Дисертації з теми "Solid waste biodegradation"
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Yagoub, Sally. "Biodegradation of leather solid waste." Thesis, University of Northampton, 2006. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/2675/.
Повний текст джерелаKelly, Ryan J. "Solid Waste Biodegradation Enhancements and the Evaluation of Analytical Methods Used to Predict Waste Stability." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32484.
Повний текст джерелаMaster of Science
Kim, Jongmin. "Effect of plastics on the lignin results for MSW and the fate of lignin in laboratory solid waste reactors." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35579.
Повний текст джерелаCellulose to lignin ratio is one of the widely used indicators of degree of landfill stabilization. This ratio shows the amount of carbohydrate or cellulose consumed by anaerobes compared to relatively inert lignin. However, the method of lignin measurement contains an intrinsic error. Plastics are contained in the landfill samples and these are characterized as lignaceous materials due to their acid-insolubility. Lignin is typically measured as the organic residue that is acid insoluble but is combustible upon ignition. Additionally lignin may degrade under anaerobic, high temperature conditions associated with wet conditions in sediments and bioreactor landfills.
In this study, it has been found that the typical measure of lignin, a gravimetric measure, also includes plastics, leading to erroneous measures of both lignin and the cellulose/lignin (C/L) ratio. Typically, 100% of the plastic will be measured as lignin. Since plastic amounts to approximately 10% of landfill contents, lignin measurements will be 10% greater than actual amounts. Laboratory reactors were set up with known amounts of paper and plastic. The degradation of the cellulose and lignin in paper was measured and compared to plastics, which was collected by hand and weighed. Ratios of cellulose to plastics and lignin to plastics were obtained. It was found, based on the cellulose to plastic ratio and lignin to plastic ration that lignin degrades under anaerobic conditions although at a much slower rate than cellulose. These findings indicate that the cellulose to lignin ratio cannot be used as the sole indicator of stabilization in the landfills. The inclusion of the biochemical methane potential test data along with C/L is thought to provide a better indication of landfill stabilization.
Master of Science
Mooder, Robert Brent. "Numerical simulation of moisture movement, anaerobic biodegradation, and dissolved organic carbon transport in municipal solid waste." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0007/MQ34394.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаBricker, Garrett Demyan. "Analytical Methods of Testing Solid Waste and Leachate to Determine Landfill Stability and Landfill Biodegradation Enhancement." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35162.
Повний текст джерелаMaster of Science
Gawande, Nitin. "MODELING MICROBIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES IN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE BIOREACTOR: DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS OF A THREE-PHA." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3803.
Повний текст джерелаPh.D.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Environmental Engineering PhD
Boda, Borbala. "Evaluation of Stability Parameters for Landfills." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34399.
Повний текст джерелаMaster of Science
Nair, Arjun. "Effect of Leachate Blending on Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24404.
Повний текст джерелаMortatti, Bruno Cesar 1985. "Determinação da condutividade hidráulica e análise química do lixiviado de resíduos sólidos urbanos utilizando permeâmetros de grandes dimensões." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/287653.
Повний текст джерелаDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: Dois permeâmetros de carga constante e grandes dimensões, com 0,057 e 0,042 metros cúbicos, respectivamente, foram utilizados em laboratório, sob condições controladas, para as determinações das condutividades hidráulicas saturadas de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) coletados no Aterro Sanitário Delta A, localizado na cidade de Campinas-SP. Duas fases experimentais foram delineadas envolvendo diferentes parâmetros como composição gravimétrica e grau de compactação. Para cada fase experimental foram realizados vários ensaios para as determinações das condutividades hidráulicas saturadas em função dos tempos de operação dos permeâmetros e levantamento das principais variáveis físicas envolvidas neste processo, como teor de umidade, capacidade de campo, carga hidráulica e vazão. Simultaneamente, os lixiviados oriundos de cada ensaio realizado foram coletados e monitorados pelas análises dos principais parâmetros e espécies químicas para avaliação das etapas envolvidas no processo de biodegradação dos RSU. As condutividades hidráulicas saturadas, determinadas nos ensaios realizados, variaram de 1,6E-02 a 5,7E-05 m/s em função dos diferentes graus de compactação. Algumas variáveis químicas se mostraram eficientes na identificação das etapas de biodegradação, como potencial redox, ácidos orgânicos voláteis, nitrogênio amoniacal, acetato e carbono total dissolvido. O comportamento dessas variáveis em função dos tempos de operação permitiu a identificação das etapas acidogênica/acetogênica na biodegradação dos RSU
Abstract: Two constant load and large dimensions permeameters, with 0.057 and 0.042 cubic meters, respectively, were used in laboratory, under controlled conditions, for the determination of saturated hydraulic conductivity of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) collected in the Delta A Sanitary Landfill, located at city of Campinas-SP. Two experimental phases were outlined involving different parameters such as gravimetric composition and degree of compression. For each experimental phase were carried out various tests for the determination of satured hydraulic conductivity as a function of the operation times of the permeameters and physical survey of the main variables involved in this process, such as, moisture content, field capacity, hydraulic head and volumetric flow rate. Simultaneously, the leachates coming of each test performed were collected and monitored by the analysis of the main parameters and chemical species for evaluation of the steps involved in the biodegradation of MSW. The saturated hydraulic conductivities, determined in tests, ranged from 1.6E-02 to 5.7E-05 m/s for different degrees of compression. Some chemical variables such as redox potential, volatile fatty acids, ammoniac nitrogen, acetate and dissolved total carbon, were effective in identifying the stages of biodegradation. The behavior of these variables as a function of time of operation allowed the identification of the acidogenic/acetogenic steps in the biodegradation of the MSW
Mestrado
Geologia e Recursos Naturais
Mestre em Geociências
Agustini, Caroline Borges. "Isolamento microbiano na biodegradação de resíduos de curtumes." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/109147.
