Дисертації: "SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEM"

1

Magnusson, Erik, and Johan Schedwin. "Development of solar water heating system." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för teknik och samhälle, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-4428.

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This report includes development of an already designed solar water heater. The product shall be constructed in a way that it will suit a manufacturing line in Kampala, Uganda. To find the most suitable design for each area a research was carried out which included study visits, interviews and background reading. It provided the following results: Regarding the attachment of in- and outgoing pipes from the water tank many methods were taken into consideration and it was found that the best and most suitable way for this case is to weld the fittings using a weld robot. Regarding the fitting of the acrylic, a suitable solution is to make a flange when vacuum forming the plastic casing to further support the design. This could also be used to waterproof the case by using a sealing material. A suggestion of using pre-molded PU-foam is also presented. Regarding the ability to open the case for maintenance, two solutions were recommended. Either the use of spire clips or having the clips integrated into the casing. Regarding the calculation of material usage when deep drawing the tank and collector, it is possible to do a reasonably accurate assumption. The complicated design in this product makes the estimation less accurate. It is recommended that test draws are done and often the machine producer has more precise numbers. Regarding the coloring of the collector; chemical coloration is not possible on a galvanized surface. The method used is painting, either with powder coating or with wet paint.

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2

Lo, S. N. G. "Passive solar space and water heating systems." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/3935.

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The performance of three types of passive solar feature has been studied; fifteen Roof-Space Collectors on an estate of low energy houses at the Milton Keynes Energy Park, 101m2 of Thermosyphoning Air Panels at a county primary school in Nazeing, Essex, and three Thermosyphon Solar Water Heaters installed on a group of three terraced cottages at Cranfield, Bedfordshire. Each of these passive solar features was monitored intensively for at least one heating season using dedicated data-acquisition systems. The maximum specific annual solar contributions to the auxiliary space/water heating systems were 128 kWh/M2 , 78 kWh/M2' and 104 kWh/M2 respectively. The corresponding payback periods were 25,37 & 21 years respectively, on replication.

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Sánchez, Herranz Daniel. "DESIGN OF A SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEM IN A RESIDENTIAL BUILDING." Thesis, University of Gävle, University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-4957.

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4

Elhabishi, Ali Mohamed. "Optimising collector plate geometry for a specific solar syphon system design." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2385.

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Thesis (MTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.
Solar energy is still not being used effectively in countries in the developing world, though it's a partial solution to the problem of shortage and expensive energy. Normally harvested through flat plate collectors, converting solar radiation into heat is the most direct application that can be effected in water heating systems. Many researchers have attempted to develop means of improving the efficiency of the flat plate solar energy collector; however there appears to be no evidence of any work regarding the effect of geometric configuration on the performance of flat plate solar collector. This study presents results obtained when comparing the performance of a solar water heating system equipped with three manufactured flat plate solar collector panels of numerically identical surface area but of different geometric configuration as they were individually attached to a typical geyser. Data was obtained inside a laboratory. The amount of heat acquired from flat plate collectors of solar energy depends primarily on their surface area that is exposed to the solar irradiance, however, the geometry of the collectors was thought that it might affect to some extent the amount of heat harvested. The circulation of the water from the panel to the geyser was due to the self-induced thermo-syphon effect. The results obtained during the test period (7 hours per day for two consecutive days) indicated that the system’s thermal efficiency was best when the square geometrical configuration collector was used. A dimensional analysis using the Π Buckingham method that was performed on the parameters affecting a flat plate solar collector yielded three dimensionless numbers that lead to a power law relationship which might be useful in enhancing solar water heating systems’ design.

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Skytt, Johanna, and Elina Järkil. "Solar heating in Colombia." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för ekonomi och teknik (SET), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-18094.

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This report describes the process of a thesis implemented in Colombia concerning solar energy. The project was to install a self-circulating solar heating system, as well as creating exchange of knowledge regarding renewable energy. One of the two major goals of the project was to achieve a functioning solar heating system in Timbio, a village outside the city of Popayán in south west Colombia. The purpose was to use the free power from the sun and show people how to use it in a way that is not complicated or too expensive. The second major goal was to hold workshops about renewable energy in general, and solar energy in particular. The preparatory work started in October 2010 by concretizing the project, applying for scholarships and establishing necessary contacts; both in Colombia and Sweden. Research and correspondence continued throughout 2011, along with the search for finance from companies and funds to cover the project costs. The implementation took approximately three months and was finished in April 2012. However, the project was limited due to time scale and financial resources. The project was successful; a functioning solar heater and workshops. The aim to arise interest for renewable energy is fulfilled plus the aim to show how to use solar energy in a practical and useful way.
Denna rapport beskriver processen av ett examensarbete som behandlar solenergi, implementerat i Colombia. Projektet innebar en installation av en självcirkulerande solvärmeanläggning, och även kunskapsutbyte om förnybar energi. Ett av de två huvudmålen var att installera en fungerande solvärmeanläggning i byn Timbio utanför staden Popayán i sydvästra Colombia. Syftet var att använda gratis energi från solen och visa människor hur man kan använda energin på ett inte alltför komplicerat eller dyrt sätt. Det andra huvudmålet var att hålla workshops om förnybar energi i allmänhet och solenergi i synnerhet. Förberedelserna började i oktober 2010 genom konkretisering av projektet, stipendieansökningar och skapandet av nödvändiga kontakter; i Colombia och Sverige. Efterforskningar och korrespondens fortsatte under 2011 samtidigt som finansiering till projektet söktes från företag och fonder. Installationen tog ungefär tre månader och färdigställdes i april 2012. Projektet begränsades av tillgänglig tid och ekonomiska resurser. Projektet blev framgångsrikt; en fungerande solvärmeanläggning och lyckade workshops. Målet att väcka intresse för förnybar energi uppfylldes, även målet att visa hur solenergi kan användas på ett praktiskt och användbart sätt.

