Статті в журналах: "Solid wastes biodegradation"

1

Akunna, J. C., Y. A. Abdullahi, and N. A. Stewart. "Anaerobic digestion of municipal solid wastes containing variable proportions of waste types." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 8 (October 1, 2007): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.725.

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In many parts of the world there are significant seasonal variations in the production of the main organic wastes, food and green wastes. These waste types display significant differences in their biodegradation rates. This study investigated the options for ensuring process stability during the start up and operation of thermophilic high-solids anaerobic digestion of feedstock composed of varying proportions of food and green wastes. The results show that high seed sludge to feedstock ratio (or low waste loading rate) is necessary for ensuring process pH stability without chemical addition. It was also found that the proportion of green wastes in the feedstock can be used to regulate process pH, particularly when operating at high waste loading rates (or low seed sludge to feedstock ratios). The need for chemical pH correction during start-up and digestion operation decreased with increase in green wastes content of the feedstock. Food wastes were found to be more readily biodegradable leading to higher solids reduction while green wastes brought about pH stability and higher digestate solid content. Combining both waste types in various proportions brought about feedstock with varying buffering capacity and digestion performance. Thus, careful selection of feedstock composition can minimise the need for chemical pH regulation as well as reducing the cost for digestate dewatering for final disposal.

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Bhandari, Netra Lal, Sulakshana Bhattarai, Ganesh Bhandari, Sumita Subedi, and Kedar Nath Dhakal. "A Review on Current Practices of Plastics Waste Management and Future Prospects." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 26, no. 1 (June 17, 2021): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v26i1.37837.

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Inefficient solid waste management of plastics and polymeric materials is one of the global challenges leading to environmental deterioration. This challenge has brought alarming concern to minimize volume of such wastes released into the environment. The concern proposes a solution to the existing problems to some extent by reuse, recycling, and efficient conversion of waste materials into alternative application. Chemical and thermo-mechanical conversion of plastic wastes into energy and their biodegradation were taken into account. Consequently, some newly employed recycling and conversion techniques of plastic wastes, and possible future alternatives with recommendations are reviewed in this article

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Wang, J. Y., O. Stabnikova, S. T. L. Tay, V. Ivanov, and J. H. Tay. "Biotechnology of intensive aerobic conversion of sewage sludge and food waste into fertilizer." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 10 (May 1, 2004): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0631.

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Biotechnology for intensive aerobic bioconversion of sewage sludge and food waste into fertilizer was developed. The wastes were treated in a closed reactor under controlled aeration, stirring, pH, and temperature at 60¡C, after addition of starter bacterial culture Bacillus thermoamylovorans. The biodegradation of sewage sludge was studied by decrease of volatile solids (VS), content of organic carbon and autofluorescence of coenzyme F420. The degradation of anaerobic biomass was faster than biodegradation of total organic matter. The best fertilizer was obtained when sewage sludge was thermally pre-treated, mixed with food waste, chalk, and artificial bulking agent. The content of volatile solid and the content of organic carbon decreased at 24.8% and 13.5% of total solids, respectively, during ten days of bioconversion. The fertilizer was a powder with moisture content of 5%. It was stable, and not toxic for the germination of plant seeds. Addition of 1.0 to 1.5% of this fertilizer to the subsoil increased the growth of different plants tested by 113 to 164%. The biotechnology can be applied in larger scale for the recycling of sewage sludge and food wastes in Singapore.

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Bourzama, Ghania, Nadjet Iratni, Nadjet Ennaghra, Houria Ouled-Haddar, Boudjema Soumati, Khouloud Amour, and Khouloud Bechiri. "In Vitro Removal of Electronic and Electrical Wastes by Fungi Isolated from Soil at Annaba Area in Northeast of Algeria." Environment and Natural Resources Journal 19, no. 4 (May 28, 2021): 302–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32526/ennrj/19/2020294.

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Electronic and electrical wastes (EEW) have increased exponentially in recent years due to technological progress. The uncontrolled incineration of these wastes causes pollution of air, soil, and water that has dangerous effects on health of human beings and other living organisms. This work isolated fungi that are capable of degrading some of these electronic wastes. In this study, fungi isolated from soil polluted by EEW were grown on potatoes dextrose agar (PDA) medium. The estimation of the biodegradation was achieved by inoculation of both rechargeable batteries and printed circuit boards on a minimum solid and liquid medium with selected fungal strains. During the process of biodegradation on solid medium, microscopic observation was done, and on liquid medium the production of keratinolytic enzymes was evaluated using a colorimetric method after incubation with keratine powder. After 30 days, the obtained results showed that Geotrichum candidum is capable of degrading battery and circuit boards with rates of 23% and 71%, respectively, while Rhizopus stolonifer reduced battery weight by 7% and printed circuit boards by 60%. Microscopic observations showed no morphological modification in Geotrichum candidum, while there was sporocyst formation in Rhizopus stolonifer. The detection of enzymatic production indicated that there is a relation between the biodegradation process of electronic wastes and keratinolytic enzymes in Geotrichum candidum.

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MASLENNIKOV, Sergey S., Olga V. SELITSKAYA, and Dmitry V. SNEGIREV. "SCREENING ASSESSMENT OF LIGNINOLYTIC AND CELLULOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF BASIDIUM FUNGI STRAINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF STRAINS WITH HIGH POTENTIAL FOR WASTE FERMENTATION CATALYST “BIOVEL-FERMER”." Periódico Tchê Química 16, no. 31 (January 20, 2019): 738–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v16.n31.2019.749_periodico31_pgs_738_754.pdf.

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Waste from agricultural animals (LHCSH, liquid and solid wastes from agricultural animals) causes severe environmental pollution; which is why many countries have national and regional programs to reduce the negative pressure of these wastes on the environmental state of the environment. The actual task of microbiology is the search for alternative methods of waste disposal, among which the most promising is composting. Unlike other ways of utilizing the LFA (liquid and solid wastes) of the SZHZH (agricultural animals) this method allows obtaining valuable biofertilizers and soil soils that are cheaper than traditional fertilizers. It has now been established that, for composting under production conditions, when only a limited number of microorganisms are possible, the conversion of the initial substrate is most effective when various heterotrophic organisms, in particular fungi with high cellulolytic and lignolytic potential, are used as bioactivators. Since the lignolytic and cellulose potentials are the main characteristics of basidiomycetes determining their biodegradation ability, the selection of effective "white rot" fungus strains will be carried out based on preliminary screening of their ligno- and cellulolytic activity.

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Chinenyenwa, Anijiofor Sandra, Nik Daud Nik Norsyhariati, Idrus Syazwani, and Che Man Hasfalina. "Analyzing the Reuse Potentials of Landfilled Solid Wastes for Farm Water Treatment and Reuse." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 47, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2021.417.

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The increasing solid waste management problems in developing countries necessitated landfill mining to determine the reuse potentials of landfilled solid waste materials. In this study, characterization of landfilled solid waste obtained from a closed landfill site in Malaysia was conducted to ascertain its reuse potentials for biodegradation in wastewater treatment. The results revealed adequate neutral pH, Moisture Content of 34 %, Organic Content of 10.4 % and Bacterial Population in terms of Total Coliform of 8.3 × 105 CFU/100 mL, which are ideal conditions for biodegradation while porosity n of 51%, allow free flow of water during treatment. The SEM showed irregular shapes and pore spaces and a BET surface area of 3.376 m 2 g-1 which enables adsorption of pollutants on its surface, air diffusion and re-aeration. Furthermore, the waste material was used as media for biodegradation in a lab-scale bioreactor at a hydraulic loading of 4 L m-3 d-1 and inflow rate of 0.1 L min-1. The results showed maximum removal rates of 95, 97, 86, 70, 70, and 98% for COD, BOD, TSS, TDS, NH3-N, and TP respectively. Utilization of this technology as bioreactor landfills will solve landfill congestion and also provide cheap wastewater treatment option.