Повний текст джерелаThe tanning process waste and the increasing importance of energy generation from renewable sources make the study of alternative biodegradation ways of the waste produced by leather industry and the generation of power from it a necessity. The solid residues produced by tanneries contain chromium and are usually disposed in hazardous industrial landfills. Biogas with high methane content is the product of this decomposition by anaerobic digestion. Based on these concepts, this study proposes to perform biodegradation tests with sludge, from a tannery effluent treatment plant, and with wet-blue (leather tanned with chromium) shavings in bench bioreactors. The main objective was to isolate, quantify and identify microorganisms with potential to produce biogas with high methane content. Further, the prior storage form of the added sludge was also analyzed. First, the sludge and the wet-blue shavings were incubated in bench bioreactors (ten biodegradation tests divided into two assemblies) and quantification and qualification analysis of the generated biogas were made. Later, biomass aliquots generated in the bioreactors were collected at different growth stages. The collected biomass isolation was conducted in penicillin type injectable vial filled with culture medium propitious for methanogenic archaea growth, where it was possible to incubate in anaerobic atmosphere. From microorganisms’ growth, test of counting, depletion, Gram stain and other biomass collection of the vials themselves were carried out. As a result, the prior sludge storage influence on biodegradation tests of sludge with wet-blue shavings was not yet fully elucidated. Isolated microorganisms were not methanogenic archaea. The microorganism counting was held in two biodegradation tests with collected biomass. The first bioreactor analyzed (bioreactor 4) showed 1,90 x 109 and 4,45 x 106 CFU/mL for the precipitated solid and the supernatant liquid, respectively. The second bioreactor analyzed (bioreactor 7) showed 1,35 x 109 and 1,09 x 109 for the precipitated solid without and with added sludge in the culture medium before autoclaving, respectively, and 9,10 x 106 and 8,30 x 106 CFU/mL for the supernatant liquid without and with added sludge in the culture medium before autoclaving, respectively. Methane was only detected in vials containing collected biomass aliquots from final stages of biogas production bioreactors that were bit diluted and had high amounts of microorganisms. The percentage of methane found in these vials ranged between 25,75 and 53,66% and was detected after three weeks of incubation. The sludge homogenization proved to be a great influence factor on biodegradation. The isolation technique with penicillin type injectable vial proved to be appropriate for methanogenic microorganisms’ quantification in biodegradation tests, although it is not fully understood for the methanogenic archaea isolation.
Francisco, Pedro. "Compostagem biotecnológica acelerada para produção de ração ou adubo a partir de resíduos de lixo verde." Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, 2015. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/23515.
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CNPq
O acentuado crescimento do agronegócio implicou no aumento do consumo de insumos e na geração de resíduos nas atividades agropecuária e agroindustrial. Nos grandes centros urbanos do litoral brasileiro, por exemplo, 70% de lixo verde são constituídos por poda de árvores e resíduos de coco verde, criando um sério problema para os aterros sanitários. Os primeiros resultam da poda das árvores da cidade pelas companhias de energia elétrica e os últimos resultam do consumo da água de coco verde. O mercado de coco verde tem crescido mundialmente nos últimos anos principalmente nos países de clima tropical, devido à valorização de alimentos saudáveis e naturais. Os resíduos do coco verde levam de 8 a 10 anos para se decompor e a sua incorreta destinação leva a que se constituam em focos de insetos, geração de gases mal cheirosos e de efeito estufa. Desta forma, o presente trabalho destinou-se a compostagem de resíduos sólidos vegetais tendo como matéria prima poda de árvores e coco, ambos verdes, provenientes da zona urbana de Salvador para produção de adubo e/ou ração para ruminantes. Os resíduos foram selecionados baseando-se na sua viabilidade, levando em consideração a origem, tamanho e estado de maturidade. Foi feito balanço de massas mediante a adição de minerais de baixos teores e ajuste da relação C/N pela adição de uréia em proporções diversificadas. Também se adicionou micro-organismos provenientes de compostagem anterior de poda de árvore e proveniente da biomassa em compostagem. Foram isolados e inoculados micro-organismos celulolíticos e nitrificantes presentes no bioprocesso. Efetuou-se monitoramento e controle dos teores de umidade, temperatura, emissão de amônia e pH. O resultado revelou que a inoculação com micro-organismos celulolíticos e nitrificantes e o enriquecimento com compostos de fósforo e cálcio acelerou a compostagem do resíduo de coco verde e poda de árvore, no entanto, a compostagem ocorreu de forma parcial, em particular sobre o pó, dado que parte da fibra de coco não está sendo degradada. Os tratamentos cuja relação C/N foi reduzida para 30/1 e enriquecidos com minerais de baixos teores na concentração de 1,16%, 0,98% e 0,32% para KH2PO4, Na2HPO4 e CaCO3, respectivamente, compostaram em menor tempo, sendo que o processo decorreu de forma mais satisfatória quando o volume do resíduo era maior. Contudo, apesar da elevada qualidade nutricional que o composto apresenta ainda não pode ser usado como ração devido à elevada concentração de fibras que pode trazer conseqüências para a saúde dos animais. Contudo, poderá ser utilizado como adubo, pois atende às exigências oficiais para essa finalidade.