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6

Wang, Zhangyuan. "Investigation of a novel façade-based solar loop heat pipe water heating system." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12343/.

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Solar thermal is one of the most cost-effective renewable energy technologies, and solar water heating is one of the most popular solar thermal systems. Based on the considerations on the existing barriers of the solar water heating, this research will propose a novel façade-based solar water heating system employing a unique loop heat pipe (LHP) structure with top-level liquid feeder, which will lead to a façade-integrated, low cost, aesthetically appealing and highly efficient solar system and has considerable potential to provide energy savings and reduce carbon emissions to the environment. The research initially involved the conceptual design of the proposed system. The prefabricated external module could convert the solar energy to heat in the form of low-temperature vapour. The vapour will be transported to indoors through the transport line and condensed within the heat exchanger by releasing the heat to the service water. The heated water will then be stored in the tank for use. An analytical model was developed to investigate six limits to the loop heat pipe’s operation, i.e., capillary, entrainment, viscous, boiling, sonic and filled liquid mass. It was found that mesh-screen wick was able to obtain a higher capillary (governing) limit than sintered-powder. Higher fluid temperature, larger pipe diameter and larger exchanger-to-pipes height difference would lead to a higher capillary limit. Adequate system configuration and operating conditions were suggested as: pipe inner diameter of 16 mm, mesh-screen wick, heat transfer fluid temperature of 60oC and height difference of 1.5 m. This research further developed a computer model to investigate the dynamic performance of the system, taking into account heat balances occurring in different parts of the system, e.g., solar absorber, heat pipes loop, heat exchanger, and tank. Data extracted from two previously published papers were used to compare with the established model of the same setups, and an agreement could be achieved under a reasonable error limit. This research further constructed a prototype system and its associated testing rig at the SRB (Sustainable Research Building) Laboratory, University of Nottingham and conducted testing through measurement of various operational parameters, i.e., heat transfer fluid temperature, tank water temperature, solar efficiency and system COP (Coefficient of Performance). Two types of glass covers, i.e., evacuated tubes and single glazing, were applied to the prototype, and each type was tested on two different days of 8 hours from 09:00:00 to 17:00:00. By comparison of the measurement data with the modelling results, reasonable model accuracy could be achieved in predicting the LHP system performance. The water temperature remained a steady growth trend throughout the day with an increase of 13.5oC for the evacuated tube system and 10.0oC for the single glazing system. The average testing efficiencies of the evacuated tube system were 48.8% and 46.7% for the two cases with the testing COPs of 14.0 and 13.4, respectively. For the single glazing system, the average testing efficiencies were 36.0% and 30.9% for the two cases with the COPs of 10.5 and 8.9, respectively. Experimental results also indicated that the evacuated tube based system was the preferred system compared to the single glazing system. This research finally analysed the annual operational performance, economic and environmental impacts of the optimised evacuated tube system under real weather conditions in Beijing, China by running an approved computer model. It was concluded that the novel system had the potential to be highly-efficient, cost-effective and environmentally-friendly through comparison with a conventional flat-plate solar water heating system.

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Yeung, King-ho, and 楊景豪. "An optimization model for a solar hybrid water heating and adsorption ice-making system." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29632432.

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8

Ibrahim, Idowu David. "Development of Smart Parabolic Trough Solar Collector for Water Heating and Hybrid Polymeric Composite Water Storage Tank." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASG049.

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Les sources d’énergies utilisées pour le chauffage de l’eau dans les bâtiments commerciaux et résidentielles sont multiples. Ces ressources sont essentiellement électriques dans les milieux urbains et utilisent le bois dans les milieux ruraux. Le pourcentage de l’énergie solaire utilisé reste assez faible. Les méthodes les utilisées pour produire l’eau chaude sont pour basés pour l’essentielle sur l’utilisation des résistances électrique ou des capteurs solaire plat. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse est basé sur l’utilisation des concentrateurs solaires pour chauffer des collecteurs d’énergie. Le rendement est augmenté par le développement de nouveau matériaux pour le stockage.La structure pour le support du collecteur a été conçue et analysée utilisant le logiciel Solidworks®. Les forces agissant sur les éléments de la structure sont simulées pour assurer la fiabilité du support lors des différentes conditions de fonctionnement. L’analyse par la méthode des éléments finis a permis la vérification de la structure utilisée pour le réflecteur et son support.Les performances énergétiques ont été simulées pour cinq ans d’opération utilisant le logiciel Matlab Simulink®. Cette simulation a été basée sur l’utilisation de trois données différentes. La première est une base de données météorologique de cinq ans en Afrique du Sud dans la Ville de Tshwane. La deuxième est un profil d’utilisation pour un foyer type. La troisième est le coût de complément de chauffage en électricité dépendant de l’heure de l’utilisation. Cette simulation a permis la validation des choix de dimensions de différents éléments du système de chauffage.Cette étude a permis le développement d’une approche pour la conception d’un système de chauffage solaire en optimisant les dimensions des différents éléments pour un foyer type et une région spécifique.De plus, nous avons conçu un autre réservoir d’eau chaude. Nous avons démontré que l'utilisation de matériaux polymères et d'autres matériaux comme le polyuréthane, le sel et l'aluminium est possible pour le développement d'un réservoir de stockage d'eau chaude en fonction de leurs propriétés inhérentes.L'extension des résultats de cette thèse améliorera encore les conceptions des technologies de concentrateurs solaires et des systèmes de chauffage solaire de l'eau. Par conséquent, certaines recommandations et suggestions sont mises en évidence afin d'améliorer la conception, l'analyse et les performances globales du système
In recent years, various energy sources and methods have been used to heat water in domestic and commercial buildings. The known sources for water heating include electrical energy and solar radiation energy in the urban regions or burning of firewood in the rural areas. Several water heating methods may be used such as electrical heating elements, solar concentrators, flat plate collectors and evacuated tube collectors. This thesis focuses on ways to further improve the system’s performance for water heating through the combined use of solar energy and solar concentrator technique. Furthermore, the study proposed an alternative design method for the hot water storage tank.The solar collector-supporting frame was designed and analysed using Solidworks®. The forces acting on the structural members were simulated to determine the capacity of the frame to sustain the load, and the possible regions on the supporting frame, which could potentially fail while in operation.Energy performance was simulated for five years of operation using Matlab Simulink® software. This simulation was based on the use of three different data. The first is a five-year weather database of the City of Tshwane in South Africa. The second is a hot water consumption profile for a typical household. The third is the cost of additional heating with electricity depending on the time of use. This simulation allowed the validation of the choices of the different elements of the heating system.This study allowed the development of an approach for the design of a solar heating system by optimising the dimensions of the different elements for a typical household and a specific region.In addition, the use of polymeric materials and other materials like polyurethane, salt and aluminium is possible for the development of a hot water storage tank based on their inherent properties.Extending the findings in this thesis will further improve the designs for solar concentrator technologies and solar water heating systems. Therefore, some recommendations and suggestions are highlighted in order to improve the overall system design, analysis and performance

