Статті в журналах: "SOLID STATE LIGHTING (SSL)"

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Sun, Ching-Cherng, Shih-Hsin Ma, and Quang-Khoi Nguyen. "Advanced LED Solid-State Lighting Optics." Crystals 10, no. 9 (August 27, 2020): 758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10090758.

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Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been intensively studied for white-light lighting since their luminous efficacy exceeds 50 lm/W. Currently, the luminous efficacy of an LED light tube/bulb is almost above 100 lm/W. LED solid-state lighting (SSL) has unequivocally become the major light source in general lighting. The fact of high efficiency and other advantages of LED SSL is enough to penetrate all lighting scenarios. However, what people demand from new-generation lighting is not only in energy efficiency but also in lighting quality. Thus, how to make the lighting more user friendly is one of the important issues, and, here, optics is the key point. For making a collection with the discussions of the novel optical design in enhancing lighting efficiency in a more uniform illumination pattern, in higher sharpness for special lighting, in a higher signal-to-noise ratio for communication, in more functions for new applications, etc., this Special Issue of “Advanced LED Solid-State Lighting Optics” focuses on advanced applications in all aspects.

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SIMONS, KENNETH L., and SUSAN WALSH SANDERSON. "GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN SOLID STATE LIGHTING." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 20, no. 02 (June 2011): 359–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156411006647.

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The determinants of successful development, commercialization and diffusion of solid state lighting (SSL) are not well understood particularly in a global context. Patent data provide one means to gain insight into corporate and national research and development activities. However, existing SSL patent analyses have focused primarily on United States (US) patents. This study analyzes SSL patents granted worldwide to measure the strengths of US, Japan, Germany, the Netherlands, South Korea, Taiwan, and China, nations all poised to play a key role in SSL's future. It shows a strong and growing role of corporate patent portfolios for firms headquartered in Asian nations. The data cover patents that were applied for and issued from 1937 to March 2009. Our findings suggest a stronger role of non-US organizations and individuals than had been reported in previous studies that focused only on US patents.

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Dutta, Dimple P., and A. K. Tyagi. "Inorganic Phosphor Materials for Solid State White Light Generation." Solid State Phenomena 155 (May 2009): 113–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.155.113.

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Solid-state lighting (SSL) is emerging as a highly competent field and a possible alternative to existing lighting technologies. Development of a suitable phosphor is an important aspect of SSL. The aim of this review is to summarize status of Inorganic Phosphors towards SSL applications. Various examples have been taken from oxide, fluoride, nitride, sulfide and phosphate based host lattices. The important concepts like CIE coordinates and Color Correlated Temperature (CCT) will also be discussed. The sections encompasses of red, blue and green light emitting phosphors. The white light emitting phosphors will also be discussed in details.

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So, Franky, Junji Kido, and Paul Burrows. "Organic Light-Emitting Devices for Solid-State Lighting." MRS Bulletin 33, no. 7 (July 2008): 663–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.137.

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AbstractOrganic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) have been widely developed for flat-panel displays, but only recently the efficiency of white OLEDs has risen to the point where they can be considered for solid-state lighting (SSL) applications. In this review, we discuss the requirements of solid-state lighting as they relate to OLEDs. We focus on how the color, efficiency, and cost requirements of general illumination differ from those of displays and how these differences might have an impact on the design of organic SSL. We then present some recent developments in large-area fabrication techniques that might be appropriate for solid-state lighting applications. Finally, we review recent results in the development of organic materials, device architectures, light extraction schemes, and fabrication techniques that can lead to cost-effective OLED lighting.

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He, Ziqian, Caicai Zhang, Yajie Dong, and Shin-Tson Wu. "Emerging Perovskite Nanocrystals-Enhanced Solid-State Lighting and Liquid-Crystal Displays." Crystals 9, no. 2 (January 22, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9020059.

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Recent advances in perovskite nanocrystals-enhanced solid-state lighting (SSL) and liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) are reviewed. We first discuss the development, optical properties, and stability issue of materials, and then we evaluate the performance of SSL and LCDs with perovskite downconverters adopted. In SSL performance evaluation, we investigate the fitting-curve effect in calculations and optimizations where simple Gaussian fitting and precise fitting are compared in detail, and we further optimize for highly efficient, good color-rendering, and human-healthy SSL sources. For LCD performance evaluation, we study the intrinsic tradeoffs between total light efficiency and color gamut coverage. Through optimizations using real line shapes, Rec. 2020 standard coverage as large as 92.8% can be achieved through hybrid integration. Finally, we briefly discuss two future challenges: materials development and device integration. We believe the emerging perovskite nanocrystals are highly promising for next-generation SSL and LCDs.

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Jin, Mei-Yue. "A Technology Diffusion Model Based on Technology Policy: The Case of Solid-State Lighting Technology Diffusion in the U.S." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 12, no. 6 (June 30, 2011): 2522–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2011.12.6.2522.

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Choi, Jihun, Shanmugasundaram Kanagaraj, and Youngson Choe. "Utilization of novel phenanthrene–imidazole-based ionic small molecules for blue light-emitting electrochemical cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 13 (2020): 4580–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc05767f.

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Tiwari, Sanjay, and Jatinder V. Yakhmi. "Recent Advances in Luminescent Nanomaterials for Solid State Lighting Applications." Defect and Diffusion Forum 361 (January 2015): 15–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.361.15.