The sharp growth of agribusiness resulted in increased consumption of inputs and the generation of wastes in the agricultural and agro-industrial activities. In large urban centers of the Brazilian coast, for example, 70% of green wastes consists of trimming of trees and green coconut wastes, creating a serious problem for landfills. The first result of pruning of trees in the city by electric power companies and the last result from the green coconut water consumption. The market for green coconut has grown worldwide in recent years mainly in tropical countries due to the appreciation of healthy and natural foods. The residue of green coconut leads of 8 to 10 years to decompose, and constitute in focus of insects, smelly gas generation and greenhouse effect. Thus, the present work aimed composting of vegetables solid waste, using as raw material, green coconut and green pruning trees in diversified levels of species, from urban zone of Salvador to produce fertilizer and/or animal feed for ruminants. The residues were selected based on their feasibility, taking into consideration the origin, size and state of maturity. Mass balance was done by adding low levels minerals and C/N ratio adjustment was done by adding urea in diverse proportions. Also it was added microorganisms from previous composting of trimming trees and from biomass in composting. Futhermore to short the bioprocess time specific microorganisms such as cellulolytic and nitrifying bacteria where isolated and added I the process. Levels of moisture, temperature, pH and ammonia emission were monitored and controlled. The results revealed that the inoculation with nitrifying and cellulolytic micro-organisms and enrichment of phosphorus and calcium compounds accelerated waste composting, nevertheless, composting occurred partially, in particular under powder because part of coconut fiber was not being degraded. The treatments whose C/N ratio was reduced to 30/1 and enriched with minerals of low levels in the concentration of 1.16 %, 0.98 % and 0.32 % of KH2PO4, NaHPO4 and CaCO3, respectively, composted quickly, but the process held more satisfactory way when the residue volume was greater. However, despite the high nutritional quality of the compound, it can not yet be used as feed due to incomplete degradation of the fiber, but can be used as a fertilizer.
Araújo, Maria das Graças Cabral de. "Controle microbiológico e atividade enzimática em compostagem de resíduos de poda de árvores e lodo de esgoto." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2011. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=600.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this work was to reuse the urban tree pruning and sewage sludge for composting. The addition of slaked lime and inocula to compost, both in laboratory and in the field, was investigated. The microbiological content, enzyme activities, temperature, pH and concentrations of carbon and nitrogen were determined. The standard counting of bacteria and fungi (yeasts and filamentous fungi) reached maximum values in the range of 1012 and 108 CFU/mL, respectively. Liming inhibited the total coliforms and fecal coliforms. In addition, Salmonellas and the four enzymes investigated were also inhibited when a 1:1 slaked lime to sewage sludge ratio was used. In the experiments in the field, the mass was not sanitized and was used slaked lime at 25 % w/w in relation to sewage sludge; the thermophilic phase occurred in a short period. The activities of cellulases, proteases, phenoloxidases and tannases reached the highest percentage in the active phase of waste degradation. The moisture in the composting field ranged from 55 to 65%. During the composting in the presence of slaked lime, pH reached alkaline values while in other treatments, pH was around neutrality. The final product showed a carbon: nitrogen ratio between 9 and 16 after 60 days of composting. The particle size of the urban pruning, the volume of waste in laboratory treatments and the presence of slaked lime influenced composting. The urban tree pruning and sewage sludge can be reused after the composting treatment for humus production, whose final product can be used in the recovery of soil
Jouen, Thomas. "Caractérisation de l'évolution de l'état de biodégradation des massifs de déchets non dangereux en post-exploitation : Application de méthodes géophysiques." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IAVF0010/document.
Повний текст джерелаStorage is the most commonly used waste treatment method in the world because it is a simple and economical way to dispose of solid waste. Despite a national and European desire to reduce the storage of biodegradable waste, a significant amount is still buried, leading to the implementation of specific management methods. Formerly exploited as mere filling pits, MSWL are today complex structures whose objective is to reduce the environmental impact and energetically valorize the biogas produced by the biodegradation of organic matter. In order to accelerate biodegradation processes, a waste cell can be operated in bioreactor mode by reinjecting leachates to increase the water content of the waste. The challenge of the 2000s was to size and validate leachate re-injection systems to ensure optimal distribution of water content in the waste mass. Today, the question is to monitor evolution of the biodegradation in all points of a waste mass in particular to understand the effect of this management mode. Geophysical methods in addition to being non-destructive and spatializing have been used for years on MSWLs and could be sensitive to the evolution of a waste mass biodegradation, as has been demonstrated for the biodegradation of others environments. Thus the problematic of this thesis is to evaluate the capacity of certain geophysical methods to monitor the evolution of the bio-physicochemical parameters of a waste mass during its biodegradation. A first bibliographic work identified four electrical methods among the geophysical methods available to answer this question:• Electrical resistivity• Self potential• Time domain induced polarization• Spectral induced polarizationAfter this state of the art, the thesis work was separated into three parts. The first one was devoted to the implementation of the monitoring of these four methods at the laboratory scale under controlled conditions, the second to analyze the long-term geophysical monitoring at the industrial site of SAS Les Champs Jouault and the last one to evaluate the observations at these two scales. Finally, the conclusion presents the potential of time domain induced polarization method as the most relevant to monitor the evolution of a waste mass biodegradation over time and discusses its use in an industrial setting
MACOMBER, JEFF RAYMOND. "EFFECTS OF SOLIDS RETENTION TIME ON THE TREATMENT OF SYNTHETIC WASTEWATER USING A MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin981401531.
