Дисертації з теми "Solid Waste Leachate"

Anaerobic digestion of the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW) generates a mixture of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). Beyond the field capacity the water generated is collected and recirculated as leachate in Bioreactor Landfills (BLs.) Leachate recirculation has a profound advantage on biodegradation of the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW) in the landfills. Mature leachate from older sections of landfills (>20 years) and young leachate were blended prior to recirculation in the ratios 3/3 mature, 3/3 young, 1/3 mature-2/3 young and 2/3 old-1/3 young and their effect on biodegradation and biogas production monitored. In addition to analysis of the effect of blending old and new leachates, the study also analyses the effect of an open vs. a closed recirculation loop and the effect of organic loading rates of OFMSW in landfills. Data collected from initial batch tests supplement column bioreactors simulating bioreactor landfills with real world OFMSW from operational landfill facilities in Ontario, Canada. The results are conclusive that the biogas generation can be improved by up to 92% by blending the leachate in an open loop recirculation system as compared to a conventional closed loop system employed in landfills today.

In this study, regularly measured long-term leachate data from Bursa Municipal Solid Waste Landfill (MSWL) were analyzed using conventional statistical, time series and factor analyses to investigate in detail the temporal variability of leachate quality and quantity, trend, randomness, seasonality and the auto- and cross- correlations of leachate pollutants. Evaluating the results of data analyses, leachate management recommendations, including sampling strategies in monitoring programs and treatment alternatives for old and fresh leachates, were developed. Statistically analyzed leachate parameters included BOD, COD, pH, SS, electrical conductivity, total CrO4, Cr6+, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, CN-, Cl, F, total P, NH4-N, total N, SO4, S2-, total alkalinity and leachate flow rate. Results indicated that the majority of pollutant concentrations varied in large ranges. Leachate parameters usually showed non-normal distributions and high variability in the closed T Valley compared to the open Main Valley. The majority of leachate parameters was autocorrelated and had statistically significant correlations amongst themselves. Factor analysis showed that different inter-relationships were present between leachate parameters for closed and open valleys. The sampling frequency and the number of leachate parameters need to be measured were determined to be higher for open landfills than for closed landfills. It was recommended that leachates, having high organic strength, in open landfill be treated using biological and physical/chemical processes. However, after the closure of the landfill, physical/chemical processes were recommended for leachate treatment, as it gradually completes transition from fresh to old leachate.

A methodology based on an analytical protocol for evaluation of hazards from landfill leachate and solid waste is described. A dynamic analytical protocol, the LAQUA protocol, including measurements of inorganic and water-quality parameters, polar and non-polar organic marker compounds, and toxicity, was constructed. An acute toxicity test, using the brackish water crustacean Artemia salina as test organism, was developed. The methodology was applied to authentic problems such as investigation of different treatment techniques for landfill leachate, evaluation of leaching tests and characterization of solid wastes, and an investigation of a filter material aimed for leachate treatment. Investigated treatment methods comprised in all cases pre-treatment by aeration combined with sedimentation, followed by one of: bioremediation, ozonation, chemical oxidation by Fenton’s reagent, or geo-bed filters. Evaluated filter materials were mixtures of natural or residual waste products. A combination of pre-treatment followed by a geo-bed filter containing a mixture of peat and carbon-containing ash gave an efficient simultaneous removal of metals and organic pollutants. The performance of two leaching tests for characterization of solid waste, the up-flow percolation test (SIS-CEN/TS 14405:2004) and the batch test (SS-EN 12457 -3), was investigated. Solid waste materials (sludge from street gutters and fragmented metallic waste) were characterized using leaching tests and the hazards of the materials were evaluated in the eluate, obtained at specific liquid-to-solid ratios (L/S). The L/S 2 and L/S 10 values were compared with limit values included in the waste acceptance criteria (WAC). The analyses were extended towards specific organic compounds, such as individual phenolic compounds and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Organic compounds were found in eluates from both types of tests, showing the possibility to use these methods to evaluate the leaching of such compounds from waste materials. The use of authentic leachate as leachant, leads to increased concentrations of heavy metals in the eluate, compared to the prescribed use of demineralised water as leachant. Generally good agreement was found between the results of the two leaching methods. A strategy based on batch tests is described for investigation of a filter material for leachate treatment. Batch tests gave suitable information about the leaching from new and used material, and showed high removal efficiencies of metals and non-polar organic compounds. However, for investigation of removal of polar organic markers (e.g. phenolic compounds) a batch test is not sufficient and should be supplemented by a column test.
Avfall har alltid uppkommit i alla samhällen i alla tider. Det vanligaste sättet att hand om det har varit att samla avfallet i soptippar (deponier) på mark som ansetts obrukbar, t.ex. i sankmarker utanför bebyggelsen. I takt med ökad konsumtion och produktion har också mängderna avfall ökat. Anledningen till att avfall och avfallshantering kommit alltmer i fokus i miljödebatter under de senaste decennierna, är inte bara de stora mängderna avfall på de många och stora sopbergen runt om i världen. Deponierna släpper också ifrån sig miljöfarliga ämnen från de alltmer komplexa produkter som blivit lagda i deponin. Dessa kommer att fortsätta att läcka ut länge efter det att deponeringen på soptippen slutat, och skapa problem för människor och miljö i flera generationer. Som en konsekvens av internationella beslut bl.a. Agenda 21 (FNs miljökonferens i Rio) och EUs lagstiftning om avfallshantering som Sverige har tagit in i sin lagstiftning, kommer bl.a. antalet soptippar att minska. Efter den 31 december 2008 beräknas endast ett 90-tal deponier för kommunalt avfall att vara i drift i Sverige. Lagstiftningen beskriver en avfalls hierarki där deponering är den sämsta och absolut sista åtgärden som får göras bara när inget av de andra alternativen kan uppfyllas. Det ställs stora krav på de soptippar som är godkända enligt den nuvarande lagstiftningen. Olika typer av deponier ska finnas för olika slag av avfall. En deponi för farligt avfall har bättre skydd mot läckage både under och över tippen än en tipp för icke-farligt avfall. För att ha kontroll på vilket avfall som läggs på deponin och därmed kunna behandla det på korrekt sätt, måste avfallet beskrivas och klassas innan det skickas för deponering. Karakteriseringen görs bl.a. med hjälp av lakningstester. Syftet med denna avhandling har varit att utarbeta en metodik för at utvärdera miljöfarliga ämnen som kommer från avfall och lakvatten från soptippar. Den inledande forskningen utgjordes av ett projekt kallat Laqua, finansierat av EU-kommissionens program för samarbete inom Östersjöregionen, SweBaltcop. Projektets uppgift var att främja utveckling av ekologiskt och ekonomiskt hållbara reningsmetoder för lakvatten. Lakvattnet bildas främst av nederbörd som faller över deponin. Det vatten som kommer in i soptippen tar med sig många av de ämnen som finns i tippen när det rinner ut. Dessa ämnen kan komma från sådant som har deponerats eller bildas när avfallet bryts ner. Lakvattnet samlas upp och renas på något sätt innan det släpps ut till ett naturligt vattendrag. En vanlig metod att behandla lakvatten är att pumpa det till det kommunala avloppsreningsverket och rena det tillsammans med avloppsvatten. Men detta är ingen optimal lösning eftersom lakvatten innehåller andra föroreningar än avloppsvatten, t ex salter, tungmetaller och svårnedbrytbara organiska föreningar. Avloppsreningsverken är konstruerade för att rena avloppsvatten och lakvattnets föroreningar kan störa reningsprocessen. Framför allt kan de känsliga mikroorganismerna i det biologiska reningssteget påverkas negativt. Slammet som bildas vid reningsprocessen kommer att koncentrera många av de oönskade föroreningarna som härstammar från deponin. Slammet är egentligen ett utmärkt gödselmedel för jordbruket, men på grund av att slammet är förorenat av tungmetaller och svårnedbrytbara organiska ämnen kan inte slammet användas. Slammet blir då ett avfall som kommunen inte kan bli av med utan stora kostnader. Många kommuner har därför valt en separat rening av lakvattnet. Val av reningsteknik är beroende av flera faktorer, som volymerna lakvatten som uppkommer, innehållet av de olika miljöfarliga ämnena, vart det renande vattnet ska släppas ut och utrymme för att bygga en reningsanläggning. För att utvärdera olika tekniker för rening av lakvatten, byggdes en försöksanläggning på soptippen i Kristianstad. För att kunna utvärdera en reningsmetod måste bestämningar av koncentrationer av olika ämnen (analyser) göras. På grund av den ökande oron för organiska miljögifter som PCB och fenoler, skulle reningsteknikerna utvärderas med fokus sådana eller liknande ämnen. Analyser av organiska ämnen är komplicerade och tidskrävande, och det är inte möjligt att analysera alla ämnen. I många undersökningar används endast generella parametrar för att uppskatta innehållet av organiska ämnen, men dessa metoder ger ofta inte tillräcklig information om det egentliga innehållet i lakvattnet. Därför utarbetades ett utvärderings protokoll, LAQUA protokollet (artikel I) för bestämning av organiska miljögifter i olika förorenade vatten. Detta protokoll innehåller förutom analyser för organiska miljögifter som PCB och fenoler och en akut toxicitetstest, även standardiserade rutinanalyser av metaller och vattenkemiska parametrar. Eftersom separat analys av alla organiska ämnen inte nödvändig för att bedöma olika reningsmetoder för lakvatten, innehåller protokollet ett antal markörer för polära, respektive opolära organiska föreningar. Den biologiska giftighetstesten som utvecklades (artikel III) och ingår i protokollet är ett s.k. akut toxicitetstest, dvs. organismen påverkas direkt av höga halter av föroreningar. I testen används det lilla saltvattentåliga kräftdjuret Artemia salina, som säljs som föda åt akvariefiskar. En bestämd volym med ett antal Artemia larver läggs i små brunnar med olika koncentrationer av lakvatten under 24 timmar. Sedan jämförs vid vilken inblandning av lakvatten som hälften av kräftdjuren har fått rörelsestörningar. Resultaten på tester med obehandlat lakvatten, respektive behandlat med olika reningstekniker jämförs, och på det viset kan effektiviteten på reningsmetoder bedömas gentemot en vattenlevande organism. Utvärderingen av försöksanläggningen (artikel II) visade att vid förbehandlingen, bestående av luftning och sedimentering, togs mycket av föroreningarna bort, och det rekommenderas att ett sådan reningssteg alltid bör finnas vid en reningsanläggning för lakvatten. De kemiska behandlingsmetoderna med ozon och Fentons reagens (tvåvärt järn och väteperoxid) var effektiva på att ta bort de organiska miljögifterna, men även de mer kostnadseffektiva filterbäddarna visade sig fungera bra. Den goda erfarenheten från försöksanläggningen av filterbäddar ledde till att effektiviteten hos fler filter material undersöktes. I artikel VI beskrivs ett försök, gjord i laboratorium, där lakvatten från en soptipp som tar hand om industri avfall (metallavfall från bl.a. bilar och kylskåp) fick rinna genom kolonner med olika filtermaterial. Mixen av torv och aska med kolinnehåll visade sig vara bra på att ta bort både metaller och organiska ämnen från lakvattnet. Kunskapen från bl.a. dessa undersökningar har bidragit till att en fullskaleanläggning för lokal rening av lakvatten har kunnat byggas i anslutning till Stena metalls soptipp i Halmstad. Den andra delen i avhandlingsarbetet riktade in sig mot lakningstester. För att undersöka vilka ämnen som kan lakas ut från ett avfall rekommenderas två olika standardiserade lakningstests metoder. Vid den ena metoden pumpas en vätska genom en kolonn med en uppvägd mängd avfall tills ett visst vätske/fast fas förhållande (L/S halt) har uppnåtts. Vid den andra snabbare metoden, skakas en bestämd mängd avfall tillsammans med en bestämd volym vätska under 24 timmar. Den vätska som man får efter testerna kan jämföras med ett lakvatten och ska simulera den urlakning som avfallet ger ifrån sig under sin tid på deponin. Denna urlakningsvätska analyseras och de uppmätta halterna av olika ämnen jämförs med en gränsvärdes tabell och avfallet kan hänföras till en avfalls klass. De två lakningstesterna användes för att karakterisera olika avfallsslag, sönderdelat metall skrot (artikel IV) och slam från gatubrunnar (artikel V). För att få mer kunskap om metoderna och kunna vidareutveckla dem, utökades undersökningarna och analyserna. De urlakade vätskorna analyserades därför enligt Laqua protokollet, dvs med markörer för organiska miljögifter. Dessutom gjordes undersökningar där lakvatten användes som lakningsvätska istället för avjonat vatten som testmetoderna föreskriver. Dessa visade att den mer jonstarka vätskan (lakvattnet) ökade urlakningen av metaller från avfallet. En jämförelse av de två metoderna visade att den snabbare skaktesten oftast gav likvärdiga eller högre halter av de analyserade ämnena i urlakningsvätskan, och därmed kan den i många fall användas i första hand. För att bedöma ett filtermaterial ur ett livstidsperspektiv, utvecklades en strategi baserad på skaktester (artikel VII). Ett filtermaterial, en mix av torv och aska med kolinnehåll, undersökes före och efter att det använts i en filterbädd för rening av lakvatten. För att vara säker på att filtermaterialet i sig själv inte släppte ifrån sig några föroreningar gjordes en lakningstest. För att se hur effektivt materialet var på att ta bort metaller, PCB och fenolföreningar, gjordes skaktester med vätskor med kända halter av dessa föroreningar. När filtermaterialet är förbrukat och skall bytas ut anses det som ett avfall, och det karakteriserades med lakningstest för att hur det skulle tas om hand. Metodiken med skaktester ger bra information om utlakning från ett material, och skaktester är också bra instrument för att utvärdera ett filtermaterials effektivitet på att ta hand om metaller och opolära organiska ämnen som PCB. Men för att utvärdera effektiviteten av borttagandet av polära organiska ämnen (t ex. fenoler), är inte en korttids skak test något bra instrument. Reduceringen av dessa ämnen sker genom nedbrytning med hjälp av mikroorganismer, och för att undersöka detta behövs tester som varar en så lång tid att en mikrobiologisk miljö hinner etablera sig, t ex. kolonn tester. Utvärderingen av detta avhandlingsarbete visar på några ytterligare slutsatser och förslag till fortsatt arbete. Toxicitetstesten med Artemia bör kompletteras med tester på t ex. bakterier och växter, eftersom det inte räcker med en test på bara en organism för att bedöma giftigheten av en förorening ett naturligt ekosystem. Vidare behövs en biologisk test för att påvisa kroniska effekter, så som skador på fortplantning eller tumörsjukdomar. Dessa skador kan uppkomma genom att organismer påverkas under en lång tid av de låga, men därmed inte ofarliga halter av organiska miljögifter som ofta förekommer i lakvatten. Den presenterade metodiken kan användas för att utvärdera miljöfarliga ämnen från olika förorenade områden. Avhandlingen har visat att LAQUA protokollets sammansättning och dess analyser är ett bra instrument för att utvärdera reningstekniker för lakvatten och för att ge ytterligare information om organiska ämnen i fast avfall. Bedömning av luft kvalitet och karakterisering av dagvatten är andra exempel där metodiken kan användas. Avslutningsvis är det förstås lättare att utvärdera farligheten från avfall när det är mindre volymer avfall att utvärdera. Detta kan uppnås genom att konsumera mindre, återanvända produkter, återvinna material, utvinna energi ur avfallet och välja miljövänliga produkter när man köper nytt.

