condition. Concentration fields have been analyzed by means of mass balances for their centers of masses. Based on this technology, the research identifies concentration fields with coinciding sets of phase reactions and microconstituents, and the fields with individual characteristics.

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5

Korojy, B., L. Ekbom, and H. Fredriksson. "Microsegregation and Solidification Shrinkage of Copper-Lead Base Alloys." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2009 (2009): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/627937.

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Microsegregation and solidification shrinkage were studied on copper-lead base alloys. A series of solidification experiments was performed, using differential thermal analysis (DTA) to evaluate the solidification process. The chemical compositions of the different phases were measured via energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) for the Cu-Sn-Pb and the Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb systems. The results were compared with the calculated data according to Scheil's equation. The volume change during solidification was measured for the Cu-Pb and the Cu-Sn-Pb systems using a dilatometer that was developed to investigate the melting and solidification processes. A shrinkage model was used to explain the volume change during solidification. The theoretical model agreed reasonably well with the experimental results. The deviation appears to depend on the formation of lattice defects during the solidification process and consequently on the condensation of those defects at the end of the solidification process. The formation of lattice defects was supported by quenching experiments, giving a larger fraction of solid than expected from the equilibrium calculation.

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6

Zhu, Shuangchun, and Biao Yan. "Effects of Cerium on Weld Solidification Crack Sensitivity of 441 Ferritic Stainless Steel." Metals 9, no. 3 (March 22, 2019): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9030372.

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The addition of rare earth element Ce in ferritic stainless steel can improve the high temperature performance to meet the service requirements of automobile exhaust systems at high temperatures. Automobile exhaust systems are generally applied as welded pipes, so it is necessary to study the effect of Ce on the weldability of ferritic stainless steel. In this study, the Trans-varestraint test method was used to test the solidification crack sensitivities of 441 and 441Ce ferritic stainless steel. The 441Ce steel, which has added Ce, showed poor resistance to weld solidification cracking. Using Thermo-Calc software, Ce was observed to expand the solidification temperature range of 441 ferritic stainless steel, increase the time for solid–liquid coexistence during solidification, and increase the sensitivity of solidification cracking. Further, from scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometer analysis, the addition of Ce was found to reduce high temperature precipitation (Ti,Nb)(C,N), reduce or even eliminate the “pinning” effect during solidification, and increase solidification crack sensitivity of 441 ferritic stainless steel.

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7

Fukusako, Shoichiro, and Masahiko Yamada. "Solidification of Pure Liquids and Liquid Mixtures Inside Ducts and Over External Bodies." Applied Mechanics Reviews 47, no. 12 (December 1, 1994): 589–621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3111067.

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Анотація:

Recent advances in the understanding of transport phenomena during solidification inside ducts and over external bodies are discussed. The emphasis is on fundamental aspects of the phenomena observed in transport processes during solidification. After a discussion of the solidification of pure substances, transport processes during solidification of binary systems are reviewed. The important role played by fluid motion owing to density gradients is also discussed and future research needs are assessed.

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8

Yoshioka, Hideaki, Tomoaki Kyoden, and Tadashi Hachiga. "Sound velocity during solidification in binary eutectic systems." Journal of Applied Physics 122, no. 22 (December 12, 2017): 225109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5001893.

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9

Alexandrov, D. V. "Nonlinear dynamics of solidification in three-component systems." Doklady Physics 53, no. 9 (September 2008): 471–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028335808090024.

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10

Swaminathan, C. R., and V. R. Voller. "Towards a general numerical scheme for solidification systems." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 40, no. 12 (August 1997): 2859–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0017-9310(96)00329-8.

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11

Chen, Shuang-Lin, Ying Yang, Sinn-Wen Chen, Xiong-Gang Lu, and Y. Austin Chang. "Solidification Simulation Using Scheil Model in Multicomponent Systems." Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion 30, no. 5 (August 6, 2009): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11669-009-9568-0.