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Nanotechnology has led to a profound paradigm shift after the developments in recent years and after being recognised as one of the most important areas of impending technology. Nanomaterials are the basis of newly emerging nanotechnologies for various applications in sensors, photonics, drug delivery, proteomics, biomolecular electronics, and homeland security. Luminescent nanomaterials have attracted great interest worldwide because of their unusual structural, optical and electronic properties as well as efforts to prepare miniaturised devices. By understanding and manipulating these properties, the performance of the resulting optical structure can be tailored for desired end-use applications. Luminescence nanoparticles have tremendous potential in revolutionizing many interesting applications in today’s emerging cutting-edge optical technology such as solid state lighting. Solid-state lighting (SSL) relies on the conversion of electricity to visible white light using solid materials. SSL using any of the materials (inorganic, organic, or hybrid) has the potential for unprecedented efficiencies. The development of novel mercury-free inexpensive nanomaterials, that convert longer wavelength UV to blue light eventually into white-light and are eco-friendly with improved luminous efficacy, energy-saving, long-lifetime, and low-power consumption characteristics, is discussed. In this review, we present a general description of EL related to nanomaterials as the emitter and outlines basic research requirements that could enable solid-state lighting to achieve its potential. Continuing progress in the synthesis and purification of SSL materials are beginning to enable separation of extrinsic and intrinsic phenomena and improve device performance. This review mainly focuses on the basic mechanism, classification, synthesis and characterization of luminescent nanomaterials. The review also covers recent advances in lanthanide-based nanomaterials and photoluminescent nanofibers formed by combining electrospun polymeric nanofibers and quantum dots (QDs) for lighting applications. In spite of the remarkable scientific progress in preparation processes and applications of nanomaterials, they are still not widely used by the industry. Finally, we conclude with a look at the future challenges and prospects of the development of electroluminescence (EL) devices for lighting.Contents of Paper

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9

Jägerbrand, Annika. "New Framework of Sustainable Indicators for Outdoor LED (Light Emitting Diodes) Lighting and SSL (Solid State Lighting)." Sustainability 7, no. 1 (January 19, 2015): 1028–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su7011028.

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Chen, Fan, Muhammad Nadeem Akram, and Xuyuan Chen. "Influence of Mn2+ and Eu3+ Concentration on Photoluminescence and Thermal Stability Properties in Eu3+-Activated ZnMoO4 Red Phosphor Materials." Micromachines 14, no. 8 (August 15, 2023): 1605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14081605.

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The integration of trivalent europium ion (Eu3+)-doped zinc molybdate (ZnMoO4) as red phosphors in next-generation solid-state lighting (SSL) is impeded by their extended electron lifetime and suboptimal thermal stability. To overcome these limitations, we propose a co-doping approach by incorporating Mn2+ and Eu3+ in ZnMoO4, aiming to improve thermal reversibility and reduce the lifetime of electron transitions. A series of Eu3+-doped ZnMoO4 and Mn2+/Eu3+-co-doped ZnMoO4 phosphor materials were synthesized via the conventional sol–gel method, and their photoluminescence properties were compared under high-temperature conditions. Experimental results indicate that the introduction of Mn2+ into Eu3+-doped ZnMoO4 leads to a decrease in quantum efficiency and electron lifetime, primarily attributed to defects within the crystal lattice and energy transfer from Eu3+ to Mn2+, resulting in enhanced non-radiative transitions. However, the addition of a small quantity of Mn2+ remarkably improves the thermal stability and reversibility of the phosphors. Consequently, this co-doping strategy presents a promising avenue for expanding the application possibilities of phosphor materials, particularly for high-power SSL applications subjected to elevated temperatures. Hence, Eu3+-only doped samples are well-suited for lighting applications due to their high IQE and excellent thermal stability. Conversely, Eu3+/Mn2+-co-doped samples show promise in applications that require a shorter electron lifetime and good reversibility.

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11

Panse, Vishal R., Gaurav Rahate, Antomi Saregar, Manmeet Kaur, and Aparna Dixit. "Analysis of Sr2Mg (BO3)2Tb3+ Green Emitting Phosphor for Solid State Lighting: Implication for Light Emitting Diode (LED)." International Journal of Electronics and Communications Systems 1, no. 1 (June 28, 2021): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/ijecs.v1i1.9334.

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With the assist of customized step wise combustion synthesis method Sr2Mg(BO3)2: Tb3+ phosphors were synthesize along with the luminescent proprieties, XRD, chromaticity coordinates with effect of emission intensity with related with the corresponding concentration were studied. The emission spectrum of Sr2Mg(BO3)2 :Tb3+ (x=0.2 to 2 mol %) excited by 353 nm exhibits a strong green emission among peak location at 546 nm is recognized to F-F transitions of Tb3+ 5D4-7F5 ion. This study suggest that Sr2Mg(BO3)2: Tb3+ phosphor be a prominent material as a green constituent for phosphor- transformed W-LEDs for SSL

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12

Saavedra, Enrique, Francisco J. Rey, and Jaime Luyo. "SISTEMAS DE ILUMINACIÓN, SITUACIÓN ACTUAL Y PERSPECTIVAS." Revista Cientifica TECNIA 26, no. 2 (March 5, 2017): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21754/tecnia.v26i2.57.