Given the increase in nanomaterial (NM) use in consumer products and the large fraction of waste placed in landfills worldwide, the probability of these products reaching municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills at the end of their useful life is high. Since nanotechnology use is still in its early stages, there are currently no regulations pertaining to the disposal of NMs and their fate in MSW landfills is still unknown. Understanding the fate of NMs in MSW landfills is vital to ensure the proper handling of these novel materials from cradle to grave; such research will provide information on how these NMs can be safely introduced into the environment. This research seeks to understand the fate of NMs within waste environments by examining the interactions between NMs and landfill leachate components. The primary focus of this thesis is the effect of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) on biological landfill processes, solids aggregation, and chemical speciation of Zn in landfill leachate following the addition of crystalline, nano-sized ZnO coated with triethoxycaprylylsilane. This research (1) observed the effects of coated ZnO on five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and biochemical methane potential (BMP), (2) examined effects of solids aggregation on the fate of ZnO, (3) quantified the concentration of Zinc (Zn) by size fractions, and (4) modeled the chemical speciation of Zn in landfill leachate using Visual MINTEQ. No change in dissolved Zn was observed after coated ZnO was exposed to "middle-aged" leachate. Upon exposure to “mature” leachate there was an increase in dissolved Zn assumed to be a result of the dissociation of ZnO. Solids data supported the aggregation of particles in both middle aged and mature leachate. There was an increase in the Zn concentration in leachate fractions greater than 1500 nm presumably due to the dispersion of normally insoluble ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) following the interaction with humic acids (HA). ZnO did not inhibit anaerobic or aerobic processes in either middle aged or mature leachate, presumably due to the relatively low concentration of dissolved ionic Zn. Despite the observation of increased dissociation upon exposure to mature leachate, the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) may have hindered the ability for dissolved ionic Zn to become bioavailable. Fractionation, BOD5 and BMP tests, and chemical speciation modeling provided insight on the mobility of ZnO in landfills and the absence of inhibitory effects on landfill processes. Aggregation of ZnO NPs may prevent movement through traditional containment systems (i.e. geomembrane liners) due to the increased particle size. However, the increased dispersion suggests that ZnO NPs will be transported out of the landfill in the leachate, however biological treatment of leachate should be unaffected by the presence of ZnO. The bioavailability of Zn was not substantially affected by the presence of ZnO due to affinity of dissolved Zn for DOM. However, due to the heterogeneity of landfill leachate and the utilization of different NM coatings, it is challenging to predict the overall mobility of other NMs in a landfill.
ID: 031001302; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Adviser: .; Title from PDF title page (viewed March 15, 2013).; Thesis (M.S.Env.E.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-97).
M.S.Env.E.
Masters
Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Environmental Engineering

Landfill leachate with its variable and complex characteristics poses a well established threat to the environment. Enhancement of the environmental quality through the minimization of the leachate problem should therefore be the major objective of good landfill management. The need to control and manage landfill leachate has resulted in various treatment alternatives which include both biological and physical-chemical processes. The research described in this thesis discusses the feasibility of biological and physical-chemical treatment of leachate based on laboratoryscale reactors. After a short introduction, a review of the relevant literature on solid waste disposal including landfilling, leachate generation and the treatment alternatives was presented. Comparative experimental studies were then carried out using an aerobic rotating biological contactor (RBC), an upflow anaerobic filter (UAF) and an activated carbon (AC) adsorption column for treating landfill leachate. The effect of a range of parameters on the performance and operation of the RBC, the UAF and the AC column has been evaluated in the study From the experimental results, an RBC was found to achieve a better performance when treating a low strength (LS) leachate, whereas a high strength (HS) leachate would be much better treated by a UAF. For the LS leachate treatment, a COD removal of 80% at a loading rate of 6 kg COD/m3.d was achieved by the RBC as compared to only 60% by the UAF. Whereas for the HS leachate the RBC achieved a COD removal of only 50% at the loading rate of 14 kg COD/m3.d as compared to 60% by the UAF. Direct physical-chemical treatment process in treating leachate using an AC adsorption was also investigated. The results obtained showed that the adsorption process was not capable of achieving the desired effluent requirement, with 20% residual organic fractions still remaining in the effluent. The need to remove this biodegradable organic matter by biological processes was found to be necessary. It is suggested that to achieve satisfactory treatment, anaerobic UAF treatment of leachate followed by aerobic RBC and a final polishing with AC column should be used.

This was a study undertaken to investigate municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill stability parameters and landfill leachate properties to determine how solid waste and leachate characteristics can be used to describe stability. The primary objective was to determine if leachate properties could be used to determine stability of the overlying refuse. All landfills studied were engineered landfill bioreactors giving insight to how leachate recirculation affects stability. This study investigated the correlation between cellulose, lignin, volatile solids, and biochemical methane production (BMP). These parameters can been used to characterize landfill stability. The BMP tests indicate that a saturated waste can produce methane. Cellulose is an indicator of landfill stability. Wastes high in cellulose content were found to have high BMP. Paper samples studied indicated gas production from high-cellulose paper was higher compared to low-cellulose samples. Lignin has been found to correlate fairly well with BMP. Increasing cellulose to lignin ratios correlate well with increasing BMP levels, further supporting the use of the BMP test to indicate solid waste stability. In the BMP test for leachate, a mixture of the standard growth medium (less 80% distilled water) and 80% v/v leachate incubated for 15 days produced the most consistent BMP results. Leachate cellulose and BMP correlated well. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) also had some correlation to BMP tests. Leachate COD was found to decrease over time in landfill bioreactors. The use of leachate rather than MSW to determine stability would be more efficient.
Master of Science

This dissertation is about treatment of the nonbiodegradable organic content of landfill leachate by chemical oxidation combined with biological treatment. It is divided into three parts. In the first part, ferrate was compared to Fenton's reagent for the purpose of removing non-biodegradable organic compounds from mature leachate. Oxidation conditions (time, pH, and dose) were optimized to yield maximum organic removal using two leachate samples from 20 and 12-year old solid waste cells. Results from this research demonstrated that ferrate and Fenton's reagent had similar optimum pH ranges (3-5), but different organic removal capacities, ranging from 54 to 79 % of initial leachate organic contents. An advantage of ferrate was that it was relatively effective over a wide pH range (Fenton's reagent lost its reactivity outside optimum pH range). Advantages associated with Fenton's reagent include a higher organic removal capacity, production of more oxidized organic compounds (measured as chemical oxygen demand/dissolved organic carbon), and production of more biodegradable byproducts (measured as 5-day biochemical oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand). Finally, both treatments were found to oxidize larger molecules (>1000 dalton) and produce smaller molecules, as indicated by an increase in smaller molecule contribution to organic carbon. In part two, effects of Fenton's reagent treatment on biodegradability of three landfill leachates collected from a Florida landfill were evaluated using biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), biochemical methane potential (BMP), and tertamethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) thermochemolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The hypothesis was that Fenton's reagent will remove refractory compounds that inhibit biodegradation and will produce smaller, more biodegradable organic molecules which will result in an increase in BOD and BMP values. Both BOD and BMP results demonstrated that Fenton's reagent treatment did not convert mature leachate to biodegradable leachate, as indicated by a low BOD5 expressed as C /dissolved organic carbon (DOC) ratio of almost 0.15 in treated samples and a low net methane production / theoretical methane potential (less than 0.15). Ultimate BOD only slightly increased. However the first-order BOD reaction rate increased by more than five fold, suggesting that Fenton's reagent removed refractory and inhibitory compounds. BMP results demonstrated that the ratio of CO2/CH4 produced during anaerobic biodegradation did not increase in treated leachate (compared to untreated), indicating that small biodegradable organic acids produced by oxidation were removed by coagulation promoted by Fenton's reagent. Finally, the TMAH thermochemolysis results showed that several of the refractory and inhibitory compounds were detected fewer times in treated samples and that carboxylic acids did not appear in treated samples. In the third part of this dissertation the application of flushing/Fenton's reagent oxidation to produce sustainable solid waste cells was evaluated. A treatment similar to pump and treat process utilizing Fenton's reagent on-site treated leachate combined with in-situ aeration was proposed. Treated leachate would be recycled to the landfill cell flushes releasable nonbiodegradable carbon from the cell and oxidizes it externally. This technique was demonstrated to have treatment cost and time benefits over other alternatives for producing completely stable solid waste cells such as anaerobic flushing and biological and/or mechanical pretreatment of solid waste (used in the EU).
Ph.D.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Environmental Engineering

The boron isotopic ratios of three contaminated ground water samples and of leachate from four fly ash samples are shown to be significantly different than the isotopic ratio of naturally occurring boron in a selected ground water. Analysis is performed using thermal ionization mass spectrometry with a precision of less than 1 per mil. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is shown to be ineffective for this application. Boron is isolated from solution and concentrated using Amberlite IRA-743 resin with no isotopic fractionation observed. Boron desorption from fly ash is shown to be rapid. Boron isotopic analysis is shown to be a superior method to boron concentration analysis for identifying leachate in a ground water, (1) at the outer limits of a leachate plume, and, (2) when the difference between the boron concentration of the leachate and background water is small. The degree of contamination can be determined if both end members are known.

The practices of solid waste management (SWM) and solid waste disposal (SWD) in Kano metropolis, Nigeria, were examined. The water quality of groundwater sources in the areas adjacent to the SWD sites was monitored in order to evaluate interactions and assess the possibility of groundwater contamination as a result of percolation of the leachates generated in the SWD sites. An integrated approach to the field investigation was employed in the study. This included an extensive desk study; a field survey of all existing SWD sites in the area; leachate and groundwater sampling; and laboratory-based experimental and instrumental analyses. The locations of the SWD sites relative to inhabited areas were examined, and eight sites and their environs were selected for leachate and groundwater sampling and quality assessments in May 2009 and May 2010. It was observed that SWM activities in Kano metropolis are unsystematic and pose a significant risk to both public health and environmental quality, especially in relation to local groundwater sources. It was also found that the leachates produced in the sampled sites contained significant concentrations of a wide range of contaminants; including nitrates, total alkalinity, total dissolved solids, chlorides and sulphates. The leachates were also observed to be in the methanogenic phase of biochemical degradation and were shown to have similar characteristics to other leachates from mature SWD sites in different parts of the world. Similarly, the physico-chemical characteristics of the groundwater samples around the selected SWD sites indicated high concentrations of nitrates, chlorides, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, turbidity, iron and manganese, often above the WHO thresholds for acceptable drinking water quality. It is, therefore, concluded that the shallow groundwater sources analysed have been contaminated, due largely to improper SWM practice. This, in turn, affects not only the health and well-being of the local population, but also impedes developmental efforts and obstructs prosperity. Accordingly, some strategies for pollution prevention and control were developed for Kano metropolis, although they are also applicable to other urban areas with similar characteristics. These strategies, which are largely categorised as resource-focused, source-focused or remedial measures, can be achieved through: (1) identification and mapping of pollution sources; (2) establishment of databases and information management system; (3) vulnerability mapping; (4) establishment of functional monitoring and evaluation system; (5) promotion of public awareness and participation; (6) establishment of protection zones; and (7) the integration of pollution prevention and control strategy into urban planning, development and management of municipal services.

Landfill is continued to be the most common approach to solid waste disposal. On contrary, landfill practice is still common with increase in water pollution due to leaching of pollutants.Leachate generation from landfill can be defined into two phases, firstly soluble salt produced due to aerobic decomposition or acetogenic phase and secondly methane and carbon dioxide due to anaerobic decomposition or methanogenic phase.Characterization of landfill leachate is used in design to achieve low hydraulic conductivity or decrease permeability as leachate percolating through the waste strata and most important is used to predict level of pollutant in leachate which depend on factors such as temperature, precipitation and waste age. It is therefore crucial for landfill design to take into consideration of factors affecting leachate quality.The purpose of this research is to develop a correlation relationship of factors affecting leachate quality to predict pollutants from landfill which are determined by temperature, precipitation and waste age. The objective of this research is to determine, based the relationship developed and calibration of data obtained from literature review, the optimization of design that reduce pollutants in leachate generated from landfill taking into consideration of basic factors of temperature, precipitation and waste age of landfill.Results of the study revealed that there is a good correlation of pollutants leaching from landfill to the factors of temperature, precipitation and waste age. Higher pollutant concentration is found in average age landfill than the mature age landfill site mainly due to transition from acetogenic phase to methanogenic phase of pollutant decomposition. It is also anticipated that as carbonaceous organic matter decrease in leachate, nitrogeneous organic matter removal is activated in the mature landfill.Using Multiple Regression Analysis Method, mathematic model known as Pollutant Prediction Model is developed to correlate relationship of pollutants to factor affecting leachate quality in the landfill site in terms of temperature, precipitation and waste age.

Um dos principais problemas enfrentados atualmente pelo Poder Público e pela sociedade é a destinação adequada de resíduos sólidos. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é avaliar a gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) implantada no Rio Grande do Sul e verificar a existência de melhorias após a promulgação da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS). Este trabalho ainda apresenta o gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos no Brasil e na Europa, as formas de tratamento e disposição final dos resíduos sólidos urbanos, os tipos de tratamento de lixiviados existentes, identifica alternativa de reuso do lixiviado após tratamento, analisa os tratamentos de lixiviado utilizados em Aterros Sanitários localizados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS) e em Portugal, o cumprimento das metas estipuladas para RSU nos Planos de Resíduos Sólidos e identifica e compara a legislação existente em Portugal e no Brasil que regulamenta a instalação e operação dos Aterros Sanitários. Para a elaboração foram analisados dados de destinação de RSU no Brasil, com especial ênfase ao estado do Rio Grande do Sul, e em Portugal. Através dos dados obtidos verifica-se que houve melhorias na destinação final dos RSU no Brasil após a homologação da PNRS, por exemplo houve um aumento de 138% de municípios que implantaram a coleta seletiva após a PNRS. Verificou-se que a forma mais utilizada de destinação final dos RSU no país é por meio de aterro sanitário, porém havendo ainda disposição inadequada por meio de aterros controlados e lixões. No RS em 2015, observou-se que houve uma redução na disposição final adequada em comparação ao ano de 2014, devido à má operação dos aterros sanitários, porém foi atingida a Meta 1 do Plano Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PLANARES), uma vez que em 2015 não havia lixões em operação no RS. Foi possível observar que no RS a maioria das áreas classificadas como inadequadas são administradas pelos próprios municípios, isto se dá devido à falta de recurso financeiro para gerenciar e operar um aterro sanitário. Com relação ao tratamento de lixiviado gerado nos aterros sanitários do RS, verificou-se que estes não possuem implantado um sistema eficaz e acredita-se que somente um tratamento combinado, apresentando tratamento avançado, seja a forma mais adequada para tratar este efluente, devido à grande variabilidade de características e complexidade do lixiviado. Fazendo uma comparação da legislação referente à gestão de resíduos no Brasil e em Portugal, observa-se que em 1996 foi aprovado o Plano Estratégico Setorial dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (PERSU) em Portugal, que promoveu uma grande alteração na gestão de RSU, havendo grandes investimentos em infraestrutura visando atender as metas do PERSU. Já no Brasil somente em 2010 foi proposta esta alteração por meio da PNRS, e é possível observar que não houve o atendimento das metas estipuladas nos Planos Nacionais e Estadual, no caso do RS, devido à falta de conscientização do Poder Público e investimentos nesta área, de forma a promover uma destinação final adequada para os RSU gerados no país.
One of the main problems currently faced by the Government and the society is the appropriate destination of solid waste. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the management of municipal solid waste (MSW) introduced in Rio Grande do Sul and to verify possible improvements achieved after the promulgation of the National Solid Waste Policy (NSWP). This paper also describes the management of solid waste in Brazil and Europe, the way of treatment and final disposal of municipal solid waste, the existing leachate treatment process, identifies leachate reuse alternatives, analyzes the leachate treatment operations used in landfills located in the State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and in Portugal, the achievement of goal set for MSW in Solid Waste Plans and identifies and compares the legislation existing in Portugal and Brazil which regulates the installation and operation of Landfills. For the work accomplishment, data of the MSW disposal in Brazil, with special emphasis on the State of Rio Grande do Sul, and Portugal were analyzed. Through the data obtained it appears that there were improvements in the final disposal of MSW in Brazil after the approval of NSWP, for example an increase of 138% of municipalities that have implemented selective collection after NSWP. It was found that the most used form of final disposal of MSW in the country is through landfill, but there is still inadequate disposal in controlled landfills and dumps. In RS in 2015, it was observed that there was a reduction in the number of adequate final disposal sites, compared to 2014, due to wrong operation of landfills. Nevertheless, Goal 1 of the National Plan of the Solid Waste (NPSW) was achieved, since in 2015 there was no dumps operating in RS. It was observed that in RS most of the areas classified as inadequate are administered by the municipalities themselves. This, is due to lack of financial resources to manage and operate a landfill. Regarding the treatment of leachate generated in landfills of RS, it was found that these have not implemented an effective system and it is believed that only a combined treatment, with advanced treatment, will be the best way to treat this effluent due to the large variability of characteristics and complexity of the leachate. Making a comparison of the legislation on waste management in Brazil and in Portugal, it is observed that in 1996 the Sector Strategic Plan for Municipal Solid Waste (SSPMSW) was approved in Portugal, promoting a major change in the MSW management, with large investments in infrastructure to deal the goals of the SSPMSW. On the other hand, in Brazil only in 2010 this change was proposed by NSWP. It is possible to observe that goals set in the National and State Plans were not met, in the case of RS, due to lack of awareness of the government and investments in this area in order to promote an appropriate final destination for the MSW generated in the country.

Degradation of the several million tons of solid waste produced in the U.S. annually is microbially mediated, yet little is known about the structure of prokaryotic communities actively involved in the waste degradation process. In the first study, leachates generated during degradation of municipal solid waste (MSW) in the presence (co-disposal) or absence of biosolids were analyzed using laboratory-scale bioreactors over an eight-month period. Archaeal and bacterial community structures were investigated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) targeting 16S rRNA genes. Regardless of waste composition, microbial communities in bioreactor leachates exhibited high diversity and temporal trends. Methanogen sequences from a co-disposal bioreactor were predominantly affiliated with the orders Methanosarcinales and Methanomicrobiales. Effect of moisture content on indicator organism (IO) survival during waste degradation was studied using culture-based methods. Fecal coliform and Enterococcus concentrations in leachate decreased below detection limits within fifty days of bioreactor operation during the hydrated phase. IOs could be recovered from the bioreactor leachate even after a prolonged dry period. This study advances the basic understanding of changes in the microbial community during solid waste decomposition. The purpose of the second study was to compare the ability of BOX-PCR to determine genetic relatedness with that of the "gold standard" method, 16S rRNA gene sequencing. BOX-PCR typing could clearly differentiate the strains within different Enterococcus species but closely related genera were not as distinguishable. In contrast, 16S rRNA gene sequencing clearly differentiates between closely related genera but cannot distinguish between different strains of Enterococcus species. This study adds to our knowledge of genetic relationships of enterococci portrayed by two separate molecular methods. The incidence of vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) in environmental matrices, residential and hospital wastewater was also investigated. Low-level VRE ( vanC genotype) were isolated from environmental matrices and residential wastewater. VRE isolates from hospital wastewater were identified as E. faecium and demonstrated resistance to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin and vancomycin (vanA genotype), but sensitivity to chloramphenicol and rifampin. Although no high-level VRE were isolated from surface waters, the high proportion of low-level VRE in environmental matrices is a cause for concern from the public health perspective.