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12

Zhang, L. M., R. Lück, and P. Gille. "Directional solidification studies in complex ternary alloy systems." Journal of Crystal Growth 275, no. 1-2 (February 2005): e2077-e2082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2004.11.268.

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13

Akdeniz, M. Vedat, Amdulla O. Mekhrabov, and M. Kaan Pehlivanoğlu. "Solidification behaviour of bulk glass-forming alloy systems." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 386, no. 1-2 (January 2005): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2004.06.019.

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14

Sargent, Noah, Mason Jones, Richard Otis, Andrew A. Shapiro, Jean-Pierre Delplanque, and Wei Xiong. "Integration of Processing and Microstructure Models for Non-Equilibrium Solidification in Additive Manufacturing." Metals 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11040570.

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Integration of models that capture the complex physics of solidification on the macro and microstructural scale with the flexibility to consider multicomponent materials systems is a significant challenge in modeling additive manufacturing processes. This work aims to link process variables, such as energy density, with non-equilibrium solidification by integrating additive manufacturing process simulations with solidification models that consider thermodynamics and diffusion. Temperature histories are generated using a semi-analytic laser powder bed fusion process model and feed into a CALPHAD-based ICME (CALPHAD: Calculation of Phase Diagrams, ICME: Integrated Computational Materials Engineering) framework to model non-equilibrium solidification as a function of both composition and processing parameters. Solidification cracking susceptibility is modeled as a function of composition, cooling rate, and energy density in Al-Cu Alloys and stainless steel 316L (SS316L). Trends in solidification cracking susceptibility predicted by the model are validated by experimental solidification cracking measurements of Al-Cu alloys. Non-equilibrium solidification in additively manufactured SS316L is investigated to determine if this approach can be applied to commercial materials. Modeling results show a linear relationship between energy density and solidification cracking susceptibility in additively manufactured SS316L. This work shows that integration of process and microstructure models is essential for modeling solidification during additive manufacturing.

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15

Zhao, Jing Rui, Yong Du, Li Jun Zhang, Shu Hong Liu, Jin Huan Xia, and Jin Wei Wang. "Thermodynamic Calculation of the Liquidus Projections of the Al-Cu-Fe-Mg, Al-Cu-Mg-Si, and Al-Fe-Mg-Si Quaternary Systems on Al-Rich Corner." Materials Science Forum 993 (May 2020): 1031–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.993.1031.

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The thermodynamic calculations of Al-Cu-Fe-Mg, Al-Cu-Mg-Si and Al–Fe–Mg–Si quaternary systems were carried out using CALPHAD method, based on the Al–Cu–Fe–Mg–Si thermodynamic database. The liquidus projection of Al–Cu–Fe–Mg, Al–Cu–Mg–Si and Al–Fe–Mg–Si quaternary systems at Al-rich corner were constructed, and the solidification structures of Al-12Cu-7Mg-1Fe, Al-14Cu-2Mg-4Si, Al-0.3Fe-6Mg-12Si (wt.%) alloys were analyzed by the Scheil solidification simulation. The calculated results agree well with the previous experimental data. The liquidus projections of three quaternary aluminum alloys at the Al-rich corner were accurately plotted, which could be helpful for the analysis of solidification process of multicomponent alloy systems, and provide an important theoretical basis for the material design of aluminum alloys.

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16

Egizabal, P., A. Romero, and A. Torregaray. "Analysis of the Solidification and Properties of Plaster Cast Al Based Composites." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 57, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-011-0160-3.

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Analysis of the Solidification and Properties of Plaster Cast Al Based CompositesThe present work deals with aspects related to the solidification and properties of an Al-Si10Mg/SiC20palloy cast in plaster moulds. Several strategies were followed to shorten its solidification time such as embedding copper tubes into the mould to make circulate cooling fluids immediately after the casting step. The analysis of cooling curves provided valuable information on the effect of the particles on solidification events. The precipitation of different phases of the MMC takes place at higher temperatures and earlier than in the case of the non reinforced alloy. Particles affect the solidification pattern of the alloy and play a noticeable role in the precipitation of the phases. This fact should be taken into account to design the filling and feeding systems correctly and for modelling and processing parameters as well as in thermal treatments. Eventually samples were obtained under the highest solidification rate conditions to analyse the microstructure and tensile properties of the MMC material.