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El incremento de los precios de la energía eléctrica, las preocupaciones sobre el cambio climático, la independencia y seguridad energética impulsan el cambio del mercado mundial de la iluminación hacia fuentes de luz energéticamente más eficientes. La iluminación, según estimaciones de la International Energy Agency (IEA), representa casi el 20% del consumo mundial de energía eléctrica. En el Perú, según el Ministerio de Energía y Minas, aproximadamente el 35% de la energía primaria (después de la transformación y/o descontadas las pérdidas) es destinada a la generación eléctrica, la cual presenta consumos importantes en iluminación: Sector Residencial 15% a 30%, sector Comercial aprox. 33%, sector Público aprox. 24% y sector industrial 10% a 15%. Dados estos niveles importantes de consumo en sistemas de iluminación, el uso transversal en todos los sectores, la falta de un marco político regulatorio integral, así como la necesidad de determinar y establecer alternativas de eficiencia energética, es necesario el conocimiento de la situación actual y las perspectivas de los sistemas de iluminación. Para lograr el ahorro de energía en iluminación, la IEA recomienda a los gobiernos: Eliminación progresiva de productos de iluminación ineficientes; adoptar iluminación de calidad, fiabilidad y Estándares Mínimos de Eficiencia Energética (MEPS); apoyar el desarrollo, uso y actualización de las normas internacionales de pruebas y los protocolos de medición para reducir los costos de cumplimiento de la industria y apoyar los requerimientos de política nacional; exigir y promover un mejor diseño y gestión de sistemas de iluminación al asegurar que los códigos de construcción promuevan el uso de la luz natural e incluyan MEPS para sistemas de iluminación, incluya información y formación dirigidas a arquitectos, constructores, propietarios y gestores. Actualmente el mercado está dominado por las tecnologías de iluminación convencionales, las cuales están siendo desplazadas por la tecnología de Iluminación de Estado Sólido (SSL). A nivel mundial, la SSL que comprende LED, OLED y la gestión de los sistemas de iluminación, marcan la tendencia con grandes probabilidades de lograr los objetivos de ahorro y eficiencia energética. La SSL ofrece controlabilidad mejorada, nuevos factores de forma (que facilitan el reemplazo de tecnologías convencionales) y nuevas funcionalidades (base de la industria de la iluminación inteligente) que se pueden integrar con sistemas de sensores y de control, lo que permite mayor ahorro de energía. No obstante, la existencia de tecnologías de mayor eficiencia y características lumínicas, existen barreras para su adopción, principalmente: falta de información y sensibilidad, falta de confianza, mayor costo inicial, incentivos inadecuados, temores percibidos relacionados a la salud y el ambiente. Así mismo, hay una serie de barreras para la adopción de productos SSL, estos comprenden principalmente costos iniciales, confiabilidad, estabilidad de color y compatibilidad; que pueden limitar la adopción. Palabras clave.-Sistema de iluminación, Eficiencia energética, Gestión energética, Lámpara, LED. ABSTRACTRising electricity prices, concerns about climate change, independence and energy security drive the shift from the global lighting market to more energy-efficient light sources. Lighting, according to estimates by the International Energy Agency (IEA), accounts for almost 20% of the world's electricity consumption. In Peru, according to the Ministry of Energy and Mines, approximately 35% of primary energy (after processing and / or discounting losses) is destined to electricity generation, which presents important consumption in lighting: Residential Sector 15 % to 30%, Commercial sector approx. 33%, Public sector approx. 24% and industrial sector 10% to 15%. Given these important levels of consumption in lighting systems, transverse use in all sectors, the lack of a comprehensive regulatory policy framework, as well as the need to determine and establish energy efficiency alternatives, it is necessary to know the current situation and The prospects of lighting systems. o achieve energy savings in lighting, the IEA recommends to governments: Progressive elimination of inefficient lighting products; Adopt quality lighting, reliability and minimum Energy Efficiency Standards (MEPS); Support the development, use and updating of international testing standards and measurement protocols to reduce compliance costs and support national policy requirements; Demand and promote better design and management of lighting systems by ensuring that building codes promote the use of natural light and include MEPS for lighting systems, including information and training for architects, builders, owners and managers. Currently the market is dominated by conventional lighting technologies, which are being displaced by Solid State Lighting (SSL) technology. Worldwide, SSL comprising LED, OLED and the management of lighting systems, mark the trend with great probability to achieve the goals of energy saving and efficiency. The SSL offers improved controllability, new form factors (which facilitate the replacement of conventional technologies) and new functionalities (base of the intelligent lighting industry) that can be integrated with sensor and control systems, allowing greater savings of Energy. However, the existence of more efficient technologies and light characteristics, there are barriers to its adoption, mainly: lack of information and sensitivity, lack of confidence, greater initial cost, inadequate incentives, perceived fears related to health and the environment. Also, there are a number of barriers to adoption of SSL products, these mainly include initial costs, reliability, color stability and compatibility; Which may limit adoption. Keywords.-Lighting system, Energy efficiency, Energy management, Lamp, LED

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Menéndez-Velázquez, Amador, Dolores Morales, and Ana Belén García-Delgado. "Sunlike White Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Rare-Earth-Free Luminescent Materials." Materials 15, no. 5 (February 23, 2022): 1680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15051680.

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Solid-state lighting (SSL) sources based on light-emitting diodes represent the new generation of highly efficient illumination systems that significantly impact energy-saving. The development of white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) with a combination of high color rendering index (CRI) and high deep-red color rendering R9 is an important challenge in the field of solid-state lighting. On the other hand, most WLEDs use rare-earth inorganic luminescent materials. The annual demand for rare-earth metals has doubled to 125,000 tons in 15 years, and the demand is projected to reach 315,000 tons in 2030. The explosion in demand for these materials, combined with a monopolistic supply source, represents a real risk for the development of WLEDs in the next few years. Luminescent organic materials are a relevant and promising alternative. Here, we report a WLED with a very high CRI of 95.7 and R9 of 78.7, obtained using a combination of a blue LED chip (excitation source) and two organic luminescent dyes (Coumarin 6 and Lumogen Red) acting as spectral converters in a multilayer remote phosphor configuration. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first rare-earth-free WLED with such high values of CRI and R9.

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Nguyen Thi, Dieu An, Nguyen Doan Quoc Anh, and Phan Xuan Le. "Utilizing the right phosphor in near-ultraviolet and blue light-emitting diode devices to generate white illumination." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 27, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v27.i2.pp715-721.

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In the scenario of solid-state lighting (SSL) gradually replacing old standard techniques; the pc-LEDs (or diodes based on conversion phosphor) becomes a common method for creating white illumination, based on SSL. As of now, both of the UV-LEDs and the blue LEDs have been still being considered for the task of creating white illumination through phosphor excitation as it hasn’t been known which LED type is truly superior. It is common that when it comes to phosphor, people will overlook the performance in LED devices with a wavelength range of 365 nm to 470 nm. Our research demonstrates the information concerning extrinsic quantum efficacy in the InxGa1-xN LED devices with the mentioned range as well as combines the information and the effectiveness of phosphor for the task of examining the performance of near-UV and blue LEDs and creating white illumination. In addition, the research demonstrates recreations for the task of assessing the white illumination mixtures under the correlated color temperature of 3000 K and 4000 K in the two LED structures.

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Kahn, M. T. E., and W. Fritz. "Technologies that contribute to reducing environmental impacts of electrical production." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 17, no. 4 (November 1, 2006): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2006/v17i4a3204.

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The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) was attended by approximately 21 000 international delegates in Johannesburg, South Africa in 2002. The aim was to institute ecologically sound environmental management. Research has shown that fossil fuel or coal fired power plants are the major cause of air pollution in electricity generation. This paper seeks to show technologies that can contribute to reducing the environmental impacts of electricity production, via emission control systems, industry energy policy, renewable energy technologies etc. and the promotion of active research and development in alternative energy applications in Africa. Innovative energy technology research and development and applications such as smaller scale distributed generation and solid state lighting (SSL) are seen as capable of adding a positive contribution in this area.