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Yunus, Anika, David J. Smallman, Anne Stringfellow, Richard Beaven, and William Powrie. "Characterisation of the recalcitrant organic compounds in leachates formed during the anaerobic biodegradation of waste." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 2 (July 1, 2011): 311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.636.

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This study investigates the use of UV absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy to assess the early development of recalcitrant organic compounds in leachates formed during the anaerobic biodegradation of municipal solid waste. Biochemical methane potential tests were carried out on fresh waste (FW) and composted waste (CW) over a period of 150 days and leachates produced from the degradation of two wastes were analysed for humic-like (H-L) and fulvic-like (F-L) structures by UV spectroscopy and fluorescence excitation–emission-matrix analyses. During anaerobic biodegradation, the synthesis and utilization of H-L and F-L structures in the leachates over time was indicative of the generation of the recalcitrant organic compounds. The results obtained from UV absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy suggested that CW leachates resulted in a higher concentration and more condensed form of recalcitrant H-L and F-L molecules than FW leachates. These findings demonstrate how fluorescence and UV absorption spectroscopy can be used as an indicator for monitoring the evolution of recalcitrant organic compounds (H-L and F-L substances) in leachates formed at different stages of waste biodegradation.

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8

Damodharan, V., and J. Padmapriya. "Kinetics of MSW Biodegradation with Different Inocula In Laboratory In-Vessel Reactor." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 48, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2022.65.

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The in-vessel composting is considered as an environmentally sound method for the treatment and disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) as it produces good quality compost with lesser environmental impacts. In this study, the process was accelerated and the composting time was reduced using various industrial organic wastes as inoculums in a vertical in-vessel reactor with stirrer arrangement. This study examined the process kinetics which aims to show the interdependency between biological, chemical & physical factors. It is also the extension of the previous work which dealt with composting of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. The rate of degradation of volatile solids, TOC and C/N ratio are presented in First-order kinetic model and reaction rate constants are determined. The different inoculums used are yeast sludge, spent wash, distillery effluent and sugar sludge. Yeast sludge has the highest R2 values such as 0.979, 0.978 and 0.986 for VS, TOC and C/N ratio respectively. The R2 value of C/N ratio for the sugar sludge is 0.983. From the kinetic study, it can be concluded that the yeast sludge can be a better option when compared with other sludge to accelerate the process of composting.

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9

Omoikhoje, S. O., R. A. Animashaun, and M. I. Edokpayi. "Enhancement of the nutritive values of some agro-industrial waste products by solid state fermentation." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 41, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v41i2.782.

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This study was conducted to determine the effect of biodegradation on the nutrient contents of rice bran (RB), cassava residual pulp (CRP), saw dust (SD) and palm oil fibre (POF) by Penicilium sp. RB, CRP, SD and POF were subjected to solid state fermentation by Penicilium sp. for 7 days and the process was terminated by oven drying at 700C for 24hours. The fermented samples were thoroughly mixed, dried and stored in sterile bottles for analyses. Results of proximate composition before and after biodegradation revealed that percentage improvement in crude protein, ether extract, ash, and gross energy were significantly (P<0.05) higher in CRP compared to RB, SD and POF. Similarly, percentage reduction in crude fibre after biodegradation was highest (P><0.05) in CRP compared to other agro industrial wastes products. It was evident that solid state fermentation using Penicillium sp enhanced the crude protein value and reduced the crude fibre contents of rice bran, cassava residual pulp, saw dust and palm oil fibre thereby increasing nutrient availability and their utilization as feed alternative ingredients for farm animal nutrition. ><0.05) higher in CRP compared to RB, SD and POF. Similarly, percentage reduction in crude fibre after biodegradation was highest (P<0.05) in CRP compared to other agro industrial wastes products. It was evident that solid state fermentation using Penicillium sp enhanced the crude protein value and reduced the crude fibre contents of rice bran, cassava residual pulp, saw dust and palm oil fibre thereby increasing nutrient availability and their utilization as feed alternative ingredients for farm animal nutrition.><0.05) n CRP compared to other agro industrial wastes products. It was evident that solid state fermentation using Penicillium sp enhanced the crude protein value and reduced the crude fibre contents of rice bran, cassava residual pulp, saw dust and palm oil fibre thereby increasing nutrient availability and their utilization as feed alternative ingredients for farm animal nutrition.

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10

Erana, Feyisa Girma, Mekuria Gebru Denbel, Tesfaye Alemu Tenkegna, and Mekibib Dawit. "Biodegradation of Municipal Solid Wastes into Organic Fertilizer Using Trichoderma Harzianum." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 45, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2019.257.

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11

Battistoni, P., G. Fava, C. Stanzini, F. Cecchi, and A. Bassetti. "Feed Characteristics and Digester Operative Conditions as Parameters Affecting the Rheology of Digested Municipal Solid Wastes." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 2 (January 1, 1993): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0073.

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The rheology of pre-composted and fresh organic fractions of municipal solid wastes (OFMSW) anaerobically digested in thermophilic range of temperature and different operative conditions is presented. Rheological properties are strongly influenced by feed characteristics and the biodEgradation achieved. The metabolization of complex substrates has been invoked to explain different behaviours. A semiempirical model of plastic viscosity with total volatile solids, organic loading rate removed and specific gas production before feeding is proposed. The fluid behaviour of OFMSW sludges where complex substrates exert a determinant role, is outlined by thixotropy and temperature effect.

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Kostarev, S. N., T. G. Sereda, and E. N. Elancheva. "Application Models of Continuum Mechanics Control Landfills." Applied Mechanics and Materials 682 (October 2014): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.682.251.

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We have developed the algorithms for state of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills control affected by different external factors to determine the dependence of statistical characteristics on their condition. To achieve our goals, the optimal parameters of biological destruction of wastes on MSW landfill were determined experimentally and theoretically. Identification of certain specific factors influencing the biodegradation of wastes allowed us to develop a model of efficient system management of MSW landfill. In order to make effective decisions on development of the safe system of MSW landfill, the special software, which includes a unit “automated work place (AWP) of assessment of MSW landfill safety,” was designed to evaluate the safety both at the development stage and the stages of the operation and reclamation of MSW landfill.

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13

Van Impe, William F., and Abdelmalek Bouazza. "Densification of domestic waste fills by dynamic compaction." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 33, no. 6 (December 1, 1996): 879–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t96-118.

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Dynamic compaction of solid waste is important in landfill operations because increasing the density of the material increases the storage capacity of the landfill. Differential settlements are also reduced, which is important for the integrity of the cover system. In this paper, a case study concerning a waste disposal site situated at Maldegem, Belgium, is presented. It is shown that young landfills behave differently from old landfills. This phenomenon results from the biodegradation of the wastes. Moreover, it is shown that the depth of influence, the crater depth, the enforced settlement, and the peak particle velocity are affected by this ageing process. Key words: dynamic compaction, landfills, SASW method, waste.