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17

Liu, Tie, Yin Liu, Qiang Wang, Yan Wang, Kai Wang, and Ji Cheng He. "Effects of a High Magnetic Field on the Solidification Behavior of Binary Al-Si and Ag-Cu Systems." Advanced Materials Research 421 (December 2011): 792–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.421.792.

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To investigate the effect of high magnetic fields on the solidification behavior of binary eutectic system, solidification and quenching experiments of Al-11.8 wt.%Si and Ag-10 wt.%Cu alloys were carried out with and without an 8.8 T high magnetic field. It was found that the application of the high magnetic field could increase the concentration of Si in the primary Al and Cu in the primary Ag at their eutectic temperatures, but could not obviously affect the Si concentration in the primary Al at room temperature. The above increase can be attributed to the weakness of the solute diffusion at the liquid-solid interface during solidification caused by the high magnetic field.

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18

Draissia, M. "Quantitative Concept for Morphological Stability Analysis of Liquid-Solid Interface in Rapid Solidification of Dilute Binary Alloys." Defect and Diffusion Forum 282 (January 2009): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.282.17.

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In this article, the liquid-solid interface solidification stability of dilute binary alloy systems during unidirectional (z) solidification was investigated. A new quantitative approach is proposed with (z-δ) as a variable to solve the equation of solute diffusion in the liquid, where δ is the real diffusion layer thickness.

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19

Rasheed, A., and A. Belmiloudi. "Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Simulation of Dendrite Growth Using Phase-Field Method with a Magnetic Field Effect." Communications in Computational Physics 14, no. 2 (August 2013): 477–568. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/cicp.090412.121012a.

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AbstractIn this paper, we present a new model developed in order to analyze phenomena which arise in the solidification of binary mixtures using phase-field method, which incorporates the convection effects and the action of magnetic field. The model consists of flow, concentration, phase field and energy systems which are nonlinear evolutive and coupled systems. It represents the non-isothermal anisotropic solidification process of a binary mixture together with the motion in a melt with the applied magnetic field. To illustrate our model, numerical simulations of the influence of magnetic-field on the evolution of dendrites during the solidification of the binary mixture of Nickel-Copper (Ni-Cu) are developed. The results demonstrate that the dendritic growth under the action of magnetic-field can be simulated by using our model.

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20

Alexandrov, D. V., G. Yu Dubovoi, A. P. Malygin, I. G. Nizovtseva, and L. V. Toropova. "Solidification of ternary systems with a nonlinear phase diagram." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2017, no. 2 (February 2017): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036029517020021.

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21

Devulapalli, Balaji, and Milind Kulkarni. "Modeling Multi-Crystalline Silicon Growth in Directional Solidification Systems." ECS Transactions 18, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 1023–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3096567.

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22

Hoyt, J. J. "Planar to cellular transition during solidification in ternary systems." Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 26, no. 8 (April 1992): 1157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-716x(92)90556-t.

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23

Trivedi, R., and K. Somboonsuk. "Pattern formation during the directional solidification of binary systems." Acta Metallurgica 33, no. 6 (June 1985): 1061–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(85)90199-3.

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24

Andrews, J. B., A. C. Sandlin, and R. A. Merrick. "Directional solidification in immiscible systems: The influence of gravity." Advances in Space Research 11, no. 7 (January 1991): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(91)90298-x.

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25

Chvoj, Z. "The Stochastic Theory of the Solidification of Binary Systems." Crystal Research and Technology 21, no. 8 (August 1986): 1003–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crat.2170210807.