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Zhang, Yibin, Jianwei Xu, Mingdi Ding, Desheng Zhao, Hongjuan Huang, Guojun Lu, Zhenlin Miao, Yundong Qi, Baoshun Zhang, and Yong Cai. "Wafer-Level Light Emitting Diode (WL-LED) Chip Simplified Package for Very-High Power Solid-State Lighting (SSL) Source." IEEE Electron Device Letters 37, no. 2 (February 2016): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/led.2015.2509462.

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Wojciechowska, Renata, Anna Kołton, Olga Długosz-Grochowska, Marek Żupnik, and Wojciech Grzesiak. "The effect of LED lighting on photosynthetic parameters and weight of lamb’s lettuce (Valerianella locusta)." Folia Horticulturae 25, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2013-0005.

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ABSTRACT The experiment was carried out in the winter and autumn of 2011 using lamb’s lettuce (Valerianella locusta Laterr. Em Betce) as a test plant under greenhouse growing conditions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of a prolonged day with modern SSL LED (Solid State Lighting Light Emitting Diodes) technology on photosynthetic parameters and plant yield. Two kinds of LED lamps with different spectral properties were used. The first emitted a white light and the second a mixture of red and blue light. Measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange were taken in natural and artificial light. Control plants were not treated with additional lighting. During the day with natural light in March (winter growing), photosynthesis intensity, stomatal conductance and transpiration of lamb’s lettuce leaves were higher than in November (autumn growing). In the evening hours of March and November, during artificial plant lighting, similar photosynthesis intensity was observed. This intensity was significantly higher than in the afternoon hours (by natural light) in the autumn. The highest content of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids was found in the treatment with red+blue LEDs in winter growing. Supplemental lighting with red+blue LED light stimulated the high efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus, which was manifested by the highest Performance Index (PI). The highest weight of the rosettes was noted in the autumn growing period in plants that were under the influence of the red+blue supplemental lighting followed by the white LED. This could be the result of a significant stimulation of photosynthesis during supplemental lighting with the LED lamps during this period.

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Koparkar, K. A., N. S. Bajaj, and S. K. Omanwar. "Exploring Synthesis Techniques for Yttrium Based Phosphors." Defect and Diffusion Forum 361 (January 2015): 95–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.361.95.

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In recent years, the term ‘smart materials’ which means the potential of a material having novel functional abilities, has become a buzz word. Luminescent materials held a lion’s share amongst all functional materials. The research in these materials is nowadays becoming the frontline platform and has challenging options for the betterment of society. These materials have applications in diverse fields such as, radiation detection, monitoring and assessment, display devices (PDP, CRT, CTV, LCD, FPD, etc.), and Lighting devices (CFL, Hg Free lamps using VUV Xenon, Solid State lighting (SSL-LED blue chips, UV-LEDs, O-LEDs, etc.). The main and essential role is being played by the phosphors. The activity of the phosphor is also depending on the particle size and hence the nanophase phosphor developments are very important aspect of development of functional materials. It is also very much clear now that the method of synthesis controls/decides a particle size of the final product. A particular method is better for a specific phosphor for getting the desired particle size of the final product. Scaling is also very much essential for instituting the specific method of synthesis for desired phosphor. These aspects are important for commercial production.Looking at the applications specified in first paragraph, one thing is common which is red correction required for display devices or lighting devices. The red correction in full-colour display/white light emission is essentially done by using Y2O3:Eu3+phosphor or Eu3+doped yttrium based hosts. Red emission is of Eu3+(5D0→7Fj, where j could be predominantly 2, 1, 3) when symmetrically organized environment. In this context, the review of yttrium based phosphors is being presented. This also covers our experience in synthesis of yttrium based luminescent materials with different methods of synthesis and their comparative aspects with regard to luminescence properties.Contents of Paper

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Chung, Do Ngoc, Do Ngoc Hieu, Tran Thi Thao, Vo-Van Truong, and Nguyen Nang Dinh. "Synthesis and Characterization of Ce-Doped Y3Al5O12(YAG:Ce) Nanopowders Used for Solid-State Lighting." Journal of Nanomaterials 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/571920.

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Nano-Ce-doped Y3Al5O12(YAG:Ce) powders were synthesized by using a sol-gel low temperature combustion method, followed by thermal annealing. The annealing temperature for enriching nanoparticles was optimized and found to be 1000°C. The process for enriching uniform nanoparticles of YAG:Ce powder was carried out by using the nanosteam technique (NST). The nanoparticles obtained from this NST treatment had a size in the range of 9–20 nm. Measurements of the photoluminescence spectra of the dispersed YAG:Ce nanoparticles solutions showed a blue shift in the photoemission with a value of ca. 10 nm in the green region. WLEDs made from the blue LED chip coated with the nano-YAG:Ce + MEH-PPV composite epoxy exhibit white light with a broad band luminescent spectrum and a high color rending index (CRI). The photoluminescence spectra of the YAG:Ce nanoparticles showed a potential application of the prepared nanostructured YAG:Ce phosphor not only in energy-efficient solid-state lighting, but also in optoelectronic devices, including organic composite solar cells. In addition, it is suggested that NST can be applied for the enrichment of uniform inorganic nanoparticles.

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Kiani Khouzani, Mahdi, Abbas Bahrami, Maryam Yazdan Mehr, Willem Dirk van Driel, and Guoqi Zhang. "Towards Multi-Functional SiO2@YAG:Ce Core–Shell Optical Nanoparticles for Solid State Lighting Applications." Nanomaterials 10, no. 1 (January 16, 2020): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10010153.

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This paper aims to investigate the synthesis, structure, and optical properties of SiO2@YAG:Ce core–shell optical nanoparticles for solid state lighting applications. YAG:Ce phosphor is a key part in white light emitting diodes (LEDs), with its main functionality being the generation of yellow light. Generated yellow light from phosphor will be combined with blue light, emitted from chip, resulting in the generation of white light. Generated light in LEDs will often be scattered by SiO2 nanoparticles. SiO2 nanoparticles are often distributed within the optical window, aiming for a more homogeneous light output. The main idea in this research is to combine these functionalities in one core–shell particle, with its core being SiO2 and its shell being phosphor. In this study core–shell nanoparticles with different Ce3+ concentrations were synthesized by a sol–gel method. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis, high resolution transmission electron macroscopy (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Luminescence characteristics of SiO2@YAG:Ce core–shell particles were compared with that of SiO2/YAG:Ce mixture composite, which is now used in commercial LEDs. Obtained results showed that core–shell nanoparticles have comparatively much better optical properties, compared to SiO2/YAG:Ce mixture composite and can therefore be potentially used in LEDs.