The bioreactor landfill is an emerging concept for solid waste management that has gained significant attention in the last decade. This technology employs specific operational practices to enhance the microbial decomposition processes in landfills. However, the unsupervised management and lack of operational guidelines for the bioreactor landfill, specifically leachate manipulation and recirculation processes, usually results in less than optimal system performance. Therefore, these limitations have led to the development of SMART (Sensor-based Monitoring and Remote-control Technology), an expert control system that utilizes real-time monitoring of key system parameters in the management of bioreactor landfills. SMART replaces conventional open-loop control with a feedback control system that aids the human operator in making decisions and managing complex control issues. The target from this control system is to provide optimum conditions for the biodegradation of the refuse, and also, to enhance the performance of the bioreactor in terms of biogas generation. SMART includes multiple cascading logic controllers and mathematical calculations through which the quantity and quality of the recirculated solution are determined. The expert system computes the required quantities of leachate, buffer, supplemental water, and nutritional amendments in order to provide the bioreactor landfill microbial consortia with their optimum growth requirements. Soft computational methods, particularly fuzzy logic, were incorporated in the logic controllers of SMART so as to accommodate the uncertainty, complexity, and nonlinearity of the bioreactor landfill processes. Fuzzy logic was used to solve complex operational issues in the control program of SMART including: (1) identify the current operational phase of the bioreactor landfill based on quantifiable parameters of the leachate generated and biogas produced, (2) evaluate the toxicological status of the leachate based on certain parameters that directly contribute to or indirectly indicates bacterial inhibition, and (3) predict biogas generation rates based on the operational phase, leachate recirculation, and sludge addition. The later fuzzy logic model was upgraded to a hybrid model that employed the learning algorithm of artificial neural networks to optimize the model parameters. SMART was applied to a pilot-scale bioreactor landfill prototype that incorporated the hardware components (sensors, communication devices, and control elements) and the software components (user interface and control program) of the system. During a one-year monitoring period, the feasibility and effectiveness of the SMART system were evaluated in terms of multiple leachate, biogas, and waste parameters. In addition, leachate heating was evaluated as a potential temperature control tool in bioreactor landfills. The pilot-scale implementation of SMART demonstrated the applicability of the system. SMART led to a significant improvement in the overall performance of the BL in terms of methane production and leachate stabilization. Temperature control via recirculation of heated leachate achieved high degradation rates of organic matter and improved the methanogenic activity.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A área de estudo está localizada na cidade de Lavras do Sul – RS, que é uma antiga pedreira que foi reaproveitada para a deposição dos resíduos oriundo do município. O objetivo principal é realizar o detalhamento geofísico e estrutural da contaminação do antigo lixão e correlacionar a percolação do lixiviado com as zonas fraturadas, com o uso de dois métodos de investigação (Eletrorresistividade e Polarização Induzida) e os dois arranjos (Dipolo-Dipolo e Schlumberger). Foram realizados 12 perfis de resistividade e cargabilidade na direção 45ºN, processados em 2D e 3D, e foi determinado uma possível presença de zonas de contaminação e percolação de lixiviado para fora da área do lixão. Também foi possível determinar onde estavam dispostos os resíduos sólidos e os limites do lixão, zonas fraturadas com a presença de lixiviado e zonas fraturadas com a presença de sulfetos que aprofundam até 36 m. Desde o início da operação do lixão a contaminação atingiu diversos metros de profundidade, porém com o tempo e a atenuação natural, essas zonas de fratura fecharam devido a cristalização de sulfeto. Os dois arranjos apresentaram resultados satisfatórios para os valores de resistividade. Com relação aos valores de cargabilidade, o arranjo Schlumberger apresentou melhores resultados do que o Dipolo-Dipolo. A geofísica demonstrou ser uma ferramenta importante no estudo de contaminações em rochas cristalinas, principalmente pela sua capacidade de detecção de fraturas e sua profundidade atingida.
The study area is located in the city of Lavras do Sul - RS, which is an old quarry that was reused for the deposition of waste from the municipality. The main objective is to perform the geophysical and structural detailing of the contamination of the old dump and to correlate the percolation of the leachate with the fractured zones, using the two research methods (DC Resistivity and Induced Polarization) and the two arrangements (Dipole-dipole and Schlumberger). By performing 12 profiles of resistivity and chargeability in the 45ºN direction, processed in 2D and 3D, a possible presence of contamination zones and percolation of leachate outside the dump area was determined. It was also possible to determine where the solid wastes and the boundaries of the dump were located, fractured zones with the presence of leachate and fracture zones with the presence of sulfides that deepen up to 36 m. From the beginning of the operation of the dump the contamination reached several meters deep, but with time and the natural attenuation, these zones of fracture closed due to mineral neoformation of sulfide. Both arrangements presented satisfactory results for the resistivity values, in relation to the chargeability values, the Schlumberger arrangement presented better results than the Dipole-Dipole. Geophysics has been shown to be an important tool in the study of contaminations in crystalline rocks, mainly due to its ability to detect fractures and its depth.

In the perspective of a sustainable waste management, the amount of biodegradable municipal solid waste (MSW) destined to landfilling should be reduced. In such context, new technologies were developed in recent years with the aim of a more rapid stabilization of the waste, such as pretreatments and bioreactor landfills (BRLs). In the Italian waste management scenario, although solution have been adopted towards waste recycling and recovery, landfilling is still playing an important role. The case study of Cerro Tanaro (CT) landfill depicts a typical situation of an average Italian district without incineration facilities. The MSW disposed in CT landfill is the residual fraction, pretreated through aerobic mechanical-biological treatment (MBT) in order to reduce the biodegradability prior to landfilling. This disposal site, originally built as a conventional landfill, was equipped with a leachate recirculation system. Although the benefit of moisture increase had been previously demonstrated, most of the studies in literature tested the effects on raw MSW, with relatively high organic contents, above 40%. Moreover, the use of existing models for the simulation of landfill behaviour are not suitable for unconventional landfill technologies, unless very high uncertainties are introduced. Based on the case study of CT landfill, the need of novel approaches for the study and the simulation of emerging landfilling solution had been identified. The main aim of this thesis was to offer a novel and simple tool for the prediction of landfill behaviour when unconventional management practises are introduced, regarding both the quality of the MSW landfilled and the operational conditions. Therefore, experimental tests were conducted at lab-scale, the full-scale case study of CT landfill was monitored and a fuzzy-logic (FL) based model was developed for the prediction of landfill gas production. The experimental tests at lab-scale demonstrated that coupling MBT with leachate recirculation could reactivate the biodegradation processes even for low biodegradable waste (LBW), thanks to moisture increase. Although it was difficult to establish a stable methanogenic phase, CH4 production reached 28 NL kg-1 after 442 days of experimentation, that is 85% of its bio-methane potential (BMP). Also leachate quality presented reduced pollution strength with low COD and NH4+ concentrations. The results highlighted the differences between the tested LBW and fresh not pretreated MSW and between the optimized lab-scale and the heterogeneities of the full-scale landfill. Two deterministic models were tested for the estimation of CH4 production from LBW under leachate recirculation: Gompertz kinetic model and BIO-5 model. The production curves obtained by the two models confirmed the limits of deterministic methods and underlined the need of different approaches, able to deal with the uncertainties typical of landfill gas modelling. A FL-based model to predict methane generation in BRLs was proposed. Eleven deterministic inputs (pH, ORP, COD, VFA, NH4+ content, age of the waste, temperature, moisture content, organic fraction, particle size and recirculation flow rate) were identified as antecedent variables. Two outputs, or consequents, were chosen: methane production rate and methane fraction. The fuzzy model was built and tested on the lab-scale experimentation of LBW under leachate recirculation. Additionally, the data of other six lab-scale studies from literature were used to widen the applicability of the proposed model. The proposed fuzzy model was then applied on the full-scale case study of CT landfill. Although this case study was characterized by lack of information from the previous literature, fuzzy modelling represented a valid tool which could be easily adapted to the specific system under study.Another aspect concerning modern landfills has been treated, that is the presence of emerging contaminants among MSW. A FL-based model was developed to evaluate biogas and methane production from BRLs in presence of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs). The fuzzy model was tested on the data of a lab-scale study simulating a bioreactor landfill with 100 mg of added nano-ZnO/kg of dry waste, conducted in the Institute of Environmental Sciences (Boğaziçi University – Istanbul). By comparing the results of the proposed FL-based models with the deterministic models, the FL approach showed better performances for both lab-scale and full- scale methane predictions, confirming its high potential in the modelling of landfill environments under different emerging scenarios. The proposed FL-based models represent a basis to describe methane production in such systems, which, thanks to its learning structure, can be easily upgraded with additional parameters and information coming from future findings in this topic.

Ce travail a pour objectif d’étudier l’impact d’une installation de stockage de déchets nondangereux sur l’eau souterraine. L’ISDND d’Étueffont (90) dont le mode d’exploitation associedes prétraitements mécanique et biologique (broyage et maturation aérobie) comporte un casiernon sécurisé ainsi qu’un casier étanche. La caractérisation des lixiviats sur 21 ans (1989-2010)montre une dégradation rapide des déchets. Un état de stabilisation est atteint en fin de suivi. Lesprétraitements ont permis d’accélérer la dégradation des déchets et de réduire le potentiel polluantde l’ISDND. Les lixiviats sont traités in situ par lagunage naturel. Bien que cette technique soitpeu répandue pour le traitement des lixiviats, elle offre pourtant des abattements significatifs (75-90 %) de la matière organique, des matières en suspension, de l’azote et du phosphore. Lesprécédentes études ayant démontré une contamination de l’eau souterraine par les lixiviats, unedélimitation du panache de contamination a été entreprise en combinant des prospectionsgéophysiques du secteur (tomographie de résistivité électrique) et des analyses physico-Chimiquesde l’eau. Les résultats montrent une infiltration des lixiviats à la base du casier non sécurisé ainsiqu’au travers de la géomembrane du casier sécurisé. Une légère infiltration des eaux de lagunagea aussi été observée au niveau des lagunes. Le panache a une étendue limitée et se concentreessentiellement sous la base de l’ISDND. L’ensemble des résultats a permis de cibler les zonescontaminées et de définir les paramètres physico-Chimiques à surveiller dans le cadre du suivipost-Exploitation auquel est soumise l’ISDND jusqu’en 2031
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the impact of a landfill on groundwater quality.Municipal solid waste from the Etueffont landfill (Belfort area, France) was mechanically andbiologically treated (shredding and aerobic composting) before being disposed of in an unlinedarea and in a lined cell. The leachate characterization performed over a 21-Year period (1989-2010) showed a rapid degradation of waste. A steady state was reached at the end of themonitoring. Waste pretreatment enhanced the rate of biodegradation and reduced the pollutionpotential of the landfill. The leachate produced was treated on site in a natural lagooning. Whilelagooning is not a widespread practice for leachate treatment, significant removal (75-90 %) oforganic matter, suspended solids, nitrogen and phosphorus was observed. In previous studies,groundwater contamination was highlighted around the landfill. As a consequence, geophysicalinvestigations of the area by electrical resistivity tomography and physico-Chemical analyses wereconducted in order to delineate the contamination plume. The results showed leachate infiltrationinto the soil below the unlined part of the landfill and leakage through the watertightgeomembrane of the lined cell. Seepage of wastewater into the soil below the lagoons was alsoobserved. The extent of contamination plume was limited and was mostly limited to the landfillboundaries. The results of this work allowed to determine the location of the contaminated areasand helped to choose the appropriate physico-Chemical analytes of the post-Closure groundwatermonitoring program, which will be applied to the landfill until the end of 2031

A maioria dos municípios brasileiros dispõe os resíduos sólidos domiciliares em locais a céu aberto, sem controle e critério, contribuindo para a poluição das águas superficiais e do lençol freático. Estudos da contaminação de solos e seus mecanismos são cada vez mais explorados devido à necessidade de segurança, a longo prazo, exigida para sistemas de contenção de resíduos. A movimentação de chorume dos aterros para os solos, águas superficiais e subterrâneas coloca em risco a saúde pública pela contaminação. Estudos recentes constataram a existência de processos que permitem a atenuação natural dos contaminantes presentes nestes percolados. O adequado entendimento destes processos pode dar origem a uma série de benefícios possíveis de serem aplicados em aterros antigos, novos ou naqueles que ainda serão concebidos. O presente trabalho avaliou a atenuação de contaminantes, presentes no chorume, pelo solo por meio de experimento desenvolvido em colunas de percolação. O chorume e o solo utilizados neste experimento são provenientes do aterro sanitário de São Carlos - SP. O solo utilizado foi caracterizado quanto à composição físico-química para verificar o transporte do percolado nas colunas e a interação solo-contaminante. As curvas características do transporte de contaminantes traçadas apresentaram baixas concentrações de Pb (Chumbo), Cd (Cádmio), Fe (Ferro), Zn (Zinco) e Mn (Manganês) nas amostras efluentes. Já o Na (Sódio), K (Potássio), Cl (Cloro), Ni (Níquel) e Cu (Cobre) foram preferencialmente lixiviados com o chorume percolante, evidenciando a variação da faixa de concentração de cada elemento no percolado. Os perfis de concentração dos metais pesados mostraram que existe uma frente de contaminação, apresentando uma relação entre a concentração do metal sorvido no solo e sua concentração no percolado. As curvas de retenção de metais no solo mostraram que o Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu e Mn foram preferencialmente sorvidos no solo em relação ao Fe, Zn e Ni. O solo em questão apresentou bom potencial para retenção dos contaminantes presentes no chorume, apesar de ser classificado como arenoso e de suas características químicas não se enquadrarem nos parâmetros adequados para sua utilização em áreas de disposição de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Seu uso em base de aterros sanitários de pequeno porte pode ser considerado, desde que suas características sejam melhoradas por meio da mistura com geossintéticos. Este procedimento acarreta certa economia na construção de camadas impermeabilizantes, pois dispensa o uso de argilas e evita seu transporte de locais distantes do aterro.
The most of brazilian municipal cities disposes solid waste in places at opened sky, without control and criterion, contributing to the pollution of the surface and groundwater. Studies concerning soil contamination and their mechanisms have been explored more and more due to the long term security requirements demanded for residue containment systems. The movement of leachate from the landfill to the soils, surface and groundwaters put on risk the public health because of the contamination. Recent studies verify the existence of processes that allow the attenuation in natural way of the present pollutants in these leachates. The appropriate understanding of these processes propitiates a series of possible benefits of they be applied in old landfill, new or in those that will be implanted. The present work evaluated the attenuation of pollutants, presents in the leachate by the soil through experiment developed in percolation columns. The leachate and soil used in this experiment have came from the sanitary landfill of São Carlos - SP. The collected soil was characterized as to composition physical-chemical to verify the transport of the leachate in the columns and the interaction soil-pollutant. The breakthrough curves traced have been observed that Pb (Lead), Cd (Cadmium), Fe (Iron), Zn (Zinc) and Mn (Manganese) came in low concentration in the effluents leachate. Already the Na (Sodium), K (Potassium), Cl (Chlorine), Ni (Nickel) and Cu (Copper) have been preferably leached with the leachate, showing occurrence of a wide range of concentrations of each species at leachate. Concentration profiles of the heavy metals indicated the existence of a contamination plume, showing relationship between concentration of the metal absorved in the soil and in the leachate. The curves of material´s retention for the soil showed that the Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu and Mn were preferably absorved by the soil in relation to the Fe, Zn and Ni. The soil in subject has presented good potential of retention for the present pollutants in the leachate in spite of being classified as sandy and they chemical characteristics don\'t frame in the appropriate parameters for use in areas of solid waste disposal. Your use in base of sanitary landfill of small load can be considered, since your characteristics have been improved through the mixture of this soil with geo synthetics, involving certain economy at construction of waterproof layers, exempting the clay use and avoid the transport of this material for distant places of the landfill.

Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo principal avaliar o transporte de poluentes de um lixiviado real de aterro sanitário em um solo laterítico do estado de São Paulo. A pesquisa objetiva também comparar dois métodos de avaliação de transporte de poluentes: ensaios laboratoriais e análise de dados de contaminação de campo. No aterro sanitário de Botucatu houve, comprovadamente, percolação do lixiviado pelo subsolo durante aproximadamente 15 anos, sob uma lagoa de acumulação de lixiviado sem revestimento de fundo. Foram coletadas amostras de solo subjacente à lagoa, uma areia argilosa, em três perfis verticais na superfície e nas profundidades de 0,25 m, 0,50 m, 1,00 m, 2,00 m e 4,00 m. Os poluentes investigados foram: arsênio, cádmio, carbono orgânico total (COT), chumbo, cloreto, cobre, cromo, ferro, manganês, níquel, nitrogênio Kjeldahl total (NKT) e zinco. Amostras indeformadas do solo local não contaminado foram também coletadas para ensaios de permeabilidade à água e ao lixiviado, assim como para ensaios de coluna. A condutividade hidráulica do solo é da ordem de 10-6 m/s, porém significativamente influenciada pelo gradiente hidráulico aplicado e pela duração da percolação. A condutividade hidráulica diminuiu com a percolação de lixiviado para ordens de grandeza entre 10-8 e 10-6 m/s, dependendo do gradiente hidráulico. Os ensaios de coluna mostraram concentrações efluentes dos elementos pesquisados superiores às afluentes, impossibilitando a obtenção de parâmetros de transporte de poluentes. A análise das amostras contaminadas coletadas in situ mostrou que, embora o solo local seja poroso e apresente alta permeabilidade, as concentrações dos elementos estudados eram inferiores aos limites legais de contaminação do órgão de controle ambiental estadual. O cloreto e o nitrogênio, para os quais não há limites legais, apresentaram-se no subsolo em concentrações elevadas, superiores às concentrações no solo natural e, em algumas amostras, às do lodo depositado no fundo da lagoa.
The aim of this research is to evaluate transport of pollutants from a sanitary landfill leachate through a Brazilian lateritic soil by two methods: laboratory tests and analysis of field contamination. In Botucatu Sanitary Landfill, leachate stored in an unlined pond infiltrated into the subsoil for 15 years. Samples of the subjacent soil, a porous clayey sand, were collected in three profiles located inside the area of the leachate pond at the following depths: surface, 0.25 m, 0.50 m, 1.00 m, 2.00 m and 4.00 m. The investigated pollutants were arsenic, cadmium, chloride, cooper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, Kjeldahl nitrogen, total organic carbon (TOC) and zinc. The hydraulic conductivity measured in undisturbed and uncontaminated samples of the local soil, around 10-6 m/s, is significantly influenced by the applied hydraulic gradient and the percolation duration. When leachate substituted water as percolation fluid, the hydraulic conductivity decreased to values between 10-8 and 10-6 m/s depending on the hydraulic gradient. Chemical analysis of contaminated samples showed that concentrations of the researched elements in the subsoil were lower than legal maximum contamination limits established by the environmental agency of São Paulo state, in spite of the fact that the local soil is porous and has high hydraulic conductivity. On the other hand, chloride and Kjeldahl nitrogen, pollutants for which there are no legal limits, were found in concentrations much higher than background values, and in some samples even higher than those measured in the leachate sludge deposited in the bottom of the storage pond.