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14

Eskander, S. B., S. M. Abd El-Aziz, H. El-Sayaad, and H. M. Saleh. "Cementation of Bioproducts Generated from Biodegradation of Radioactive Cellulosic-Based Waste Simulates by Mushroom." ISRN Chemical Engineering 2012 (November 29, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/329676.

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The current work was devoted to study the solidification of bioproducts originated from the bioremediation of mixture of solid cellulose-based radioactive waste simulates using a mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius), in Portland cement. The obtained solidified waste form was subjected to mechanical integrity qualification after curing periods of 28 and 90 days. Chemical performance of the cement-waste form was also evaluated in different leachant media during 540 days. The results obtained gave useful information about the mechanical, physical, and chemical performances of the final cement-waste form incorporated the radioactive bioproducts. Moreover, it indicated that cement can provide a highly durable form that ensures a long-term stability of the solidified waste material and can act as a first barrier against the release of radiocontaminants from radioactive wastes to the surrounding environment.

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Xu, Xiao Bing, Tony Liang Tong Zhan, Yun Min Chen, and Richard Paul Beaven. "Intrinsic and relative permeabilities of shredded municipal solid wastes from the Qizishan landfill, China." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 51, no. 11 (November 2014): 1243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2013-0306.

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Testing specimens for laboratory analysis were created from borehole samples of municipal solid waste (MSW) drilled from different depths at the Qizishan landfill, China. Laboratory water retention curve (WRC), water permeability, and air permeability tests were carried out to study the effects of compression and biodegradation on intrinsic permeability and the effect of water content on the relative permeability of the borehole specimens. The value of intrinsic permeability coefficient, k0, in the Kozeny–Carman model was found to be influenced by both the compression and biodegradation processes. Furthermore, the intrinsic permeability, ki, measured by air was found to be about one order of magnitude larger than that measured by water. Based on the regression results of WRC, relative water and air permeabilities were analyzed through the van Genuchten–Mualem (vG–M) model. The measured relative air permeability could be well fitted by the vG-M model. The value of parameter γv was found to be critical for a good prediction of relative water and air permeabilities using the vG-M model.

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Vavilin, V. A., X. Qu, L. Mazéas, M. Lemunier, C. Duquennoi, J. M. Mouchel, P. He та T. Bouchez. "Similar evolution in δ 13CH4 and model-predicted relative rate of aceticlastic methanogenesis during mesophilic methanization of municipal solid wastes". Water Science and Technology 60, № 12 (1 грудня 2009): 3173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.724.

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Similar evolution was obtained for the stable carbon isotope signatures δ 13CH4 and the model-predicted relative rate of aceticlastic methanogenesis during mesophilic methanization of municipal solid wastes. In batch incubations, the importance of aceticlastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis changes in time. Initially, hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis dominated, but increasing population of Methanosarcina sp. enhances aceticlastic methanogenesis. Later, hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis intensified again. A mathematical model was developed to evaluate the relative contribution of hydrogenotrophic and aceticlastic pathways of methane generation during mesophilic batch anaerobic biodegradation of the French and the Chinese Municipal Solid Wastes (FMSW and CMSW). Taking into account molecular biology analysis reported earlier three groups of methanogens including strictly hydrogenotrophic methanogens, strictly aceticlastic methanogens (Methanosaeta sp.) and Methanosarcina sp., consuming both acetate and H2/H2CO3 were considered in the model. The total organic and inorganic carbon concentrations, methane production volume, methane and carbon dioxide partial pressures values were used for the model calibration and validation. Methane isotopic composition (δ 13CH4) evolution during the incubations was used to independently validate the model results. The model demonstrated that only the putrescible solid waste was totally converted to methane.

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TACHIFUJI-TANAKA, Ayako, Yasushi MATSUFUJI, and Masataka HANASHIMA. "Effect of High Salinity on Biodegradation Processes of Solid Wastes in Landfill Sites." Journal of the Japan Society of Waste Management Experts 6, no. 3 (1995): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/jswme.6.105.

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Karnchanawong, Somjai, Takashi Ikeguchi, Seni Karnchanawong, and Suporn Koottatep. "Characteristics of leachate produced from simulation of landfill in a tropical country." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 9 (May 1, 1995): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0351.

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Four different heights of lysimeter were prepared to investigate the leachate characteristics produced from waste beds. The solid wastes from Chiang Mai municipal area were filled into the lysimeters with an inplace density of about 0.85 ton/m3. The experiment had been started for 853 days from May, 1990 to October, 1992. The leachates were collected every week to every month depending on the age of the waste and analysed for pH, conductivity, total solids, suspended solids, total dissolved solids, total volatile solids, alkalinity, acidity, total volatile acid, Cl−, SO=4, BOD, COD, TOC, TKN and NH3−N. The results showed that conductivity, volatile acid, total solids, total volatile solids, COD, BOD and TOC were very high in the first rainy season or in the first dry season, after that, they decrease abruptly, and then gradually decrease until the end of the experiment. Acidity, alkalinity, suspended solids, TKN and NH3−N were high in the first rainy season and gradually decreased until the end of the experiment. High percentage reduction of acidity, volatile acid, COD, BOD and TOC concentrations in the leachate produced from lysimeters after one year of waste filling showed that the acidogenic phase of the biodegradation process had terminated and that the major portion of carbonaceous organic matter in the waste bed had been utilised within the first year of the experiment. For the deeper waste layer, nitrogenous compounds in the leachate produced after two years of waste filling were still high due to the low activity of nitrification in the waste bed. It was found that the shallower waste layer produced lower concentrations of pollutants in the leachate. Higher amounts of leachate volume and extracted substances per dry weight of wastes were produced from the shallower waste layer.

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Widyastuti, J. Hendri, and A. Setiawan. "Application SEM-EDX in Biodegradation of Seafood Wastes by Sponge-Derived Actinomycetes 19C38A1 in Solid Fermentation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 940, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/940/1/012048.

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Abstract Biodegradation of chitin by microorganisms can produce derivative products that have economic value. This research aims to apply SEM-EDX analysis in observing the biodegradation process of seafood industrial waste by actinomycetes. Shrimp shells, cuttlefish bones and fish scales were obtained from the free market. In the early stages, the SEM-EDX spectrum analysis of the substrate showed almost the same carbon, oxygen, and mineral compositions. While the surface of each substrate is quite varied. On the second day of the fermentation, SEM image analysis showed that the growth rate of actinomycetes on each substrate was significantly different. The difference in growth was supported by SEM imaging data which showed damage to the surface of each substrate. Further analysis of the degradation products by HPLC on the second and third days showed the formation of glucosamine. It suspected that actinomycetes can break down shrimp shell waste into glucosamine. This information is very important as the basis for further research related to the optimization of the glucosamine and chitooligosaccharide (COS) production process using the solid fermentation method.

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Tseng, David Y., Jeffrey J. Chalmers, Olli H. Tuovinen, and Harry A. J. Hoitink. "Characterization of a Bench-Scale System for Studying the Biodegradation of Organic Solid Wastes." Biotechnology Progress 11, no. 4 (July 1995): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bp00034a012.

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Adejumo, Isaac Oluseun, and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji. "Production and evaluation of biodegraded feather meal using immobilised and crude enzyme from Bacillus subtilis on broiler chickens." Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 5, no. 10 (2018): 405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.051017.

