Статті в журналах: "Solid oxide electrolysi"

1

Guo, Hao, and Sangyoung Kim. "Effect of Rotating Magnetic Field on Hydrogen Production from Electrolytic Water." Shock and Vibration 2022 (September 2, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9085721.

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In order to reveal the influence of magnetic field on electrochemical machining, a research method of the influence of rotating magnetic field on hydrogen production from electrolytic water is proposed in this paper. Firstly, taking pure water as electrolyte, this paper selects rigid SPCE water molecular model, constructs the molecular dynamics model under the action of magnetic field, and simulates it. In this paper, the thermodynamics, electric power principle, and electrolytic reaction of hydrogen production from electrolytic water are analyzed, and the working processes of alkaline electrolytic cell, solid oxide electrolytic cell, and solid polymer electrolytic cell are analyzed. Based on solid polymer electrolytic cell, the effects of membrane electrode performance, diffusion layer material, contact electrode plate, electrolytic temperature, and electrolyte types on hydrogen production are analyzed. The experimental results show that the heteroions in the lake electrolyte significantly affect the performance of the membrane electrode, and the number of heteroions in the electrolyte should be controlled during the experiment. The hydrogen production capacity and energy efficiency ratio of the unit are basically not affected by different water flow dispersion. When dilute sulfuric acid electrolyte is selected in the experiment, the concentration should be 0.1%–0.2%; After the proton exchange membrane enters the stable period after the activation period, with the increase of the electrolysis time of tap water, (24 h) the membrane electrode will weaken the catalyst activity and reduce the electrolysis efficiency in the electrolysis process. Furthermore, the correctness of rotating magnetic field on hydrogen production from electrolytic water is verified.

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2

Qiu, Guohong, Kai Jiang, Meng Ma, Dihua Wang, Xianbo Jin, and George Z. Chen. "Roles of Cationic and Elemental Calcium in the Electro-Reduction of Solid Metal Oxides in Molten Calcium Chloride." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 62, no. 5-6 (June 1, 2007): 292–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2007-5-610.

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Previous work, mainly from this research group, is re-visited on electrochemical reduction of solid metal oxides, in the form of compacted powder, in molten CaCl2, aiming at further understanding of the roles of cationic and elemental calcium. The discussion focuses on six aspects: 1.) debate on two mechanisms proposed in the literature, i. e. electro-metallothermic reduction and electro-reduction (or electro-deoxidation), for the electrolytic removal of oxygen from solid metals or metal oxides in molten CaCl2; 2.) novel metallic cavity working electrodes for electrochemical investigations of compacted metal oxide powders in high temperature molten salts assisted by a quartz sealed Ag/AgCl reference electrode (650 ºC- 950 ºC); 3.) influence of elemental calcium on the background current observed during electrolysis of solid metal oxides in molten CaCl2; 4.) electrochemical insertion/ inclusion of cationic calcium into solid metal oxides; 5.) typical features of cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry (potentiostatic electrolysis) of metal oxide powders in molten CaCl2; and 6.) some kinetic considerations on the electrolytic removal of oxygen.

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3

Zhang, Qian, Dalton Cox, Clarita Yosune Regalado Vera, Hanping Ding, Wei Tang, Sicen Du, Alexander F. Chadwick, et al. "Interface Problems in Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 47 (October 9, 2022): 2425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02472425mtgabs.

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In this talk, I introduce topics, that I have been working on, in solid oxide electrolysis cells involving complicated interfacial structures and dynamics of interfaces. Then I will focus on my recent work on nickel (Ni) particle migration in electrodes consisting of Ni, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), and pores during the operation of oxygen-ion conducting solid oxide electrolysis cells (o-SOECs) and Faraday efficiency in proton-conducting solid oxide electrolysis cells (p-SOECs) under electrolysis operations. SOECs can have a significant impact on climate change over the next decade and beyond, in applications such as balancing renewable grid electricity via electrolytic fuel production. However, long-term performance degradation remains a key issue that may limit further implementation of O-SOECs, and the dependency of operation conditions on Faraday efficiency in P-SOECs has been under debate. In particular, in Ni/YSZ/pore electrode of O-SOEC, a phase-field model is proposed that employs the Ni-YSZ 3D microstructure as the initial condition and large-scale numerical simulation is implemented that predicts the directional Ni migration. The results are thus directly comparable to experimental observations. Quantitative predictions of the evolution of the Ni/YSZ/pore system's microstructures due to Ni particles' migration are studied through theoretical analysis and data analysis. In P-SOECs, an electrochemical model is proposed to study the dependency of Faraday efficiency on operation conditions for P-SOECs with yttrium-doped barium zirconates (BZY) and co-doping barium zirconate-cerate oxides with ytterbium and yttrium (BCZYYb) as electrolytes respectively. Our numerical predictions are verified by experimental results obtained in INL. An optimal structure of electrolyte is proposed to boost the Faraday efficiency in P-SOECs.

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4

Wang, Hailong, Diankun Sun, Qiqi Song, Wenqi Xie, Xu Jiang, and Bo Zhang. "One-step electrolytic preparation of Si–Fe alloys as anodes for lithium ion batteries." Functional Materials Letters 09, no. 03 (June 2016): 1650050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604716500508.

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One-step electrolytic formation of uniform crystalline Si–Fe alloy particles was successfully demonstrated in direct electro-reduction of solid mixed oxides of SiO2 and Fe2O3 in molten CaCl2 at 900[Formula: see text]C. Upon constant voltage electrolysis of solid mixed oxides at 2.8[Formula: see text]V between solid oxide cathode and graphite anode for 5[Formula: see text]h, electrolytic Si–Fe with the same Si/Fe stoichimetry of the precursory oxides was generated. The firstly generated Fe could function as depolarizers to enhance reduction rate of SiO2, resulting in the enhanced reduction kinetics to the electrolysis of individual SiO2. When evaluated as anode for lithium ion batteries, the prepared SiFe electrode showed a reversible lithium storage capacity as high as 470[Formula: see text]mAh g[Formula: see text] after 100 cycles at 200[Formula: see text]mA g[Formula: see text], promising application in high-performance lithium ion batteries.

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5

Barnett, Scott A., Qian Zhang, Jerren Grimes, Dalton Cox, Junsung Hong, Beom-Kyeong Park, Tianrang Yang, and Peter W. Voorhees. "(Keynote) Degradation Processes in Solid Oxide Cell Ni-YSZ Electrodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 38 (July 7, 2022): 1669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01381669mtgabs.

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Solid oxide cells (SOCs) can have a significant impact on climate change over the next decade and beyond, in applications such as balancing renewable grid electricity via electrolytic fuel production, and producing electricity from bio-fuels combined with CO2 product sequestration. However, long-term performance degradation remains a key variable that may limit further implementation of SOCs. This talk focuses on the Ni-YSZ fuel electrode that is widely used but is known to be an important contributor to SOC degradation. Various processes that cause Ni-YSZ degradation are discussed. Results on 3D tomography measurements of accelerated Ni coarsening are described and a quantitative model is developed to predict long-term degradation. Although the results indicate that coarsening effects can be minimized in well-designed Ni-YSZ microstructures, degradation can still occur, especially during high-current-density electrolysis operation. For operation under low H2O/H2 conditions, high electrolysis current density can yield reduction of zirconia to form Ni-Zr compounds, along with substantial microstructural damage. For operation under high H2O/H2conditions, high electrolysis current density can yield Ni migration away from the electrolyte. A phase-field simulation is described that predicts this Ni migration, using actual Ni-YSZ microstructures measured using 3D tomography as the starting point, and compared with experimental observations. The model assumes that Ni transport is driven by a spatial gradient in surface tensions, i.e., a decrease in the Ni/YSZ contact angle with increasing distance from the electrolyte. Recent results on electrolysis and reversibly operated SOCs, making use of Ceria-infiltrated Ni-YSZ to improve stability, are described.