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Alwaer, Ayad Almakhzum Mohamed. "A prototype desalination system using solar energy and heat pipe technology." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2455.

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Thesis (DTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.
The water desalination process needs large quantities of energy, either directly from fossil fuel or electricity from the national grid. However, these sources of energy significantly contribute to problems such as global warming in addition to creating a drain on the economy, due to their high cost. This dissertation is a description of the research undertaken with the aim of producing a water desalination prototype; a novel approach that was designed using state-of-the-art solar water heating equipment, incorporating the technologies of evacuated tubes and heat pipes. During the execution of the project, various modifications to the original commercially-available solar water heating system were attempted, each aimed at increasing the production of pure water. Finally, the system proved capable of producing a reasonable amount of pure water after twelve lengthy indoor experiments conducted in a laboratory in the department of Mechanical Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville Campus, Cape Town, South Africa. Each experiment lasted five days on the basis of seven hours of exposure to an average amount of simulated solar radiation, followed by seventeen hours daily of inactivity and partial cooling down of the system.

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Sawsan, Issa. "Barriers to widespread adoption of solar water heating systems in Jordan /." [Beersheba, Israel] : Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 2009. http://aranne5.lib.ad.bgu.ac.il/yaatz/SawsanIssa.pdf.

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11

Hillman, Timothy Caleb Carew. "Cost and benefit analysis of cold climate solar water heating systems." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/colorado/fullcit?p1427773.

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Carminatti, Henrique dos Santos. "Simulation and test of a solar domestic water heating system controlled by weather forecast information." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2017. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/182715.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânica, Florianópolis, 2017.
Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-16T03:19:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 352286.pdf: 38668625 bytes, checksum: 0af5c79fc578fb648a8ed4d24da0e86f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017
O Brasil possui uma vasta diversidade de fontes energéticas. De grandes hidrelétricas, as quais são sua fonte principal, até os mais recentes parques eólicos e fotovoltáicos. No entanto, a despeito desta variedade de recursos energéticos há uma verdade negativa: a maioria das habitações no país usa chuveiros elétricos. Esses dispositivos são responsáveis por 43% do pico de demanda de energia elétrica doméstico Brasileiro. Esse pico de demanda de energia causa problemas não só à companhia geradora de energia, a qual tem que reservar pelo menos quatro giga watts para fornecê-lo, mas também para à empresa de distribuição de energia elétrica devido à sobrecarga e/ou superdimensionamento de cabos e danos aos transformadores. Com o objetivo de transferir o uso de energia elétrica para aquecimento de água para o amanhecer, um novo Sistema de Aquecimento Solar de Água Doméstico foi simulado e testado. O objetivo deste sistema é planificar o perfil de consumo de energia elétrica de urna casa. Este sistema usa dois tanques e dados de previsão do tempo para prever a energia solar absorvida pelo coletor para o próximo dia, a fim de evitar possíveis condições climáticas desfavoráveis. A análise computacional foi realizada utilizando o software TRNSYS. O sistema apresentado foi capaz de diminuir o pico da demanda de energia elétrica. As simulações forneceram dados esperados e provaram que o sistema pode ser usado em muitas regiões brasileiras, um dando o pico de demanda de energia de uma habitação. No entanto, à medida que os erros de previsão simulados aumentaram, o sistema não conseguiu fornecer água quente ao usuário com mais frequência. Mais pesquisas são necessárias para rastrear uma tendência para justificar um ponto de parada para o aumento da precisão da previsão do tempo. Além disso, para validar a simulação, uma bancada de testes foi projetada e construída. A comparação de dados simulados e experimentais mostrou que os tanques utilizados na plataforma experimental possuem perdas muito altas. Portanto, a plataforma experimental não conseguiu fornecer os resultados esperados para o experimento a longo prazo. A simulação, por outro lado, pôde ser validada através de testes específicos na bancada experimental. Logo, os resultados simulados representam o verdadeiro comportamento do sistema.
Abstract : Brazil uses many renewable energy sources. From hydropower, which is its main source, to the recent photovoltaic and wind farms. However, beneath the Brazilian energy resources is a negative truth: most dwellings in the country uses electric shower heaters. These devices are responsible for 43% of the Brazilian domestic electric energy demand peak. This peak causes problems not only to the electric energy system, which has to reserve at least four gigawatts to supply it, but also to electrical energy distribution company due to cable overload and/or oversizing and transformers damage. In order to shift the electric energy use to dawn a novel Solar Domestic Water Heating system was simulated and tested. The objective of this system is to flatten the electrical energy consumption profile of a house. This system uses two tanks and weather forecast data to predict the solar energy absorbed by the collector for the next day in order to prevent for possible unfavorable climatic conditions. Computational analysis was carried using the TRNSYS software. Also a Test bed was built in order to compare results. The presented system design was able to shift and shrink the energy demand peak for hot water of a household. Simulations delivered expected data and proved the system may be used in many Brazilian regions shifting the energy demand peak of a dwelling. However, as the simulated forecast errors increased, the system failed to deliver hot water to the user more often. More research must be done in order to trace down a tendency that could justify a stopping point on increasing the accuracy of the weather forecast. In addition, to validate the simulation the author designed and built a test-bed. Comparing simulated and experimental data showed that the tanks used on the experimental rig were far from ideal. Therefore, the experimental rig could not deliver expected results for the long-term experiment. The simulation, on the other hand, could be validated and its results represent the true system behavior.