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The management of solid wastes has been a major concern to many cities of the world due to daily increasing rural-urban migration and globalization. Due to a greater consumption of poultry meat, the disposal of feather wastes has contributed to the daily increasing environmental pollution. Agricultural wastes (such as poultry feathers) are disposed by burning, which consequently constitute environmental pollution and their chemical or mechanical conversion into animal feed normally leads to minimization of amino acids. The application of biotechnology through the utilisation of enzymes is considered an easy and inexpensive means of producing valuable products from poultry feather wastes. Bacillus subtilis was isolated from a dumping site and the plates were incubated on nutrient agar. The treatments containing 200 mL each of crude enzyme, immobilized enzyme and sterilized water were added to the bioreactor for biodegradation of chicken feathers. After hydrolysis, the feathers were dried and the products labelled microbial biodegraded feather meal. The effect of temperature, keratinolytic activity and the influence of the immobilised and crude enzyme-degraded feather meal on broiler chickens were assessed. The optimal activity and biodegradative potential of the keratinolytic enzyme was observed as 45 oC and 48 h after fermentation, respectively. The weight gain of the birds fed immobilised enzyme-degraded feather meal-based diet compared with the control. The enzyme-degraded feather meal is safe for inclusion in broilers' diet and slight feeding manipulations could improve their performance.

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Marks, R. E., S. D. Field, A. K. Wojtanowicz, and G. A. Britenbeck. "Biological Treatment of Petrochemical Wastes for Removal of Hazardous Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Constituents." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 3 (February 1, 1992): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0095.

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Biodegradation of recalcitrant petrochemical sludges was carried out in sealed continuous tank stirred reactors (CSTR's). The specific sludge used in the research contained eight polynuclear aromatics (PNA's) cited by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) as hazardous wastes. Benzo(a)pyrene {B(a)P} was selected in this research as the primary target contaminant due to its strong carcinogenic nature and low allowable release concentrations in sludges. Equilibrium conditions in the strongly stirred aerobic 1 litre reactors, were confirmed by daily monitoring of key control parameters which included: sludge oil & solids mass balances, B(a)P mass balances, pH, culture plating, carbon dioxide respiration, and biomass accumulation. B(a)P loadings varied from 285 mg/kg of dry feed solids to 3475 mg/kg and 10 out of 13 reactors produced solid wastes meeting the 1990 USEPA constituent concentration limit (CCL) for B(a)P of 12 mg/kg for allowable land disposal. Anionic surfactants - Triton N-101, Triton X-100 - were added to all petrochemical sludges augmented with B(a)P at mass concentrations of 1600 mg/kg and higher. All sampling and analytical protocols followed USEPA methodologies. Mass balance removals of B(a)P and other similar aromatic hydrocarbons were found to exceed 90 percent. It is concluded that the high removals of B (a) P demonstrated in aerobic bioremediations in high solids environments, will generate better engineered and more economical commercial waste minimization applications.

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Abe, Mateus Manabu, Marcia Cristina Branciforti, and Michel Brienzo. "Biodegradation of Hemicellulose-Cellulose-Starch-Based Bioplastics and Microbial Polyesters." Recycling 6, no. 1 (March 22, 2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling6010022.

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The volume of discarded solid wastes, especially plastic, which accumulates in large quantities in different environments, has substantially increased. Population growth and the consumption pattern of societies associated with unsustainable production routes have caused the pollution level to increase. Therefore, the development of materials that help mitigate the impacts of plastics is fundamental. However, bioplastics can result in a misunderstanding about their properties and environmental impacts, as well as incorrect management of their final disposition, from misidentifications and classifications. This chapter addresses the aspects and factors surrounding the biodegradation of bioplastics from natural (plant biomass (starch, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and starch) and bacterial polyester polymers. Therefore, the biodegradation of bioplastics is a factor that must be studied, because due to the increase in the production of different bioplastics, they may present differences in the decomposition rates.

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Munifah, Ifah, Titi Sunarti, Hari Irianto, and Anja Meryandini. "Biodegradation of Solid Wastes of Agar Seaweed Processing Industry by indigenous cellulolytic Bacillus Pumilus LA4P." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 12, no. 3 (December 22, 2015): 1957–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/1862.

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Marcos, A., A. Al-Kassir, A. A. Mohamad, F. Cuadros, and F. López-Rodríguez. "Combustible gas production (methane) and biodegradation of solid and liquid mixtures of meat industry wastes." Applied Energy 87, no. 5 (May 2010): 1729–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.09.037.

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Dziejowski, J., and I. Białobrzewski. "Calorimetric studies of solid wastes, sewage sludge, wastewaters and their effects on soil biodegradation processes." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 104, no. 1 (January 8, 2011): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-010-1260-4.

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Akerele, O. S., O. M. Buraimoh, I. Humphrey, and M. O. Ilori. "Degradation of polystyrene by tropical bacterial and fungal isolates." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 25, no. 9 (December 29, 2021): 1721–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i9.26.

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Plastic waste is one of the major contributing factors to the growth of municipal solid wastes globally. It is a threat to public health and negatively impact the aquatic and terrestrial animals due to its persistence in the environment. Bacterial and fungal isolates were tested for their ability to degrade polystyrene. The cultures were grown on mineral salts medium supplemented with polystyrene as the sole carbon source in 250 mL conical flasks. The polystyrene reduced from 1 g (week 0) to 0.7g (week 7). Statistical analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) shows a significant difference between the reduction in weight of polystyrene in the experimental flask compared to the control (P<0.05). Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of biodegradation products shows that some toxic polystyrene constituents such as O-xylene, cis-9-hexadecenal and 3-phenol pentadecyl were removed.

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da Fonseca, Estefan Monteiro, Christine Gaylarde, José Antônio Baptista Neto, Juan Carlos Camacho Chab, and Otto Ortega-Morales. "Microbial Interactions with Particulate and Floating Pollutants in the Oceans: A Review." Micro 2, no. 2 (April 27, 2022): 257–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/micro2020017.

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The Earth’s oceans are the final resting place of anthropogenic wastes, mainly plastics, metals, rubber, and fabrics, in order of decreasing abundance. On reaching the sea and the benthos, most of these have assumed fragmented or particulate forms. They become colonized by marine microorganisms and later interact with macroorganisms, leading to potential problems with marine life and the ecosystem. Rapid biodegradation of the polluting materials is a possible, and desirable, result if harmful by-products are not produced or toxic constituents are released. Negative effects are the transport of organisms to other ecosystems, with possible disturbance of the natural biological balance, or transfer of pathogenic organisms. A microbial biofilm can mask unattractive anthropogenic materials, increasing ingestion by marine life, with potentially dangerous results. This article seeks to provide a synthesis of the interactions occurring between oceanic anthropogenic polluting matter in solid and particulate form, and the microbiota present in our seas. It discusses the most important solid and particulate pollutants in the oceans, their sources, adverse effects, interactions with living organisms, mainly microorganisms, and future research for their control. Pollutants included are marine litter (macrodebris), microplastics, engineered nanoparticles, metallic particles, and, finally, sinking particles (“marine snow”) as a potential biodegradation “hot spot”.

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Thi Thu Hang, Pham, Nguyen Thanh Minh, Tran Thi Yen Nhi, Nguyen Thi Hoanh, and Dinh Hoang Dang Khoa. "Diversity of micro-fungi associated with aerobic composting process of organic wastes." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 18, no. 2 (November 3, 2020): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/18/2/15641.