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6

Zhou, Xiao-Dong. "(Keynote) Theoretical Analysis of Electrochemical Stability in a Solid Oxide Cell." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 38 (July 7, 2022): 1670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01381670mtgabs.

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In this talk, I will describe a theoretical analysis and modeling of electrochemical stability in solid oxide cells, including solid oxide fuel cell, solid oxide electrolysis, and solid-state batteries. Focus will be on elucidating the origin for the electrochemically driven of phase change and the deposition of neutral species at the interfaces and inside a solid electrolyte.

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7

Yang, Liming, Kui Xie, Lan Wu, Qingqing Qin, Jun Zhang, Yong Zhang, Ting Xie, and Yucheng Wu. "A composite cathode based on scandium doped titanate with enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards direct carbon dioxide electrolysis." Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, no. 39 (2014): 21417–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp02229g.

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8

Lee, Seokhee, Sang Won Lee, Suji Kim, and Tae Ho Shin. "Recent Advances in High Temperature Electrolysis Cells using LaGaO3-based Electrolyte." Ceramist 24, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 424–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31613/ceramist.2021.24.4.06.

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High temperature electrolysis is a promising option for carbon-free hydrogen production and huge energy storage with high energy conversion efficiencies from renewable and nuclear resources. Over the past few decades, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) based ion conductor has been widely used as a solid electrolyte in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). However, its high operation temperature and lower conductivity in the appropriate temperature range for solid electrochemical devices were major drawbacks. Regarding improving ionic-conducting electrolytes, several groups have contributed significantly to developing and applying LaGaO3 based perovskite as a superior ionic conductor. La(Sr)Ga(Mg)O3 (LSGM) electrolyte was successfully validated for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) but was rarely conducted on SOECs for its high efficient electrolysis performance. Their lower mechanical strengths or higher reactivity with electrode compared with the YSZ electrolysis cells, which make it difficult to choose compatible materials, remain major challenges. In this field, SOECs have attracted a great attention in the last few years, as they offer significant power and higher efficiencies compared to conventional YSZ based electrolysers. Herein, SOECs using LSGM based electrolyte, their applications, high performance, and their issues will be reviewed.

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9

Lee, Seokhee, Sang Won Lee, Suji Kim, and Tae Ho Shin. "Recent Advances in High Temperature Electrolysis Cells using LaGaO3-based Electrolyte." Ceramist 24, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 424–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31613/ceramist.2021.24.4.42.

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High temperature electrolysis is a promising option for carbon-free hydrogen production and huge energy storage with high energy conversion efficiencies from renewable and nuclear resources. Over the past few decades, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) based ion conductor has been widely used as a solid electrolyte in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). However, its high operation temperature and lower conductivity in the appropriate temperature range for solid electrochemical devices were major drawbacks. Regarding improving ionic-conducting electrolytes, several groups have contributed significantly to developing and applying LaGaO3 based perovskite as a superior ionic conductor. La(Sr)Ga(Mg)O3 (LSGM) electrolyte was successfully validated for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) but was rarely conducted on SOECs for its high efficient electrolysis performance. Their lower mechanical strengths or higher reactivity with electrode compared with the YSZ electrolysis cells, which make it difficult to choose compatible materials, remain major challenges. In this field, SOECs have attracted a great attention in the last few years, as they offer significant power and higher efficiencies compared to conventional YSZ based electrolysers. Herein, SOECs using LSGM based electrolyte, their applications, high performance, and their issues will be reviewed.

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10

Riester, Christian Michael, Gotzon García, Nerea Alayo, Albert Tarancón, Diogo M. F. Santos, and Marc Torrell. "Business Model Development for a High-Temperature (Co-)Electrolyser System." Fuels 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 392–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fuels3030025.

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There are increasing international efforts to tackle climate change by reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. As such, the use of electrolytic hydrogen as an energy carrier in decentralised and centralised energy systems, and as a secondary energy carrier for a variety of applications, is projected to grow. Required green hydrogen can be obtained via water electrolysis using the surplus of renewable energy during low electricity demand periods. Electrolysis systems with alkaline and polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) technology are commercially available in different performance classes. The less mature solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) promises higher efficiencies, as well as co-electrolysis and reversibility functions. This work uses a bottom-up approach to develop a viable business model for a SOEC-based venture. The broader electrolysis market is analysed first, including conventional and emerging market segments. A further opportunity analysis ranks these segments in terms of business attractiveness. Subsequently, the current state and structure of the global electrolyser industry are reviewed, and a ten-year outlook is provided. Key industry players are identified and profiled, after which the major industry and competitor trends are summarised. Based on the outcomes of the previous assessments, a favourable business case is generated and used to develop the business model proposal. The main findings suggest that grid services are the most attractive business sector, followed by refineries and power-to-liquid processes. SOEC technology is particularly promising due to its co-electrolysis capabilities within the methanol production process. Consequently, an “engineering firm and operator” business model for a power-to-methanol plant is considered the most viable option.

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11

Li, Hui, Yutian Fu, Jinglong Liang, and Yu Yang. "Effect of Cathode Physical Properties on the Preparation of Fe3Si0.7Al0.3 Intermetallic Compounds by Molten Salt Electrode Deoxidation." Materials 15, no. 21 (October 31, 2022): 7646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15217646.

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As a new process, molten salt electrolysis is widely used in the preparation of metal materials by in situ reduction in solid cathodes. Therefore, it is meaningful to study the influence of the physical properties of solid cathodes on electrolysis products. In this paper, mixed oxides of Fe2O3-Al2O3-SiO2 were selected as raw materials, and their particle size distribution, pore size distribution, specific surface area, and other physical properties were investigated by mechanical ball milling at different times. The CaCl2–NaCl molten salt system was selected to electrolyze the sintered cathode solid at 800 °C and a voltage of 3.2 V. The experimental results show that with the prolongation of ball-milling time, the particle size of mixed oxide raw materials gradually decreases, the specific surface area gradually increases, the distribution of micropores increases, and the distribution of mesopores decreases. After sintering at 800 °C for 4 h, the volume and particle size of the solid cathode increased, the impedance value gradually decreased, and the pores first increased and then decreased. The electrolysis results showed that the prolongation of the ball-milling time hindered the electrolysis process.

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12

Bespalko, Sergii, and Jerzy Mizeraczyk. "Overview of the Hydrogen Production by Plasma-Driven Solution Electrolysis." Energies 15, no. 20 (October 12, 2022): 7508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207508.