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13

Moschatos, A. "Solar applications in Greece : Optimization of storage systems for residential space and water heating." Thesis, Open University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234783.

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14

Richter, John. "Financial analysis of residential PV and solar water heating systems in the U.S." Thesis, Richter, John (2008) Financial analysis of residential PV and solar water heating systems in the U.S. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2008. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/2078/.

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Renewable energy technologies (including solar) have enjoyed a period of rapid growth in recent years, largely due to government subsidies of various kinds. But renewable energy technologies cannot expect to replace fossil fuels on the back of the taxpayers or ratepayers; they will have to become price competitive. Most studies on the economics of renewable energy systems fail to consider one of the most powerful trends in their favor: the rising cost of fossil fuels. This study provides an economic analysis of residential solar systems (photovoltaic and water heating) in Michigan and Hawaii. It shows that residential grid-intertied PV systems are not currently economically attractive in Michigan under any likely assumptions, while higher utility rates and greater solar radiation in Hawaii make a PV system a reasonable investment on economics alone – without government subsidies. Solar water heating systems are very financially attractive in Hawaii and somewhat attractive in Michigan, depending on assumptions about the future rate of utility price escalations. In either location, without government assistance, solar water heaters are more financially attractive than PV systems. Finally, this study examines the effect of using the optional time-of-day tariff offered by one of the major utilities (DTE) and surprisingly finds that the TOD rate structure puts a lower value on the output of either system than the standard flat-rate tariff.

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Ménard, Odette. "A solar climate control system using a water film flow to conserve energy in greenhouses /." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60540.

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One of the greatest problems encountered in greenhouses and buildings with large glazing is control of the internal atmosphere. The inherent characteristic of these buildings to act as solar collectors is to be used effectively for collecting and storing the excess solar energy. A new type of glazed roof, a Solar Climate Control roof system, was designed as a means to cool the interior environment of the greenhouses during the daytime and to heat during the nighttime or on overcast days.
A heat exchanger-storage system, using water as a thermal mass is included in the design of the Solar Climate Control system. A film of water flows on the inner surface of the roof and absorbs the direct solar heat radiation, acting then as a cooling agent. The energy absorbed may be reused for nighttime heating.
An efficient water dispersion pipe for the Solar Climate Control system was developed. The use of a soap solution rather than water alone for the Solar Climate Control water film system permitted a significant reduction in pumping rate and improved uniformity of the film.
A computer simulation model was run to determine the energy loads for both a conventional (double glazed roof) greenhouse and one equipped with the Solar Climate Control system. The Solar Climate Control system shows low operating cost and very good efficiency in heat removal.

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16

Shukla, Ruchi. "An Experimental Study on a Density Driven Solar Water Heating System Using Supercritical CO2 as Working Fluid." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26918.

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For supercritical carbon dioxide, a small change in temperature or pressure can result in large change in density, especially close to its critical point. At this pseudocritical region, density decreases rapidly with increase in temperature which aids the thermosyphon flow. Encouraged by this idea, an experimental investigation has been performed to investigate the feasibility and performance of thermosyphon solar water heating (SWH) system using R-744 (CO2) as the working fluid. Experimental results have shown that it is possible to induce the natural convective flow even during solar-adverse conditions. Although during winter this proposed density driven system was not possible to extract any useful heat gain, the system did show some promising results when operated during spring. The time-averaged collector and heat recovery efficiencies for summer were about 58% and 45%, respectively.

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Powell, Douglas. "Development and validation of a computational model for home built solar water heating systems." Connect to resource, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/32070.

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Cruz, Jose Manuel dos Santos. "Buoyancy-driven convection in cavities with particular application to the development of a low cost solar water heating system." Thesis, University of Bath, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389948.

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The overall aim of the research reported here was the development of a simple, low-cost passive solar heating system for operation in the Portuguese climate. The performance of this device is critically dependent on the rate of convective heat exchange across the cavity behind the heater plate. Both computational and experimental studies of the heat transfer characteristics of this new storage device, have been conducted. An experimental installation in full scale was designed and constructed to enable the measurement of local heat transfer rates. Computer simulations of the laminar flow under solar-driven conditions were made using an existing steady, threedimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code based on the finite-volume method (PHOENICS Code shareware version 1.S). A boundary-fitted co-ordinate system was developed to fit the non-rectangular geometry of the cavity, that represented the water store, which provided the computational grid for the CFD code. The experimental data from the test rig was used to validate the CFD model. A solar water heating system was built to test the design under realistic weather conditions. The experimental thermal performance was evaluated in 48% while the theoretical was estimated in 51 %.