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Organic waste is gradually degraded during composting process, producing carbon dioxide, water, heat, and humus, the relatively stable end product. The degradation process is carried out by living organisms, of which fungi appear to have the most important role since they break down tough debris (cellulose, lignin, and other resistant materials), enabling other microorganisms to continue the decomposition process. In Binh Duong province, municipal organic wastes, recently, being treated by aerobic composting process at industrial scale. In order to properly control the biological composting process and maximize its efficiency, the understanding of involved microorganisms is essential. Therefore, the objective of this study was to isolate and identify the fungi associated with large scale municipal biosolid waste composting process in Vietnam. In this study, we have isolated 10 morphologically different fungal strains from the composting materials, and classified based on morphological characteristics and 18S rDNA sequences. The results showed that these fungal strains belonged to four different genera, including Aspergillus, Penicillium, Monascus, and Trichoderma. Our observation is in consistent with previous study, which found that Aspergillus, Penicillium are dominant fungi in composting materials due to their able to survive high temperatures and break down variety of bio-solid wastes. Beside of that, the two other genera Trichoderma and Monascus are widely known for their ability to break down lignin-rich materials which difficult for biodegradation. The results would be a useful reference for further studies of diversity, and functions of fungi that involved in municipal biosolid waste composting process in Vietnam environmental conditions.

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Kuru, D., A. Akpinar Borazan, and M. Guru. "Effect of chicken feather and boron compounds as filler on mechanical and flame retardancy properties of polymer composite materials." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, no. 11 (October 15, 2018): 1029–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18804041.

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Sustainable utilisation of solid waste has been influenced by the increasing population of the world. Benefits of using solid waste based on natural fibre in polymer material are biodegradability and cost effectiveness. In poultry farms, chicken poultry, one of the slaughterhouse wastes is confronted with 30 106 kg of waste per year in Turkey. The evaluation of this waste, which is quite rich in keratin, is extremely important both for the solution of the waste problem and for maintaining a clean environment, bringing this valuable material to the economy. These fibres are stable, durable and biodegradable because they have a crystalline structure. However, this valuable waste will have a positive effect when used together with boron minerals, which both increase the mechanical properties, flame retardancy and biodegradation of composite material. In this study, it is the aim to manufacture superior polyester-based composite materials reinforced with three kinds of boron minerals, such as boron oxide, borax pentahydrate, borax decahydrate and fibres recycled from waste chicken feathers. The effect of different filling ratios of filling materials on the mechanical and physical properties of composite materials was examined. Flame retardancy properties of the composites with best mechanical results were investigated. After pouring by means of the pre-casting process, the water absorption and swelling thickness of final products, as well as density, bending strength, flexural modulus, limiting oxygen index, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscope analysis, was performed. Mixing prescriptions and conditions with the best properties were determined.

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Borja, Rafael, Bárbara Rincón, and Francisco Raposo. "Anaerobic biodegradation of two-phase olive mill solid wastes and liquid effluents: kinetic studies and process performance." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 81, no. 9 (2006): 1450–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1563.

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Okeyo, Stephanie, Methuselah Mang’erere Nyamwange, and Ezekiel Mugendi Njeru. "MICROBIAL SUCCESSION PATTERN, ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION IN BRASSICA OLERACEA VAR. CAPITATA AT DIFFERENT DECOMPOSITION STAGES." Plant Physiology and Soil Chemistry 1, no. 1 (August 13, 2021): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/ppsc.01.2021.25.29.

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Decomposition is a microbial driven process and man has maximized this natural process in composting which is the biological decomposition of biodegradable solid waste under controlled conditions. In Kenya, waste from Brassica olerecea var. capitata, which is the main vegetable crop accounts for the largest proportion of solid waste generated in food markets. Majority of the population use landfill as a disposal method, although this is neither sustainable nor environmentally friendly. Moreover, cabbage wastes release glucosinolates during the initial stages of decomposition which is deleterious to beneficial biodegradation microbial communities. This study focused on isolating and characterizing microorganisms involved in decomposition, determining microbial succession patterns during decomposing stages, and assessing changes in temperature during decomposition. Leaves of different Brassica cultivars were collected from Githurai food market, Nairobi at four different points. The samples were then piled in sterile bags, three replicates per sample and maintained in a greenhouse for ninety days. Temperature readings were taken after every two days while samples for microbial isolation and characterization were taken after every two weeks. All microorganisms were characterized both morphologically and biochemically. Interestingly, bacterial load CFU/ml differed significantly (P < 0.001) based on the composting stage, where those at stage zero (0) recorded the lowest bacterial load in week 2. Remarkably, 17 bacteria isolates were detected where only three isolates could grow at 55 ºC.

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Angelidaki, I., M. Alves, D. Bolzonella, L. Borzacconi, J. L. Campos, A. J. Guwy, S. Kalyuzhnyi, P. Jenicek, and J. B. van Lier. "Defining the biomethane potential (BMP) of solid organic wastes and energy crops: a proposed protocol for batch assays." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 5 (March 1, 2009): 927–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.040.

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The application of anaerobic digestion technology is growing worldwide because of its economic and environmental benefits. As a consequence, a number of studies and research activities dealing with the determination of the biogas potential of solid organic substrates have been carrying out in the recent years. Therefore, it is of particular importance to define a protocol for the determination of the ultimate methane potential for a given solid substrates. In fact, this parameter determines, to a certain extent, both design and economic details of a biogas plant. Furthermore, the definition of common units to be used in anaerobic assays is increasingly requested from the scientific and engineering community. This paper presents some guidelines for biomethane potential assays prepared by the Task Group for the Anaerobic Biodegradation, Activity and Inhibition Assays of the Anaerobic Digestion Specialist Group of the International Water Association. This is the first step for the definition of a standard protocol.

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Chatterjee, Soumya, Mukesh Kumar Meghvansi, and Vijay Veer. "EDITORIAL: Special Issue on â€œRecent Advances in Biodegradation, Sanitation, and Bioremediationâ€." South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 5, no. 6 (March 11, 2016): 194–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.5(6).p194-196.

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Currently, India is considered as one of the fastest developing countries with impressive macroeconomic statistics. Waste generation and its con-sequences is invariably linked with the develop-mental activities, health related issues and industrial progress. According to UNICEF, almost half the population of India (around 595 million people), defecate in the open. India accounts for 90 per cent of the people in South Asia and 59 per cent of the 1.1 billion people in the world who practise open defecation and thereby contributing nearly 65,000 tonnes of faeces into the environment each day (http://unicef.in/Whatwedo/11/Eliminate-Open-Defecation). Open defecation in India, poses a very serious threat to the health and hygiene issues, especially to the children.Keeping in view the need for looking into the scientific and technical advancements in the field of biodegrada-tion and sanitation, in 16-17 December 2014, DRL organized a national conference on “Recent Advances in Biodegradation of Human Wastes”. Sub-sequently, it was decided to bring some of the high quality technical papers presented during the conference, into a form of proceedings as a journal special issue. This issue contains a total of twelve articles.The editors take this opportunity to convey their sincere thanks to all the contributors for submitting their exciting research or review work for bringing the conference proceedings as special journal is-sue. The financial support provided by the DRDO and the DBT, Govt of India is also gratefully acknowledged. We sincerely believe that this syn-thesis of scientific information on biodegradation, sanitation and bioremediation shall be useful for the researchers and policy makers associated with solid waste management.