Повний текст джерелаGrossin-Debattista, Julien. "Fractionnements isotopiques (13C/12C) engendrés par la méthanogenèse : apports pour la compréhension des processus de biodégradation lors de la digestion anaérobie : application aux procédés anaérobies de traitements des déchets non dangereux." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14229/document.
Повний текст джерелаAnaerobic waste treatment processes are clearly part of the answer to a current important socio-economic issue in waste management: energy production from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. The anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste is a complex process involving numerous reactions and microorganism communities. At the end of the degradation process, some biogas with a particularly high methane content is produced. A detailed knowledge on how operational parameters affect metabolism orientations is required to optimize these treatment processes. This is in particular the case for the last degradation reaction called methanogenesis. In this context, an isotopic approach based on isotopic composition measurements (13C/12C) for methane and carbon dioxide can provide some clues with regard to this objective. Indeed, this methodology enables the determination of the methanogenic pathways by which methane is produced.Transferability of the isotopic approach used for natural ecosystems to the field of anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste was first experimentally verified. In a second time, the effects of some operational parameters known to strongly impact the anaerobic digestion process, such as temperature and ammonia concentration, were studied. During anaerobic digestion of reconstituted municipal solid waste in thermophilic conditions, it was shown that aceticlastic methanogenesis (occurring in mesophilic conditions) was replaced by a syntrophic acetate oxidation reaction. Additional experiments using acetate as sole substrate were performed and showed that this effect on the metabolic pathways was not systematic. Consequently, it cannot be due to a direct effect of the temperature increase. It could rather be explained by the induced and indirect increase in ammonia concentration. Additional experiments clearly demonstrated that an increase in ammonia concentration led to the establishment of a syntrophic acetate oxidation reaction. The isotopic approach was combined with microbiological analyses and showed that the syntrophic acetate oxidation reaction occurring at high ammonia concentration during acetate incubations could have been performed through a syntrophic relationship between bacteria and strict hydrogenotrophic archaea, as previously described in the literature. Interestingly, the syntrophic acetate oxidation could also have occurred using a different pathway relying on members of the Methanosarcinaceae family putatively able to perform the two steps of the reaction (oxidation and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis). In addition, the implementation of the isotopic approach during an experiment designed to simulate a landfill bioreactor evidenced the influence of the effluent's nature on the methanogenesis metabolism orientation. The influence of green waste proportion during the co-digestion of biowaste / green waste mixtures on resulting ammonia concentrations and methanogenesis pathways was also studied through dedicated experiments. Finally, the potential of the isotopic approach for landfill-scale application was investigated through a measurement campaign on a landfill site
Conte, Michele. "Studio del comportamento bio-meccanico dei rifiuti solidi urbani (RSU) e modellazione dei cedimenti secondari." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426294.
Повний текст джерелаUno degli aspetti strategici dello sviluppo dei grandi agglomerati urbani è senza dubbio la gestione dei rifiuti solidi. Per far fronte alle necessità di smaltimento si possono seguire due strategie: quella dell’incenerimento e quella dello stoccaggio in discarica, con o senza pre-trattamento. Quest’ultima soluzione, molto praticata in Italia, richiede delle attente valutazioni di carattere ambientale, sanitario e geotecnico, al fine di garantire la fruibilità del servizio in sicurezza, durante il tempo di gestione che ordinariamente supera i decenni. L’attività di ricerca s’inserisce nell’ambito della modellazione teorica della compressibilità secondaria bio-meccanica dei Rifiuti Solidi Urbani (RSU), attraverso test di laboratorio e riscontri con opere in vera grandezza. La ricerca, sviluppata nel corso del triennio 2010-2012, riveste un certo interesse pratico ove si consideri che l’inesatta valutazione dei cedimenti dei rifiuti possa comportare un’imprecisa stima della capacità di accumulo dell’impianto, nonché difficoltà di funzionamento delle opere accessorie a causa dei cedimenti totali e differenziali. Quest’ultimi derivano dalla sovrapposizione delle componenti: immediata, primaria e secondaria, differenti per intensità e decorso. Il cedimento immediato si produce ogni qualvolta si applichi un carico al di sopra di uno strato di rifiuto, durante lo stoccaggio; il cedimento primario è legato alla compressibilità differita nel tempo dello scheletro solido, a causa dell’instaurarsi di moti di fluido, sia liquido che gassoso, all’interno dei vuoti. Il cedimento secondario, o di lungo termine, oggetto della presente Tesi di Dottorato, è prodotto dalla compressione dello scheletro solido sotto tensioni effettive costanti. Il ben noto fenomeno di creep si accoppia, negli RSU, a fenomeni di degradazione biologica, derivanti dalla trasformazione della