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19

Fahy, Gary. "An analysis of the feasibility of using a solar water heating system in a hotel : a case study." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10463.

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Includes bibliographical references (p. 53-57).
The use of solar energy to heat water will not only contribute to the mitigation of global climate change due to the reduced combustion of fossil fuels, but it will also reduce the demand on South Africa's strained electricity supply infrastructure. The hotel industry is particularly energy intensive and the production of hot water makes up a significant portion of its electricity consumption. Furthermore, South Africa boasts one of the world's most abundant solar radiation resources. Thus far, however, the use of large-scale solar water heating (SWH) systems in South African hotels is limited, with the lack of economic feasibility likely to be the core reason.

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20

Gil, Camilo. "An Optimal Control Approach for Determiniation of the Heat Loss Coefficient in an ICS Solar Domestic Water Heating System." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2567.

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Water heating in a typical home in the U.S. accounts for a significant portion (between 14% and 25%) of the total home's annual energy consumption. The objective of considerably reducing the home's energy consumption from the utilities calls for the use of onsite renewable energy systems. Integral Collector Storage (ICS) solar domestic water heating systems are an alternative to help meet the hot water energy demands in a household. In order to evaluate the potential benefits and contributions from the ICS system, it is important that the parameter values included in the model used to estimate the system's performance are as accurate as possible. The overall heat loss coefficient (Uloss) in the model plays an important role in the performance prediction methodology of the ICS. This work presents a new and improved methodology to determine Uloss as a function of time in an ICS system using a systematic optimal control theoretic approach. This methodology is based on the derivation of a new nonlinear state space model of the system, and the formulation of a quadratic performance function whose minimization yields estimates of Uloss values that can be used in computer simulations to improve the performance prediction of the ICS system, depending on the desired time of the year and hot water draw profile. Simulation results show that predictions of the system's performance based on these estimates of Uloss are considerably more accurate than the predictions based on current existing methods for estimating Uloss.
Ph.D.
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Engineering and Computer Science
Electrical Engineering PhD

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21

Wells, Karen Wilk. "Experimental investigation of nighttime losses from ICS solar domestic hot water systems." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104661.

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The nighttime losses from an integral collector storage (ICS) system were investigated. The significance of the sky temperature, wind speed, and ambient temperature on the losses were examined. Outdoor data was taken on several nights to characterize the thermal performance of an ICS system under various environmental conditions. Indoor tests were then performed under an artificial "nighttime sky" environment, with a simulated wind, in an attempt to duplicate the heat losses which occurred outdoors. The standard rating procedure which specifies the conditions for the heat loss tests for ICS systems was analyzed to see how well it characterizes the collector performance at night. Experimental results indicate a synergistic effect between the sky temperature and wind speed. The effects of wind on the losses from the ICS system overshadow the effects of small changes in sky temperature, but larger changes of sky temperature, with a constant wind speed, have a pronounced effect. It is recommended that both of these parameters be taken into account in heat loss tests in standard rating procedures. Indoor tests can duplicate outdoor heat loss results within 8 per cent. The minimum requirement for SRCC rating tests should be to monitor, record, and report the sky temperature.
M.S.

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22

Badri, Seyed Ali Mohammad. "Simulation of Photovoltaic Panel Production as Complement to Ground Source Heat Pump System." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energi och miljöteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-12666.

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This master thesis presents a new technological combination of two environmentally friendly sources of energy in order to provide DHW, and space heating. Solar energy is used for space heating, and DHW production using PV modules which supply direct current directly to electrical heating elements inside a water storage tank. On the other hand a GSHP system as another source of renewable energy provides heat in the water storage tank of the system in order to provide DHW and space heating. These two sources of renewable energy have been combined in this case-study in order to obtain a more efficient system, which will reduce the amount of electricity consumed by the GSHP system.The key aim of this study is to make simulations, and calculations of the amount ofelectrical energy that can be expected to be produced by a certain amount of PV modules that are already assembled on a house in Vantaa, southern Finland. This energy is then intended to be used as a complement to produce hot water in the heating system of the house beside the original GSHP system. Thus the amount of electrical energy purchased from the grid should be reduced and the compressor in the GSHP would need fewer starts which would reduce the heating cost of the GSHP system for space heating and providing hot water.The produced energy by the PV arrays in three different circuits will be charged directly to three electrical heating elements in the water storage tank of the existing system to satisfy the demand of the heating elements. The excess energy can be used to heat the water in the water storage tank to some extent which leads to a reduction of electricity consumption by the different components of the GSHP system.To increase the efficiency of the existing hybrid system, optimization of different PV configurations have been accomplished, and the results are compared. Optimization of the arrays in southern and western walls shows a DC power increase of 298 kWh/year compared with the existing PV configurations. Comparing the results from the optimization of the arrays on the western roof if the intention is to feed AC power to the components of the GSHP system shows a yearly AC power production of 1,646 kWh.This is with the consideration of no overproduction by the PV modules during the summer months. This means the optimized PV systems will be able to cover a larger part of summer demand compared with the existing system.

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23

Hobbi, Alireza. "Design of solar water heating systems for cold climate and study of heat transfer enhancement devices in flat-plate solar collectors." Thesis, Connect to online version, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1394676661&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=10306&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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24

Williamson, George Bernard. "Comparison of measured to predicted performance of owner-built solar integral collector storage water heater systems." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101361.