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This paper reviews the progress in applying the plasma-driven solution electrolysis (PDSE), which is also referred to as the contact glow-discharge electrolysis (CGDE) or plasma electrolysis, for hydrogen production. The physicochemical processes responsible for the formation of PDSE and effects occurring at the discharge electrode in the cathodic and anodic regimes of the PDSE operation are described. The influence of the PDSE process parameters, especially the discharge polarity, magnitude of the applied voltage, type and concentration of the typical electrolytic solutions (K2CO3, Na2CO3, KOH, NaOH, H2SO4), presence of organic additives (CH3OH, C2H5OH, CH3COOH), temperature of the electrolytic solution, the active length and immersion depth of the discharge electrode into the electrolytic solution, on the energy efficiency (%), energy yield (g(H2)/kWh), and hydrogen production rate (g(H2)/h) is presented and discussed. This analysis showed that in the cathodic regime of PDSE, the hydrogen production rate is 33.3 times higher than that in the anodic regime of PDSE, whereas the Faradaic and energy efficiencies are 11 and 12.5 times greater, respectively, than that in the anodic one. It also revealed the energy yield of hydrogen production in the cathodic regime of PDSE in the methanol–water mixture, as the electrolytic solution is 3.9 times greater compared to that of the alkaline electrolysis, 4.1 times greater compared to the polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis, 2.8 times greater compared to the solid oxide electrolysis, 1.75 times greater than that obtained in the microwave (2.45 GHz) plasma, and 5.8% greater compared to natural gas steam reforming.

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13

Borm, Oliver, and Stephen B. Harrison. "Reliable off-grid power supply utilizing green hydrogen." Clean Energy 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkab025.

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Abstract Green hydrogen produced from wind, solar or hydro power is a suitable electricity storage medium. Hydrogen is typically employed as mid- to long-term energy storage, whereas batteries cover short-term energy storage. Green hydrogen can be produced by any available electrolyser technology [alkaline electrolysis cell (AEC), polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM), anion exchange membrane (AEM), solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC)] if the electrolysis is fed by renewable electricity. If the electrolysis operates under elevated pressure, the simplest way to store the gaseous hydrogen is to feed it directly into an ordinary pressure vessel without any external compression. The most efficient way to generate electricity from hydrogen is by utilizing a fuel cell. PEM fuel cells seem to be the most favourable way to do so. To increase the capacity factor of fuel cells and electrolysers, both functionalities can be integrated into one device by using the same stack. Within this article, different reversible technologies as well as their advantages and readiness levels are presented, and their potential limitations are also discussed.

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14

Torrell, M., S. García-Rodríguez, A. Morata, G. Penelas, and A. Tarancón. "Co-electrolysis of steam and CO2 in full-ceramic symmetrical SOECs: a strategy for avoiding the use of hydrogen as a safe gas." Faraday Discussions 182 (2015): 241–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5fd00018a.

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The use of cermets as fuel electrodes for solid oxide electrolysis cells requires permanent circulation of reducing gas, e.g. H₂ or CO, so called safe gas, in order to avoid oxidation of the metallic phase. Replacing metallic based electrodes by pure oxides is therefore proposed as an advantage for the industrial application of solid oxide electrolyzers. In this work, full-ceramic symmetrical solid oxide electrolysis cells have been investigated for steam/CO₂ co-electrolysis. Electrolyte supported cells with La_0.75Sr_0.25Cr_0.5Mn_0.5O_3−δ reversible electrodes have been fabricated and tested in co-electrolysis mode using different fuel compositions, from pure H₂O to pure CO₂, at temperatures between 850–900 °C. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic measurements have been carried out for the mechanistic understanding of the symmetrical cell performance. The content of H₂ and CO in the product gas has been measured by in-line gas micro-chromatography. The effect of employing H₂ as a safe gas has also been investigated. Maximum density currents of 750 mA cm⁻² and 620 mA cm⁻² have been applied at 1.7 V for pure H₂O and for H₂O : CO₂ ratios of 1 : 1, respectively. Remarkable results were obtained for hydrogen-free fuel compositions, which confirmed the interest of using ceramic oxides as a fuel electrode candidate to reduce or completely avoid the use of safe gas in operation minimizing the contribution of the reverse water shift reaction (RWSR) in the process. H₂ : CO ratios close to two were obtained for hydrogen-free tests fulfilling the basic requirements for synthetic fuel production. An important increase in the operation voltage was detected under continuous operation leading to a dramatic failure by delaminating of the oxygen electrode.

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15

Chi, Jun, Hongmei Yu, Guangfu Li, Li Fu, Jia Jia, Xueqiang Gao, Baolian Yi, and Zhigang Shao. "Nickel/cobalt oxide as a highly efficient OER electrocatalyst in an alkaline polymer electrolyte water electrolyzer." RSC Advances 6, no. 93 (2016): 90397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra19615b.

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16

Hu, Su, Qing Shan Li, Yi Feng Zheng, Shi Hao Wei, and Cheng Xu. "Enhanced Performance of Ag-Doped Oxygen Electrode Based Solid Oxide Electrolyser Cell under High Temperature Electrolysis of Steam." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 1708–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.1708.

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Solid oxide electrolyser (SOE) has been receiving increasing attention due to its potential applications in large-scale hydrogen production and carbon dioxide recycling for fuels. Improving the performance of SOE cell through oxygen electrode development has been of main interest because the major polarization loss of the SOE cell is at the oxygen electrode during high temperature electrolysis (HTE). In the present study, Ag was doped into (La0.75Sr0.25)0.95MnO3+δ(LSM) based oxygen electrode of Ni/YSZ cathode-supported SOE cell through a solid state method enhanced by ball milling. Short stacks were manufactured using doped and undoped cells and tested under HTE of steam at 800°C up to 150h for in situ comparative study of doping effect. The cells with doped oxygen electrodes showed less polarization loss, lower resistance and improved performance by comparison with the undoped cell. Post-mortem examination revealed Ag migrated from the current collecting layer to the electrolyte/anode interface, which may promote the cell performance.

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17

Chen, Kongfa, Junji Hyodo, Aaron Dodd, Na Ai, Tatsumi Ishihara, Li Jian, and San Ping Jiang. "Chromium deposition and poisoning of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 oxygen electrodes of solid oxide electrolysis cells." Faraday Discussions 182 (2015): 457–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5fd00010f.

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The effect of the presence of an Fe–Cr alloy metallic interconnect on the performance and stability of La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO₃ (LSM) oxygen electrodes is studied for the first time under solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) operating conditions at 800 °C. The presence of the Fe–Cr interconnect accelerates the degradation and delamination processes of the LSM oxygen electrodes. The disintegration of LSM particles and the formation of nanoparticles at the electrode/electrolyte interface are much faster as compared to that in the absence of the interconnect. Cr deposition occurs in the bulk of the LSM oxygen electrode with a high intensity on the YSZ electrolyte surface and on the LSM electrode inner surface close to the electrode/electrolyte interface. SIMS, GI-XRD, EDS and XPS analyses clearly identify the deposition and formation of chromium oxides and strontium chromate on both the electrolyte surface and electrode inner surface. The anodic polarization promotes the surface segregation of SrO and depresses the generation of manganese species such as Mn²⁺. This is evidently supported by the observation of the deposition of SrCrO₄, rather than (Cr,Mn)₃O₄ spinels as in the case under the operating conditions of solid oxide fuel cells. The present results demonstrate that the Cr deposition is essentially a chemical process, initiated by the nucleation and grain growth reaction between the gaseous Cr species and segregated SrO on LSM oxygen electrodes under SOEC operating conditions.