sostanza organica in percolato e biogas. Scopo della ricerca è stato quello di calibrare un modello bio-meccanico disaccoppiato di tipo monodimensionale per la valutazione delle deformazioni da cedimento e del loro decorso nel tempo, partendo dai parametri biologici e meccanici del rifiuto urbano. L’analisi dei parametri bio-meccanici del rifiuto, costituente la parte preliminare della ricerca, si fonda, oltre che su dati provenienti dalla letteratura specialistica, sui risultati di esperienze con reattori biologici presso i laboratori delle Università di Padova e di Grenoble, utilizzando materiale tal quale (a Padova) o pretrattato (a Grenoble). Una volta calibrati i parametri del modello bio-meccanico è stato possibile quantificare le variazioni di volume riconducibili alle due distinte componenti, di creep e biologica, presenti simultaneamente ma attivatesi con tempi diversi, in ragione dell’incidenza della componente organica e delle condizioni di degradazione biologica (anaerobica e/o aerobica). Completa lo studio il riscontro con i dati provenienti da opere in vera grandezza, ricavati sia dalla letteratura specialistica che da indagini in situ su discariche esistenti. Modalità di indagine 1. Attività introduttive Nella fase iniziale del lavoro viene presentata una rassegna sulla gestione dei rifiuti solidi urbani (RSU) a livello mondiale, europeo e nazionale. Queste strategie riguardano l’incenerimento, l’attività di selezione(raccolta differenziata) e riciclo del materiale, la riduzione dell’attività biologica del materiale tramite degradazione aerobica e/o anaerobica, e lo stoccaggio in discarica. Particolare evidenza è data ai metodi di pretrattamento meccanico e biologico, in grado di limitarne le emissioni inquinanti e di ridurre i volumi conferiti attraverso la preventiva stabilizzazione della sostanza organica (discarica bioreattore, landfill mining, aerazione in situ). 2. Stato delle conoscenze sulla meccanica degli RSU Nella seconda parte della ricerca si è tracciato il quadro delle conoscenze riguardo alle proprietà chimiche, fisiche, idrauliche e meccaniche del mezzo poroso eterogeneo, qual è il rifiuto solido urbano. 3. Elaborazione di un modello bio-meccanico per la compressibilità secondaria degli RSU Nella terza fase dello studio si è resa necessaria una valutazione delle principali caratteristiche del rifiuto e delle possibili trasformazioni che esso può sperimentare nel tempo. In particolare, sono stati esaminati i seguenti aspetti: composizione merceologica, granulometria, densità, contenuto d’acqua, grado di compattazione e rappresentatività statistica. Con riferimento ai parametri chimici, sono state prese in esame le caratteristiche di biodegradazione in relazione all’incidenza della sostanza organica ed al tipo di processo, aerobico e anaerobico. In tale ambito sono state esaminate le produzioni di percolato e di biogas, la temperatura, il contenuto d’acqua gravimetrico ed il livello di tensione coinvolto. Si è proceduto, quindi, alla caratterizzazione dei parametri meccanici che incidono sullo sviluppo dei cedimenti secondari. I modelli di previsione dei cedimenti, attualmente presenti nella letteratura tecnica, possono essere classificati secondo differenti criteri, in relazione alle ipotesi su cui si fondano: modelli derivanti dalle leggi della meccanica delle terre (Sowers, 1973; Bjarngard ed Edgers, 1990), modelli di tipo reologico (Gibson e Lo, 1961), modelli empirici (Yen e Scanlon, 1975; Edil et al., 1990; Ling et al., 1998), modelli incorporanti la biodegradazione (Marques et al., 2003; Hettiarachchi et al., 2009) e modelli di tipo costitutivo (Machado et al., 2008; Sivakumar Babu et al., 2010). Il modello sviluppato nella ricerca considera le due distinte componenti, di creep e biologica, presenti simultaneamente ma attivatesi con tempi diversi, in ragione dell’incidenza della componente organica e delle condizioni di degradazione biologica (anaerobica e/o aerobica). I parametri del modello sono stati calibrati sulla base dei risultati di un’indagine sperimentale condotta in laboratorio con reattori di medie dimensioni ed osservazioni in sito relative ad opere in vera grandezza. 4. Analisi di laboratorio e ricerca sperimentale Per ottenere una gamma completa di dati rappresentativi, sono state condotte delle ricerche sperimentali sul comportamento di due tipi di rifiuto soggetti a compressione, utilizzando, in parallelo, due serie di indagini di laboratorio. La sperimentazione, che costituisce la quarta fase della ricerca, è stata condotta presso il laboratorio di Ingegneria Sanitaria Ambientale dell’Università di Padova (Dipartimento ICEA) e presso il laboratorio LTHE (Laboratoire d’étude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement) dell’Università di Grenoble (Francia). Le prove all’Università francese sono state condotte sotto la guida del Professor Jean-Pierre Gourc, durante un periodo di stage di cinque mesi (maggio–ottobre 2012). Il materiale utilizzato è un rifiuto solido urbano proveniente dall’impianto di Legnago (VR), ottenuto sia da rifiuti tal quali, sia da un pretrattamento bio-meccanico. L’RSU originario (tal quale), è stato sottoposto a prove di compressione su un reattore presente all’Università di Padova, per un periodo di 180 giorni, ricevendo, settimanalmente, una determinata quantità entrante di percolato, al fine di migliorarne le condizioni di degradabilità. Parallelamente, l’RSU pretrattato bio-meccanicamente è stato sottoposto a prove di compressione su un reattore presente all’Università di Grenoble, per un periodo di 77 giorni, senza alcuna iniezione di liquido. Tale sperimentazione ha consentito di mettere in luce la dipendenza dei parametri bio-meccanici in funzione dello stato iniziale del rifiuto. 