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Giebink, Noel. "Surface Cleaning Challenges for Organic Light Emitting Diodes." Solid State Phenomena 314 (February 2021): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.314.3.

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Organic optoelectronic devices such as light-emitting diodes and solar cells present unique challenges for surface cleaning and preparation because of their large area and the ‘soft’, thin film nature of the materials involved. This paper gives an introduction to this class of semiconductor devices and covers a recent example of how surface cleaning impacts the long-term reliability of organic light-emitting diodes being commercialized for solid-state lighting.

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Liu, Xiaoyan, Langyi Tao, Shiliang Mei, Zhongjie Cui, Daqi Shen, Zhengxuan Sheng, Jinghao Yu та ін. "White-Light GaN-μLEDs Employing Green/Red Perovskite Quantum Dots as Color Converters for Visible Light Communication". Nanomaterials 12, № 4 (13 лютого 2022): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12040627.

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GaN-based μLEDs with superior properties have enabled outstanding achievements in emerging micro-display, high-quality illumination, and communication applications, especially white-light visible light communication (WL-VLC). WL-VLC systems can simultaneously provide white-light solid-state lighting (SSL) while realizing high-speed wireless optical communication. However, the bandwidth of conventional white-light LEDs is limited by the long-lifetime yellow yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) phosphor, which restricts the available communication performance. In this paper, white-light GaN-μLEDs combining blue InGaN-μLEDs with green/red perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) are proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Green PQDs (G-PQDs) and red PQDs (R-PQDs) with narrow emission spectrum and short fluorescence lifetime as color converters instead of the conventional slow-response YAG phosphor are mixed with high-bandwidth blue InGaN-μLEDs to generate white light. The communication and illumination performances of the WL-VLC system based on the white-light GaN-based μLEDs are systematically investigated. The VLC properties of monochromatic light (green/red) from G-PQDs or R-PQDs are studied in order to optimize the performance of the white light. The modulation bandwidths of blue InGaN-μLEDs, G-PQDs, and R-PQDs are up to 162 MHz, 64 MHz, and 90 MHz respectively. Furthermore, the white-light bandwidth of 57.5 MHz and the Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage (CIE) of (0.3327, 0.3114) for the WL-VLC system are achieved successfully. These results demonstrate the great potential and the direction of the white-light GaN-μLEDs with PQDs as color converters to be applied for VLC and SSL simultaneously. Meanwhile, these results contribute to the implementation of full-color micro-displays based on μLEDs with high-quality PQDs as color-conversion materials.

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23

Durairajan, A., D. Thangaraju, S. Moorthy Babu, and M. A. Valente. "Luminescence characterization of sol-gel derived Pr3+ doped NaGd(WO4)2 phosphors for solid state lighting applications." Materials Chemistry and Physics 179 (August 2016): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2016.05.042.

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Sanmartín-Matalobos, Jesús, Pilar Bermejo-Barrera, Manuel Aboal-Somoza, Matilde Fondo, Ana M. García-Deibe, Julio Corredoira-Vázquez, and Yeneva Alves-Iglesias. "Semiconductor Quantum Dots as Target Analytes: Properties, Surface Chemistry and Detection." Nanomaterials 12, no. 14 (July 21, 2022): 2501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12142501.

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Since the discovery of Quantum Dots (QDs) by Alexey I. Ekimov in 1981, the interest of researchers in that particular type of nanomaterials (NMs) with unique optical and electrical properties has been increasing year by year. Thus, since 2009, the number of scientific articles published on this topic has not been less than a thousand a year. The increasing use of QDs due to their biomedical, pharmaceutical, biological, photovoltaics or computing applications, as well as many other high-tech uses such as for displays and solid-state lighting (SSL), has given rise to a considerable number of studies about its potential toxicity. However, there are a really low number of reported studies on the detection and quantification of QDs, and these include ICP–MS and electrochemical analysis, which are the most common quantification techniques employed for this purpose. The knowledge of chemical phenomena occurring on the surface of QDs is crucial for understanding the interactions of QDs with species dissolved in the dispersion medium, while it paves the way for a widespread use of chemosensors to facilitate its detection. Keeping in mind both human health and environmental risks of QDs as well as the scarcity of analytical techniques and methodological approaches for their detection, the adaptation of existing techniques and methods used with other NMs appears necessary. In order to provide a multidisciplinary perspective on QD detection, this review focused on three interrelated key aspects of QDs: properties, surface chemistry and detection.

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25

Bharat, L. Krishna, Yong Il Jeon, and Jae Su Yu. "Citrate-based sol–gel synthesis and luminescent properties of Y6WO12:Eu3+, Dy3+ phosphors for solid-state lighting applications." Ceramics International 42, no. 5 (April 2016): 5677–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.12.093.

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26

Chatterjee, Rituparna, Subhajit Saha, Karamjyoti Panigrahi, Uttam Kumar Ghorai, Gopes Chandra Das, and Kalyan Kumar Chattopadhyay. "Blue Emitting BaAl2O4:Ce3+ Nanophosphors with High Color Purity and Brightness for White LEDs." Microscopy and Microanalysis 25, no. 6 (September 26, 2019): 1466–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927619014958.

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AbstractIn this work, strongly blue emitting Ce3+-activated BaAl2O4 nanophosphors were successfully synthesized by a sol–gel technique. The crystal structure, morphology, and microstructure of the nanophosphors have been studied by X-ray powder diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The photoluminescence spectra show the impact of concentration variation of Ce3+ on the photoluminescence emission of the phosphor. These nanophosphors display intense blue emission peaking at 422 nm generated by the Ce3+ 5d → 4f transition under 350 nm excitation. Our results reveal that this nanophosphor has the capability to take part in the emergent domain of solid-state lighting and field-emission display devices.

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27

Sisira, S., K. P. Mani, P. Punathil, L. A. Jacob, B. Baby, P. R. Biju, N. V. Unnikrishnan, and C. Joseph. "Novel Intense Red Emitting Eu³⁺ Doped CePO₄ Nanocrystals for Solid State Lighting Applications." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1263, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1263/1/012015.