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18

Tang, Chunmei, Katsuya Akimoto, Ning Wang, Laras Fadillah, Sho Kitano, Hiroki Habazaki, and Yoshitaka Aoki. "The effect of an anode functional layer on the steam electrolysis performances of protonic solid oxide cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 24 (2021): 14032–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta02848k.

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Improved electrochemical performances of protonic solid oxide steam electrolysis cells based on a BaZr_0.6Ce_0.2Y_0.1Yb_0.1O_3−δ electrolyte with a La_0.5Sr_0.5CoO_3−δ anode functional nanolayer.

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19

Schefold, Josef, Annabelle Brisse, and Hendrik Poepke. "Long-term Steam Electrolysis with Electrolyte-Supported Solid Oxide Cells." Electrochimica Acta 179 (October 2015): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.04.141.

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20

Ma, Jing Tao, Ben Ge, Xu Ping Lin, and Chang Sheng Deng. "Preparation and Electrochemical Performance of Hydrogen Electrode and Electrolyte for SOEC by Tape Casting and Lamination." Key Engineering Materials 434-435 (March 2010): 727–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.434-435.727.

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The solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) has been receiving increasing research and attention worldwide due to its potential usage for large-scale production of hydrogen. Tape casting and lamination technique were successfully used to fabricate the NiO-YSZ hydrogen electrode substrate cermets of planar solid oxide electrolysis cell. In this paper the green tape with thickness of 350μm was prepared by tape casting and then the lamination was used to obtain the required thickness for the NiO-YSZ hydrogen electrode-supported electrolyte cermets. The rheological properties of the suspensions with NiO-YSZ and YSZ were studied, respectively. The optimal temperature and pressure of the lamination were determined, and four direction of lamination mode was used according to tape casting direction to obtain symmetrical and even hydrogen electrode-supported electrolyte after co-sintering. Pore-formers were used to increase the porosity of the hydrogen electrode. The green tape was analyzed by TG-DSC analysis, the microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscope. The electrochemical performance of unit cell was measured at 850°C.

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21

Menon, V., V. M. Janardhanan, and O. Deutschmann. "Modeling of Solid-Oxide Electrolyser Cells: From H2, CO Electrolysis to Co-Electrolysis." ECS Transactions 57, no. 1 (October 6, 2013): 3207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/05701.3207ecst.

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22

O’Brien, J. E., C. M. Stoots, J. S. Herring, P. A. Lessing, J. J. Hartvigsen, and S. Elangovan. "Performance Measurements of Solid-Oxide Electrolysis Cells for Hydrogen Production." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 2, no. 3 (February 1, 2005): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1895946.

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An experimental study has been completed to assess the performance of single solid-oxide electrolysis cells operating over a temperature range of 800 to 900°C. The experiments were performed over a range of steam inlet partial pressures (2.3–12.2 kPa), carrier gas flow rates (50–200 sccm), and current densities (−0.75–0.25A∕cm2) using single electrolyte-supported button cells of scandia-stabilized zirconia. Steam consumption rates associated with electrolysis were measured directly using inlet and outlet dew-point instrumentation. Cell operating potentials and cell current were varied using a programmable power supply and monitored continuously. Values of area-specific resistance and thermal efficiency are presented as a function of current density. Cell performance is shown to be continuous from the fuel-cell mode to the electrolysis mode of operation. The effects of steam starvation and thermal cycling on cell performance parameters are discussed.

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23

Laguna-Bercero, M. A., H. Monzón, A. Larrea, and V. M. Orera. "Improved stability of reversible solid oxide cells with a nickelate-based oxygen electrode." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 4 (2016): 1446–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta08531d.

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Анотація:

Mixed praseodymium, cerium and gadolinium oxides (PCGO) at the electrolyte–oxygen electrode interface enhance the stability and performance of nickelate based oxygen electrodes in high temperature electrolysis and fuel cell operation modes.

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24

Liu, Shaoming, Wenqiang Zhang, Yifeng Li та Bo Yu. "REBaCo2O5+δ (RE = Pr, Nd, and Gd) as promising oxygen electrodes for intermediate-temperature solid oxide electrolysis cells". RSC Advances 7, № 27 (2017): 16332–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra28005f.

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Double-perovskite REBaCo₂O_5+δ (RE = Pr, Nd, and Gd) oxides were synthesized and evaluated as oxygen electrodes for intermediate-temperature solid oxide electrolysis cells (IT-SOECs).

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25

Liang, Yong-Xin, Ze-Rong Ma, Si-Ting Yu, Xin-Yue He, Xu-Yang Ke, Ri-Feng Yan, Xiao-Xian Liang, et al. "Preparation and property analysis of solid carbonate-oxide composite materials for an electrolyte used in low-temperature solid oxide fuel cell." Science and Technology for Energy Transition 77 (2022): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/stet/2022003.

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The oxide-carbonate composite electrolyte material with high ionic conductivity at low temperature has been thought that it can be used to develop LT-SOFC. However, the carbonate composite electrolyte is not easy to make it dense, especially mixing and packing oxide and carbonate to fabricate the composite electrolyte simply. In this article, rare-earth-doped CeO2 (RDC) (R = La, Sm, Gd, and Gd + Y) series samples were prepared by wet ball-milling, then sintered into fully dense and porous oxide bulk at 1500–1600 °C and 1000 °C. Melted carbonate LNCO, composed of Li2CO3 and Na2CO3 at a molar ratio of 1:1, was combined with porous oxide bulk materials using a bath method at 500 °C for 10 h to prepare a dense carbonate-oxide composite electrolyte. The dense oxide-carbonate composite electrolyte always obtains by this fabrication process. Boiling water was used to remove carbonate from these composites. Lattice parameters were obtained through Rietveld refinement, and a calculation procedure for quantifying the composite density was proposed. The quantified composite density results were verified through scanning electron microscopy microstructure observations. The Ce valence in the RDC oxides and RDC-carbonate composite was analyzed by X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy to observe the effects of heat treatment temperature and carbonate on the Ce4+/Ce3+ mixed-valence state in doped CeO2.

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Jirathiwathanakul, Nitiphong, Hiroshige Matsumoto, and Tatsumi Ishihara. "Intermediate Temperature Steam Electrolysis Using Doped Lanthanum Gallate Solid Electrolyte (2) Effects of CeO₂ Interlayer on Activity." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 1005–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.1005.

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Steam electrolysis is attracting much interest method to produce hydrogen and also the new energy recovery process of wasted heat energy. Up to now, Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ) has been used for a solid electrolyte and so the operating temperature is limited down to 1273K. This study is focused on increasing the performance of steam electrolysis by using LaGaO3 based oxide for electrolyte at intermediate temperature of 873 K, which is upper limit of the obtainable wasted heat. It was found that the formation amount of H2 is almost obeyed the Faraday law up to 1.8 V suggesting that the ionic transport number of oxide ion in LaGaO3 was kept to be 1 under the steam electrolysis condition. The electrolyzing current is improved as following order; La0.6Sr0.4CoO3<Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3<< Ba0.6La0.4CoO3 for anode and Pt<Ni<Ni-Fe for cathode, respectively. Hydrogen production rate higher than 100 μmol ml-1 min-1 at 873 K and 300 mA cm-2 were successfully demonstrated at 1.8 V in this study. Electrolysis reaction under various reaction conditions are also presented. The H2 formation rate increased with increasing total flow rate due to the diffusion resistance.