Subtitle D of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) requires a post closure period of 30 years for non hazardous wastes in landfills. Post closure care (PCC) activities under Subtitle D include leachate collection and treatment, groundwater monitoring, inspection and maintenance of the final cover, and monitoring to ensure that landfill gas does not migrate off site or into on site buildings. The decision to reduce PCC duration requires exploration of a performance based methodology to Florida landfills. PCC should be based on whether the landfill is a threat to human health or the environment. Historically no risk based procedure has been available to establish an early end to PCC. Landfill stability depends on a number of factors that include variables that relate to operations both before and after the closure of a landfill cell. Therefore, PCC decisions should be based on location specific factors, operational factors, design factors, post closure performance, end use, and risk analysis. The question of appropriate PCC period for Florida’s landfills requires in depth case studies focusing on the analysis of the performance data from closed landfills in Florida. Based on data availability, Davie Landfill was identified as case study site for a case by case analysis of landfill stability. The performance based PCC decision system developed by Geosyntec Consultants was used for the assessment of site conditions to project PCC needs. The available data for leachate and gas quantity and quality, ground water quality, and cap conditions were evaluated. The quality and quantity data for leachate and gas were analyzed to project the levels of pollutants in leachate and groundwater in reference to maximum contaminant level (MCL). In addition, the projected amount of gas quantity was estimated. A set of contaminants (including metals and organics) were identified as contaminants detected in groundwater for health risk assessment. These contaminants were selected based on their detection frequency and levels in leachate and ground water; and their historical and projected trends. During the evaluations a range of discrepancies and problems that related to the collection and documentation were encountered and possible solutions made. Based on the results of PCC performance integrated with risk assessment, projection of future PCC monitoring needs and sustainable waste management options were identified. According to these results, landfill gas monitoring can be terminated, leachate and groundwater monitoring for parameters above MCL and surveying of the cap integrity should be continued. The parameters which cause longer monitoring periods can be eliminated for the future sustainable landfills. As a conclusion, 30 year PCC period can be reduced for some of the landfill components based on their potential impacts to human health and environment (HH&E).

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a possibilidade de acelerar o processo de digestão anaeróbia da fração orgânica de resíduos sólidos urbanos domésticos em sistemas de duas fases, com taxas crescentes de recirculação de lixiviado, variando a taxa de recirculação de lixiviado em função da concentração de ácidos voláteis. Para tanto, foram operados dois sistemas de reatores, cada um composto por um reator de sólidos, que continha o resíduo sólido a ser tratado e um filtro anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente, que tratava o lixiviado do primeiro, antes que esse lixiviado fosse recirculado ao reator de sólidos. Um dos sistemas teve sua taxa de recirculação aumentada a intervalos constantes, enquanto que no outro o momento do aumento da taxa foi função da concentração de ácido propiônico no sistema. O trabalho teve ainda dois objetivos secundários: avaliar a validade de comparar os resultados dos dois sistemas, operados em paralelo, em função das características dos resíduos sólidos e dos procedimentos adotados para coleta e preparação do substrato e para o carregamento dos reatores; e avaliou-se a possibilidade de utilizar filtros anaeróbios para recuperar reatores acidificados. Durante o desenvolvimento do experimento, foram monitorados os seguintes parâmetros: DQO (não filtrada e filtrada), pH, alcalinidade, série de sólidos, nitrogênio total Kjeldahl, nitrogênio amoniacal, ácidos voláteis e composição do biogás. Foram realizados ainda exames qualitativos da microbiota que se desenvolveu nos reatores, através de microscopia óptica de fluorescência e contraste de fase. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que: a) os procedimentos testados para o carregamento dos reatores de sólidos permitiram a comparação de resultados entre os sistemas; b) os filtros foram capazes de recuperar reatores acidificados; e c) a utilização da concentração de ácido propiônico para determinar o momento da variação da taxa de recirculação permitiu acelerar o processo, embora de forma restrita, para a escala de reatores utilizada.
The purpose of this dissertation was to evaluate the possibility of accelerating the process of anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of domestic municipal solid waste, in two-stage systems, with increasing leachate recirculation rate, through the use of volatile acids as determining parameter of the moment in which the rate must be varied. To do so, two systems of reactors were operated, each being composed by a solids reactor, which contained the solid waste intended to be treated, and an upflow anaerobic filter, which treated the leachate of the first reactor, before recirculation. One of the systems had its recirculation rate increased at constant spells of time, while, in the other system, the moment of the increase in the recirculation rate was a function of the concentration of propionic acid in the system. This study had yet two secondary purposes: evaluating the validity of comparing the results from the two systems of reactors, operated in parallel, in view of the characteristics of solid waste and the adopted procedures for collecting and preparing the substrate, as well as for the loading of reactors; and evaluating the possibility of using anaerobic filters to recover acidified reactors. The following parameters were measured during the process: COD (filtered and non-filtered), pH, alkalinity, solids, Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, volatile acids and biogas composition. The development of microorganisms in the reactors was observed qualitatively, using optical microscopy. It was possible to reach the following conclusions: a) the tested procedures allow the comparison of results between the systems; b) the filters are capable of recovering acidified reactors; and c) the employment of the concentration of propionic acid to determine the moment of increase of leachate recirculation rate is capable of accelerating the process, though in a restricted way, for the scale of reactors used.

O tratamento e a disposição final de resíduos sólidos urbanos é um dos grandes problemas ambientais da atualidade. No caso dos aterros sanitários, as áreas para implantação desses empreendimentos são cada vez mais escassas, especialmente nos grandes centros urbanos, exatamente onde há grande geração de resíduos. É notória a necessidade de se buscar alternativas adequadas para a disposição final de resíduos sólidos urbanos. A correta disposição de resíduos em aterros sanitários exige que esses empreendimentos sejam tratados de forma integral, desde a escolha do local, o desenvolvimento do projeto e a execução da obra até o gerenciamento da operação e ações correlatas de monitoramento ambiental. O objetivo dessas ações é minimizar os potenciais impactos ao meio ambiente, dos quais o de maior gravidade é a contaminação do solo e das águas pelos lixiviados gerados nos aterros. Os lixiviados de aterros sanitários são produzidos durante toda sua vida útil e após seu encerramento, devendo ser coletados, tratados e monitorados por várias décadas. Atualmente, não se sabe de maneira precisa qual é o volume e por quanto tempo ocorre a geração de lixiviados na maioria dos aterros sanitários no Brasil. Para esse trabalho realizou-se o levantamento dos aterros sanitários em operação e encerrados no período de 1998 a 2012 na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, bem como da geração de lixiviados durante o mesmo período. A partir dessas informações traçou-se a série histórica referente a esse período, a partir da qual se pode inferir a grandeza da problemática para os próximos anos. Também são abordadas as necessidades futuras do sistema de tratamento de lixiviados.
The treatment and final disposal of urban solid wastes is one of the great environmental problems of present. In the case of sanitary landfills, the areas for settlement of such projects are increasingly scarce, especially in great urban areas, exactly where there is great waste production. It is notable the necessity of searching adequate alternatives for the final disposal of solid wastes. The correct disposal of solid wastes in sanitary landfills requires that these projects be treated in an integral approach, since the choice of the site, the project development, and the execution of the construction, to the operation management and correlated environmental monitoring actions. The intent of such actions is to minimize potential risks to the environment, being one of the most serious the soil and water contamination by the leachate generated in landfills. Landfill leachate is produced during the operation and after closure of landfills. They must be collected, treated and monitored for several decades. Currently, in most of landfills in Brazil, there is no accurate information about the volume of generated leachate and for how long it is produced. For this dissertation it has been held a survey of operating and closed landfills from 1998 to 2012 in the metropolitan area of São Paulo, as well as the leachate generated. Using these data, a historical series of this period has been traced, from which one can infer the magnitude of the problem for the next years. This study also addresses future need of the leachate treatment system.

Apesar de surgir como um país emergente, infelizmente a situação do saneamento básico no Brasil é bastante precária. Dos 5.507 municípios brasileiros apenas 52,2% possuem algum tipo de serviço de esgotamento sanitário (IBGE, 2000). Diante deste cenário alarmante, soluções individuais passam a ganhar mais importância. A adoção de tanques sépticos como uma alternativa para a solução do esgoto sanitário, em regiões carentes de rede de esgoto, passa a ser viável devido ao seu baixo custo e eficiência satisfatória. No entanto, a operação inadequada dessas pequenas unidades podem se tornar um passivo ambiental, em virtude do lodo produzido, subproduto da degradação anaeróbia. A solução mais fácil e prática seria a sua disposição em Estações de Tratamento de Efluente, no entanto é uma minoria dos municípios brasileiros, 20,2% (IBGE, 2000), que contam com estas unidades. A proposta do presente trabalho foi simular a comportamento da disposição do Lodo de Tanques Sépticos (LTS) em aterros sanitários, juntamente com resíduos sólidos domiciliares (RSD). Por meio de quatro reatores anaeróbios, com 50 litros cada, avaliaram-se os efeitos da degradação anaeróbia da Fração Orgânica do RSD (FORSD) na presença de LTS. Todos os reatores possuíam a mesma quantidade de FORSD, 28 kg. Cada unidade experimental recebeu quantidades diferentes de LTS: reator 1 = 0 L; reator 2 = 4,9 L; reator 3 = 9,8 L e reator 4 = 14,7 L. O monitoramento acompanhou as características químicas e a quantidade do lixiviado, a composição do biogás e as mudanças físico-químicas na mistura de FORSD e LTS no início e no final do experimento. Entre os resultados obtidos, destaca-se a eficiência de remoção de DQO da FORSD, 21%, 51%, 68% e 73% para os reatores 1, 2, 3 e 4 respectivamente. E a aceleração na degradação anaeróbia nos reatores que receberam LTS, devido a produção precoce de metano, aparecimento no 40º dia nos reatores tratados com LTS e pela disponibilidade imediata de nutrientes, observada pelas análises de nitrogênio amoniacal.
Despite being an emerging country, unfortunately the sanitary situation of Brazil is quite precarious. Only 52.2% of the 5,507 brazilian municipalities have some type of sanitary service (IBGE, 2000). In this alarming scenario, individual solutions are gaining more importance. The adoption of septic tanks as an alternative to the solution of the sewage becomes viable due to its low cost and satisfactory performance. However, the inappropriate operation of these small units can become an environmental problem because of the produced sludge, sub product of anaerobic degradation. This material must be managed adequately and securely to prevent possible contamination of soil and water. The easiest and practice solution would be its disposal in sewage treatment stations, however there are only 20.2% (IBGE, 2000) of all the brazilian cities which rely on these units. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of the disposal of sludge from septic tanks (LTS) in landfills, along with domestic solid waste (RSD). Using four anaerobic reactors, with 50 liters each, the effects of anaerobic degradation of organic fraction of the RSD (FORSD) in the presence of LTS were evaluated. All reactors had the same amount of FORSD, 28 kg. Each experimental unit received different amounts of LTS: Reactor 1 = 0 L; Reactor 2 = 4.9 L, Reactor 3 = 9.8 L and Reactor 4 = 14.7 L. The monitoring followed the characteristics and quantity of leachate, the composition of biogas and changes in physical-chemical mixture of FORSD and LTS at the beginning and the end of the experiment. The results highlight the efficiency of removal of the DQO of FORSD, 21%, 51%, 68% and 73% for reactors 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, and the acceleration in the degradation in anaerobic reactors that received LTS, due to early production of methane, appearing in 40º day in reactors treated with LTS and the ready availability of nutrients, observed by the analysis of ammonia nitrogen.

Nesta tese foi estudada a influência da recirculação do percolado, ajustando as melhores taxas e freqüências, para degradação da fração orgânica dos resíduos sólidos urbanos, em sistema de batelada de uma e duas fases (híbrido). Foram utilizados reatores de 3,45 litros preenchidos com resíduo sólido urbano padrão (FORSUp), percolado como inóculo e um filtro anaeróbio como reator metanogênico. Foram testadas as taxas de recirculação do inóculo de 1%, 2,5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% e 50% e seu monitoramento feito por análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas. O reator que apresentou melhores valores de produção de metano e redução de DQO foi aquele com taxa de recirculação de 20% do percolado metanogênico. Na segunda etapa foram operados três digestores de 50L, alimentados com a FORSUp com as melhores taxas de recirculação determinadas na primeira etapa desse trabalho e a obtida no trabalho de Salgado (2003). Um reator simulou o reator acidogênico de um sistema de duas fases, no qual 20% de seu inóculo foi injetado em um filtro anaeróbio (com tempo de detenção hidráulico de 24 horas). Um outro sistema com taxa de 10% de recirculação de percolado foi operado como reator de uma fase. Outro reator, inoculado com a mesma quantidade de FORSUp e percolado, porém, não se realizou qualquer recirculação do seu inóculo (controle), servindo para comparar os digestores de uma e duas fases. O sistema de duas fases, comparado aos demais reatores, confirmou que a taxa de recirculação de 20%, obteve maior eficiência na partida, com elevada produção de metano e maior percentual de degradação de sólidos. Os exames microscópicos realizados em amostras de percolado desses reatores revelaram predominância de organismos de morfologia com características de Methanococcus e Methanosarcina. Concluiu-se que a taxa de recirculação de percolado influi significativamente nos reatores degradando a matéria orgânica. O estudo cinético confirmou que o processo de digestão obedece a cinética das reações em série, com elevados valores de k´1
This thesis studied the influence of the leachate recirculation, adjusting to the best rates and frequencies, for degradation of the organic fraction of the urban solid wastes, in one and two-phases (hybrid) system. Bioreactors of 3.45 L were used and filled out with OFMSW pattern, leachate as seed and an anaerobic filter as methanogenic reactor. The performance of the reactors was analyzed varying recirculation rates (1, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 50 % in volume of seed). Leachate samples from these reactors were examined through microscopical examinations and physical-chemical analyses to evaluate its performance. The reactor with 20% recirculation rate, got larger efficiency in the departure, methane production and percentage of solid degradation, compared to the others reactors. In the second stage, three 50L digesters were operated and fed with standard OFMSW with the best recirculation rates of the first stage and the best rate obtained in Salgado (2003). A bioreactor simulated the acidogenic reactor of a two-phase system, in which 20% of its seed was injected in anaerobic filter (with hydraulic detention time of 24 hours). Another system, with 10% of recirculation rate of leachate was operated in a one-phase reactor. Once more bioreactor, inoculated like others, however, without any recirculation were studied to compare with one and two-phase reactor. The two-phase system confirmed that the 20% recirculation rate, compared to the others reactors, obtained better efficiency with high methane production and solid degradation. The microscopical examinations in the leachate samples from this reactor presented predominance of organisms with characteristical morphology from Methanococcus and Methanosarcina. It was concluded that the leachate recirculation has significant influence in the degradation of organic matter bioreactors. The kinetic study confirmed that the anaerobic process for OFMSW proceed the in series kinetics, with high constants values of first order