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Ilyin, V., D. Korshunov, and E. Deshevaya. "BIOTRANSFORMATION OF USED MEANS OF PERSONAL HYGIENE OF COSMONAUTS AND VEGETABLE WASTE AS APPLIED TO LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR SPACE CREWS." Ecological Engineering and Environment Protection 2018, no. 1 (March 20, 2018): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32006/eeep.2018.1.0523.

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In this paper a possibility of applying anaerobic digestion for reduction and stabilization of the organic fraction of solid wastes generated during piloted spacecraft flights is discussed. The culture of Trihoderma viridae, capable of utilizing cellulose-containing substrates under mesophilic conditions, was studied. The strain was isolated from the internal environment of the ISS. The main purpose of the work was to test the ability of Trihoderma viridae culture to consume the products of anaerobic decomposition of gauze tissue under space flight conditions, i.e. substrate for the cultivation of the fungus served as liquid media, formed after the decomposition of thermophilic clostridia gauze wipes. Under conditions of space flight, the culture of Trihoderma viridae reduced the total concentration of volatile organic impurities remaining after the biodegradation of gauze from 34 mg / m3 to 5 mg / m3. The number of detectable volatile compounds decreased almost twice. The carried out researches have shown that the post-cleaning of liquid products of hydrolysis of gauze fabric with the help of cellulolytic fungi can be an effective component of utilization of cosmonaut hygiene items with the help of microbial communities in space flight conditions. Also under terrestrial conditions, the liquid products of biodegradation of plant wastes were further purified with the help of a community of aerobic bacteria. Chromatomass-spectrometric analysis showed that the consortium composed of aerobic mesophilic bacteria actively consumed products present in vegetable homogenates.

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Hidaka, Taira, Masato Nakamura, Fumiko Oritate, and Fumitake Nishimura. "Utilization of high solid waste activated sludge from small facilities by anaerobic digestion and application as fertilizer." Water Science and Technology 80, no. 12 (December 15, 2019): 2320–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.050.

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Abstract Anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge with organic wastes has recently gained attention in small facilities. For small facilities, high solids sludge is suitable for transportation to a centralized co-digester, and direct utilization of the digested sludge as liquid fertilizer is recommended. Effects of high solid and hyperthermophilic pretreatment (80 °C, 24 hr) on anaerobic digestion at low temperatures and utilization as fertilizer are investigated by anaerobic/aerobic digestion and paddy soil incubation experiments. The volatile solids (VS)/total solids (TS) ratio decreases to 0.57(-), and the VS removal rate is approximately 0.7 (-) after long-term aerobic digestion. This is possibly the limitation of biodegradation, even with pretreatment, within engineering time. Substrate TS of 16% (not diluted), 10% and 5% are compared. The effect of substrate TS on biogas production performance (0.2–0.3 NL/gVS-added) is not statistically observed. Laboratory-scale paddy soil incubation experiments are performed fed with anaerobically digested pretreated or not pretreated dewatered sludge as liquid fertilizer. Pretreatment promotes nitrogen mineralization before use as fertilizer, which is helpful to prevent an outflow of surplus ammonia to the environment. The effect of soil type on microbial communities is more significant than that of anaerobically digested sludge conditions.

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V, Mahesha, Dr Chitra P, and R. Ragunathan. "Biodegradation Of Iron Industry And Gold Industrial Wastewater By White Rot Fungi – Calocybe Indica & Agaricus Bisporus Comparative Study." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 12 (December 27, 2021): 431–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/121039.

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Increasing discharge and improper management of liquid and solid industrial wastes have created a great concern among industrialists and the scientific community over their economic treatment and safe disposal. Hence, there is a growing need for the development of novel, efficient, eco-friendly, and cost-effective approach for the remediation for these industries released into the environment and to safeguard the ecosystem. In this regard, recent advances in wastewater of heavy metal have propelled bioremediation as a prospective alternative to conventional techniques. Heavy metals are toxic and dangerous to the ecosystem. White rot fungi (WRF) are versatile and robust organisms having enormous potential for oxidative bioremediation of a variety of toxic chemical pollutants due to high tolerance to toxic substances in the environment. The decolorization and detoxification potential of WRF can be harnessed thanks to emerging knowledge of the physiology of these organisms as well as of the bio catalysis and stability characteristics of their enzymes. This knowledge will need to be transformed into reliable and robust waste treatment processes.

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Farhan, Duaa A., Farkad A. Lattieff, and Mohammed A. Atiya. "Co-digestion of Shumblan with Different Wastes as a Source for the Biogas Production." Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal 14, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22153/kej.2018.04.004.

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Shumblan (SH) is one of the most undesirable aquatic plants widespread in the irrigation channels and water bodies. This work focuses on boosting the biogas potential of shumblan by co-digesting it with other types of wastes without employing any chemical or thermal pretreatments as done in previous studies. A maximum biogas recovery of 378 ml/g VS was reached using shumblan with cow manure as inoculum in a ratio of 1:1. The methane content of the biogas was 55%. Based on volatile solid (VS) and C/N ratios, biogas productions of 518, 434, and 580 ml/g VS were obtained when the shumblan was co-digested with food wastes (SH:F), paper wastes (SH:P), and green wastes (SH:G) respectively. No significant changes of methane contents were observed during the anaerobic co-digestion of shumblan with the selected wastes. This noticeable increments of biogas yields proved that this sort of biomass can be utilized as a promising source for bioenergy production of industrial scale because of its economic operation. Slight pH variations indicated that the co-digestion performance has a good stability operation and no excessive amounts of volatile fatty acid were accumulated. The results also proved that by using co-digestion technology, the biodegradation of shumblan plants could be significantly accelerated supplying greater amounts of biogas yields. Moreover, the appropriate co-digestion with other wastes gave the shumblan high digestibility and, hence, there will be no need to prior pretreatment in order to boost the biogas yield.

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Emmanuel, Ugwu, Iroha Ifeanyichukwu, Ejikeugwu Chika, Onochie Chike, and Nwachi Chinyere. "Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria and Fungi Associated With Biodegradation of Municipal Solid Wastes in Abakaliki Metropolis, Nigeria." International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology 2, no. 3 (2017): 1294–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.3.35.

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Ebrahimzadeh, Reza, Ahmad Ghazanfari Moghaddam, Mehdi Sarcheshmehpour, and Hamid Mortezapour. "A novel kinetic modeling method for the stabilization phase of the composting process for biodegradation of solid wastes." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 35, no. 12 (November 7, 2017): 1226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x17733538.

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Biomass degradation kinetics of the composting process for kitchen waste, pruned elm tree branches and sheep manure were studied to model changes in volatile solids (VS) over time. Three experimental reactors containing raw mixtures with a carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio of 27:1 and a moisture content of 65% were prepared. During the composting process two of the reactors used forced air and the third used natural aeration. The composting stabilization phases in all reactors were completed in 30 days. During this period, composting indexes such as temperature, moisture content and VS changes were recorded. Elementary reactions were used for kinetics modeling of the degradation process. Results showed that the numerical values of rate constant ( k) for zero-order ranged from 0.86 to 1.03 VS×day-1, for first-order models it ranged from 0.01 to 0.02 day-1, for second-order the range was from 1.36×10-5 to 1.78×10-5 VS-1×day-1 and for n-order the rate constant ranged from 0.031 to 0.095 VS(1-n)×day-1. The resulting models were validated by comparing statistical parameters. Evaluation of the models showed that, in the aerated reactors, the n-order models (less than 1) successfully estimated the VS changes. In the non-aeration reactor, for the second-order model good agreement was achieved between the simulated and actual quantities of VS. Also, half-life time provided a useful criterion for the estimation of expected time for completion of different phases of composting.