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Yang, Xiaoxing, He Miao, Baowei Pan, Ming Chen та Jinliang Yuan. "In-Situ Synthesis of Sm0.5Sr0.5Co0.5O3-δ@Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 Composite Oxygen Electrode for Electrolyte-Supported Reversible Solid Oxide Cells (RSOC)". Energies 15, № 6 (16 березня 2022): 2178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062178.

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Oxygen electrode has a crucial impact on the performance of reversible solid oxide cells (RSOC), especially in solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) mode. Herein, Sm0.5Sr0.5Co0.5O3-δ@Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 (5SSC@5SDC) composite material has been fabricated by the in-situ synthesis method and applied as the oxygen electrode for RSOCs with scandium stabilized zirconia (SSZ) electrolyte. The phase structures, thermal expansion coefficients, and micromorphologies of 5SSC@5SDC have all been further analyzed and discussed. 5SSC@5SDC is composed of a skeleton with large SDC particles in the diameter range of 200~300 nm and many fine SSC nanoparticles coated on the skeleton. Thanks to the special microstructure of 5SSC@5SDC, the electrolyte-supported RSOC with SSC@SDC oxygen electrode shows a polarization resistance of only 0.69 Ω·cm2 and a peak power density of 0.49 W·cm−2 at 800 °C with hydrogen as the fuel in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) mode. In addition, the electrolysis current density of RSOC with SSC@SDC can reach 0.40 A·cm−2 at 1.30 V in SOEC model, being much higher than that with the SSC-SDC (SSC and SDC composite prepared by physical mixing). RSOC with 5SSC@5SDC shows an improved stability in SOEC model comparing with that with SSC-SDC. The improved performance indicates that 5SSC@5SDC prepared by the in-situ synthesis may be a promising candidate for RSOC oxygen electrode.

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Ding, Hanping, Clarita Yosune Regalado Vera, Wei Tang, and Dong Ding. "(Invited) Advanced Electrode and Electrolyte Materials for Proton Conducting Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 39 (July 7, 2022): 1735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01391735mtgabs.

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Hydrogen production by using proton-conducting solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) has been acknowledged as a promising approach to effectively utilize the clean renewable energies and nuclear heat and to decarbonize. To deliver fast and durable hydrogen production during intermediate-to-low temperature (400~600○C) operation, some critical components such as oxygen electrode and electrolyte are important for achieving high electrolysis performance under realistic conditions, particularly in high steam pressure. In this presentation, the recent developments on praseodymium cobaltite-based PrNixCo1-xO3-δ electrode and Sc-doped BaZrO3-based electrolyte are respectively introduced. The triple conductive electrode demonstrates high activity and stability towards water splitting reaction, and to down-select the optimal composition, a series of optimization study have been carried out to understand structure-property relationship, chemical/performance stability in high steam condition, and interfacial stability. For electrolyte, the hydration behavior, proton conductivity, transference number, and chemical stability are studied to disclose the effect of dopant on increasing effective proton concentration, and the underlying mechanism is also investigated by experimental characterizations.

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Gao, Yun, Hui Xiao Zhao, Zheng Zhou, Lei Mao, and Man Hua Peng. "Preparation of LaNi₅ by FFC Cambridge Process." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 575–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.575.

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A new technique was proposed for preparation of LaNi5 powder by direct electrolytic deoxidation of solid La2O3–NiO mixture oxides in molten CaCl2–NaCl. Oxides pellets was sintered and used as cathode. High – density graphite was used as anode. Electrolysis was performed. Current change during electrolysis was recorded. XRD was used to analyse the composition of products. SEM was used to analysis surface and cross section of pellets before sintering, after sintering and after electrolysis. The preparation mechanism and the influences of sintering temperature and cell voltage on electrolytic deoxidation was studied. Results show that the optimum conditions to prepare LaNi5 are：NiO-La2O3（Ni:La=5:1）pellets are formed at 30MPa, sintered at 850°C for 5h, electrolyzed under 3.2V in CaCl2–NaCl melt at 850°C for more than 12 hours.

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Zuo, Xiaodong, Zhiyi Chen, Chengzhi Guan, Kongfa Chen, Sanzhao Song, Guoping Xiao, Yuepeng Pang та Jian-Qiang Wang. "Molten Salt Synthesis of High-Performance, Nanostructured La0.6Sr0.4FeO3−δ Oxygen Electrode of a Reversible Solid Oxide Cell". Materials 13, № 10 (14 травня 2020): 2267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13102267.

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Nanoscale perovskite oxides with enhanced electrocatalytic activities have been widely used as oxygen electrodes of reversible solid oxide cells (RSOC). Here, La0.6Sr0.4FeO3−δ (LSF) nanoscale powder is synthesized via a novel molten salt method using chlorides as the reaction medium and fired at 850 °C for 5 h after removing the additives. A direct assembly method is employed to fabricate the LSF electrode without a pre-sintering process at high temperature. The microstructure characterization ensures that the direct assembly process will not damage the porosity of LSF. When operating as a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), the LSF cell exhibits a peak power density of 1.36, 1.07 and 0.7 W/cm2 at 800, 750 and 700 °C, respectively, while in solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) mode, the electrolysis current density reaches 1.52, 0.98 and 0.53 A/cm2 under an electrolysis voltage of 1.3 V, respectively. Thus, it indicates that the molten salt routine is a promising method for the synthesis of highly active perovskite LSF powders for directly assembled oxygen electrodes of RSOC.

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Mercado, Anna Romina T., Emmalin S. Mesina, Jennet R. Rabo, and Rinlee Butch M. Cervera. "Effect of Precursor Grain Size on the Sinterability and Conductivity of Commercial Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia as Solid Electrolyte." Key Engineering Materials 775 (August 2018): 331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.775.331.

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Solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) have been receiving significant attention for future energy storage and hydrogen production applications. This research focuses on the electrolyte material which can be used for both SOEC and SOFC particularly on 8 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) electrolyte material. YSZ has been used because of its high stability at elevated temperature, excellent mechanical and chemical properties and its excellent oxygen ion conductivity. This study aims to determine the effect of precursor’s grain size and sintering temperature on the properties of YSZ as electrolyte material for SOEC. Solid-state sintering was done to transform the ceramic powders into solid compacts. Pure cubic fluorite structure YSZ was achieved by both micrograined and nanograined YSZ sintered at 1200°C and 1500°C. It was observed that the micrograined YSZ sample sintered at 1500°C achieved the highest relative density at 99.48%. SEM images showed a smooth and compact microstructure for micrograined YSZ while small pores were still present in the micrographs of nanograined YSZ. However, interestingly, the nanograined YSZ has higher total conductivity as compared to the micrograined YSZ.

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Zhang, Chi, Bin Lu, Haiji Xiong, Chengjun Lin, Lin Fang, Jile Fu, Dingrong Deng, Xiaohong Fan, Yi Li, and Qi-Hui Wu. "Cobalt-Based Perovskite Electrodes for Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells." Inorganics 10, no. 11 (October 28, 2022): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10110187.