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This study presents a comparison of field measurements of energy delivered by five integral collector storage (ICS) passive solar water heater systems installed at various geographic locations in Virginia to predicted values calculated using Annual Performance Methodology (APM). APM is a prediction method developed by Alan Zollner that offers quick and easy comparisons of design option for ICS systems. Several different methods exist today that are meant to predict the performance of this type of system and that might be used as a design tool to help a designer make appropriate design decisions. Some of these methods are quite complicated and do not lend themselves to quick and easy comparisons of various design options. This study measured the amount of energy delivered by five ICS systems over a six month period. The amount of water drawn out of these systems daily was also recorded. This data was compared to predicted values calculated using APM to determine if APM could predict the performance of these systems within plus or minus 15 percent of the measured values. This study demonstrates that APM was able to predict long term performance of ICS systems within plus or minus 15 percent eighty percent of the time. Short term performance however demonstrated variation that in some cases were quite large and could not be considered reliable predictions.
M. Arch.

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25

Lundh, Magdalena. "Domestic heating with solar thermal studies of technology in a social context and social components in technical studies /." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-101325.

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26

Čukat, Stanislav. "Návrh solárního ohřevu vody a solárního přitápění v rodinném domě." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230354.

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The master’s thesis deals with the design of solar assisted space heating and domestic hot water (DHW) heating in a detached single family dwelling. The thesis contains the heating load calculations as well as the calculation of the energy consumption for space and DHW heating. The thesis also contains the actual design and sizing of the heating system including the drawings. A simulation of solar heating was carried out with the use of the TRNSYS simulation tool in order to assess the yield of the solar heating system.

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27

Sedlák, Tomáš. "Aplikace obnovitelných zdrojů energie v občanských stavbách." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225996.

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The aim of this Diploma thesis is the design of solar collectors. The thesis is consists from three parts. The first part describes the technical design of solar collectors and solar systems. The second part contains with design size of the collector area for the two selected variants. The third part addresses the experimental measurements located on the real building. The output of third part is the economic evaluation of the solar system.

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28

Kubátová, Anna. "Heating of building with almost zero energy consumption." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225687.

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The aim of the thesis is to model energetic needs for heating and temperatures progress in the building with almost zero energy consumption. The part of the work is the economical and energetic comparison. Proposed systems are based on a knowledge of active houses.

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Souto, Wesley de Almeida. "Desenvolvimento de um sistema automatizado de levantamento de desempenho de coletor solar plano." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2009. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/5365.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This work presents the development of an automated system for performance analysis of solar collector plan. Concerns to the design and implementation of units of heating and cooling liquid, which provide the adjustments of circulating liquid temperature. Describes how the mass flow rate of the system is controlled by a frequency converter and pulleys that operate on a motor-pump coupling. Shows a graphical interface designed to indicate in real time: the values of the temperature of fluid flowing through the mass flow rate, the ambient air temperature, the state of solid state relays and values of solar radiation incident on solar collector. Explains how the solid state relays enable the units of heating and cooling liquid. Describes the design of electronic circuits for signal conditioning, which are responsible for the compatibility of the signals from the sensors of the system modules for A/D and D/A converters with a resolution of 12 bits. Describes how the values sampled by the A/D and D/A converters were recorded electronically and used in calculations for determining the performance of solar collectors, according to ABNT NBR-10184/1988. To confirm the functionality of the system, was evaluated a solar collector and the parameters of the resulting characteristic curve were 0.61 for FR(τα) and 6.64 W/m2 °C for FR(UL), indicating a typical solar collector behavior with aluminium absorption surface and glass coverage, traded in the Brazilian market.
Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um sistema automatizado de levantamento de desempenho de coletor solar plano. Trata do projeto e implementação das unidades de refrigeração e de aquecimento auxiliar de líquido, as quais proporcionam os ajustes dos valores de temperatura do líquido circulante. Descreve como a vazão mássica do sistema é controlada por um conversor de freqüência e polias que atuam sobre um conjunto motorbomba. Mostra uma interface gráfica desenvolvida para indicar em tempo real: os valores da temperatura do fluido em circulação, a vazão mássica, a temperatura do ar ambiente, o estado dos atuadores acionados por relés de estado sólido e os valores da radiação solar incidente no coletor solar. Explica como os relés de estado sólido habilitam as unidades de aquecimento e resfriamento de líquido. Faz a descrição do projeto dos circuitos eletrônicos de condicionamento de sinais que são os responsáveis pela compatibilidade dos sinais oriundos dos sensores do sistema para os módulos de conversores A/D e D/A com resolução de 12 bits. Descreve como os valores amostrados pelos conversores A/D e D/A são registrados eletronicamente e usados nos cálculos para determinação do desempenho de coletores solares, de acordo com a NBR-10184/1988. Avaliou-se um coletor solar plano para confirmação da funcionalidade do sistema, cujos parâmetros da curva característica resultante foram 0,61 para FR(τα) e 6,64 W/m2°C para FR(UL), indicando um comportamento comum a coletores solares com superfície de absorção de alumínio e cobertura de vidro, comercializados no mercado brasileiro.

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30

Arruda, Laerte Bernardes. "Operação de sistemas de aquecimento solar de água com controle de vazões em coletores planos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3146/tde-29092004-145949/.