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26

Yang, Qian Qian, Yuan Liu, and Yan Xiang Li. "Modeling and Simulation of Influence of Solidification Velocity on the Structure of Porous Copper and Aluminum." Materials Science Forum 817 (April 2015): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.817.433.

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In this article, a three-dimensional time-dependent model describing the evolution of single pore during the solid/gas eutectic unidirectional solidification process (also called gasar process) was established. The mass transfer, bubble nucleation, pore growth and interruption were all considered in this model. The pore structure of lotus-type porous copper and aluminum were simulated under different solidification velocities. The results indicate that: coupled growth of both solid and gas phases can be achieved in a proper range of solidification velocities. The solidification velocity for Cu-H2 system is dozens of that for Al-H2 system when the pore diameter is similar to each other. The differences of the solute distribution coefficient (k0), diffusion coefficient (DL) and the constant of solubility of hydrogen (ξ(Tm)) in the melt are regarded as the main reasons of the big discrepancy of solidification velocity between Cu-H2 and Al-H2 systems.

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27

You, Ming, and Xiao Gang Diao. "Simulation of Casting Process for Ductile Iron Wind Generator Rotor Shaft." Advanced Materials Research 567 (September 2012): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.567.141.

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Casting process of heavy section ductile iron wind generator rotor shaft was simulated by finite element software ProCAST. Gating systems was designed according to the structure of the casting. Solidification behavior of the casting was then analyzed. Defects, especially porosity, of the casting during solidification were predicted and hence casting process optimization has been performed based on the simulation results in order to avoid porosity in the casting. Results show that solidification time of the casting is more than 14h when cooled in sand mold. Porosity easily formed at the thermal center and in the middle of flange. Solidification time is evidently decreased with the help of chills. However, porosity tendency depends on the position of chills. A ductile iron rotor shaft casting with good quality was finally produced according to the simulation results.

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28

Andrews, J. B., D. A. Downs, and Qing Quan Liu. "Monotectic Growth: Unanswered Questions." Materials Science Forum 508 (March 2006): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.508.45.

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Early solidification experiments in immiscible alloy systems almost immediately led to conflicting findings between investigators. Investigations revealed that several factors usually considered unimportant, especially the interfacial energy relationships between phases, could have a dramatic influence on the types of microstructures produced in immiscible alloy systems. During the 1980s, work concentrated on the influence interfacial energy on microstructure. However, some findings raised new questions. In the mid 1990s and continuing through today, most efforts have focused on modeling the monotectic growth process and on obtaining steady state coupled growth conditions in hypermonotectic alloys. This paper focuses on some of the advances that have been made to date in understanding solidification in immiscible alloy systems and some of the questions that remain to be answered.

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29

KAO, JUSTIN C. T., ALEXANDER A. GOLOVIN, and STEPHEN H. DAVIS. "Particle capture in binary solidification." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 625 (April 14, 2009): 299–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112008005570.

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We examine the interaction of a spherical foreign particle with a propagating solidification front in a binary alloy. Depending on the material properties and the speed of the front, the particle may be pushed ahead of the front, or engulfed and incorporated into the solid phase. We apply numerical boundary integral and continuation methods to determine the critical speed for particle capture, as a function of the system parameters. We reconcile the differing predictions of previous theoretical works, and show that many typical systems may obey a new scaling of the critical speed, as obtained here. We show that due to constitutional undercooling, the presence of solute decreases particle speeds by an order of magnitude below those for a single-component system. We briefly consider the case of spherical bubbles, where thermocapillary and solutocapillary effects play a large role.

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30

Nastac, Laurentiu. "3D Modeling of the Solidification Structure Evolution and of the Inter Layer/Track Voids Formation in Metallic Alloys Processed by Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 12, 2022): 8885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248885.