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Recently, many efforts and much attention has been paid to developing environmentally friendly energy. Solid oxide electrolyte cells (SOECs) process in reverse to solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) producing hydrogen gas as a green energy source. However, in this application, high-performance catalysts are usually required to overcome the sluggish oxygen evolution reactions (OER) during water decomposition. For this reason, discovery of catalysts with high performance is a crucial issue for the wide application of SOECs. Owning to their inherent activity and adequate stability in electrochemical conditions, perovskite oxides have been intensively employed in SOECs. In this mini review, we summarize the currently available studies concerning the applications of cobalt-based perovskite oxide catalysts in SOECs. Particularly, their structural properties and corresponding electronic structures are discussed based on their electrochemical performance, both experimentally and theoretically.

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33

Denk, Karel, Martin Paidar, Jaromir Hnat, and Karel Bouzek. "Potential of Membrane Alkaline Water Electrolysis in Connection with Renewable Power Sources." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 26 (July 7, 2022): 1225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01261225mtgabs.

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Hydrogen is an efficient energy carrier with numerous applications in various areas as industry, energetics, and transport. Its potential depends also on the origin of the energy used to produce the hydrogen with respect to its environmental impact. Where the standard production of hydrogen from fossil fuels (methane steam reforming, etc.) doesn’t bring any benefit to decarbonisation of society. The most ecological approach involves water electrolysis using ‘green’ electricity, such as renewable power sources. Such hydrogen thus stores energy which can be used later. Hydrogen, used in the transport sector, can minimize its environmental impact together with preserving the driving range and decrease the recharge/refill time in comparison with a pure battery-powered vehicle. For transportation the hydrogen filling stations network is required. Local production of hydrogen is one of proposed scenarios. The combination of electrolyser and renewable power source is the most viable local source of hydrogen. It is important to know the possible amount of hydrogen produced with respect to local environmental and economic conditions. Hydrogen production by water electrolysis is an extensively studied topic. Among the three most prominent types, which are the alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), proton-exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis and high-temperature solid-oxide electrolysis, AWE is the technology which is widely used in the industry for the longest time. In the recent development, AWE is being modified by incorporation of anion-selective membranes (ASMs) to replace the diaphragm used as the cell separator. In comparison with the diaphragm, ASMs perform acceptably in environment with lower temperatures and lower concentrations of the liquid electrolyte, thus, allowing for very flexible operation similarly to the PEM electrolysers. On the other hand, ASMs are not yet in a development level where they could outperform the diaphragm and PEM in long-term stability. Renewable sources of energy, predominantly photovoltaic (PV) plants and wind turbines, operate with non-stable output of electricity. Considering their proposed connection to the water electrolysis, flexibility of such electrolyser is of the essence for maximizing hydrogen production. The aim of this work is to consider a connection of a PV plant with an AWE. Power output data from a real PV plant are taken as a source of electricity for a model AWE. The input data for the electrolyser were taken from a laboratory AWE. The AWE data were measured using a single-cell electrolyser using Zirfon Perl® cell separator with nickel-foam electrodes. Operation including ion-selective membranes was also taken into consideration. Data from literature were used to set possible operation range and other electrolyser parameters. Small-scale operation was then upscaled to match dimensions of a real AWE operation. Using the before mentioned data, a hydrogen production model was made. The model takes the power output of the PV plant in time and decides whether to use the power for preheating of the electrolyser or for electrolytic hydrogen production. Temperature of the electrolyser is influenced by the preheating, thermal-energy loss of the electrolytic reactions, or cooling to maintain optimal conditions. The advantage of the created model is its variability for both energy output of the power plant or other instable power source and the properties of the electrolyser. It can be used to predict hydrogen production in time with respect to the electrolyser and PV power plant size. The difference between standard AWE and AWE with ion exchange membrane is mainly shown during start-up time where membrane based electrolyser shows better efficiency. Frequency of start-stop operation modes thus influences the choice of suitable electrolyser type. Another output is to optimize design of an electrolyser to fit the scale of an existing plant from economical point of view. This knowledge is an important input into the plan which is set to introduce hydrogen-powered transport options where fossil-fuel powered vehicles is often the only option, such as unelectrified low-traffic railroad networks. Acknowledgment: This project is financed by the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic under grant TO01000324, in the frame of the KAPPA programme, with funding from EEA Grants and Norway Grants.

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O’Brien, J. E., C. M. Stoots, J. S. Herring, and J. Hartvigsen. "Hydrogen Production Performance of a 10-Cell Planar Solid-Oxide Electrolysis Stack." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 3, no. 2 (October 19, 2005): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2179435.

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An experimental study is under way to assess the performance of solid-oxide cells operating in the steam electrolysis mode for hydrogen production over a temperature range of 800-900°C. Results presented in this paper were obtained from a ten-cell planar electrolysis stack, with an active area of 64cm2 per cell. The electrolysis cells are electrolyte supported, with scandia-stabilized zirconia electrolytes (∼140μm thick), nickel-cermet steam/hydrogen electrodes, and manganite air-side electrodes. The metallic interconnect plates are fabricated from ferritic stainless steel. The experiments were performed over a range of steam inlet mole fractions (0.1–0.6), gas flow rates (1000-4000sccm), and current densities (0-0.38A∕cm2). Steam consumption rates associated with electrolysis were measured directly using inlet and outlet dewpoint instrumentation. Cell operating potentials and cell current were varied using a programmable power supply. Hydrogen production rates up to 100Nl∕h were demonstrated. Values of area-specific resistance and stack internal temperatures are presented as a function of current density. Stack performance is shown to be dependent on inlet steam flow rate.

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35

Bi, Lei, Samir Boulfrad, and Enrico Traversa. "Steam electrolysis by solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) with proton-conducting oxides." Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, no. 24 (August 18, 2014): 8255–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cs00194j.

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Ishihara, Tatsumi, Nitiphong Jirathiwathanakul, and Hao Zhong. "Intermediate temperature solid oxide electrolysis cell using LaGaO3 based perovskite electrolyte." Energy & Environmental Science 3, no. 5 (2010): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b915927d.

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37

MIZUSAWA, Tatsuya, Takafumi MUTOH, Takuto ARAKI, and Masashi MORI. "C123 Cycle analysis of electrolysis systems using solid oxide electrolyte cells." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2012.17 (2012): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2012.17.105.

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Schefold, Josef, Annabelle Brisse, and Hendrik Poepke. "23,000 h steam electrolysis with an electrolyte supported solid oxide cell." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42, no. 19 (May 2017): 13415–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.01.072.

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Chen, Chao Yi, Jun Qi Li, and Xiong Gang Lu. "Direct Preparation of Tantalum Metal from Ta₂O₅." Applied Mechanics and Materials 275-277 (January 2013): 2312–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.275-277.2312.