5. Estensione del modello alle opere in vera grandezza Nell’ultima fase della ricerca, sono stati esaminati i riscontri provenienti dal monitoraggio di opere in vera grandezza. Partendo dai dati sperimentali, su piccola e media scala, ottenuti dai reattori di laboratorio, si è proceduto al calcolo delle deformazioni da cedimento di opere in vera grandezza. Il comportamento della singola cella elementare è stato generalizzato ad una serie di celle verticali, in grado di simulare il comportamento di una colonna di rifiuti all’interno della discarica. A tal fine si sono confrontati i risultati con i dati di monitoraggio provenienti dalle discariche di Chatuzange in Francia e di Yolo County e S-Landfill negli USA, ottenendo risultati molto incoraggianti. Il principale prodotto della ricerca si può sintetizzare nei seguenti aspetti: * Si evidenzia la necessità della taratura del modello bio-meccanico proposto per la valutazione delle deformazioni secondarie da cedimento, considerando le due distinte componenti, di creep e biologica. Il modello è stato tarato sulla base dei dati provenienti dalla letteratura specialistica, nonché attraverso prove di laboratorio presso le Università di Padova e Grenoble. Ulteriori conferme sono state desunte dallo studio dei cedimenti di tre impianti di stoccaggio degli RSU. Il beneficio di una corretta taratura si osserva su intervalli di tempo molto ampi, come dimostrato dai riscontri con opere in vera grandezza. * I modelli che includono la componente di degradazione biologica si rivelano efficienti solo se in grado di considerare e di quantificare la componente di cedimento dovuta alla produzione di biogas nei processi anaerobici, circostanza questa molto influente nei grandi cumuli urbani di RSU. * Un modesto pretrattamento aerobico, anticipando i tempi di biodegradazione della sostanza organica, consente di limitare i cedimenti e di abbreviare i tempi di stoccaggio in discarica
ARAÚJO, Elaine Patrícia. "Monitoramento de células experimentais de resíduos sólidos urbanos quanto a aspectos físico-químicos e microbiológicos." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2015. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/1050.
Повний текст джерелаMade available in DSpace on 2018-06-26T21:18:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ELAINE PATRÍCIA ARAÚJO – TESE (UAEMa) 2015.pdf: 3617627 bytes, checksum: 75d4ce737bfec01d38d4b883955b8d81 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-30
CNPq
O estudo com células experimentais de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) permite avaliar a degradação dos diferentes tipos de resíduos sólidos por meio da ação dos microrganismos bactérias e fungos totais em um curto período de tempo, ao contrário do que ocorre em aterros sanitários tradicionais. Assim, o objetivo dessa pesquisa foi realizar o monitoramento de células experimentais de RSU quanto a aspectos físico-químicos e microbiológicos, preenchidas com resíduos da cidade de Campina Grande-PB, com o intuito de avaliar a eficiência dos processos degradativos. Para isso, realizou-se a construção, preenchimento e monitoramento de 2 (duas) células experimentais localizadas na Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG). Essas células foram preenchidas com RSU da Cidade de Campina Grande, coletados em locais e quantidades previamente selecionadas. As células foram instrumentadas com medidores de temperatura e recalque ao longo da profundidade, piezômetro e dreno de gás, além de 12 pontos de coleta de resíduos. Os períodos de monitoramento foram de: outubro de 2009 a outubro de 2011 na célula experimental I e de setembro de 2011 a setembro de 2013 na célula experimental II, onde amostras de resíduos sólidos foram retiradas de cada camada (superior, intermediária e inferior) para realização das análises físicoquímicas e microbiológicas. Foram realizadas análises de granulometria do solo para compor as camadas de base e cobertura, composição gravimétrica, volumétrica, pH, sólidos voláteis, teor de umidade, cloretos, alcalinidade, ácidos voláteis, precipitação e evaporação, contagem de bactérias aeróbias e fungos totais de acordo com normas e metodologias adaptadas com o propósito de observar o processo de degradação nas diferentes células experimentais. De acordo com os resultados obtidos verificou-se que as composições gravimétricas e volumétricas realizadas, nos diferentes períodos de tempo, foram típicas de cidades em desenvolvimento, com elevados teores de matéria orgânica e que o desenvolvimento dos parâmetros pH, alcalinidade, teor de umidade, concentrações de ácidos voláteis, sólidos voláteis e cloretos favoreceu o crescimento dos microrganismos bactérias aeróbias e fungos totais, em ambas as células estudas propiciando comportamento semelhante dos microrganismos, ao longo do tempo de monitoramento. Observou-se que os teores de pH nas duas células experimentais monitoradas foram favoráveis no crescimento desse grupo de bactérias e que os resíduos sólidos urbanos encontram-se em estágio avançado de degradação. A redução dos sólidos voláteis em todos os níveis de profundidade das células experimentais indicou a degradação da matéria orgânica. Pode-se concluir que as fases de degradação nas células experimentais I e II ocorreram de maneira mais rápida quando comparadas a aterros sanitários em decorrência da área/superfície ser maior que o volume dos resíduos, o que facilitou a interação do meio ambiente com atividade enzimática dos diferentes grupos de bactérias e fungos totais presentes nas diferentes camadas das células experimentais.