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A fully transient discrete-source 3D Additive Manufacturing (AM) process model was coupled with a 3D stochastic solidification structure model to simulate the grain structure evolution quickly and efficiently in metallic alloys processed through Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion (EBPBF) and Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) processes. The stochastic model was adapted to rapid solidification conditions of multicomponent alloys processed via multi-layer multi-track AM processes. The capabilities of the coupled model include studying the effects of process parameters (power input, speed, beam shape) and part geometry on solidification conditions and their impact on the resulting solidification structure and on the formation of inter layer/track voids. The multi-scale model assumes that the complex combination of the crystallographic requirements, isomorphism, epitaxy, changing direction of the melt pool motion and thermal gradient direction will produce the observed texture and grain morphology. Thus, grain size, morphology, and crystallographic orientation can be assessed, and the model can assist in achieving better control of the solidification microstructures and to establish trends in the solidification behavior in AM components. The coupled model was previously validated against single-layer laser remelting IN625 experiments performed and analyzed at National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) using LPBF systems. In this study, the model was applied to predict the solidification structure and inter layer/track voids formation in IN718 alloys processed by LPBF processes. This 3D modeling approach can also be used to predict the solidification structure of Ti-based alloys processes by EBPBF.

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31

Kwon, Hong Kyu, and Kwang Kyu Seo. "Simulation Study on HPDC Process for Automobile Part with Aluminum Alloy." Materials Science Forum 761 (July 2013): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.761.79.

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In this research, in order to optimize casting design of an automobile part (Gear Box), Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) was performed by using the simulation software (Z-Cast). The simulation results were analyzed and compared with experimental results. During the filling process, internal porosities caused by air entrap were predicted and reduced remarkably by the modification of the gate system and the configuration of overflow. With the solidification analysis, internal porosities caused by the solidification shrinkage were predicted and reduced by the modification of the gate system. For making better permanent High Pressure Die Casting (HPDC) mold, cooling systems on several thick areas are proposed in order to reduce internal porosities caused by the solidification shrinkage.

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32

Bazhenov, V. E., and M. V. Pikunov. "Partially nonequilibrium solidification of solid-solution alloys in ternary systems." Steel in Translation 41, no. 3 (March 2011): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091211030041.

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33

Kai-Liang, Yin, Xu Duan-Jun, Xia Qing, Ye Ya-Jing, Wu Guo-Ying, and Chen Cheng-Lung. "Molecular Dynamics Simulation on Solidification Process of n-hexadecane Systems." Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica 20, no. 03 (2004): 302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3866/pku.whxb20040317.

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34

VISKANTA, Raymond. "Mathematical Modeling of Transport Processes During Solidification of Binary Systems." JSME international journal. Ser. 2, Fluids engineering, heat transfer, power, combustion, thermophysical properties 33, no. 3 (1990): 409–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeb1988.33.3_409.

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35

Malygin, A. P., and D. V. Alexandrov. "Analytical description of the quasi-stationary solidification of ternary systems." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2012, no. 2 (February 2012): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036029512020139.

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36

Luo, L. S., Y. Q. Su, J. J. Guo, X. Z. Li, H. M. Yang, and H. Z. Fu. "Producing well alignedin situcomposites in peritectic systems by directional solidification." Applied Physics Letters 92, no. 6 (February 11, 2008): 061903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2841639.

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37

Young, G. W., and S. H. Davis. "Directional solidification with buoyancy in systems with small segregation coefficient." Physical Review B 34, no. 5 (September 1, 1986): 3388–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.34.3388.

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38

Trivedi, R., and W. Kurz. "Modeling of solidification microstructures in concentrated solutions and intermetallic systems." Metallurgical Transactions A 21, no. 5 (May 1990): 1311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02698258.

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39

Trivedi, R., and W. Kurz. "Modeling of solidification microstructures in concentrated solutions and intermetallic systems." Metallurgical Transactions A 21, no. 4 (April 1990): 1311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02656547.

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40

Bergantz, G. W. "Conjugate solidification and melting in multicomponent open and closed systems." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 35, no. 2 (February 1992): 533–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(92)90288-4.

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41

D’Souza, N., L. M. Feitosa, G. D. West, and H. B. Dong. "Halo Formation During Solidification of Refractory Metal Aluminide Ternary Systems." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 49, no. 5 (February 22, 2018): 1749–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-018-4519-1.