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A novel process of solid-oxide-oxygen-ion conducting membrane (SOM) technique has been investigated to produce Ta metal directly from solid Ta2O5 in mixture molten of 55.5MgF2-44.5CaF2 (in wt%). The sintered porous Ta2O5 pellet was employed as the cathode while liquid copper, saturated with graphite powder and encased in a one-end-closed yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) tube, acted as the anode. An electrolysis potential higher than that in Fray–Farthing–Chen (FFC) Cambridge process could be applied to this process because YSZ membrane blocked the electrolysis of the melts and there was no need for flux to dissolve Ta2O5. The results demonstrated that the electrolytic temperature have played important roles in this electrochemical process. Furthermore, this process can be used to efficiently produce Ta metal without the expensive pre-electrolysis and generation of harmful byproducts.

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Muazzam, Yusra, Muhammad Yousaf, Muhammad Zaman, Ali Elkamel, Asif Mahmood, Muhammad Rizwan, and Muhammad Adnan. "Thermo-Economic Analysis of Integrated Hydrogen, Methanol and Dimethyl Ether Production Using Water Electrolyzed Hydrogen." Resources 11, no. 10 (September 27, 2022): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources11100085.

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Carbon capture and utilization is an attractive technique to mitigate the damage to the environment. The aim of this study was to techno-economically investigate the hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol and then conversion of methanol to dimethyl ether using Aspen Plus® (V.11, Aspen Technology, Inc., Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, USA). Hydrogen was obtained from alkaline water electrolysis, proton exchange membrane and solid oxide electrolysis processes for methanol production. The major cost contributing factor in the methanol production was the cost of hydrogen production; therefore, the cost per ton of methanol was highest for alkaline water electrolysis and lowest for solid oxide electrolysis. The specific cost of methanol for solid oxide electrolysis, proton exchange membrane and alkaline water electrolysis was estimated to be 701 $/ton, 760 $/ton and 920 $/ton, respectively. Similarly, the specific cost of dimethyl ether was estimated to be 1141 $/ton, 1230 $/ton and 1471 $/ton, using solid oxide electrolysis, proton exchange membrane and alkaline water electrolysis based hydrogen production, respectively. The cost for methanol and dimethyl ether production by proton exchange membrane was slightly higher than for the solid oxide electrolysis process. However, the proton exchange membrane operates at a lower temperature, consequently leading to less operational issues.

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Elangovan, S., Tyler Hafen, Taylor Rane, Jenna Pike, Dennis Larsen, and Joseph Hartvigsen. "(Invited) Enhancing Fuel Electrode Reliability of Solid Oxide Electrolyzers." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 47 (October 9, 2022): 1747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02471747mtgabs.

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Solid oxide electrolysis (SOXE) provides a high efficiency pathway to electrolyze steam, carbon dioxide, or a mixture of the two to produce hydrogen, carbon monoxide, or synthesis gas respectively. Irrespective of the cell design, instability of fuel electrode is a source of performance degradation. Traditionally, solid oxide electrolysis stacks use nickel–zirconia or nickel–ceria composite cathode to reduce the oxidized species. Nickel based electrodes are susceptible to oxidation by the feed gas (CO2 or steam) at the inlet conditions and are often irreversibly damaged unless reducing gas (carbon monoxide or hydrogen) is also present. This necessitates a complex, recycle loop that introduces a fraction of the product gas to the inlet. The gas recycle approach was successfully implemented for OxEon’s SOXE stack that is operating on Mars to produce high purity oxygen using atmospheric carbon dioxide. Under a NASA SBIR program, OxEon investigated a combination of materials and engineering solutions to improve redox tolerance of the nickel based cathode so that 100% dry CO2could be fed directly into a stack without damaging the electrode. The redox tolerance through the use of a modified nickel based cathode composition has been demonstrated. Button cells and stacks have been shown to tolerate complete oxidation of Ni to NiO, with performance recovery occurring in a matter of minutes using only the CO generated by the electrolysis reaction to re-reduce the cathode. The redox tolerant stack was also demonstrated to show improved coking tolerance over the traditional cathode material. This feature allows higher conversion of CO2enabling increased O2 production. Tests are ongoing to evaluate redox tolerance for steam electrolysis.

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Luo, Zheyu, Yucun Zhou, Xueyu Hu, and Meilin Liu. "(Invited) Recent Progress in the Development of Highly Durable and Conductive Proton Conductors for High-Performance Reversible Solid Oxide Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 49 (October 9, 2022): 1904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02491904mtgabs.

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Proton conductor-based solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and electrolysis cells (SOECs) are receiving increasing attention because of their potential for operation at intermediate temperatures (400 - 600 oC) with high energy efficiency at low cost. In addition, water is formed/provided on the air electrode side of proton-conducting cells, effectively avoiding fuel dilution and nickel oxidation problems associated with oxide-ion conductor-based cells. To date, doped barium cerates-based perovskite oxides are the most widely adopted proton conducting electrolytes due to their desired electrochemical properties. To achieve high proton conductivity, acceptor doping with rare earth elements is a commonly used strategy, which is critical to the formation of protonic defects. Although many trivalent elements have been studied as dopants in the barium cerate family and reasonable electrochemical performance has been demonstrated, the effect of acceptor dopants on other properties of electrolyte materials, especially in single cells under operating conditions, is yet to be studied in detail. In this presentation, we will report our recent progress in the development of a series of acceptor-doped proton-conducting electrolytes. The results reveal that conductivity, transference number, chemical stability, and compatibility with NiO are all closely correlated with dopant size. In particular, the reactivity with NiO is found to strongly affect the properties of the electrolytes and hence cell performance. Among all tested compositions, an optimized electrolyte shows excellent chemical stability and minimal reactivity towards NiO, as predicted from density functional theory (DFT)-based calculations and confirmed by experimental results. In addition, reversible protonic ceramic electrochemical cells (R-PCECs) based on the optimized electrolyte demonstrate exceptional performance and stability, achieving a remarkable peak power density of 1.2 W cm-2 at 600 oC in the fuel cell mode and a high current density of 2.0 A cm-2 at 1.3 V and 600 oC in the steam electrolysis mode while maintaining long-term durability for over 1000 h without obvious degradation.

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Usoltseva, Natalya, Valery Korobochkin, Alesya S. Dolinina, and Alexander M. Ustyugov. "Infrared Spectra Investigation of CuO-Al₂O₃ Precursors Produced by Electrochemical Oxidation of Copper and Aluminum Using Alternating Current." Key Engineering Materials 712 (September 2016): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.712.65.

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Joint electrochemical oxidation of copper and aluminum using alternating current (AC) was performed. The electrolysis products were dried on air (method carbonate) and at the residual pressure of 3-5 kPa (oxide method). Cu-Al layered double hydroxide (Cu-Al/LDH) are formed at air carbonization. Oxide method saves copper (I) oxide. Heat treatment causes the decomposition of LDH to CuO and Al2O3 as well as Cu2O oxidation to CuO. Copper-aluminum spinel (CuAl2O4) is the product of solid-phase interaction of copper and aluminum oxides. Infrared spectra revealed that oxide method provides the boehmite dehydration and metal oxides interaction at lower temperature despite the fact that the poorly crystallized copper (II) oxide is formed at LDH decomposition.

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Jin, Xinfang, Korey Cook, Jacob A. Wrubel, Zhiwen Ma, Puvikkarasan Jayapragasam, and Kevin Huang. "Modeling Electrokinetics of Oxygen Electrodes in Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 39 (July 7, 2022): 1744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01391744mtgabs.