The study with experimental cells of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) allows evaluating the degradation of the different types of solid waste through the action of the microorganisms bacteria and total fungi in a short period of time, unlike what occurs in traditional landfills. Thus the objective of this research was to carry out the monitoring of experimental cells of MSW as the physical chemical and microbiological aspects, filled with waste from the city of Campina Grande-PB, in order to evaluate the efficiency of degradative processes. For this, realized the construction, the fill and monitoring of two (2) experimental cells located at the Federal University of Campina Grande. These cells were filled with RSU of the City of Campina Grande, collected in places and amo unts previously selected. Cells were instrumented with temperature gauges and repression along the deep, piezometer and gas drain, beyond 12 points of waste collection. The monitoring periods were: October 2009 to October 2011 in the experimental cell I and from September 2011 to September 2013 in the experimental cell II, where solid waste samples were taken from each layer (upper, middle and lower) for realization of the physicochemical analysis and microbiological. Were realized soil granulometry analyzes to compose the layers of the base and cover, gravimetric composition, volumetric, pH, volatile solids, moisture content, chlorides, alkalinity, volatile acids, precipitation and evaporation, the count of aerobic bacteria and total fungi of agreement with standards and adapted methodologies in order to observe the degradation process in the different experimental cells. According to the results obtained it was found that the gravimetric and volumetric compositions realized, in the differents time periods, were typical of cities in developing, with high contents of organic matter and that the development of the parameters pH, alkalinity, moisture content, concentrations of volatile acids, volatile solids and chlorides favored the growth of the microorganisms aerobic bacteria and total fungi, in both studied cells providing similar behavior of microorganisms, during the monitoring time. It was observed that the pH levels in the two experimental cells monitored were favorable in the growth of this group of bacteria and that municipal solid waste are at an advanced stage of degradation. The reduction of volatile solids in all depth levels of the experimental cells indicated the degradation of organic matter. It can be concluded that the degradation stages in the experimental cells I and II occurred more rapidly when compared to landfills due to the area/surface be greater than the volume of waste, facilitating the interaction of the environment with enzymatic activity of different groups of bacteria and total fungi present in the different layers of the experimental cells.
Валерійович, Кравченко Олександр. "Біотехнологічні засади підвищення енергоресурсоефективності та екологічної безпеки процесів на об’єктах комунальної інфраструктури". Thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2019. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/26294.
Повний текст джерелаDissertation for obtaining the scientific degree of the doctor of technical sciences in the specialty 03.00.20 - biotechnology. - National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kyiv, 2019. The dissertation is devoted to scientific substantiation of new energy and resource efficient and ecological biotechnologies for intensification of processes of preparation of drinking water and utilization of solid household waste in municipal infrastructure objects, containing removing iron, manganese and nitrogen compounds from water as well as intensification for biodestruction of organic compounds in solid wastes. In the study of the work of rapid filters on the water intake of the village of Khoroshiv, results were obtained that showed the iron / oxygen ratio to be at level of 0.12 - 0.25, which is according to existing ideas not enough to provide deep treatment, that was obtained practically. This lead us to idea of biotechnological process to take place. To confirm the above assumption, experiments were carried out on filtration of water with an iron concentration of 13,3 ± 0,8 mg / dm3 at a different filtration rate and in the presence of bacteria in the filter material. The results of additional experiments showed that usage of oxygen (which allowed biological growth) lead to deeper treatment than in case of hypochlorite usage. That is, the results obtained not only confirmed the role of microorganisms in the process of non-irritation / demaganization, but also showed the possibility of practical application of biotechnology methods to improve the efficiency of water purification from iron and manganese. For the thorough examination of the biological agent from the filtering material of the various filters, 10 cultures of iron and manganese oxidizing microorganisms were isolated. The evaluation of the morphology of the cultures obtained, according to the scheme, allowed them to be classified as Siderocapsa, Leptothrix, Sphaerotillus, Galionella, Metallogenium, Hyphomicrobium. The data of following experiments showed a predominant role in the processes of water disinfection of microorganisms of Leptothrix, Sphaerotillus, Metallogenium and Siderocapsa. Increasing the activity of a biological agent can be achieved by creating selective cultures of Leptotrix and Sphaerotilus, that can contribute to a deeper removal of manganese from water (up to 98% for Mn). To implement the proposed schemes a number of technological tasks were solved, including: to develop effective methods of transfer of inoculum to the loading of filters, to select the most suitable filtering loading for the specified purposes, to determine the optimum parameters and regimes of filtering and washing of the filtering layer. Based on the results of the research carried out for the implementation of biotechnology for disinfection and demagnetization on rapid filters, two technological schemes were developed using natural or selected microorganisms cultures. The study of the possibility of intensifying the deamonization of underground water technology was carried out by conducting a complex of pilot studies on the water of the artesian well in the city of Khmelnytsky. The experimental plant included filter with an aerator, loaded with a special filter material, on which the microorganisms are effectively fixed and retained. The results of the experiments allowed to reveal important dependencies. Since the concentration of dissolved oxygen at the filter inlet has an opposite effect