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42

Hosseini, Mohammad M., and Asghar B. Rahimi. "Heat transfer enhancement in solidification process by change of fins arrangements in a heat exchanger containing phase-change materials." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 29, no. 5 (May 7, 2019): 1741–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-06-2018-0333.

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Анотація:

Purpose Reducing discrepancy between energy demand and supply has been a controversial issue among researchers. Thermal energy storage is a technique to decrease this difference to increase the thermal efficiency of systems. Latent heat thermal energy storage has interested many researchers over the past few decades because of its high thermal energy density and constant operating temperature. The purpose of this paper is to provide a numerical study of the solidification process in a triplex tube heat exchanger containing phase change material (PCM) RT82. Design/methodology/approach A two-dimensional transient model was generated using finite volume method and regarding enthalpy-porosity technique. After that, a detailed and systematic approach has been presented to modify longitudinal fins’ configuration to enhance heat transfer rate in PCMs and reducing solidification time. The numerical results of this study have been validated by reference experimental results. Findings The ultimate model reduced solidification time up to 21.1 per cent of the Reference model which is a substantial improvement. Moreover, after testing different arrangements of rectangular fins and studying the flow pattern of liquid PCM during solidification, two general criteria was introduced so that engineers can reach the highest rate of heat transfer for a specified value of total surface area of fins. Finally, the effect of considering natural convection during solidification was studied, and the results showed that disregarding natural convection slows down the solidification process remarkably in comparison with experimental results and in fact, this assumption generates non-real estimation of solidification process. Originality/value The arrangement of the fins to have the best possible solidification time is the novelty in this paper.

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43

SURYANARAYANA, C., and SATYAJEET SHARMA. "GLASS FORMATION IN MECHANICALLY ALLOYED Fe-BASED SYSTEMS." Functional Materials Letters 02, no. 04 (December 2009): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604709000727.

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Анотація:

Rapid solidification processing of metallic melts has been traditionally employed to synthesize metallic glasses in several alloy systems. However, in recent years, solid-state processing methods, and more specifically, mechanical alloying, have become popular methods to synthesize glassy phases in metallic alloy systems. Although a large number of criteria have been developed to identify alloy compositions that can be solidified into the glassy state, very few attempts have been made to predict the glass-forming ability by solid-state processing methods. To evaluate if some clear criteria could be developed to predict glass formation by solid-state processing methods and to understand the mechanism of glass formation, mechanical alloying of powder blends was conducted on several Fe -based alloy systems. Three different aspects of glass formation are specifically discussed in this paper. One is the development of a criterion for identifying glass-forming systems from phase diagram features, the second is the process of mechanical crystallization (formation of a crystalline phase on continued milling of the amorphous powders obtained by mechanical alloying), and the third is the novel phenomenon of lattice contraction during amorphization. It was shown that the conditions under which a glassy phase is formed by mechanical alloying are different from the solidification methods.

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44

Carignano, M. A., E. Baskaran, P. B. Shepson, and I. Szleifer. "Molecular dynamics simulation of ice growth from supercooled pure water and from salt solution." Annals of Glaciology 44 (2006): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756406781811646.

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AbstractThe kinetics of ice growth on the prismatic and basal planes is studied by molecular dynamics simulations. The time evolution of two systems has been investigated. In one a slab of ice is initially in contact with supercooled water, while in the second the ice is in contact with a supercooled salt solution. The simulations were done at a temperature below the eutectic temperature, and complete solidification is observed. The total freezing time is longer in the systems with ions than in the systems with pure water. The final state for the salt systems always shows the formation of ion clusters. For the ionic system growing on the prismatic plane, an intermediate metastable state is observed before total solidification. The duration of this metastable state depends on the ability of the system to get all the ions participating in cluster formation. The simulations enable understanding of the mechanisms for ice formation under different solution conditions.