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Novel red emitting europium doped Cerium phosphate nanocrystals were synthesized by microwave assisted sol gel method. X-ray powder diffraction analysis identified the monoclinic structure of synthesized samples. The morphology of the samples were found to beconstructed from elongated spheres and is explained with the help of TEM analysis. Intense orange red emission on excitation with Ce4+ - O2-charge transfer band is established by photoluminescence analysis. The effect of annealing on the efficiency of excitation with Ce4+ - O2-charge transfer band is demonstrated and is explained in association with the concentration of surface Ce4+. Chromaticity coordinates indicate good colour purity of the sample. All the results indicated that microwave assisted method is suitable for synthesizing red emitting CePO4:Eu phosphors and become a potential candidate for optoelectronic and biological applications.

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28

Fang, Ming, Wenjuan Wei, Ruoxin Li, Liucheng Mao, Yuanheng Wang, Yan Guan, Qiang Chen, Zhigang Shuai, and Yen Wei. "The Variance of Photophysical Properties of Tetraphenylethene and Its Derivatives during Their Transitions from Dissolved States to Solid States." Polymers 14, no. 14 (July 15, 2022): 2880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14142880.

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The study of aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) shows promising perspectives explored in lighting, optical sensors, and biological therapies. Due to their unique feature of intense emissions in aggregated solid states, it smoothly circumvents the weaknesses in fluorescent dyes, which include aggregation-caused quenching of emission and poor photobleaching character. However, our present knowledge of the AIE phenomena still cannot comprehensively explain the mechanism behind the substantially enhanced emission in their aggregated solid states. Herein, to systematically study the mechanism, the typical AIEgens tetraphenylethene (TPE) was chosen, to elucidate its photophysical properties, the TPE in THF/H2O binary solvents, TPE in THF solvents depending on concentration, and the following direct conversion from a dissolved state to a precipitated solid state were analyzed. Moreover, the TPE derivatives were also investigated to supply more evidence to better decipher the generally optical behaviors of TPE and its derivatives. For instance, the TPE derivative was homogeneously dispersed into tetraethyl orthosilicate to monitor the variance of photophysical properties during sol–gel processing. Consequently, TPE and its derivatives are hypothesized to abide by the anti-Kasha rule in dissolved states. In addition, the factors primarily influencing the nonlinear emission shifting of TPE and its derivatives are also discussed.

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29

Martin, Genevieve, Christophe Marty, Robin Bornoff, Andras Poppe, Grigory Onushkin, Marta Rencz, and Joan Yu. "Luminaire Digital Design Flow with Multi-Domain Digital Twins of LEDs." Energies 12, no. 12 (June 21, 2019): 2389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122389.

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At present, when designing a Light Emitting Diode (LED) luminaire, different strategies of development are followed depending on the size of the company. Since on LED datasheets there is only limited information provided, companies designing LED luminaires spend a lot of effort gathering the required input of LED details to be able to design reliable products. Small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) do not have the bandwidth to gather such input and solely rely on empirical approaches leading to approximated luminaire designs, while larger companies use advanced hardware and software tools to characterize parts, design versions, and finally optimize all design steps. In both cases, considerable time and money is spent on prototyping, sampling, and laboratory testing. Digitalization of the complete product development (also known as Industry 4.0 approach) at all integration levels of the solid state lighting (SSL) supply chain would provide the remedy for these pains. The Delphi4LED European project aimed at developing multi-domain compact models of LED (for a consistent, combined description of electronic, thermal, and optical properties of LEDs) as digital twins of the physical products to support virtual prototyping during the design of luminaires. This paper provides an overview of the Delphi4LED approach aimed at supporting new, completely digital workflows both for SMEs and larger companies (Majors) along with some comparison with the traditional luminaire design. Two demonstration experiments are described: One to show the achievable benefits of the approach and another one to demonstrate the ease of use and ability to be accommodated in a larger scale product design for assessing design choices like e.g., number and type of LEDs versus electrical/thermal conditions and constraints, in a tool agnostic manner.

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30

Huang, Xiaoguang, Gaël Zucchi, Jacqueline Tran, Robert B. Pansu, Arnaud Brosseau, Bernard Geffroy, and François Nief. "Visible-emitting hybrid sol–gel materials comprising lanthanide ions: thin film behaviour and potential use as phosphors for solid-state lighting." New J. Chem. 38, no. 12 (2014): 5793–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4nj01110d.

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31

Sivakami, R., and P. Thiyagarajan. "Sol–gel synthesis and luminescence characteristics of Sr(3−(2x+y))MgSi2O8: (Ce3+,Li+)x, Euy2+ phosphor for solid state lighting." Optical Materials 44 (June 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2015.01.035.

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32

Ismael, Alaa Falih. "UV_Blue Light Conversion Using Dyes Polymeric Materials." Solid State Phenomena 301 (March 2020): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.301.52.

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White light-emitting diode (LED) is used in a new generation of solid-state lighting due to its advantages in energy saving and environmental friendliness. Based on this assumption, Emphasis was put on trying to establish a laboratory technique to convert UV-blue light into white light by using polymeric materials. In this work, an laboratory technique to convert UV-blue light into white light by using polymeric materials, consisting of red (R), green (G) and blue (B) for a white light generation. The project employed the use Colouring polymorph plastic as an active materials mixed with Silicone Sealant in different ratio and pumping by UV-Blue light. Colour rendering index (CRI) and correlated colour temperature (CCT) as main measurement parameters to evaluate the performance of the white light. The best white light appearance an indicated by photo and colour meter were achieved by mixing red (R), 0.05gm and green (G), 0.1gm the optimum results were CCT =3606k, CRI =70.3, x=0.3661, y=0.2925, and by mixing red (R), 0.005gm and green (G), 0.005gm the results were CCT=4891 k, CRI =63.8 and x=0.3359, y=0.2405.

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33

Huu, Phuc Dang, and Dieu An Nguyen Thi. "Using liquid phase precursor method to create a high-efficiency Ca2SiO4:Eu2+ green-emitting phosphor." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 11, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 1254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v11i3.3767.