on the flow of processes, it was appropriate to investigate their regularities at different values of this indicator. The results of experiments showed that when the oxygen supply was reduced from 8 to 5.5 mg / dm3, the concentration of ammonium in the filtered water was in the range of 0.11-0.12 mg / dm3, nitrites - 0.27-0.28 mg / dm3, and nitrates gradually decreased from 11.0 to 2.4 mg / dm3, that is, at high concentrations of oxygen due to nitrification, a significant amount of nitrates was produced, and as the oxygen content decreased due to denitrification, the decomposition of nitrates and their concentration declined. The mathematical model was prepared to describe this process and the resulting program was realized in Swift 4.0. The results of the comparison of the experimental data obtained with the forecast by model showed that the prediction error of the model does not exceed 6.0%, that is, it is much smaller than the allowable value for engineering calculations. Based on the results of the research and the developed model, a technology for intensifying the biofiltration process for ammonia removal was developed to decrease time of filters preparation. The use of technology has allowed to shorten the start time of the filter for use from 18 to 2 days. The interconnection between the morphological composition of the solid waste and the biocenoses formed therein was investigated by sorting several samples that arrive at the polygons mm. Kiev and Khmelnitsky. The correlation with coefficient R=0,65-0,68 was stablished and mathematical model to describe the process was obtained. An assessment of the adequacy of the developed model was carried out by comparing the predicted data obtained from the model with the experimental data for the map of the polygon in Chernivtsi with an approximate time of stay of the SHW for 5 years. Comparison of the predicted composition of the biocenosis with the actual allocated showed that the difference between the predicted and actual data on the number of bacteria in the biocenose was 12.5%, and according to the morphological composition - did not exceed 15%, which confirmed the adequacy of the developed model. An assessment of the effectiveness of the proposed technology was carried out by laboratory on samples of MSW in Kyiv using a traditional Bacillus-based preparate and mixed one, the composition of which was determined by simulation. According to the data obtained, the use of a mixture accelerated the biodestruction and rate of subsidence of the sample (by 26,4 ± 0,2%).
Диссертация на соискание ученой степени доктора технических наук по специальности 03.00.20 - биотехнология. - Национальный технический университет Украины «Киевский политехнический институт имени Игоря Сикорского» Министерства образования и науки Украины, Киев, 2019. В диссертации представлены результаты научно обоснованных технологических решений биотехнологической интенсификации процессов, которые широко используются в коммунальной инфраструктуре населенных пунктов. Разработана биотехнология удаления соединений железа и марганца путем внесения микроорганизмов родов Leptothrix и Sphaerotillus. Реализация биотехнологии позволяет достичь эффективности очистки воды от желез и марганца: с природными культурами - 94-99% и 71-87%; с селектированными - 98-99% и 94-97% соответственно. Разработана технология интенсификации деамонизации в биофильтрах путем внесения в фильтрующую загрузку предварительно рассчитанного количества культур нитри- и денитрификатор, что позволяет сократить время пуска фильтра с 18 до 2 суток. Предложена технология получения близких по составу к естественным микроценозам препаратов, повышающих эффективность биодеструкции ТБО на 26,4 ± 0,2 по сравнению с традиционными.
Hughes, Kevin Lewis William. "Optimisation of methane production from anaerobically digested cow slurry using mixing regime and hydraulic retention time." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/18869.
Повний текст джерелаChakma, Sumedha. "Modelling settlement of municipal solid waste landfills due to biodegradation." Thesis, 2007. http://localhost:8080/iit/handle/2074/6234.
Повний текст джерелаAragaw, Tamru Tesseme. "Experimental analysis of municipal solid waste biodegradation using bioreactor landfill in tropical climate." Thesis, 2018. http://localhost:8080/iit/handle/2074/7760.
Повний текст джерелаShwetmala, *. "Assessment of Environmental Issues And Biodegradation Aspects of Current MSW Practices of Developing Country Metropolises - A Case Study of Bangalore." Thesis, 2016. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2005/2724.
Повний текст джерелаShwetmala, *. "Assessment of Environmental Issues And Biodegradation Aspects of Current MSW Practices of Developing Country Metropolises - A Case Study of Bangalore." Thesis, 2016. http://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/2724.
Повний текст джерелаKigozi, Robert. "Design of an anaerobic biodigestion system utilizing the organic fraction of municipal solid waste for biogas production in an urban environment." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13796.
Повний текст джерелаThe design process was carried out in two stages: feedstock analysis and system design. Under feedstock analysis, the study investigated the amount of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) generated at the study area which was situated at the University of Johannesburg’s Doornfontein Campus (UJ DFC) in downtown Johannesburg South Africa. Furthermore, the feedstock analyses involved characterisation studies on the target waste under which several laboratory tests were undertaken. The system design involved sizing of the suitable biogas digester to be used in the system applying mathematical models and feedstock parameters obtained from the feedstock analyses. Via the application of the Simple Multi-Attribute Rating (SMART) technique of multiple-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) as a decision support tool, the most preferred option of biogas plant model was selected from a list of potential alternatives available on the market. And, in addition, a suitable site around the study area was selected by applying the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) technique of MCDA. Other system components and accessories such as the piping, scrubbers and valves were sized, selected, integrated into the system and finally layout drawings were produced using Inventor computer aided drafting (CAD) Software. Furthermore, feasibility assessments were conducted on the proposed system such as energy usage assessments and economic analyses using the net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) techniques...