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High temperature solid oxide electrolyzers operated at >600oC are advantageous from a thermodynamic perspective since heat (TDS) can be converted into chemical energy (DH) [1]. This additional heat reduces the overall electrical power (DG) requirement, allowing an electrolysis cell to achieve ~100% efficient H2 production [1]. Since the thermal energy contribution to the electrolysis reaction can also be obtained from sensible Joule heating produced within the cell, the electrical energy demand is further reduced which decreases the H2 production price. The bulk of the heat can be provided by an external source such as nuclear power, solar thermal power, or waste heat from a chemical plant. Theoretically, there is no external heat requirement if the electrolyzers operate at the thermoneutral voltage. Due to the above advantages, the research and development on solid oxide-based water electrolyzers have received significant attention [1–6]. This work focuses on physics-based modeling of high temperature solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC). A microscale model is presented to simulate electrode kinetics of the oxygen electrode in a solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC). Two mixed ionic/electronic conducting structures are examined for the oxygen producing electrode in this work: single layer porous lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite (LSCF), and bilayer LSCF/SCT (strontium cobalt tantalum oxide) structures. An yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte separates the hydrogen and oxygen electrodes, as well as a gadolinium doped-ceria (GDC) buffer layer on the oxygen electrode side. Electrochemical reactions [7-8] occurring at the two-phase boundaries (2PBs) and three-phase boundaries (3PBs) of single-layer LSCF and bilayer LSCF/SCT oxygen electrodes are modeled under various SOEC voltages with lattice oxygen stoichiometry as the key output. The results reveal that there exists a competition in electrode kinetics between 2PBs and 3PBs, but 3PBs are the primary reactive sites for single-layer LSCF oxygen electrode under high voltages. These locations experience the greatest oxygen stoichiometry variations and are therefore the most likely locations for dimensional changes. By applying an active SCT layer over LSCF, the 2PBs become activated to compete with the 3PBs, thus alleviating oxygen stoichiometry variations and reducing the likelihood of dimensional change. This strategy could reduce lattice structural expansion, proving to be valuable for electrode-electrolyte delamination prevention and will be the focus of future work. Figure 1

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Chen, Chao Yi, Ying Lu Lv, and Jun Qi Li. "Extraction of Tantalum from Ta₂O₅ Using SOM Process." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.25.

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A novel process of solid-oxide-oxygen-ion conducting membrane (SOM) technique has been investigated to produce Ta metal directly from Ta2O5 in molten CaCl2. The sintered porous Ta2O5 pellet was employed as the cathode while liquid copper, saturated with graphite powder and encased in a one-end-closed yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) tube, acted as the anode. The particle sizes and porosity of the cathode pellets are important factors that have significant impact on the electrolysis process. The optimal experimental conditions is pellet sintering and electrolytic temperature 1100°C, cell voltage 3.5V, electrolysis time 2h.

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Chen, Chao Yi, Zhi Hui Mao, and Jun Qi Li. "Direct Electrolytic Reduction of Solid Cr₂O₃ to Cr Using SOM Process." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.78.

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A novel process of solid-oxide-oxygen-ion conducting membrane (SOM) technique has been investigated to produce Cr metal directly from Cr2O3 in molten CaCl2. The sintered porous Cr2O3 pellet was employed as the cathode while liquid copper, saturated with graphite powder and encased in a one-end-closed yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) tube, acted as the anode. The particle sizes and porosity of the cathode pellets are important factors that have significant impact on the electrolysis process. The optimal experimental condition is pellet forming pressure 4MPa, sintering and electrolytic temperature 1150°C, cell voltage 3.5V, electrolysis time 2h.

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Biswas, Saheli, Aniruddha P. Kulkarni, Aaron Seeber, Mark Greaves, Sarbjit Giddey, and Sankar Bhattacharya. "Evaluation of novel ZnO–Ag cathode for CO2 electroreduction in solid oxide electrolyser." Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 26, no. 3 (January 21, 2022): 695–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-021-05103-9.

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AbstractCO2 and steam/CO2 electroreduction to CO and methane in solid oxide electrolytic cells (SOEC) has gained major attention in the past few years. This work evaluates, for the very first time, the performance of two different ZnO–Ag cathodes: one where ZnO nanopowder was mixed with Ag powder for preparing the cathode ink (ZnOmix–Ag cathode) and the other one where Ag cathode was infiltrated with a zinc nitrate solution (ZnOinf –Ag cathode). ZnOmix–Ag cathode had a better distribution of ZnO particles throughout the cathode, resulting in almost double CO generation while electrolysing both dry CO2 and H2/CO2 (4:1 v/v). A maximum overall CO2 conversion of 48% (in H2/CO2) at 1.7 V and 700 °C clearly indicated that as low as 5 wt% zinc loading is capable of CO2 electroreduction. It was further revealed that for ZnOinf –Ag cathode, most of CO generation took place through RWGS reaction, but for ZnOmix–Ag cathode, it was the synergistic effect of both RWGS reaction and CO2 electrolysis. Although ZnOinf –Ag cathode produced trace amount of methane at higher voltages, with ZnOmix–Ag cathode, there was absolutely no methane. This seems to be due to strong electronic interaction between Zn and Ag that might have suppressed the catalytic activity of the cathode towards methanation.

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Bernadet, Lucile, Carlos Moncasi, Marc Torrell, and Albert Tarancón. "High-performing electrolyte-supported symmetrical solid oxide electrolysis cells operating under steam electrolysis and co-electrolysis modes." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 45, no. 28 (May 2020): 14208–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.03.144.

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Kim-Lohsoontorn, Pattaraporn, Navadol Laosiripojana, and Joongmyeon Bae. "Performance of solid oxide electrolysis cell having bi-layered electrolyte during steam electrolysis and carbon dioxide electrolysis." Current Applied Physics 11, no. 1 (January 2011): S223—S228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2010.11.114.

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Adjah-Tetteh, Christabel, Yudong Wang, Yanhua Sun, Zhiyong Jia, Xingwen Yu, and Xiao-Dong Zhou. "A Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell (SOEC) with High Current Density and Energy Efficiency for Hydrogen Production." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 49 (October 9, 2022): 1956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02491956mtgabs.

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Water splitting with solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) has gained increasing attention as an efficient, affordable, and sustainable technology for hydrogen production. Since electricity represents the bulk of projected hydrogen cost for operating SOECs, enhancing the utilization efficiency of electricity (electrochemical energy efficiency) is critical to reach the cost-effective milestone for cell/electrolyzer development. In this study, we present a SOEC design with an ultra-thin solid electrolyte (based on an yttria-stabilized zirconia material) layer as well as an electrode support layer with reduced thickness to minimize the cell resistance. The thin electrolyte and electrode-support layers were fabricated with our optimized tape casting process. In addition to reducing the cell resistance, the implementation of thin electrolyte and electrode-support layers offers a facile and short path for gas diffusion, which can reduce the efficiency loss caused by diffusion. With our optimized cell configuration design, a high electrolysis current density was achieved at 750 oC. Over the process of cell-configuration optimization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and microscopic analysis were systematically performed on the cell and cell components to rationalize the cell architecture toward accessing high electrochemical performance and high energy efficiency of the SOEC. The relevant analysis strategies and results will be presented as well.

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