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Vulnerability models are important tools in the study of water contamination by different soil usage activities. The goal of this research is to evaluate the risk of contamination by the presence of an urban solid waste disposal site (UWDS) within the surface water catchment basins (SWCB) used in the State of Goiás public water supply. An identification and characterization of the SWCBs and UWDSs has been carried out in a geographical identification system using the QGis 2.12.0 – Lyon software. Afterwards the overlapping of this information allowed the identification of all SWCBs which had an UWDS within its limits. A Susceptibility Index (SI) was applied to these SWCBs. The SI was formed by intrinsic characteristics such as the depth of a non-saturated zone, net recharge, aquifer material and topography. Also contributing to the SI was an extrinsic characteristic, soil usage. The comparison and identification of the dominant classes of the SI was done through the calculation of the average vulnerability of each SWCB. The SWCBs, which had the highest risk of water contamination were selected and had the UWDSs in its areas analyzed by six technical parameters: type of UWDS, estimate of waste generation, surface area, slope, SI of the UWDS and its distance to the nearest body of water. Each parameter was classified according to its risk to water contamination and given a scale from 1 to 7. The given values were correlated evaluating the interdependence of the parameters. The use of this method led to the identification of 204 catchment points and its SWCBs and 228 UWDS, out of which 93% were irregular dumping sites. The SI for each of the 43 SWCBs identified in the State in which there was the presence of 69 UWDSs, was then calculated. The average vulnerability for each SWCB allowed the selection of the 9 most vulnerable ones. These were distributed in the high-to-moderate and moderate-to-low classes (SI > 50), which had 18 UWDSs within its limits. A Spearman analysis was done using the coefficients attributed to each parameter of the UWDSs. The analysis permitted the identification of only 2 parameter with significant correlation (surface area and estimate of waste generation). This confirmed the interdependence of the selected characteristics. It also allowed for a risk calculation through the addition of the parameters, which ranged from 15 to 27. These were distributed into three classes (low, medium and high). The high risk UWDS identified were in the cities of: Bom Jesus de Goiás, Itumbiara, Jataí e Rio Verde. The surface area, waste generation and slope were the parameter which most influenced this classification. In conclusion, the vulnerability evaluation proved effective, and of great relevance in the identification of the SWCBs most susceptible to water contamination. It can also be applied to other study areas. In Goiás, the analysis allowed the existing risk calculation for each of the 18 UWDSs out of which 4 were classified as high risk. These were considered priority adequate and remediation sites.
Modelos de vulnerabilidade são importantes ferramentas no estudo de contaminação da qualidade das águas por diferentes atividades de uso do solo. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o risco de contaminação pela presença de disposição final de resíduos sólidos urbanos (DRS) em bacias de captação superficial de água (BCS) para abastecimento público no estado de Goiás. Foi realizada a identificação e caracterização das BCS e das DRS em um sistema de informações geográficas utilizando o software QGis 2.12.0 - Lyon. Posteriormente essas informações foram sobrepostas permitindo identificar as BCS com DRS em suas delimitações. Para esse grupo foi aplicado o Índice de Susceptibilidade (IS), composto por características intrínsecas das BCS (profundidade da zona não saturada, recarga, material do aquífero e topografia) e por uma extrínseca, o uso e ocupação do solo. A realização do comparativo e a identificação das classes predominantes do IS foi realizado pelo cálculo da vulnerabilidade média de cada BCS. Desta forma, foram selecionadas as BCS com maior risco de contaminação de suas águas e as DRS presentes em suas áreas, que foram analisadas por seis parâmetros técnicos: tipo de DRS, estimativa de geração de resíduos, área superficial, declividade, IS da DRS e distância da DRS até o corpo d’água. Cada parâmetro foi classificado, de acordo com o risco de contaminação das águas, e valorado em uma escala de um a sete. Posteriormente, os valores atribuídos foram correlacionados avaliando a interdependência dos parâmetros. A aplicação desse método permitiu a identificação de 204 pontos de captação com suas respectivas BCS e de 228 DRS, sendo 93% classificadas como lixões. Foi calculado o IS para as 43 BCS identificadas no Estado com presença de DRS (69) em suas áreas. A vulnerabilidade média calculada para cada BCS permitiu a seleção das nove BCS mais vulneráveis, estando distribuídas nas classes moderada a alta e moderada a baixa (IS>50), e possuindo 18 DRS em suas delimitações. Foi realizada uma análise de componentes principais de Spearman com os coeficientes atribuídos para cada parâmetro das DRS o que permitiu a identificação de apenas dois parâmetros com correlação significativa (área superficial e estimativa de geração de resíduos), confirmando a interdependência das características selecionadas. Desta forma foi possível o cálculo do risco, pelo somatório dos parâmetros, que variou de 15 a 27 e foi discretizado em três classes (baixo, médio e alto). As DRS de risco alto foram as dos municípios de Bom Jesus de Goiás, Itumbiara, Jataí e Rio Verde sendo que a área superficial, geração de resíduos e declividade foram os parâmetros que mais influenciaram nessa classificação. Conclui-se que a avaliação da vulnerabilidade mostrou-se eficaz e de grande relevância para a identificação das BCS mais susceptíveis à contaminação de suas águas podendo ser aplicado em outras áreas de estudo. Em Goiás, a análise permitiu o cálculo do risco existente em cada uma das 18 DRS, onde quatro DRS foram classificadas como de risco alto, sendo consideradas prioritárias para adequação ou remediação.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
Mediante avaliação experimental comparativa, foi estabelecido que os processos de tratamento eletrolítico e de precipitação química são adequados para o tratamento primário de chorume gerado em aterro de resíduo sólido urbano. Foi também comprovado experimentalmente ser o stripping uma operação indicada para a remoção da amônia presente no chorume. O trabalho teve início com a caracterização do chorume através de parâmetros sanitários convencionais e também de análise instrumental visando a determinação das substâncias orgânicas presentes. Nesta caracterização foi dada ênfase ao chorume do aterro metropolitano do Rio de Janeiro (Gramacho). A caracterização do chorume indicou altas concentrações de sais dissolvidos, amônia e matéria orgânica, características de chorume velho. Os resultados são compatíveis com os obtidos com amostras de chorume oriundas de aterros de mesmo porte de outros países. No chorume bruto a concentração de amônia ficou normalmente cerca de 500 vezes acima do limite de lançamento. A amônia apresenta alta toxidade aos peixes, o que torna a sua remoção justificada e necessária. Por outro lado, as análises instrumentais utilizando a técnica de cromatografia gasosa com espectrometria de massa (GC/MS), permitiram a identificação, ainda inédita, de substâncias orgânicas oriundas da biodegradação e/ou decomposição dos resíduos sólidos urbanos, bem como de produtos químicos dispostos no aterro ou contidos em embalagens. Foi também conduzido um programa experimental, em escala de bancada, para avaliar a aplicação dos processos eletrolíticos e de precipitação química ao tratamento do chorume. Foram investigados diversos parâmetros, tais como:adição de produtos químicos, consumo de energia, quantidade e características do lodo gerado e qualidade do chorume tratado em relação a diversos parâmetros sanitários. O chorume tratado também foi submetido a análise cromatográfica, de modo a determinar alterações qualitativas na sua composição química durante o tratamento. O processo eletrolítico mostrou-se bastante indicado para a remoção de compostos orgânicos do chorume, porém não adequado para a remoção de amônia. A precipitação química mostrou-se boa para a remoção de orgânicos e propiciadora da remoção de amônia, sem ser, no entanto, a melhor opção do ponto de vista de otimização de custos. A melhor solução encontrada, sob todos os aspectos, consiste na combinação desses dois processos. Foi então conduzida uma série de experimentos voltados para a remoção da amônia por stripping, após a etapa de precipitação química com hidróxido de cálcio (cal). Investigou -se a influência de parâmetros tais como pH e temperatura na eficiência de remoção de amônia, tendo sido obtidas eficiências de remoção da ordem de 90 % nas condições de pH na faixa de 10 a 12,5 na temperatura ambiente. Estes resultados experimentais indicaram que os processos físicoquímicos estudados são a alternativa mais vantajosa para a remoção das altas concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal encontradas no chorume. A remoção dessas grandes quantidades de N-NH3 também foi vantajosa, tanto operacional como economicamente, considerando-se a etapa subseqüente de tratamento biológico. Verificou-se também que a quantidade de amônia removida do chorume de Gramacho através do stripping aponta para a possibilidade de sua recuperação para fins econômicos, sob a forma de sulfato de amônio.
Following an experimental examination of available techniques, it was established that electrolytic treatment and chemical precipitation are most adequate for the primary treatment of leachates generated in municipal solid waste landfills. It was also determined experimentally that an air stripping operation is indicated for removal of ammonia present in the leachate. The initial stages of this present work concerned the characterization of leachate in accordance with conventional sanitary parameters, together with analytically determined organics contents. In making such characterizations, use was made of the leachate emanating from the metropolitan landfill of Rio de Janeiro (Gramacho). This leachate exhibited high concentrations of dissolved salts, ammonia and organic material - typical of old established landfills. Such results are comparable with those obtained from similar landfills in other countries. The concentration of ammonia in the raw leachate was frequently at least 500 times the permissible limit. Ammonia is highly toxic towards fish and its removal is accordingly justified on these grounds alone. Furthermore, the analyses were carried out using the techniques of gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MC), which permitted the identification, previously unreported, of organic substances, originated from the biodegradation and/or decomposition of municipal solid wastes, and of the chemical products found in the landfill itself or in deposited containers. An experimental programme was, at the same time, conducted in the laboratory to evaluate the application of the electrolytic and chemical precipitation processes for the treatment of leachate. A number of diverse parameters were investigated, such as: usage of chemicals, energy consumptions, quantity and characteristics of sludge generated, and the quality of treated leachate, in terms of diverse sanitary parameters. The treated leachate was also submitted to chromatographic analysis in order to determine changes in its chemical composition during treatment. The electrolytic process was shown to be well suited to the removal of organic materials from the leachate but was not effective in the removal of ammonia. Chemical precipitation was found to be a suitable means of removal of both organics and ammonia, although it does not feature highly in terms of its cost effectiveness. A better solution, in the overall sense, is considered to be that which comprises a combination of these two processes. A series of experiments was also undertaken designed to investigate the removal of ammonia by air stripping, after the chemical precipitation stage with calcium hydroxide. During these experiments, the influence on the efficiency of removal of ammonia of parameters such as pH and temperature was determined. Removal efficiencies of the order of 90% were obtained at pH levels between 10 and 12.5, at ambient temperature. These experimental results indicate that the physico-chemical processes studied represent the optimum alternative for removal of high concentrations of ammoniacal nitrogen encountered in leachate. The removal of large quantities of N - NH3 is furthermore considered to be economically attractive when followed by biological treatment. It was also established that the quantity of ammonia, which could be removed from the Gramacho leachate, utilizing the stripping process, is such as to present economic possibilities for its recovery as ammonium sulphate.

Um dos desafios na elaboração de projetos de aterros sanitários é o equacionamento do destino/tratamento dos líquidos percolados em função das elevadas concentrações de poluentes, associadas a grandes variações, e seu abrandamento natural ao longo do tempo. Nesse sentido, o trabalho avalia, a partir da montagem de unidade piloto, a viabilidade do lançamento dos líquidos percolados gerados no aterro de sanitário, localizado no município de Piracicaba-SP, na Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto que dispõe de sistema australiano de lagoas. A unidade foi montada na própria estação e operada durante 18 meses, sendo avaliado o comportamento da eficiência para vazões crescentes de líquidos percolados. No trabalho foi investigado também a adequação dos métodos Suíço, Racional e do Balanço Hídrico na previsão da taxa de geração de líquidos percolados, a partir da comparação das estimativas obtidas pela aplicação dos métodos com a observada na prática. De maneira geral, pode-se dizer que é viável o lançamento de chorume em estações de tratamento de esgoto, sem prejuízo na eficiência do sistema. Com relação às estimativas das vazões de chorume pela aplicação dos métodos, os erros variaram desde menos 22% até mais 20% da vazão obtida na prática.
One of the challenges in the project of sanitary landfills is the solution of the destination/treatment of leachates due to the high concentration of pollutants, which is also associated to large variations and a natural reduction with time. This work evaluates, based on a pilot unit, the feasibility of the treatment of leachates, produced in sanitary landfills, in a wastewater treatment plant that uses a system of stabilization lagoons. The pilot unit was mounted in the wastewater treatment site and operated for 18 months, in which the performance was monitored for crescent flowrates of leachates. It was also investigated the prediction of leachate flowrates by different methods (Swiss, Rational and Hydric Balance) based on the comparison of predicted leachate generation rates with observed data. In general, it is possible to perform the treatment of leachates in wastewater treatment plants because there was no reduction of efficiency. Related to the prediction of leachate volumes, the errors of the tested methods range from -22% to + 20% of the observed flowrates.

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Caixa Econômica Federal
CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
FINEP - Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
PROSAB - Programa de Pesquisa em Saneamento Básico
UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos
A geração dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) se transformou em um dos maiores problemas da atualidade. A quantidade e variedade de materiais descartados, o aumento populacional nas cidades e a crescente geração per capita, tornam cada vez mais complexo o seu gerenciamento. A disposição desses resíduos no ambiente se faz em aterros sanitários. Entretanto, a utilização desse método de disposição está atrelada a potenciais impactos ambientais, sendo um dos principais a geração de lixiviado. A geração e a liberação de lixiviado para o meio ambiente são preocupantes em função da sua composição já que contém diferentes compostos, vários deles com potencial poluidor elevado. É fundamental a identificação de alternativas tecnológicas para unidades de tratamento de lixiviado que compatibilizem custos baixos, eficiência de tratamento e atendimento aos padrões sanitários operados no país. Essa pesquisa estudou filtros biológicos anaeróbios com a pretensão de obter a eficiência de remoção de matéria orgânica carbonácea nas unidades. Os filtros instalados para a pesquisa operaram com dois meios suportes: rachão e o bloco de concreto, sendo que variou-se a entrada de lixiviado: fluxos ascendente e descendente, buscando-se identificar as condições ótimas de operação para aplicação em aterros sanitários instalados em municípios brasileiros. Filtros com blocos de concreto como meio suporte demonstraram maior formação de biofilme tanto nas determinações diretas de massa, quanto nas análises de proteínas e contagem microbiana. As morfologias predominantes no biofilme foram bacilos, cocos, sarcinas, filamentos e espirilos. A eficiência de remoção de matéria orgânica nos filtros anaeróbios operados com fluxo ascendente de lixiviado foi de 61% e 56% para rachão e bloco, respectivamente. A operação dos filtros com fluxo de entrada ascendente foi a melhor opção em todas as estações do ano quando se trata de remoção de matéria orgânica. Os resultados obtidos com filtros operados com fluxo ascendente indicam uma maior mistura no sistema, já que no fluxo descendente existe a dificuldade da distribuição homogênea do lixiviado e uma maior formação de lodo no fundo dos filtros estudados.
Urban solid wastes (USW) have become one of the greatest problems of our time. The amount and variety of materials discarded, the population growth in cities and the rise of per capita generation have made their management increasingly complex. Disposal of these wastes in the environment is done in landfills. However, the use of this disposal method is attached to potential environmental impacts, a main one being leachate generation. The generation and discharge of leachate into the environment are a matter for concern because of its composition, since it contains different compounds, some of them with a high potential for pollution. It is essential to identify technological alternatives for leachate treatment units that will render compatible low costs, efficient treatment and compliance with the country's sanitary standards. This research studied anaerobic biological filters intending to obtain the efficiency of carbonaceous organic matter removal in the units. The filters installed for research operate with two main supports: recycled ground concrete and concrete block. The inflow of leachate was varied: ascending and descending flows, seeking to identify the optimal operational conditions to apply in landfills installed in Brazilian municipalities. Filters using concrete blocks as a support medium showed more biofilm formation, both in direct mass determinations, and in the analyses of proteins and microbial counts. The predominant morphologies in biofilm were bacilli, cocci, sarcines, filaments and spirilla. The efficiency of organic matter removal in the anaerobic filters operated with ascending flow of leachate was 61% and 56% for recycled ground concrete and block, respectively. The operation of filters with an ascending inflow was the best choice for all seasons of the year, when dealing with organic matter removal. The results obtained with ascending flow filters indicate greater mixture in the system, since in the descending flow there is the difficulty of homogeneous distribution of leachate, and more bottom sludge formation in the filters studied.