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A standard solid-state reaction (SSR), a new fluid phase preparatory method utilizing LPP-SiO2(sol), and a water-based soluble silicone compound were employed to manufacture green Eu2+-based Ca2SiO4 phosphors liquid phase precursor (LPP-WSS). The generated phosphors feature large excitation spectra in the range of 225–450 nm and a strong green emission reaches the peak value at 502 nm owing to a 4f65d1→4f7(8S7/2) transition of Eu2+. These samples burned at 1100 1C produce the highest luminous intensity. The luminous properties of phosphors, which are manufactured by the liquid phase precursor LPP-WSS technique, were investigated at the range of 0.1-5.0 mol percent of Eu2+, with the maximum emission density observed at the value of 3.0 mol percent of Eu2+. The phosphors produced by the LPP-WSS technique exhibited a more uniform phase dispersion and higher luminous strength than those produced using the other procedures, according to a detailed report based on numerous characterizations. As a result, Ca2SiO4:Eu2+ has an indisputable possibility in white light-emitting diodes WLEDs and fluorescent lighting.

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34

Fang, Ming, Lianshe Fu, Rute Ferreira, and Luís Carlos. "White-Light Emitting Di-Ureasil Hybrids." Materials 11, no. 11 (November 12, 2018): 2246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11112246.

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White-light emitting materials have emerged as important components for solid state lighting devices with high potential for the replacement of conventional light sources. Herein, amine-functionalized organic-inorganic di-ureasil hybrids consisting of a siliceous skeleton and oligopolyether chains codoped with lanthanide-based complexes, with Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions and 4,4′-oxybis(benzoic acid) and 1,10-phenanthroline ligands, and the coumarin 1 dye were synthesized by in situ sol–gel method. The resulting luminescent di-ureasils show red, green, and blue colors originated from the Eu3+, Tb3+, and C1 emissions, respectively. The emission colors can be modulated either by variation of the relative concentration between the emitting centers or by changing the excitation wavelength. White light emission is achieved under UV excitation with absolute quantum yields of 0.148 ± 0.015, 0.167 ± 0.017, and 0.202 ± 0.020 at 350, 332, and 305 nm excitation, respectively. The emission mechanism was investigated by photoluminescence and UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, revealing an efficient energy transfer from the organic ligands to the Ln3+ ions and the organic dye, whereas negligible interaction between the dopants is discerned. The obtained luminescent di-ureasils have potential for optoelectronic applications, such as in white-light emitting diodes.

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35

Kuzema, Pavlo, Yulia Bolbukh, Agnieszka Lipke, Marek Majdan, and Valentyn Tertykh. "Luminescent Sol-Gel Glasses from Silicate–Citrate–(Thio)Ureate Precursors." Colloids and Interfaces 3, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids3010011.

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Recent advancements in synthesis and analysis of the composites based on silica and carbon quantum dots have revealed great potential of such systems in bioimaging, sensor, as well as solid-state lighting applications. Most of the synthetic methods for obtaining such materials are still relatively complex and costly. The aim of this work was to study the luminescent properties of silica-based composites prepared by the simple sol-gel method using low-cost silicate–citrate–(thio)ureate precursors. The glassy composites were prepared by acid hydrolysis of ethyl silicate (40%) in aqueous solution of citric acid ureates or thioureates with the citric acid-to-(thio)urea molar ratio of 1:1, 1:1.5 or 1:3. The results of spectrofluorimetric analysis have shown that heat-treated at 270 °C such silica gels upon UV excitation (with an optimum at λexc = 360 nm) emit light in a visible spectrum (400–600 nm). Upon this, photoluminescence efficiency of ureate-derived glasses (quantum yield 70.53% for 1:1.5 sample) appeared to be much higher than that for thioureate-derived glasses (quantum yield 11.25% for 1:3 sample) suggesting that the preparation conditions to obtain the glasses with optimal photoluminescence characteristics are quite different in case of urea and thiourea. Thus, citrate–ureate-derived silica glasses already demonstrate very good potential to be efficient materials for different fluorescence-related applications.

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36

Chen, Fan, Muhammad Nadeem Akram, and Xuyuan Chen. "Novel Red-Emitting Eu3+-Doped Y2(WxMo1−xO4)3 Phosphor with High Conversion Efficiency for Lighting and Display Applications." Molecules 28, no. 12 (June 7, 2023): 4624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28124624.

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In this study, a series of trivalent europium-doped tungstate and molybdate samples were synthesized using an improved sol-gel and high-temperature solid-state reaction method. The samples had different W/Mo ratios and were calcined at various temperatures ranging from 800 to 1000 °C. The effects of these variables on the crystal structure and photoluminescence characteristics of the samples were investigated. It was found that a doping concentration of 50% for europium yielded the best quantum efficiency based on previous research. The crystal structures were found to be dependent on the W/Mo ratio and calcination temperature. Samples with x ≤ 0.5 had a monoclinic lattice structure that did not change with calcination temperature. Samples with x > 0.75 had a tetragonal structure that remained unchanged with calcination temperature. However, samples with x = 0.75 had their crystal structure solely dependent on the calcination temperature. At 800–900 °C, the crystal structure was tetragonal, while at 1000 °C, it was monoclinic. Photoluminescence behavior was found to correlate with crystal structure and grain size. The tetragonal structure had significantly higher internal quantum efficiency than the monoclinic structure, and smaller grain size had higher internal quantum efficiency than larger grain size. External quantum efficiency initially increased with increasing grain size and then decreased. The highest external quantum efficiency was observed at a calcination temperature of 900 °C. These findings provide insight into the factors affecting the crystal structure and photoluminescence behavior in trivalent europium-doped tungstate and molybdate systems.

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37

Humphreys, Colin J. "Solid-State Lighting." MRS Bulletin 33, no. 4 (April 2008): 459–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.91.

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AbstractElectricity generation is the main source of energy-related greenhouse gas emissions and lighting uses one-fifth of its output. Solid-state lighting using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is poised to reduce this value by at least 50%, so that lighting will then use less than one-tenth of all electricity generated. LED lighting will provide reductions of at least 10% in fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions from power stations within the next 5–10 years. Even greater reductions are likely on a 10–20-year timescale.

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38

Carrano, John C. "Solid State Lighting." Optical Engineering 44, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 111301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.2138723.