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45

Wei, Chen, Jun Wang, Yixuan He, Jinshan Li, and Eric Beaugnon. "Solidification of Immiscible Alloys under High Magnetic Field: A Review." Metals 11, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11030525.

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Immiscible alloy is a kind of functional metal material with broad application prospects in industry and electronic fields, which has aroused extensive attention in recent decades. In the solidification process of metallic material processing, various attractive phenomena can be realized by applying a high magnetic field (HMF), including the nucleation and growth of alloys and microstructure evolution, etc. The selectivity provided by Lorentz force, thermoelectric magnetic force, and magnetic force or a combination of magnetic field effects can effectively control the solidification process of the melt. Recent advances in the understanding of the development of immiscible alloys in the solidification microstructure induced by HMF are reviewed. In this review, the immiscible alloy systems are introduced and inspected, with the main focus on the relationship between the migration behavior of the phase and evolution of the solidification microstructure under HMF. Special attention is paid to the mechanism of microstructure evolution caused by the magnetic field and its influence on performance. The ability of HMF to overcome microstructural heterogeneity in the solidification process provides freedom to design and modify new functional immiscible materials with desired physical properties. This review aims to offer an overview of the latest progress in HMF processing of immiscible alloys.

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46

Блынская, E. Blynskaya, Турчинская, K. Turchinskaya, Алексеев, K. Alekseev, Тихонова, and N. Tikhonova. "The Technology of Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems." Journal of New Medical Technologies 21, no. 1 (June 4, 2014): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/3320.

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Анотація:

Nearly 40% of novel chemical entities show evidence of low solubility in water and low bioavailability. Self-emulsifying formulations have showed the power to improve the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. Self-emulsifying formulations belong to lipid formulations, and their size range from 100 nm in case of self-emulsifying drug delivery systems and less than 50 nm in case of self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems. In general self-emulsifying formulations s represent isotropic mixtures of oils, surfactants and co-surfactants, which emulsify spontaneous in aqueous media under conditions of gentle stirring. Usually self-emulsifying formulations presented liquids, which fill the soft gelatinous capsules. However, the dosage form has drawbacks, especially in the production process. In this regard, the use of the methodology of solidification of liquid or semi-solid components of self-emulsifying formulations and their transformation into powders for the preparation of solid dosage forms is relevant. This paper summarizes the main features, a classification of lipid forms, auxiliary substances for the preparation of self-emulsifying formulations, techniques of solidification, the phases of the development of self-emulsifying formulations, evaluation of parameters of quality of liquid and solid self-emulsifying formulations, approaches to development of medicinal forms on the basis of the self-emulsifying formulations, as well as an overview of the drugs, presented on the market in the form of self-emulsifying formulations.

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47

LIU, XIANGDONG, FEIFAN LIU, QIAOBO DAI, FENG YAO, TIANJUN ZENG, YULONG ZHANG, and CHENG YU. "NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF A PHASE CHANGE HEAT EXCHANGER (PCHE) WITH INNOVATIVE FRACTAL TREE-SHAPED FINS." Fractals 28, no. 05 (August 2020): 2050083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x20500838.

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Анотація:

For alleviating energy shortage and environmental problems, it is of great importance to improve the energy charging and discharging efficiency of thermal energy storage systems. In this context, an innovative phase change heat exchanger (PCHE) with fractal tree-shaped fins is presented in this paper. A numerical investigation of the solidification behaviors in the PCHE with fractal tree-shaped fins is conducted. The dynamic temperature response and the solidification front evolution in the PCHE are analyzed and discussed. Furthermore, two evaluation criteria, including total solidification time and energy charging efficiency, are introduced to quantitatively study the effect of fin material on the solidification heat transfer characteristics. The results indicate that the fractal tree-shaped fin leads to a uniform temperature distribution of phase change material (PCM). The temperature response of fin is faster than that of PCM due to its high thermal conductivity. Moreover, the fractal tree-shaped fin breaks the restriction of gradually forward fashion of solidification front in the traditional PCHE and dramatically improves the energy discharging performance. The material of fractal tree-shaped fins is an essential factor affecting the solidification performance of the PCHE. The energy discharging performance of PCHE with pure copper fins is the best, whereas that with cupronickel fins is the worst. However, from the perspective of practical application, aluminum is the best potential alternative because of its relatively high thermal conductivity, lighter weight, and low cost.