Estudos recentes constataram a existência de processos que permitem a atenuação natural dos contaminantes presentes nos lixiviados. O adequado entendimento destes processos pode originar benefícios possíveis de serem aplicados em aterros antigos, novos ou naqueles que ainda serão concebidos. O presente estudo avaliou o comportamento e a atenuação de contaminantes dos líxiviados no solo, por meio de experimento desenvolvido em colunas de percolação e, para a avaliação da atenuação este teste é indicado por refletir as condições naturais e as características adsortivas do solo, propiciando uma melhor simulação da atenuação. O lixiviado e o solo utilizados neste experimento são provenientes do aterro sanitário de São Carlos - SP. O solo utilizado foi caracterizado quanto à composição física, química, biológica e mineralógica para verificar o transporte do percolado nas colunas e a interação solo-contaminante. Na área do aterro foram feitas perfurações, ensaios de condutividade hidráulica e avaliação da geologia local, para conhecimento das características físicas, químicas, biológicas, mineralógicas e geológicas do solo in situ. Este foi classificado como arenoso, apresentando características físicas e químicas que não se enquadram nos parâmetros adequados para sua utilização em áreas de disposição de resíduos sólidos urbanos, pois, a capacidade de troca de cátions, superfície específica, potencial hidrogeniônico e classe textural arenosa, evidenciam que este solo possui deficiente capacidade de retenção e imobilização de contaminantes. Além disso, pela observação in situ, constata-se que a área de disposição de resíduos sólidos de São Carlos esta situado sobre rochas da Formação Botucatu, sendo que a mineralogia do solo presente no local é composta de quartzo, caulinita, goethita, hematita, gibsita e ilita. O ensaio de condutividade hidráulica indicou que o solo presente na base do Aterro sanitário não atende a valor de permeabilidade exigida por norma, o que poderá permitir a infiltração de água da chuva, aumentando a produção do lixiviado e sua movimentação no perfil, podendo atingir as águas subterrâneas. Assim, foram traçadas curvas características do transporte de contaminantes nas amostras efluentes monitoradas durante o processo de percolação, coletadas a cada 0,25 volume de poros até atingir 10,0 volume de poros percolados. As curvas características do transporte de contaminantes traçadas apresentaram baixas concentrações de Chumbo, Cádmio, Ferro, Zinco, Manganês, Cálcio, Magnésio, Cobre, Cromo nas amostras fluentes. Já o Sódio, Potássio, Cloro, Níquel e Alumínio foram preferencialmente percolados com o lixiviado, evidenciando a variação da faixa de concentração de cada elemento no percolado. Os perfis de concentração dos metais pesados mostraram que existe uma frente de contaminação. As curvas de retenção de metais no solo mostraram que a preferência de sorção apresentada pelos solos nas colunas foi : Cobre > Cádmio > Cálcio > Zinco > Magnésio > Potássio > Manganês > Fósforo > Ferro > Níquel > Alumínio. Cujos valores retidos no solo das colunas podem estar evidenciando a capacidade deste solo em reter contaminantes.O solo em questão apresentou baixo potencial para retenção dos contaminantes presentes no lixiviado, classificado como arenoso e, com características químicas que não se enquadram nos parâmetros adequados para sua utilização em áreas de disposição de resíduos sólidos urbanos.
Recent studies had found the existence of processes that allow a natural attenuation of the leachates\'s cotaminants. An adequate understanding of these processes may originate benefits, that may be applied in ancient, new or to be created landfills. This work evaluated the contaminant\'s behavior and attenuation, contaminants existing in soil\'s leaching, throughout an experiment developed in percolation columns. This is the indicated examination for evaluate the attenuation, because it reflects soil\'s natural conditions and adsorptive characteristics, providing a better simulation of it\'s attenuation. The leachate and the soil used in this experiment came from Sao Carlos-SP landfill. The used soil has been characterized as its mineralogical\'s and physical chemical-biological\'s composition, looking for the percolated\'s transportation inside the columns, and for the interaction soil-contaminant. The landfill\'s area has been several times drilled, tested as it\'s hydraulic conductivity and assessment of local geology, in order to know the physical, chemical, biological, mineralogical and geological in situ soil\'s characteristics. This, has been classified as sandy, and, by presenting chemical characteristics that does not reach the adequated value for utilization on solid urban wastes, due to the values of CTC, SE, pH, and the textural sandy class, what shows a deficient buffering capacity in retaining and immobilisating contaminants. By observation in situ, has been found that Sao Carlos\'s solids disposal waste is located over rocks from the Botucatu formation, and the mineralogy of it is composed of quartz, caulinith, goethith, hematith, gibsith an ilith. The hydraulic conductivity test has indicated that the soil in the base of the sanitary landfill does not reaches the permeability values required by the standards, what may allow rain water\'s infiltration, and raises the amount of leachate and it\'s movement onto the ground, and even the leachete to reach the underground waters. So, has been drawn the characteristics curves of the contaminant\'s transportation in the effluents samples found during the percolation process, collected by every 0,25 VP until it reaches 10,0 VP percolated. The characteristical curves of the contaminant\'s transportation drawn showed low concentrations in the effluent samples of Lead, Cadmium, Iron, Zinc, Manganese, Calcium, Magnesium, Cooper, Chromium. Also, Sodium, Potassium, Chlorine, Nickel and Aluminium had been preferencially percolated within the leachate, what evidentiates the variation in the range of concentrations of every percolated element. The concentration profiles from heavy metal\'s had shown that there is a front of contamination. The retention curves from the soil\'s retaining metal showed that the preferency for the sorption was: Cooper > Cadmium > Calcium > Zinc > Magnesium > Potassium > Manganese > Phosphorus > Iron > Nickel > Aluminium, whose values may point the soil\'s ability in retaining contaminants. The studied soil has presented low potential in retain contaminants from the leachete, and is characterized as sandy, and it\'s chemical features shall not be framed according the standards parameters to be utilized in solid urban waste\'s disposal.

Despite significant efforts have been directed toward reducing waste generation and encouraging alternative waste management strategies, landfills still remain the main option for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal in many countries. Hence, landfills and related impacts on the surroundings are still current issues throughout the world. Actually, the major concerns are related to the potential emissions of leachate and landfill gas into the environment, that pose a threat to public health, surface and groundwater pollution, soil contamination and global warming effects. To ensure environmental protection and enhance landfill sustainability, modern sanitary landfills are equipped with several engineered systems with different functions. For instance, the installation of containment systems, such as bottom liner and multi-layers capping systems, is aimed at reducing leachate seepage and water infiltration into the landfill body as well as gas migration, while eventually mitigating methane emissions through the placement of active oxidation layers (biocovers). Leachate collection and removal systems are designed to minimize water head forming on the bottom section of the landfill and consequent seepages through the liner system. Finally, gas extraction and utilization systems, allow to recover energy from landfill gas while reducing explosion and fire risks associated with methane accumulation, even though much depends on gas collection efficiency achieved in the field (range: 60-90% Spokas et al., 2006; Huitric and Kong, 2006). Hence, impacts on the surrounding environment caused by the polluting substances released from the deposited waste through liquid and gas emissions can be potentially mitigated by a proper design of technical barriers and collection/extraction systems at the landfill site. Nevertheless, the long-term performance of containment systems to limit the landfill emissions is highly uncertain and is strongly dependent on site-specific conditions such as climate, vegetative covers, containment systems, leachate quality and applied stress. Furthermore, the design and operation of leachate collection and treatment systems, of landfill gas extraction and utilization projects, as well as the assessment of appropriate methane reduction strategies (biocovers), require reliable emission forecasts for the assessment of system feasibility and to ensure environmental compliance. To this end, landfill simulation models can represent an useful supporting tool for a better design of leachate/gas collection and treatment systems and can provide valuable information for the evaluation of best options for containment systems depending on their performances under the site-specific conditions. The capability in predicting future emissions levels at a landfill site can also be improved by combining simulation models with field observations at full-scale landfills and/or with experimental studies resembling landfill conditions. Indeed, this kind of data may allow to identify the main parameters and processes governing leachate and gas generation and can provide useful information for model refinement. In view of such need, the present research study was initially addressed to develop a new landfill screening model that, based on simplified mathematical and empirical equations, provides quantitative estimation of leachate and gas production over time, taking into account for site-specific conditions, waste properties and main landfill characteristics and processes. In order to evaluate the applicability of the developed model and the accuracy of emissions forecast, several simulations on four full-scale landfills, currently in operative management stage, were carried out. The results of these case studies showed a good correspondence of leachate estimations with monthly trend observed in the field and revealed that the reliability of model predictions is strongly influenced by the quality of input data. In particular, the initial waste moisture content and the waste compression index, which are usually data not available from a standard characterisation, were identified as the key unknown parameters affecting leachate production. Furthermore, the applicability of the model to closed landfills was evaluated by simulating different alternative capping systems and by comparing the results with those returned by the Hydrological Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP), which is the most worldwide used model for comparative analysis of composite liner systems. Despite the simplified approach of the developed model, simulated values of infiltration and leakage rates through the analysed cover systems were in line with those of HELP. However, it should be highlighted that the developed model provides an assessment of leachate and biogas production only from a quantitative point of view. The leachate and biogas composition was indeed not included in the forecast model, as strongly linked to the type of waste that makes the prediction in a screening phase poorly representative of what could be expected in the field. Hence, for a qualitative analysis of leachate and gas emissions over time, a laboratory methodology including different type of lab-scale tests was applied to a particular waste material. Specifically, the research was focused on mechanically biologically treated (MBT) wastes which, after the introduction of the European Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC (European Commission, 1999) that imposes member states to dispose of in landfills only wastes that have been preliminary subjected to treatment, are becoming the main flow waste landfilled in new Italian facilities. However, due to the relatively recent introduction of the MBT plants within the waste management system, very few data on leachate and gas emissions from MBT waste in landfills are available and, hence, the current knowledge mainly results from laboratory studies. Nevertheless, the assessment of the leaching characteristics of MBT materials and the evaluation of how the environmental conditions may affect the heavy metals mobility are still poorly investigated in literature. To gain deeper insight on the fundamental mechanisms governing the constituents release from MBT wastes, several leaching experiments were performed on MBT samples collected from an Italian MBT plant and the experimental results were modelled to obtain information on the long-term leachate emissions. Namely, a combination of experimental leaching tests were performed on fully-characterized MBT waste samples and the effect of different parameters, mainly pH and liquid to solid ratio (L/S,) on the compounds release was investigated by combining pH static-batch test, pH dependent tests and dynamic up-flow column percolation experiments. The obtained results showed that, even though MBT wastes were characterized by relatively high heavy metals content, only a limited amount was actually soluble and thus bioavailable. Furthermore, the information provided by the different tests highlighted the existence of a strong linear correlation between the release pattern of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and several metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, V, Zn), suggesting that complexation to DOC is the leaching controlling mechanism of these elements. Thus, combining the results of batch and up-flow column percolation tests, partition coefficients between DOC and metals concentration were derived. These data, coupled with a simplified screening model for DOC release, allowed to get a very good prediction of metal release during the experiments and may provide useful indications for the evaluation of long-term emissions from this type of waste in a landfill disposal scenario. In order to complete the study on the MBT waste environmental behaviour, gas emissions from MBT waste were examined by performing different anaerobic tests. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential gas generation capacity of wastes and to assess possible implications on gas generation resulting from the different environmental conditions expected in the field. To this end, anaerobic batch tests were performed at a wide range of water contents (26-43 %w/w up to 75 %w/w on wet weight) and temperatures (from 20-25 °C up to 55 °C) in order to simulate different landfill management options (dry tomb or bioreactor landfills). In nearly all test conditions, a quite long lag-phase was observed (several months) due to the inhibition effects resulting from high concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonia that highlighted a poor stability degree of the analysed material. Furthermore, experimental results showed that the initial waste water content is the key factor limiting the anaerobic biological process. Indeed, when the waste moisture was lower than 32 %w/w the methanogenic microbial activity was completely inhibited. Overall, the obtained results indicated that the operative conditions drastically affect the gas generation from MBT waste, in terms of both gas yield and generation rate. This suggests that particular caution should be paid when using the results of lab-scale tests for the evaluation of long-term behaviour expected in the field, where the boundary conditions change continuously and vary significantly depending on the climate, the landfill operative management strategies in place (e.g. leachate recirculation, waste disposal methods), the hydraulic characteristics of buried waste, the presence and type of temporary and final cover systems.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar as fases de decomposição das frações dos resíduos dispostos no aterro sanitário de São Carlos - SP a partir do estudo das características dos lixiviados gerados. Foram coletadas amostras do lixiviado gerado na parte mais antiga do aterro (encerrada a 10 anos) e nas 1ª, 2ª e 3ª ampliações (esta última em operação). A coleta foi dividida em dois períodos: seco (junho a setembro de 2009) e chuvoso (outubro a dezembro de 2009). As seguintes análises foram realizadas: pH, alcalinidade, ácidos voláteis totais, DQO, sólidos, metais, NTK e \'N\' amoniacal. Em todos pontos os valores de pH encontrados foram superiores a 8. A alcalinidade variou entre 4000 e 12000 mg/L \'CA\'\'CO IND.3\' enquanto os AVT apresentaram concentrações sempre inferiores a 700 mg/L \'CA\'\'CO IND.3\'. A DQO apresentou concentrações entre 3000 e 7000 mg/L durante o período seco, decaindo para 2000 e 4000 mg/L no período chuvoso. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que o lixiviado de todos os pontos encontram-se na fase metanogênica de decomposição da matéria orgânica. A partir dos resultados de NTK e \'N\' amoniacal ficou evidente que a amônia é o poluente presente em maior concentração no lixiviado - corresponde a mais de 70% do NTK. A biodegradabilidade foi investigada através das relações AVT/DQO e STV/ST e resultaram em valores menores que 0,25 e 0,3 respectivamente, indicando que o lixiviado do aterro de São Carlos possui baixa biodegradabilidade.
This work aimed to determine the stages of the decomposition of the waste disposed in São Carlos - SP landfill fractions through the study of the characteristics of the generated leachate. Samples were collected from the older area of the landfill (closed 10 years ago), and also from the first, second and third new built areas (garbage is still being dumped in the third one). The samples were collected in two periods: the dry one (from June to September 2009) and the rainy one (from October to December 2009). The concentration of pH, alkalinity, total volatile acids, COD, solids, metals, sodium and potassium, total nitrogen and ammonium-\'N\' were determined in the study. In all the points sampled the values of pH were higher than 8. The alkalinity ranged from 4000 mg/L to 12000 mg/L \'CA\'\'CO IND.3\', while the total volatile acids concentrations were less than 700 mg/L \'CA\'\'CO IND.3\'. The COD present concentrations between 3000 e 7000 mg/L in the dry period decaying to 2000 and 4000 mg/L in the rainy period. The results found suggest that all the leachate analyzed is in the methanogenic phase of the organic matter. From the total nitrogen and ammonium \'N\' results it turned out to be evident that ammonia is the major pollutant present in the leachate - more than 70% of the total nitrogen. The biodegradability was investigated through the relations VFA/COD and VS/TS and resulted in values lower than 0,25 and 0,3 respectively, indicating that the leachate from São Carlos landfill has low biodegradability.