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O presente trabalho consiste em um estudo experimental sobre o efeito do controle de vazões em sistemas de aquecimento solar de água em instalações com grande número de coletores, onde o gradiente de temperatura não é suficiente para circular a água por termossifonagem. Foi avaliado o desempenho de todo o sistema sob diferentes condições de insolação, de vazão, de diferenciais de temperatura entre os coletores e o reservatório, em regime não permanente. Os resultados experimentais foram comparados com a equação de rendimento dos coletores, para condições de regime quase permanente, obtida segundo a norma da ABNT - NBR 10184/1988. Os ensaios foram realizados em duas baterias de testes, cada uma composta de dois coletores industrializados e um reservatório isolado termicamente. Em uma destas baterias, o fluxo de água entre os coletores e o reservatório ocorreu por termossifonagem, isto é, sem nenhuma restrição à vazão; na outra bateria, a vazão foi controlada por um registro e uma bomba hidráulica. Um sistema de automação coletou e processou os dados de forma a permitir a execução dos controles desejados, inclusive a simulação de consumo de água quente. O sistema com circulação natural, isto é, por termossifão, demonstrou ter uma grande habilidade de se adaptar à disponibilidade de energia com as temperaturas da água armazenada, por meio da otimização da velocidade da troca de calor. Foi desenvolvido, tomado como referência o escoamento por termossifão, um modelo de operação para sistemas diretos ativos que calcula a vazão com base no monitoramento das temperaturas das extremidades das tubulações que interligam o reservatório e os coletores, temperatura do ar, radiação solar disponível e vazão no instante anterior. O modelo foi testado experimentalmente e a operação do sistema ativo resultou em significativa melhora a eficiência.
The focus of this work is the experimental study of the effect of water control discharge in solar water-heating systems with a large number of collectors where the temperature gradient is not sufficient for thermosiphon water circulation. The performance of the system was evaluated under different conditions of solar radiation, flow rate, temperature differential between solar collectors and the storage tank and under transient conditions. The results were compared to a collector\'s performance equation of the quasi-steady-state model according to ABNT-NBR 10184/1988 standard. The tests were carried out on two systems each one constituted of two manufacturing collectors and one thermal tank. In one of these systems the flow between the collectors and storage occurred by thermosiphoning, i.e., by natural convection and without discharge restrictions. In the other, the flow control was done by means of a valve and a pump. In order to allow the execution of the desired controls, including hot water consumption, data were colleted and controlled through an automation system. The system of natural circulation shows a great ability to adaptation of disposal energy with water temperature stored, through velocity of heat exchange optimization. An operation model was developed, having thermosiphoning water circulation as reference, for active direct circulation systems that calculate the discharge taking into consideration the monitoring of the differential temperature between solar collectors and the storage tank, the air temperature, solar radiation available and the flow rate on previous time interval. This model was experimentally tested and resulted in a significant improvement in performance of the system operation.

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31

Doskočil, Filip. "Optimalizace provozu solárního systému určeného k ohřevu TUV školní jídelny." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-256543.

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Masters’s thesis describes the use of solar energy for solar thermal systems used for domestic hot water heating. It is about the size of the incident solar radiation on Earth. Distributes various types of solar collectors for water heating. It deals with the monitoring, remote management of this system and the design of optimal control used in this area.

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32

Jose, Panangat James. "Simulation Validation with Real Measurements of an Intelligent Home Energy Management System." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-37214.

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This thesis's main objective is to conduct a comparison study between measured values and simulated results of a demonstrator, of the intelligent home energy management (iHEM) project. The comparison helps to validate the simulation. TRNSYS software is used for the design. In this study, only the thermal energy side of the project is considered. In which system-level (both domestic hot water (DHW), space heating (SH)) and component level (solar collector, gas boiler) are considered as the parameters to compare. An attempt is made to optimize both system-level and component-level simulation outputs with measured values by adopting measured boundary conditions as simulation inputs.During the comparison, the DHW loop simulation design is modified. The measured data were given as input files for simulation, replacing the estimated values used before. This is done to optimize the simulation output with measured data. In the space heating loop (SH), the simulated building model’s parameters were changed to optimize the SH demand. After the system-level validation and optimization, the component level comparison is carried out. For this, the simulation output of solar thermal collectors and gas boiler are compared with measured values. The solar collector loop in the simulation is modified to optimize the simulated results. The seasonal and yearly efficiencies of the collector have been calculated. Solar supply fraction and gas boiler supply fraction is also determined. For the comparison, graphs are plotted for three different weeks, representing the spring, summer, and winter months of 2018.The final optimized simulation output of DHW demand is 7% less than the measured value. Even after optimizing the Space heating loop (SH), the simulated building demand is 17% more heat than the demonstrator building. The simulation's solar collector output is optimized close to the measured values. The simulated gas boiler produces 19% more than the demonstrator system to meet excess SH demand in the simulation (including losses). The overall yearly collector efficiency calculated for measured and simulated values are 58% and 50%, respectively. The estimated solar collector supply fraction and gas bo

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33

Vlčnovská, Kotlíková Silvie. "Měření a regulace počítačem řízených solárních systémů: Vizualizace energetických systémů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216444.

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This work is oriented on study and evaluation of performance of real operating solar system. There was made analysis of actual technological unit and there was suggested mode of measuring of nodal parameters. There was made interconnection between the head operating unit of the solar system and the web server. And there was prepared software for grafical image of time and temperature dependence and for data transfer to ready web application. It primarily talks about increase of efficiency of real technological unit through regulating of parameter that is using up of accumulated energy.

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Costa, Raimundo Nonato Almeida. "Viabilidades t?rmica, econ?mica e de materiais de um sistema solar de aquecimento de ?gua a baixo custo para fins residenciais." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2007. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15527.