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48

Wołczyński, W., C. Senderowski, J. Morgiel, and G. Garzeł. "D-gun Sprayed Fe-Al Single Particle Solidification." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 59, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0034.

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Abstract Some Fe-Al particles less than 50 μm in diameter were deposited onto the steel substrate by means of the D-gun spraying. A solidification mechanism of an individual particle is described. The particle subjected to the description contained nominally 63 at.% Al. The description was preceded by the TEM / SAED analysis of both the Fe-Al coating and Ni-20Cr interlayer. The whole number of the analyzed particles was partially melted during the deposition. The solidification products like: amorphous phase sub-layer, oscillatory sub-layer which contains two types lamellae distributed alternately and typically non-equilibrium phase sub-layer were revealed. In the micro scale, solidification was considered as a process which occurred in two directions: towards the substrate and towards the non-melted particle part. Both solidification processes underwent the positive thermal gradients. The boron addition was localized within the eutectic precipitates pushed and then rejected by the solid/liquid interface of the solidifying non-equilibrium phase. The proposed model is a general one and therefore can be applied to other systems ;description.

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49

Zhao, Jing Rui, Yong Du, Li Jun Zhang, Shu Hong Liu, Jin Huan Xia, and Jin Wei Wang. "Thermodynamic Calculation of the Liquidus Projections of the Al-Cu-Fe-Si and Al-Cu-Fe-Mg-Si Multicomponent Systems on Al-Rich Side." Materials Science Forum 993 (May 2020): 984–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.993.984.

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Анотація:

The thermodynamic calculations of Al–Cu–Fe–Si quaternary system and Al–Cu–Fe–Mg–Si quinary system were carried out using CALPHAD approach based on the Al–Cu–Fe–Mg–Si thermodynamic database. The liquidus surface projection of Al–Cu–Fe–Si quaternary system at the Al-rich corner was constructed, and then the solidification structures of four Al–Cu–Fe–Si alloys were analyzed by the Gulliver-Scheil solidification simulation. The calculated results were in good agreement with the previous experimental data. The liquidus surface projections of A1–Cu–Fe–Mg–Si quinary system at the region of Al-Cu, Al-Si and Al-Mg were constructed, respectively. The liquidus projection of the multicomponent aluminum alloy system at the Al-rich side was accurately drawn, which could accurately predict the primary phase in the solidification process of the alloy. This work has an important guiding significance for the design of the aluminum alloys.

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50

Zhang, Yinping, Yan Su, Yingxin Zhu, and Xianxu Hu. "A General Model for Analyzing the Thermal Performance of the Heat Charging and Discharging Processes of Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage Systems*." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 123, no. 3 (January 1, 2001): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1374206.

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Анотація:

During melting of phase change materials (PCM) encapsulated in a container, the solid PCM sinks to the bottom or floats to the top of the container according to the gravitational force and buoyancy resulting from the difference between solid and liquid densities. Compared with the solidification process, the melting process has a quite different behavior. Although the heat transfer characteristics of melting processes in various typical kinds of containers have been studied, the general model for analyzing the thermal performance of both melting and solidification processes of latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) systems composed of PCM capsules has not been presented in the literature. The present paper describes such a model which can be used to analyze the instantaneous temperature distribution, instantaneous heat transfer rate, and thermal storage capacity of a LHTES system. For solidification, the model is validated with the results in the literature. The thermal performance during melting of a LHTES system composed of PCM spheres is analyzed as an example. The model is not limited to a specific system or a specific PCM, so it can be used to select and optimize system design and to simulate the thermal behavior of various typical LHTES systems.

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