nÃo hÃ
O biogÃs gerado nos aterros sanitÃrios apresenta elevado poder calorÃfico, podendo ser aproveitado energeticamente. Para isso, fazem-se necessÃrios estudos sobre as emissÃes desses gases para verificar a viabilidade econÃmica de seu reaproveitamento. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a geraÃÃo dos gases gerados no Aterro SanitÃrio Metropolitano Oeste de Caucaia-CE, em termos de composiÃÃo e vazÃo, bem como as caracterÃsticas do lixiviado gerado, por meio de suas propriedades fÃsico-quÃmicas e microbiolÃgicas, como tambÃm avaliar a massa de lixo presente no aterro, objetivando a viabilidade energÃtica do aproveitamento do biogÃs produzido pelo aterro e a viabilidade ambiental do tratamento do lixiviado. As anÃlises foram feitas nos perÃodos seco e chuvoso. Foram utilizados trÃs LisÃmetros: L1 â preenchido 100 % com os resÃduos sÃlidos na forma como chegam ao aterro; L2 â preenchido com 50% de resÃduos sÃlidos na forma que chegam ao aterro e 50% somente com matÃria orgÃnica; L3 â preenchido 100% somente com matÃria orgÃnica presente nos resÃduos. Os resÃduos foram dispostos desta forma a fim de avaliar as caracterÃsticas de diferentes composiÃÃes. Como resultados, foi observado que os ensaios realizados nos LisÃmetros forneceram dados consistentes. Neste estudo, foi possÃvel observar que os resÃduos se apresentaram com caracterÃsticas altamente degradÃveis no perÃodo seco, porÃm, com pouca geraÃÃo de biogÃs, apresentando o L1 concentraÃÃo mÃdia de 0,3 % de CH4, o CO2 com 0,7 % e O2 com 19,4%. O L2 com concentraÃÃo mÃdia de 0,3 % de CH4, o CO2 com 9,0 % e O2 com 16,0%. E o L3 apresentou concentraÃÃo mÃdia de 1,93 % de CH4, 10,97% de CO2 e O2 com 14,13%. Estes dados foram considerados normais, pois, no perÃodo seco, as mediÃÃes foram realizadas com pouco tempo de decomposiÃÃo da massa de lixo, com apenas 4 meses apÃs a instalaÃÃo do experimento, e, devido a isso, ocorre pouca geraÃÃo de gÃs. No perÃodo chuvoso, determinou-se aumento dessa geraÃÃo de gÃs, com o L1 apresentando concentraÃÃo mÃdia de 0,78 % de CH4, o CO2 com 1,63 % e O2 com 18,6%. O L2 com concentraÃÃo mÃdia de 1,16 % de CH4, o CO2 com 5,6 % e O2 com 15,8%. E o L3 apresentou concentraÃÃo mÃdia de 2,43 % de CH4, 12,98% de CO2 e O2 com 15,25%. Isto à considerado normal, pois, no perÃodo chuvoso, as mediÃÃes foram realizadas com 12 meses apÃs a instalaÃÃo do experimento, e, consequentemente, houve uma maior geraÃÃo de gÃs em relaÃÃo ao perÃodo seco. Em relaÃÃo a vazÃo, o L1 apresentou uma vazÃo de gÃs de 8,64 mÂ/ano, o L2 com vazÃo de 9,72 mÂ/ano e o L3 com vazÃo de 10,92mÂ/ano, possibilitando conversÃo de energia em mÃdia, de 1,9 KW/mÂ. O material que se apresentou com o maior potencial de geraÃÃo de biogÃs nos dois perÃodos foi o L3 (100% somente de matÃria orgÃnica). Este fato se deve ao fato da matÃria orgÃnica, em seu processo de degradaÃÃo, gerar mais gÃs. Os ensaios fÃsico-quÃmicos e microbiolÃgicos realizados no lixiviado e massa de lixo, nos dois perÃodos, confirmaram os resultados da mediÃÃo do gÃs, pois indicaram que o processo de biodegradaÃÃo dos resÃduos se encontrava na fase acidogÃnica no perÃodo seco, fase inicial de degradaÃÃo da massa de lixo e pouca geraÃÃo de gÃs; no perÃodo chuvoso, caracterizou-se como fase metanogÃnica, fase intermediÃria de degradaÃÃo, com uma maior geraÃÃo de gÃs. Em relaÃÃo ao lixiviado gerado, o lisÃmetro que apresentou uma elevada geraÃÃo nos dois perÃodos foi tambÃm o L3. Em relaÃÃo Ãs anÃlise microbiolÃgicas e de metais, os lisÃmetros apresentaram pequenos valores, nÃo indicando patogenicidade e nem toxicidade. Pode-se concluir que à de fundamental importÃncia investir em tÃcnicas de aproveitamento do biogÃs gerado nos aterros sanitÃrios.
The biogas generated in landfills has a high calorific value and can be used as source of energy. Therefore, studies on landfill gas emissions became necessaries in order to verify the economic feasibility of reuse of these gases for energetic proposals. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the emissions of gases generated by a landfill at the Metropolitan West Caucaia-EC, Brazil. The study involved the following: gas compositions and flow rates, the characteristics of the leachate released by the physico-chemical and microbiological activities, as well as evaluating the landfill mass of trash. It was studied the feasibility of the use of the landfill produced biogas as source of energy, as well as the environmental feasibility of the treatment of the leachate released. The analyzes were made during the dry and rainy seasons. Three types of lysimeters were used: L1 - 100% filled with waste solids as it arrives in the landfill site; L2 - filled with 50% of solid waste in the form as it arrives in the landfill and 50% as organic matter; L3 - 100% filled only with organic matter present in the waste. The residues were disposed in this way in order to evaluate the characteristics of the different organic compositions. As a result, it was observed that the tests carried out with the lysimeters provided consistent data. In this study, it was observed that the waste in the dry season presented a highly degradable characteristic, but with little production of biogas, with the L1 presenting the following average concentrations: 0.3% CH4, 0.7% CO2 and 19.4% O2 . The L2 average concentration were: of 0.3% CH4, 9,0 CO2 and 16% O2. And L3 showed average concentrations: 1.93% CH4, 10.97% CO2 and 14.13%O2. These data were considered normal, because in the dry period measurements were made with in a small period of decomposition of the waste mass, with only four months after the experiment. Due to this, there was small amount of gas generated. In the rainy season, it was determined an increased gas generation, with the L1 showing an average concentration of 0.78% CH4, 1.63% CO2 and 18.6% O2. The L2 average concentration of 1.16% CH4, CO2, 5.6% and 15.8% O2. And L3 showed average concentration of 2.43% CH4, 12,98% CO2 and 15.25% O2. This data were considered normal, because in the rainy season, the measurements were carried out 12 months after the experiment was concluded, and, therefore, there was a higher gas generation compared with the dry period. Regarding the L1, the flow showed a value of 8.64 m / year; the L2 the flow was of 9.72 m / year and L3 the flow was 10.92 m / year, enabling energy conversion averaged of 1.9 KW / mÂ. The material that presented the greatest potential for biogas generation, in the two periods, was the L3 (with 100% organic matter). This fact is due to the organic matter in the process of degradation which generated more gas. The physicochemical and microbiological leaching assays conducted with the waste mass during the two periods reaffirmed the results of the gas measurement, indicating that the biodegradation process waste was in the acidogenic phase during the dry period, which was the initial stage of mass garbage degradation with little gas generation; in the rainy season, which was characterized as a methanogenic phase, an intermediate phase of degradation, occurred an increased gas generation. With regard to the leachate produced, the material had a high generation in both periods was also the L3. Regarding the microbiological and metals analysis, the lysimeters showed small values, indicating no toxicity nor pathogenicity. It can be concluded that it is of fundamental importance to invest in techniques aiming the use of the biogas generated in the landfills.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
FINEP - Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
PROSAB - Programa de Pesquisa em Saneamento Básico
Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo avaliar a adsorção de metais pesados às partículas sólidas de um solo residual de arenito e misturas desse solo com carvão ativado nas proporções de 1%, 5% e 10% em volume, base seca. Assim, foram propostos dois tipos de ensaios: ensaio de coluna e ensaio de equilíbrio em lote para analisar a plicabilidade da técnica de Barreira Reativa Permeável (BRP) no tratamento de lixiviados provenientes de aterros sanitários de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU). O trabalho apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica sobre BRP, apresentando suas características, seus tipos e principais processos reativos. Analisa também o que há de mais atual na literatura mundial sobre lixiviados e metais pesados que são contaminantes foco desta pesquisa. Foram apresentadas ainda as interações entre os contaminantes e os elementos reativos, analisando aspectos físico-químicos como complexação de superfície, adsorção, mobilidade dos contaminantes no perfil do solo e efeito do pH. Nos ensaios de coluna observou-se que ao sólidos presentes no lixiviado causam a colmatação da camada inicial dos corpos de prova, reduzindo a velocidade de fluxo e consequentemente o coeficiente de permeabilidade. Os resultados apresentados nos ensaios de equilíbrio indicam vários tempos de equilíbrio para os diferentes metais, sendo que, para o solo puro esse tempo é de 48h. Os ensaios de equilíbrio mostraram que a mistura de solo residual de arenito com 10% de carvão ativado, em volume, base seca, é a mais indicada para a adsorção dos metais estudados.
This research intends to evaluate the adsorption of heavy metals to solid particles of residual aground of sandstone and mixtures of thisground with portions of activated coal in the ratios of 1%, 5% and 10% in volume, dry base. Thus, two types of experiences had been considered: one of column and batch test to analyze the applicability of the technique of Permeable Reactive Barrier (PRB) in the treatment of leachate proceeding from Urban Solid Waste Landfills. This text presents a bibliographical revision on PRB, presenting its characteristics, its types and mainreactive processes. It also analyzes the most up to date world-wide literature on leachate and metals heavy contaminants that are focus of this research. The interactions between the reactive contaminants and elements will be presented still, analyzing physical-chemical aspects, as surface complex, adsorption, mobility of the contaminants in the profile of the ground and effect of pH. In the column experiences it was observed that the solids presents in the leached one they cause the blinding the initial layer of the test bodies, reducing the flow speed and the permeability coefficient. The results presented in the balance experienses indicate several times of balance for different metals, and for the pure ground this time is of 48h. The balance experience that had shown that the soil mixture with 10% of activated coal, in volume, dry base, is indicated for the adsorption of studied metals.

O presente estudo teve por finalidade testar a hipótese de que o uso de uma taxa de recirculação variável do lixiviado de um reator tratando a fração orgânica dos resíduos sólidos urbanos domésticos, em um sistema em batelada híbrido, seria capaz de acelerar a degradação deste substrato em comparação com um sistema idêntico, porém que operasse com taxa de recirculação constante. Dois conjuntos de reatores foram operados, um com taxa de recirculação constante (sistema controle) e o outro com taxa de recirculação variável (sistema experimental). Os reatores foram mantidos em sala climatizada, com temperatura mantida em 35 ºC '+ OU -' 1 ºC. Cada conjunto era composto de um reator de sólidos, preenchido com o resíduo a ser digerido misturado a lixiviado de aterro sanitário, e um filtro anaeróbio, destinado a tratar o lixiviado que saía do primeiro. O substrato utilizado foi a fração orgânica dos resíduos sólidos urbanos domésticos padronizada (FORSUDp). Diversas variáveis foram medidas para o acompanhamento do processo: DQO de amostras filtradas e não filtradas, alcalinidade total, alcalinidade a ácidos voláteis, série de sólidos, nitrogênio total Kjeldahl e amoniacal, fósforo total, ácidos voláteis e composição do biogás por cromatografia gasosa. Também se acompanhou o desenvolvimento da microbiota anaeróbia por microscopia óptica de contraste de fase e fluorescência. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura indicou desenvolvimento de biofilme no meio suporte dos filtros anaeróbios. Concluiu-se que a taxa de recirculação variável consegue acelerar o processo, além de alterar de forma significativa o comportamento dos reatores e a forma de interação entre os mesmos
The objective of this study was to test the following hypothesis: varying the leachate recirculation rate in a hybrid batch reactor would make it possible to shorten the time required for the digestion of MSW, in comparison to a similar system operating with constant recirculation rate. Two sets of reactors were operated, one with constant recirculation rate (control system) and the other with varying rate (experimental system). The reactors were kept in a room which internal temperature was controlled. The temperature was kept at 35 ºC '+ OU -' 1ºC. Each set of reactors was composed of a solids reactor, filled with solid wastes and inoculated with landfill leachate, and an anaerobic filter, that should treat the leachate form the first one. The substract used was the standardized organic fraction of the municipal solid wastes (FORSUDp). Several parameters were measured for process monitoring: COD (in filtered and not filtered samples), total alkalinity, volatile acids alkalinity, solids, Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, total phosphorus, volatile acids by gas chromatography and biogas composition. The development of the anaerobic microorganisms was observed with phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy of the packed bed media showed biofilm development. It was concluded that the varying leachate recirculation rate proved to be able to enhance the degradation process. Besides, this operational strategy entirely changed the behaviour and interaction of the reactors

Ainda são poucas as cidades brasileiras que dão destino adequado aos seus resíduos sólidos urbanos. A disposição de resíduos em aterros sanitários é hoje uma das formas mais econômicas e adequadas de disposição. A grande quantidade de matéria orgânica presente nos resíduos domiciliares, a umidade própria dos resíduos, a infiltração de águas de chuvas e as atividades microbiológicas, faz com que se gere no interior dos aterros os líquidos percolados. Esses líquidos apresentam elevada demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) e são potencialmente poluidores. Este trabalho avaliou a eficiência e a viabilidade da utilização de um reator anaeróbio horizontal de leito fixo (RAHLF), no tratamento de líquidos percolados coletados nos aterros sanitários de Bauru-SP e Rio Claro-SP. O reator, em escala piloto, constituiu-se de um tubo de PVC com 3,0 m de comprimento e 14,5 cm de diâmetro interno, perfazendo uma relação comprimento por diâmetro (L/D) de aproximadamente 20 e volume de aproximadamente 50 L. O reator possuía coletor de gases e amostradores intermediários ao longo do comprimento, em posições correspondentes a L/D de 4, 8, 12 e 16. Como suporte de imobilização foi utilizada espuma de poliuretano com densidade de 20 kg.m-3 na forma de cubos de aproximadamente 10 mm de lado. Os percolados foram coletados e armazenados em uma câmara fria a 5ºC e o reator foi mantido com temperatura controlada em uma câmara a 30ºC. Ao se operar o sistema por oito semanas, com o percolado coletado em Bauru-SP, não houve adaptação da biomassa devido, provavelmente, às altas concentrações de NH3. Utilizando o percolado de Rio Claro-SP, o sistema apresentou inicialmente baixas eficiências, mesmo com tempo de detenção hidráulica de 25 dias. Mas após mudanças na estratégia de operação, utilizando-se um substrato sintético na adaptação e a substituindo-se o percolado por outro coletado no mesmo aterro, o sistema reagiu muito bem, obtendo-se eficiências de aproximadamente 80% em termos de remoção de DQO, com tempo de detenção hidráulica de 2,5 dias e com DQO afluente da ordem de 5.000 mg/L.
Even today, only few Brazilian cities give adequate destiny to urban solid wastes. The waste disposal at sanitary landfills is currently one of the most economical and adequated way of waste disposal. The high quantity of organic matter in domiciliary wastes, the waste own moisture, the rainwater infiltration and the microbiological activities lead to the leachate generation into the landfill. This liquid has a high chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration, and is a potential pollutant. This work evaluated the viability and the efficiency of the use of a horizontal anaerobic immobilized sludge reactor (HAIS reactor) for leachate treatment collected from Bauru-SP and Rio Claro-SP landfills. The reactor, in pilot scale, was constructed using a 3,0 m of length and 14,5 cm internal diameter PVC pipe, with a length-diameter ratio (L/D) of approximately 20, and an approximately 50 L volume. The reactor had gas collectors and intermediate samplers in the direction of its length, in positions corresponding to L/D equal to 4, 8, 12 and 16. For immobilization support it was utilized polyurethane foam with 20 kg.m-3 of density in cube form, with side of approximately 10 mm. The leachate was collected and stored in a cold chamber at 5ºC and the reactor was maintained at controlled temperature in a chamber at 30ºC. Operating the system with the leachate from Bauru-SP during eight weeks, there was no biomass acclimatization due, probably, to high NH3 concentrations. When utilizing the leachate from Rio Claro-SP the system had, initially, low efficiencies, even with a hydraulic retention time of 25 days. But after changes in the operation strategy, changing the leachate by one other collected in the same place, the system reacted very well, obtaining efficiencies of approximately 80% in terms of COD removal, with a hydraulic retention time of 2,5 days and an inlet COD at the range of 5.000 mg/L.

CARNEIRO, P. H. Efeito da adição de lodo ao inóculo de reator anaeróbio híbrido sólido-líquido tratando fração orgânica de resíduos sólidos urbanos. 2005. 115 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Civil: Hidráulica e Saneamento) – Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2005.
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Treatment of organic solid wastes like wastewater treatment plant sludges and organic fraction of municipal solid wastes are current issues in environmental engineering. Biological processes are more appropriate to treat these wastes. Recent trends like Kyoto protocol and clean development mechanisms (CDM) are improving anaerobic digestion of organic solid wastes. It was investigated the effect of adding anaerobic sludge to bioreactor landfill leachate applied like seed in hybrid anaerobic solid-liquid bioreactor treating organic fraction of municipal solid wastes. It was verified that sludge addition improved anaerobic digestion, accelerating volatile fatty acids degradation, anticipating biogas generation, increasing methane percentile composition and promoting more variability and presence of microorganisms. Sludge addition also increased total solids and total volatile solids conversion.
O tratamento de resíduos sólidos orgânicos, como lodos de estação de tratamento de esgotos e a fração orgânica de resíduos sólidos urbanos, são desafios atuais da engenharia sanitária e ambiental. Os processos biológicos são os mais apropriados para o tratamento desses resíduos. Acordos recentes como o Protocolo de Kyoto e os mecanismos de desenvolvimento limpo (MDL) estão contribuindo para o crescimento da digestão anaeróbia de resíduos sólidos orgânicos em todo o mundo. Nesta pesquisa foi investigado o efeito da adição de lodo anaeróbio ao lixiviado de aterro sanitário empregado como inóculo de reator anaeróbio híbrido sólido-líquido tratando a fração orgânica de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Foi verificado que a adição de lodo melhorou a digestão anaeróbia, acelerando a degradação de ácidos graxos voláteis, antecipando a geração de biogás, aumentando a composição percentual de metano e promovendo maior variabilidade e presença de microrganismos. A adição de lodo também aumentou a eficiência de conversão de sólidos totais e sólidos totais voláteis.

Os resíduos sólidos podem poluir e contaminar as águas superficiais e subterrâneas, pela migração de lixiviado gerado em aterros e lixões, o que pode colocar em risco a saúde pública e o ambiente. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos na bacia hidrográfica Tietê-Jacaré, pertencente a 13a Unidade de Gerenciamento dos Recursos Hídricos (UGRHI-13) do Estado de São Paulo, bem como verificar a sua influência na qualidade dos recursos hídricos da região, por meio de coletas de água superficial (14 pontos) e subterrânea (20 pontos), localizados nos municípios de Araraquara, Bauru, Brotas, Jaú, Ribeirão Bonito e São Carlos. Para a realização deste trabalho foram coletadas quatro amostras de água subterrânea em quatro poços de monitoramento, um a montante e três a jusante, de cinco aterros. Também foram coletadas quatro amostras de água em dois pontos de sete córregos na área de influência de aterros e lixões. As coletas foram realizadas durante 2004 e 2005. As amostras foram submetidas a análises físico-química, microbiológica e ecotoxicológica. O nível d´água, bem como os parâmetros pH, condutividade elétrica, salinidade, oxigênio dissolvido e temperatura foram obtidos in situ. Durante o monitoramento realizado foi constatado alteração das características naturais dos recursos hídricos, indicando poluição e contaminação em alguns pontos. Com base nas visitas realizadas e nas informações obtidas, o estudo permitiu concluir que não há gestão integrada dos resíduos sólidos na bacia Tietê-Jacaré, salvo avanços em alguns municípios. Os aterros municipais estão melhorando gradativamente, a fim de atenderem às exigências dos órgãos ambientais, porém constatou-se que as medidas são emergenciais e corretivas. Falta investimento da administração pública no que se refere à prevenção dos impactos negativos.
Solid waste can pollute and contaminate superficial and groundwater, through the migration of sanitary landfills and dumps leachate, which can endangers the public health and the environment. Therefore, this work aimed to analyze the urban solid waste management at Tietê-Jacaré basin, which belongs to the São Paulo State 13th Water Resources Management Unit (UGRHI-13), and to verify its influence to the regional water resources quality by sampling superficial water (14 points) and groundwater (20 points) at Araraquara, Bauru, Brotas, Jaú, Ribeirão Bonito and São Carlos. Four groundwater samples were collected at four wells, one upstream and three downstream, at five landfills. Four water samples were also collected at two points from seven streamlets of the landfills influence area. The sampling occurred on 2004 and 2005. The samples were submitted to physic-chemical, microbiological and ecotoxicologycal analysis. Water table, pH, electrical conductivity, salinity, dissolved oxygen and temperature were achieved in situ. During the monitoring, alteration of the natural characteristics of the water resources was verified, indicating pollution and contamination at some points. Based on the surveys and the information, this study could conclude that there is not an integrated management of solid wastes at Tietê-Jacaré basin, excepting improvements at some municipalities. The municipal landfills are being improved gradually, following environmental agencies requests, but the measures are emergent and correctives. There is lack of investment from governments for negative impacts prevention.