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Lombardi, Francesco, Di Lonardo Maria Chiara, Alessio Lieto, and Piero Sirini. "Investigating the leaching properties of MBT wastes and composts from aerobic/anaerobic processes." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 13, no. 1 (February 16, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2160.

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This work assessed and compared the leaching properties of two types of compost and stabilized waste from a mechanical-biological treatment (MBT) plant. The first type of compost and the MBT waste were produced by aerobic treatments, while the second type of compost was generated from a combination of anaerobic and aerobic biodegradation processes. Both static-batch leaching tests, carried out applying a single liquid to solid (L/S) ratio equal to 10 L kg-1, and dynamic column percolation tests, investigating constituents release as a function of different L/S ratios, were performed. The three materials were also characterized in order to investigate their biological stability degree, organic matter content, and metals total content. As expected, due to the differences in feed input waste or treatment conditions, the three types of samples showed different characteristics and leaching concentrations. However, the leaching behavior of the three types of treated materials presented similar trends of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and metals (Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) leaching as a function of the L/S ratio. A screening model proposed and developed for MBT waste in a previous study, which allows the description DOC release as a function of the L/S ratio, was applied and discussed. The comparison of model predictions with the experimental leaching data highlighted that for all three samples the screening model describes quite well the release trends of metals.

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ATUANYA, E. A., and V. C. KEME. "EFFLUENT QUALITIES AND B1ODEGRADATION POTENTIALS OF BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM HAIR-DRESSING SALON EFFLUENTS OBTAINED IN BENIN CITY." Nigerian Journal of Life Sciences (ISSN: 2276-7029) 1, no. 2 (March 1, 2011): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.52417/njls.v1i2.53.

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Both bacteria found on the hair and the ones found in the water used in hair treatment are the constituent of hair-dressing salon effluent. Effluent bacteriological and physico-chemical qualities together with biodegradation potentials of bacteria isolated from hair-dressing salon effluents generated in Benin City were examined. The toxicity of the effluent on test microorganism (Nitrobacter) was also determined. The mean physico-chemical values of hair-dressing salon effluent showed that salon liquid wastes can be characterized as slightly more ?industrial strength? than typical domestic waste-water. The pH values indicated the alkaline nature of the effluent (10.6 ± 0.2). The mean total suspended solid (21.5 ± 3.1mg/l) showed that the effluent contains some sludge. Major bacterial isolates isolated from the effluent include Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp, Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. Data obtained showed that even though Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus spp had highest frequency of isolation (35.5 and 32.8% respectively), Bacillus spp. followed by Staphylococcus spp. demonstrated the highest ability to utilize salon effluent as sole carbon source. The toxicity level (24h LC50) of salon effluent was found to be very low to Nitrobacter (950 ± 50 mg/1). The ultimate biodegradable value of salon effluent (63.9 - 71.6%) indicate that effluent generally contain readily microbial oxidizable organic carbon.

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El Mahdi, Abdullah M., Hamidi Abdul Aziz, Salem S. Abu Amr, Nour Sh El-Gendy, and Hussein Nassar. "Performance of some New Bacterial Isolates on Biodegradation of Libyan Light Crude Oil Using Agro-Industrial Wastes as Co-Substrates." Applied Mechanics and Materials 802 (October 2015): 496–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.802.496.

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Some unfortunate accidents of large amount of oil hydrocarbons have been reported in Mediterranean Sea which has caused severe environmental damage to the area. To safeguard the Libyan coastline and marine ecologysince thousands of human activity such as fishing largely depends on the healthycoastal environment.Twenty crude oil-degrading bacterial isolates were obtained from oil-contaminated sites at Al Hariga Oil Terminal and Nafoora Oilfield. Based on a high growth rate in crude oil and hydrocarbon degradation efficiency, two isolates were selected from the twenty isolates for further analysis. The nucleotide sequence of 16S rRNA gene showed that these isolates are likely Pseudomonas aeruginosa andKocuriapastrius. One of the isolates is a potential Gram-negative Pseudomonas bacterium based on petroleum hydrocarbon degradation efficiency and potent emulsifying activity; thus, this isolate is identified as P. aeruginosa NAF1; the other isolate K. pastrius SAR3 is identified as a Gram-positive bacterium. Corn steep liquor (CSL) and solid waste date (SWD) were used for an in situ molasses technique to enhance bacterial growth and biodegradation efficiency. P. aeruginosa NAF1 exhibited 70% and 76% crude oil degradation in 0.2% (w/v) CSL and SWD in 28 d, respectively. Likewise, K. pastrius SAR3 yielded 68% and 70% crude oil degradation in 0.2% (w/v) CSL and SWD in 28 d, respectively.

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V, Mary Kensa. "COMPARISON OF VERMICOMPOST AND LEAF MOLD ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF CAPSICUM ANNUUM L.VAR. FRUTESCENS (L.) KUNTZE." Kongunadu Research Journal 2, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj103.

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An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of vermicompost on the growth and yield ofCapsicum annuumvar. frutescens (Kantharimilagu). Vermicompost is a rich source of vitamins, enzymes, macro and micronutrients which when applied to plants help in efficient growth. The major thrust of thisinvestigation was focused on the growth and yield of Capsicumannuumvar. frutescensusing the vermicompost prepared by the earthworm species namely Eudriluseugeniaeon the biodegradation of Banana waste (Musasps) mixed with cow dung 3:1. The present study has been carried out to evaluate thephysico-chemical characteristics, micronutrients and macronutrients, and also a comparative study was done on the effect of vermicompost on growth parameters namely root length, shoot length, number of leaf and number of flower and length of fruits in Capsicum annuumvar. frutescens. The results of the study revealed that the plants treated withvermicompostshowed C/N ratio increasedin macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Na, Mg and C) and micronutrients (Fe, Cu, Mg and Zn) than the plants grown in leaf mold and control.The vermicompost applied plant (Capsicum annuumvar. frutescens) showed increased root and shoot length, number of leaves, number of flowers and length of fruits than the plants which are not treated with vermicompost. Hence based on the various biochemical studies performed it is concluded that this quality of bio solid vermicompost obtained from the degradation of banana wastes by Eudriluseugeniae is an effective biofertilizer which would facilitate the increased uptake of the nutrients by the plants resulting in higher growth and yield.

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Asim, Noreen, Mahreen Hassan, Farheen Shafique, Maham Ali, Hina Nayab, Nuzhat Shafi, Sundus Khawaja, and Sadaf Manzoor. "Characterizations of novel pesticide-degrading bacterial strains from industrial wastes found in the industrial cities of Pakistan and their biodegradation potential." PeerJ 9 (October 5, 2021): e12211. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12211.