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39

Ferguson, Ian T. "Solid State Lighting." Optical Engineering 44, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 119802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.2159010.

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40

Tsao, J. Y. "Solid-state lighting." IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine 20, no. 3 (May 2004): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcd.2004.1304539.

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41

Haitz, Roland, and Jeffrey Y. Tsao. "Solid-state lighting." Optik & Photonik 6, no. 2 (May 2011): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/opph.201190325.

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42

Renschler, C. L., J. T. Gill, R. J. Walko, C. S. Ashley, T. J. Shepodd, S. T. Reed, G. M. Malone, L. E. Leonard, R. E. Ellefson, and R. L. Clough. "Solid state radioluminescent lighting." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 44, no. 6 (December 1994): 629–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-806x(94)90223-2.

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43

Kou, Ke, Tianhong Lian, Cuo Wang, and Guanlei Zhang. "Developing open cavity solid-state laser for self-mixing sensor." Sensor Review 39, no. 2 (March 7, 2019): 252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-12-2017-0263.

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PurposeAs an emerging measurement technique with the merit of easy alignment and high sensitivity, laser self-mixing interferometry (SMI) has wide applications in the detection of physical quantities. Considering that the characteristics of lasers have a determining influence on sensors’ performance, the authors have established an open cavity solid-state laser (SSL) with more adjustment flexibility to act as a laser source.Design/methodology/approachThe fundamental structure of a SSL has been presented with an Nd:YAG rod severing as an active material and a birefringent filter inserted in the resonator as a mode selecting element. The power stability has been tested by a power meter, while the mode pattern has been inspected with a scanning Fabry–Perot interferometer, and the linewidth has been observed through a wavelength meter. A loudspeaker driven by a function generator is located in the extracavity to introduce phase modulation for SMI signal observation.FindingsThe established Nd:YAG SSL operates in a single longitudinal mode with the power stability of 0.2 mW and the linewidth less than 10 MHz. The SMI phenomenon occurs in the SSL, and the SMI signal obtained shows a fine signal-to-noise ratio of about 30 dB.Originality/valueTo the authors knowledge, SMI sensors using SSLs, especially in open cavity type, have rarely been reported, and they can find significant applications in designing high performance SMI sensors and instruments.

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44

Mangalam, Vivek, and Kantisara Pita. "White Light Emission from Thin-Film Samples of ZnO Nanocrystals, Eu3+ and Tb3+ Ions Embedded in an SiO2 Matrix." Materials 12, no. 12 (June 21, 2019): 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12121997.

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In this work, a method was developed to determine the concentration of Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions in a thin-film sample of SiO2, co-doped with ZnO-nanocrystals (ZnO-nc), to produce a sample of any desired colour in the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) colour space. Using this method, a white light emitting sample was fabricated. The thin-film sample combines red, green and blue emissions from the Eu3+ ions, Tb3+ ions and ZnO-nc, respectively, to create white light or light of any desired colour. The emissions at 614 nm and 545 nm from Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions, respectively, is due to the energy transfer from the excited ZnO-nc to the rare-earth (RE) ions. In this way, only a single excitation wavelength is needed to excite the ZnO-nc, Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions in the sample to produce emission of a desired colour from the sample. We developed an empirical 4th-degree polynomial equation to determine the concentrations of Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions to produce light of any desired colour in the CIE colour space. Based on the above empirical equation, the concentration of Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions for a white light emitting sample was found to be 0.012 and 0.024 molar fractions, respectively. The white light emission from the sample was confirmed by fabricating the sample using the low-cost sol–gel process. The stimulated emission spectra and the experimental emission spectra of the white light sample fit very well. The results presented in this work are important to develop energy efficient solid state lighting devices.

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45

Cole, Marty, Howard Clayton, and Ken Martin. "Solid-State Lighting: The New Normal in Lighting." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 51, no. 1 (January 2015): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2014.2328790.

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46

Luo Yi, 罗毅, 冯泽心 Feng Zexin, 韩彦军 Han Yanjun, 李洪涛 Li Hongtao, and 钱可元 Qian Keyuan. "Optics in Solid State Lighting." Acta Optica Sinica 31, no. 9 (2011): 0900117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos201131.0900117.

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47

Narendran, Nadarajah. "The solid-state lighting revolution." Physics World 18, no. 7 (July 2005): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/18/7/34.

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48

Grandjean, Nicolas, and Raphaël Butté. "Solid-state lighting on glass." Nature Photonics 5, no. 12 (November 30, 2011): 714–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2011.298.

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49

Wei, Weichen, Bijan Shirinzadeh, Rohan Nowell, Mohammadali Ghafarian, Mohamed M. A. Ammar, and Tianyao Shen. "Enhancing Solid State LiDAR Mapping with a 2D Spinning LiDAR in Urban Scenario SLAM on Ground Vehicles." Sensors 21, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 1773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051773.

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Solid-State LiDAR (SSL) takes an increasing share of the LiDAR market. Compared with traditional spinning LiDAR, SSLs are more compact, energy-efficient and cost-effective. Generally, the current study of SSL mapping is limited to adapting existing SLAM algorithms to an SSL sensor. However, compared with spinning LiDARs, SSLs are different in terms of their irregular scan patterns and limited FOV. Directly applying existing SLAM approaches on them often increase the instability of a mapping process. This study proposes a systematic design, which consists of a dual-LiDAR mapping system and a three DOF interpolated six DOF odometry. For dual-LiDAR mapping, this work uses a 2D LiDAR to enhance a 3D SSL performance on a ground vehicle platform. The proposed system takes a 2D LiDAR to preprocess the scanning field into a number of feature sections according to the curvatures on the 2D fraction. Subsequently, this section information is passed to 3D SSL for direction feature selection. Additionally, this work proposes an odometry interpolation method which uses both LiDARs to generate two separated odometries. The proposed odometry interpolation method selectively determines the appropriate odometry information to update the system state under challenging conditions. Experiments are conducted in different scenarios. The results proves that the proposed approach is able to utilise 12 times more corner features from the environment than the comparied method, thus results in a demonstrable improvement in its absolute position error.

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50

Shur, M. S., and R. Zukauskas. "Solid-State Lighting: Toward Superior Illumination." Proceedings of the IEEE 93, no. 10 (October 2005): 1691–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2005.853537.

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