Este trabalho avaliou a tratabilidade dos lixiviados do aterro sanitário de São Carlos-SP, utilizando-se reatores biológicos. O experimento foi conduzido à temperatura ambiente, em uma unidade piloto construída no aterro sanitário de São Carlos-SP. Inicialmente foram testados e comparados dois tipos de reatores anaeróbios, cada um com volume total de 1.200 L e ambos providos de agitação mecânica, diferenciando-se pelo tipo de imobilização da biomassa, sendo o primeiro com biomassa auto-imobilizada (ASBR) e o segundo com biomassa imobilizada em espuma de poliuretano (ASBBR). Um filtro biológico anaeróbio contínuo de fluxo ascendente de aproximadamente 120 L também foi avaliado. Além do pré-tratamento anaeróbio, foi avaliado também o pós-tratamento, que consistiu em um sistema de lodos ativados em batelada seqüencial de aproximadamente 180 L. O ASBR, inoculado com lodo granular de reator UASB, apresentou-se ineficiente, com problemas de desagregação e sedimentação da biomassa. O ASBBR, inoculado com lodo proveniente do fundo de uma lagoa de lixiviados, ao final de sua adaptação, apresentou eficiências superiores a 70%, em termos de remoção de DQO, utilizando-se lixiviado sem diluição, com DQO afluente da ordem de 11.000 mg/L, relação AVT/DQO aproximadamente igual a 0,6 e tempo de reação igual a 7 dias. Verificou-se que a biodegradabilidade anaeróbia dos lixiviados está diretamente relacionada à relação AVT/DQO, e que para relações AVT/DQO Total inferiores a 0,25, a biodegradabilidade é baixa, para relações entre 0,25 e 0,40 é média, e acima de 0,40 pode ser considerada elevada. Observou-se também que concentrações de N-amoniacal, da ordem de até 4.500 mg/L, não impedem o tratamento anaeróbio, desde que a biomassa esteja devidamente adaptada. Aos perfis temporais de concentração, realizados no ASBBR, foi ajustado um modelo de primeira ordem para consumo de substrato, na forma de DQO Total, obtendo valores de K1 variando entre 3,18 x \'10 POT.-5\' e 5,82 x \'10 POT.-5\' /(d.mgSTV/L). O pós-tratamento dos efluentes do ASBBR foi avaliado em um sistema de lodos ativados em batelada seqüencial, que obteve eficiência máxima da ordem de 30% em termos de remoção de DQO, com DQO afluente da ordem de 5.000 mg/L. Quanto ao filtro biológico anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente, obteve-se eficiências superiores a 70%, ao ser alimentado com uma mistura de lixiviado recalcitrante e etanol acidificado, com DQO afluente da ordem de 20.000 mg/L.
This work evaluated the tractability of landfill leachate from São Carlos-SP, utilizing biological reactors. The experiment was conducted at environmental temperature, in a pilot scale unity constructed into the São Carlos-SP landfill area. Initially, it was compared and tested two kinds of anaerobic reactors, each one with 1.200 L of total volume and both provided of mechanical agitation, differing by the kind of biomass immobilization, having the first (ASBR), self-immobilized biomass, and the second (ASBBR), immobilized biomass in polyurethane foam cubes. An approximately 120 L volume continuous up flow anaerobic biofilter was also evaluated. Additionally to the anaerobic treatment, it was also evaluated the post-treatment of landfill leachate in a sequence batch activated sludge system of 180 L. The ASBR, inoculated with a granular UASB sludge from a poultry wastewater treatment, was inefficient and presented sludge segregation and sedimentation problems. The ASBBR, inoculated using the sludge from the bottom of a landfill leachate reservoir, at the final of acclimation, presented efficiency over 70%, in terms of COD removal, utilizing landfill leachate without water dilution, with an inlet COD at the range of 11,000 mg/L, a TVA/COD ratio of approximately 0.6 and reaction time equal to 7 days. It was realized that the landfill leachate anaerobic biodegradability has a directly relationship to the TVA/COD ratio, and for TVA/COD Total ratio lower than 0.25, the biodegradability is low, for ratios between 0.25 and 0.40 is medium, and up to 0.40 may be considered high. It was also observed that \'NH IND.4\' POT.+\' concentrations at the range of 4,500 mg N/L has no significant interference in the anaerobic treatment, since the biomass has properly acclimated. At the temporal profiles of concentration performed in the ASBBR, it was adjusted a first order model for the substrate consumption, in terms of COD Total, obtaining K1 values ranging between 3.18 x \'10 POT.-5\' and 5.82 x \'10 POT.-5\' /(d.mgSTV/L). The post-treatment of the ASBBR effluents was evaluated in a sequence batch activated sludge system, which has obtained maximum efficiencies at the range of 30% in terms of COD removal, with an inlet COD at the range of 5,000 mg/L. As regards of the continuous up flow anaerobic biofilter, it has obtained efficiencies superiors to 70% when fed by a mixing of recovery landfill leachate and acidified ethanol, with an inlet COD at the range of 20,000 mg/L.

碩士
國立中央大學
環境工程研究所
82
The leachate from solid waste has been a serious pollutant problem to human beings.In Taiwan,there are 87% of solid waste was treated by discarded.Because the climate of Taiwan is warm and rainy,there will be much leachate from solid waste.If the leachate was not treated properly,it will pollute the river and groundwaterand become secondary pollution. The leachate model can provide the pridiction of concentration,so we need to develop an effective model for the treatment of leachate. The model deduced here consider the following terms: (1) Solid degradable easily and degradable hard. (2) Lquid that mobile and stagnant. (3) Gas generated from the decomposition of organic substrate. And we have the following results: (1)The decomposition of organic substrate is the remarkable factor of leachate concentration. (2)The model consider mobile phase and stagnant phase can pro- vide more accuarcy of heightest concentration and the time of its appearance. (3)Hamming predictor-corrector method and finite element method have the same solution of model deduced here. (4)Density is the most obvious reason influence leachate con- centration.

碩士
逢甲大學
土木及水利工程研究所
81
Five columns were set up indoor simulate the rainfall of landfill site. The landfill depth and the rainfall frequency were changed to study the leachate quality. An estimated model of leachate flow was derived from the Fungaroli's experimental data and the measured data of landfill site.The relatively equation is Leachate flow = exp((storage quantity- field capacity)/storage coefficenet) This model relates to rainfall quantity,rainfall frequency, evaportranspiration, landfill depth,daily waste quantity,the field capacity of landfill and storage coefficient factor ,and it could satisfactorily be used to estimte the maximum, the minimum and the average of daily leachate flow in the landfill site.

Solid Waste Management is one of the essential services provided by local bodies to keep the urban areas clean. Often it is poorly rendered as it is unscientific, out-dated and inefficient. With the rapid increase in population, livening standards, the generation rates of solid waste are increasing drastically. The landfill waste includes both organic and inorganic wastes as it is not often effectively segregated before disposal. The problem is acute in developing countries such as India. Bangalore city, with a population of about 10.18 million and more than 2000 industries, generates about 4,500 TPD of municipal solid waste. Of this Presently, various municipal solid waste processing units in Bangalore can handle only about 2100 TPD of waste. Mavallipura landfill developed and operated by M/s. Ramky Environmental Engineers, located 40 km away from Bangalore, is being used for disposing of about 1000 TPD, the installed capacity being only 600 TPD of waste. There are also a few dumps in around Bangalore due to historical reasons and insufficient capacity of various designated landfills. To reclaim the old dump sites/closed landfill sites for infrastructural development, it is necessary to know their geotechnical characteristics. Within the Landfill, the characteristics of the waste may change with depth due to degraded wastes as it has been dumped over a period of time. The physical parameters, chemical properties as well as the geotechnical behaviour of the waste change with depth. MSW is known to be a heterogeneous material of varying constituent types and dimensions, containing elements that degrade with time. To consider MSW as a geo-material to support the foundation of structures such as buildings and pavement, an analysis of the bearing capacity of the foundation and further long-term settlement of MSW is essential. The MSW samples are retrieved from a Mavallipura landfill site, Bangalore and analysed for important geotechnical properties such as compaction characteristics, shear strength, permeability, compressibility behaviour and dynamic properties of MSW using ultrasonic and cyclic triaxial tests. This research thus aims to provide valuable information about landfill sites for reclamation, closure and infrastructural development after the closure of landfills. Scanty data are available on the geotechnical properties of waste from landfill sites with varying degrees of degradation. This landfill site is selected as there is a huge environmental concern regarding the soil and groundwater contamination in the area and also can represent a typical landfill scenario in tropical regions. Quantification, quality assessment, consequent treatment and management of leachate have become a monstrous problem world over. In this context, the present study envisages to study the physicochemical and biological characterization of representative urban municipal landfill leachate and nearby water bodies and attempts to figure out relationships between the various parameters together with understanding the various processes for chemical transformations. The analysis shows intermediate leachate age (5-10 years) with higher nutrient levels i.e. 10,000 - 12,000 mg/l and ~2,000 - 3,000 mg/l of carbon (COD) and nitrogen (TKN) respectively. Elemental analysis and underlying mechanisms reveal chemical precipitation and co-precipitation as the vital processes in leachate pond systems resulting in accumulation of trace metals in these systems. The microbial analysis also correlated with specific factors relevant to redox environments that show a gradient in nature and the abundance of biotic diversity with a change in leachate environment. Finally, the quality and the contamination potential of the sampled leachate were performed with the help of potential leachate index (LPI) analysis and water quality index (WQI) analysis for surrounding water bodies (namely surface pond and open well) of Mavallipura landfill site. A geotechnical testing program has been drawn to evaluate the engineering properties of municipal solid waste samples retrieved from a landfill at Mavallipura at various depths through augur within the landfill dumped area. Laboratory studies included are composition, moisture content, particle size analysis, compaction, permeability, direct shear test, consolidation, triaxial compression test. For the laboratory tests, we had considered maximum particle sizes of less than 4.75 mm only. Standard Proctor Compaction tests yielded a maximum dry density of 7.0kN/m3 at 50% optimum moisture content. The permeability of MSW results shows in the range of 4x10-4 cm/sec. Compression index of MSW is 0.46980 and recompression index of MSW is 0.09454. Results obtained from the rectangular hyperbola method are compared with Casagrande and Taylor methods to prove that this method is reliable equally, and results are reasonably accurate. Based on direct shear tests, the MSW sample exhibited continuous strength gain with an increase in shear strain (16%) to define strength. The cohesion of MSW was 10kPa and friction angle is 34°. Based on the elastic constants results obtained from the direct shear test found to be very soft material. In the triaxial test, the MSW sample exhibited continuous strength gain with an increase in axial strain. The frictional component is increased due to sliding and rolling of fibrous particles over one another resulting in the development of apparent cohesion due to antiparticle bonds within the MSW material. Landfills are an integral part of waste management, and disastrous consequences can happen if seismic vulnerability of these landfills is not considered. Dynamic properties of MSW are required to perform seismic response analysis of MSW landfills, but there is no good understanding of the dynamic shear strength of MSW in literature. A comprehensive laboratory cyclic triaxial testing program has been taken up to determine the properties at different densities, confining pressures and shear strains. MSW degrades with time, and its shear modulus and damping are expected to vary with time and degradation. For the density of 6 kN/m3 the dynamic shear modulus values for MSW varied from 0.68 MPa to 5.38 MPa and damping ratio varied from 20% to 40% for MSW. For the density of 7 kN/m3 the dynamic shear modulus values for MSW varied from 1.8 MPa to 7.5 MPa and Damping ratio varied from 23% to 40% for MSW. For the density of 8kN/m3 dynamic shear modulus values for MSW varied from 2.46 MPa to 8.00MPa and damping ratio varied from 16% to 33% for MSW. Also, the ultrasonic testing method was used for determining the dynamic properties at low strains. The Ultrasonic test results indicated that with an increase in density of the sample and with decreased void ratio, the pulse propagation velocity (Vp) increases. With an increase in the density, the shear wave velocity and elastic constants (elastic modulus and shear modulus) increase. The elastic constant values obtained from the ultrasonic test are higher compared to values obtained from unconsolidated-undrained triaxial tests. Also, the carbon stored in the buried organic matter in Mavallipura landfill is estimated. Total organic carbon increases steeply with an increase in depth and is significantly high at a depth of 6 m. Subsurface properties cannot be specified but must be analysed through in-situ tests. The in-situ testing that are carried out in a landfill are boring, sampling, standard penetration test (SPT), dynamic cone penetration test (DCPT) and plate load tests (under static and cyclic condition). A correlation between corrected SPT ‘N’ values and measured using shear wave velocities has been developed for Mavallipura landfill site. Results show that the corrected SPT- N values increase with depth. Corrected N-values are used in the landfill design, so they are consistent with the design method, and correlations are useful. The results obtained from the dynamic cone penetration tests shows lower value when to compare with standard penetration test. The unit weight profile with depth ranged from a low unit weight of 2.48 kN/m3 near the surface to a highest value of approximately 9.02 kN/m3 at a depth of 6 m. The highest temperatures for landfills were reported at mid-waste elevations with temperatures decreasing near the top. The bearing pressure-settlement curves for plate size 75cm and 60cm presented similar behaviour while the plate size of 60cm curve presents a lesser settlement of 70mm, compared to with plate size of the 75cm curve with the settlement of 80mm and failure mode could be classified as punching shear. The cyclic plate load test with plate size of 60cm and 75cm were carried out on the soil cover. The elastic constants were found to be 73.87 and 96.84 kPa/mm and for 60 and 75cm plates respectively. Geophysical testing may not be as precise but has the benefit of covering large areas at small costs and sometimes can locate features that might be missing by conventional borings. Multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) is an indirect geophysical method used in the landfill for the characterization of the municipal solid waste site. The Mavallipura landfill was surveyed up to the length of about 35m at the top level. A series of one-dimensional and two-dimensional MASW surveys used active seismic sources such as sledgehammer (5kg) and propelled energy generator (PEG-40) was used. This hammer was instrumented with geophones to trigger record time. All the testing has been carried out with geophone spacing of 1m and recorded surface wave arrivals using the source to first receiver distance as 5m with recording length of 1000 millisecond and the recording sampling interval of 0.5 milliseconds (ms) were applied. Results shows that the PEG-40 hammer can generate the longest wavelength with a maximum depth of penetration. The shear wave velocity varies from 75 to 155 m/s with an increase in depth of about 27.5m. Based on the site characterization at the landfill site, it was found that the Mavallipura landfill site can be categorized as very loose, and it is still in a continued stage of degradation. Shear wave and P-wave velocity profile for eight major locations in the study area were determined and variation of waste material stiffness corresponding to the in-situ state with depth, was also evaluated. Also, MASW survey has been carried out to develop dispersion curve on another landfill site at Bhandewadi, Nagpur. MASW system consisting of 24 channels geode seismograph with 24 geophones of 4.5Hz capacity is used in this investigation. The seismic waves were created by sledgehammer with 30cmx 30cmx2cm size hammer plate with ten shots. These waves were captured by the geophones/receivers and further analyzed by inversion. The results indicated that near surface soils(less than 3m depth) approximately the to 5mm, and with 85% of dry weight basis of waste particles with sizes less than 10mm, the shear wave velocity varies from 75 to 140 m/s (frequency ranges from 30 to 23Hz). With the increase in 6.5m depth, the shear wave velocity ranged from 140 to 225m/s (frequency ranges 23 to 13Hz). Overall, the results of the study showed that seismic surveys have the potential to capture the changes in dynamic properties like shear wave velocity and Poisson’s ratio of the depth of MSW landfill to infer the extent of degradation and provide dynamic properties needed for seismic stability evaluations. Based on the in situ and laboratory results of this study and a review of the literature, the unit weight, shear wave velocity, strain-dependent normalized shear modulus reduction and material damping ratio relationships for Mavallipura landfill are developed and also validated using semi-empirical methods. Finally, seismic response analysis of Mavallipura landfill has been carried out using the computer programs like SHAKE 2000 and DEEPSOIL. Results show that the unit weight is increased with depth in response to the increase in overburden stress. The proposed material damping ratio and normalized shear modulus reduction curve lie close to the profile given in the literature for landfills composed of waste materials with 100% particles sized less than 20mm. Peak spectral acceleration at 5% damping value is 0.7g for 0.07 sec in SHAKE 2000 and peak spectral acceleration at 5% damping value is 0.63g for 0.04 sec in DEEPSOIL. Amplification ratio is 6.11 at 1.1l Hz in SHAKE2000 and 4.65 at 2.67Hz in DEEPSOIL. Peak ground acceleration (PGA) for the landfill site, it is observed PGA has decreased from 0.3g to 0.15g in DEEPSOIL and PGA has decreased from 0.33g to 0.15g in SHAKE2000. The studies presented in the thesis brought out the importance of characterization of municipal solid waste leachate regarding metabolism and treatment/degradation of Mavallipura landfill leachate. For municipal solid waste of with sizes ranging from 0.08 coefficient of permeability being about 10-4 cm/sec, the compression index was about 0.47. A more reliable method of calculating the coefficient of consolidation has been recommended. Correlations between shear wave velocity and SPT-N values has been developed for the Mavallipura landfill site. The results showed that the dynamic cone penetration tests values are lower than indicated by standard penetration tests. The cyclic plate load tests carried out with plate sizes of 75cm and 60cm showed that elastic constants of 96.84 kPa/mm and 73.87kPa/mm respectively. MSW properties evaluated in this thesis are compared with those of soft clays. The MSW properties showed higher values (strength and SBC) and lower values of compressibility, compared with those of soft clays. Thus foundation improvement on MSW is less challenging than foundations on soft soils. Also stabilization of MSW with other solid wastes such as fly ash can be considered as an economical option. Based on detailed studies the importance of unit weight, shear wave velocity, strain-dependent normalized shear modulus reduction and material damping ratio relationships for landfill waste have been developed. Based on the site characterization, the waste landfill has been categorized as very loose material, which is still in a degradation process. SHAKE2000 software shows higher PGA value comparing with DEEPSOIL.