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Background Lack of infrastructure for disposal of effluents in industries leads to severe pollution of natural resources in developing countries. These pollutants accompanied by solid waste are equally hazardous to biological growth. Natural attenuation of these pollutants was evidenced that involved degradation by native microbial communities. The current study encompasses the isolation of pesticide-degrading bacteria from the vicinity of pesticide manufacturing industries. Methods The isolation and identification of biodegrading microbes was done. An enrichment culture technique was used to isolate the selected pesticide-degrading bacteria from industrial waste. Results Around 20 different strains were isolated, among which six isolates showed significant pesticide biodegrading activity. After 16S rRNA analysis, two isolated bacteria were identified as Acinetobacter baumannii (5B) and Acidothiobacillus ferroxidans, and the remaining four were identified as different strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1A, 2B, 3C, 4D). Phylogenetic analysis confirmed their evolution from a common ancestor. All strains showed distinctive degradation ability up to 36 hours. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains 1A and 4D showed highest degradation percentage of about 80% for DDT, and P. aeruginosa strain 3C showed highest degradation percentage, i.e., 78% for aldrin whilst in the case of malathion, A. baumannii and A. ferroxidans have shown considerable degradation percentages of 53% and 54%, respectively. Overall, the degradation trend showed that all the selected strains can utilize the given pesticides as sole carbon energy sources even at a concentration of 50 mg/mL. Conclusion This study provided strong evidence for utilizing these strains to remove persistent residual pesticide; thus, it gives potential for soil treatment and restoration.

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Asim, Noreen, Mahreen Hassan, Farheen Shafique, Maham Ali, Hina Nayab, Nuzhat Shafi, Sundus Khawaja, and Sadaf Manzoor. "Characterizations of novel pesticide-degrading bacterial strains from industrial wastes found in the industrial cities of Pakistan and their biodegradation potential." PeerJ 9 (October 5, 2021): e12211. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12211.

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Анотація:

Background Lack of infrastructure for disposal of effluents in industries leads to severe pollution of natural resources in developing countries. These pollutants accompanied by solid waste are equally hazardous to biological growth. Natural attenuation of these pollutants was evidenced that involved degradation by native microbial communities. The current study encompasses the isolation of pesticide-degrading bacteria from the vicinity of pesticide manufacturing industries. Methods The isolation and identification of biodegrading microbes was done. An enrichment culture technique was used to isolate the selected pesticide-degrading bacteria from industrial waste. Results Around 20 different strains were isolated, among which six isolates showed significant pesticide biodegrading activity. After 16S rRNA analysis, two isolated bacteria were identified as Acinetobacter baumannii (5B) and Acidothiobacillus ferroxidans, and the remaining four were identified as different strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1A, 2B, 3C, 4D). Phylogenetic analysis confirmed their evolution from a common ancestor. All strains showed distinctive degradation ability up to 36 hours. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains 1A and 4D showed highest degradation percentage of about 80% for DDT, and P. aeruginosa strain 3C showed highest degradation percentage, i.e., 78% for aldrin whilst in the case of malathion, A. baumannii and A. ferroxidans have shown considerable degradation percentages of 53% and 54%, respectively. Overall, the degradation trend showed that all the selected strains can utilize the given pesticides as sole carbon energy sources even at a concentration of 50 mg/mL. Conclusion This study provided strong evidence for utilizing these strains to remove persistent residual pesticide; thus, it gives potential for soil treatment and restoration.

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T, Siva, and P. Serfoji. "Biodegradation of different organic solid waste by using epigeic earthworms." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-3 (April 30, 2018): 2494–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd12791.

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Fehrenbach, Gustavo, Daniel Ricardo Arsand, Sergiane Caldas Barbosa, Kátia Castagno, Pedro Filho, and Ednei Primel. "A fast, low-cost and eco-friendly method for routine determination of Bisphenol-A in landfill leachate employing vortex assisted liquid-liquid extraction." Analytical Methods in Environmental Chemistry Journal 4, no. 03 (September 29, 2021): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/amecj.v4.i03.146.

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Landfills are sites designed to receive and final disposal of a broad variety of urban solid wastes (USW). The decomposition and biodegradation processes generate a leachate of high complexity and toxicity, containing persistent and recalcitrant contaminants that are not usually monitored. Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a synthetic compound applied mostly on the production of polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins, and is an endocrine disruptor. The presence of BPA in USW urges the development of feasible analytical methods to support the effluent treatment plants and reduce the risks of contamination. The main goal of this work was to develop an efficient, eco-friendly, fast and simple method for routine analysis of BPA in the leachate from landfill. A vortex assisted liquid-liquid extraction (VALLME) using 1-octanol as solvent was performed. BPA recoveries at spiking levels of 2.5, 6.5 and 12.5 µg L-1 were between 60 to 104% with relative standard deviation (RSD) lower than 26%. The linearity of the method was evaluated and the correlation coefficient was (r) 0.9985. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 2.5 µg L-1 with a pre-concentration factor of 20. The method has advantages such as low consumption of extraction solvent (150 µL), low cost, easy and fast determination.

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Mai, Sofia, Elli Barampouti, Adamadios Koumalas, and Athanasios Dounavis. "Leachates From Landfill Sites In Thessaloniki, Greece: Effect Of Aging." Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 75, no. 4 (December 20, 2019): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.75.4.23073.

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Sanitary landfilling still is one of the most common management systems of solid urban wastes. The persistent environmental impact of landfills depends on leachate characteristics. The present study aimed at the characterisation of leachate from two landfill sites in the prefecture of Thessaloniki, Greece. Mavrorachi landfill stands in our study as a representative Greek active landfill site, that started operating in 2008. Tagarades landfill has stopped receiving waste from 2008 after 27 years of full operation. In this investigation, leachate samples were physico-chemically characterised so as to assess their pollution potential and their concentration in regard to the type and age of landfill. Elevated concentrations of inorganic and organic constituents were observed in the leachate composition. COD ranged from 2,490 mg/L to 19,700 mg/L, while the respective range for BOD was 390-14,850 mg/L during a 35-year period. The pH values of the leachate samples presented more moderate fluctuations between 7.3 and 8.5. In addition, the ammoniacal nitrogen content increased as landfill age increased, whereas heavy metals concentrations showed significant variations with a slight decreasing trend. The results presented in this paper proved that as time passed, the values of most parameters decreased as the biodegradable compounds are broken down while the refractory compounds resist to biodegradation. Thus, the age has a pronounced influence on the composition of leachate. This study also focused on quantifying the level of contamination that leachates can be potentially cause on a comparative basis by Leachate Pollution Index (LPI). LPI values showed that pollution load was declining but is still not negligible after 33 years.

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Zhang, Zhen Ying, and Da Zhi Wu. "Study on the Biodegradation Strength Properties for Municipal Solid Waste with Higher Content of Organic Matter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 918–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.918.

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Basing on the new developed direct shear testing instrument, the biodegradation strength properties and strength parameters of municipal solid waste with higher content of organic matter have been studied. The municipal solid waste is divided into three parts: the material that is easy to be biodegraded, reinforced material that is difficult to be biodegraded and the incompressible solid waste material. The proportions of these three parts are 80%, 5% and 15%, respectively. A series of laboratory tests have been performed for different initial void ratios and different vertical pressures applied on the test specimen. Testing results show that the initial void ratio is the main influence factor for the biodegradation strength of the municipal solid waste, the relationship between the biodegradation shear stress and the shear strain is a strain hardening curve, the biodegradation shear stress gradually increases with the shear strain. Besides, the biodegradation shear strength shows a linear relationship to the vertical pressure applied on the test specimen, and it is in accordance with the law of coulomb. According to the testing results, the biodegradation shear strength parameters of municipal solid waste are obtained. The cohesion varies from 11.5 to 24.0kPa, and the internal friction angle varies from 8.3 to 29.0 degree.

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