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An solar alternative system for water heating is presented. Is composed for one low cost alternative collector and alternative thermal reservoir for hot water storing. The collector of the system has box confectioned in composite material and use absorption coils formed for PVC tubes. The box of hot water storage was confectioned from a plastic polyethylene drum used for storage of water and garbage, coated for a cylinder confectioned in fiber glass. The principle of functioning of the system is the same of the conventionally. Its regimen of work is the thermosiphon for a volume of 250 liters water. The main characteristic of the system in considered study is its low cost, allowing a bigger socialization of the use of solar energy. It will be demonstrated the viabilities thermal, economic and of materials of the system of considered heating, and its competitiveness in relation to the available collectors commercially. Relative aspects will be boarded also the susceptibility the thermal degradation and for UV for the PVC tubes. It will be shown that such system of alternative heating, that has as main characteristic its low cost, presents viabilities thermal, economic and of materials
Apresenta-se um sistema de aquecimento solar de ?gua, trabalhando em regime de termossif?o, constitu?do por um, coletor solar alternativo e um reservat?rio armazenador de ?gua tamb?m alternativo. O coletor foi constru?do com um material comp?sito a base de gesso e isopor e o reservat?rio t?rmico a partir de um tambor de polietileno de 200 litros utilizado para armazenamento de ?gua e lixo recoberto por um cilindro em fibra de vidro, tendo isopor triturado entre as duas superf?cies. A utiliza??o do comp?sito e a nova forma de obten??o da grade absorvedora permitem que o coletor apresente apenas tr?s elementos ao inv?s dos cinco caracter?sticos de um coletor convencional, diminuindo, portanto o seu custo. A superf?cie absorvedora dos coletores foi montada utilizando-se tubos de PVC pintados de preto fosco, ligados atrav?s de uma configura??o em paralelo, utilizando como elementos de liga??o conex?es em T de PVC de mesmo di?metro. Ser?o apresentados dados de efici?ncia e perda t?rmicas que demonstram a efici?ncia t?rmica do sistema de aquecimento proposto Abordarse-? tamb?m aspectos relativos a susceptibilidade de degrada??o dos tubos de PVC quando expostos a radia??o solar. Mostrar-se-? que tal sistema de aquecimento alternativo, que tem como principal caracter?stica seu baixo custo, apresenta viabilidades t?rmica, econ?mica e de materiais

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Santos, Natanaeyfle Randemberg Gomes dos. "Projeto, constru??o e an?lise de desempenho de coletores solares alternativos utilizando garrafas pet." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2008. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15534.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
A solar alternative system for water heating is presented. It work on a thermosiphon, consisting of one or two alternative collectors and a water storage tank also alternative, whose main purpose is to socialize the use of energy mainly to be used by people of low income. The collectors were built from the use of pets bottles, cans of beer and soft drinks and tubes of PVC, ? " and the thermal reservoirs from a drum of polyethylene used for storage of water and garbage placed inside cylinder of fiber glass and EPS ground between the two surfaces. Such collectors are formed by three elements: pet bottles, cans and tubes absorbers. The heating units, which form the collector contains inside the cans that can be closed, in original form or in the form of plate. The collectors have an absorber grid formed by eight absorbers PVC tube, connected through connections at T of the same material and diameter. It will be presented data of the thermal parameters which demonstrate the efficiency of the heating system proposed. Relative aspects will be boarded also the susceptibility the thermal degradation and for UV for the PVC tubes. It will be demonstrated that this alternative heating system, which has as its main feature low cost, presents thermal, economic and materials viabilities
Apresenta-se um sistema de aquecimento de ?gua solar atrav?s do uso da energia solar, trabalhando em regime de termossif?o, constitu?do por um ou dois coletores, coletores alternativos e um reservat?rio armazenador de ?gua tamb?m alternativo, cuja principal finalidade ? socializar o uso da energia principalmente para ser utilizada por popula??es de baixa renda. Os coletores foram constru?dos a partir da utiliza??o de garrafas pet, latas de cervejas e refrigerantes e tubos de PVC de ? e os reservat?rios t?rmicos a partir de um tambor de polietileno utilizado para armazenamento de ?gua e lixo colocado no interior de cilindro em fibra de vidro, tendo isopor triturado entre as duas superf?cies. Tais coletores s?o formados por apenas tr?s elementos: garrafa pet, latas e tubos absorvedores. As unidades de aquecimento que formam o coletor cont?m em seu interior as latas que podem estar fechadas, vazadas ou em forma de aletas. Os coletores possuem uma grade absorvedora formada por oito tubos absorvedores de PVC, ligados atrav?s de conex?es em T do mesmo material e di?metro. Ser?o apresentados dados de rendimento e perda t?rmicos que demonstram a efici?ncia do sistema de aquecimento proposto Abordar-se-? tamb?m aspectos relativos a susceptibilidade de degrada??o dos tubos de PVC quando expostos a radia??o solar. Mostrar-se-? que tal sistema de aquecimento alternativo, que tem como principal caracter?stica seu baixo custo, apresenta viabilidades t?rmica, econ?mica e de materiais

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Tonon, Mateus da Silva [UNESP]. "Análise de cenários utilizando fontes de energia de origem solar em consumidores do assentamento Estrela da Ilha." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/146711.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O Brasil apresenta um cenário propício à utilização em larga escala das chamadas energias renováveis, tanto das provenientes de fontes solares quanto das de fontes eólicas. Ressaltando, ainda, o uso da biomassa como outra alternativa nacional na produção de energia elétrica, em especial a produzida pela queima do bagaço da cana-de-açúcar. Há uma ampla possibilidade de utilização dos sistemas que aproveitam a energia solar de alguma forma, aplicáveis aos setores residencial, comercial ou industrial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os impactos ocasionados pelos usos de sistemas fotovoltaicos e sistemas de aquecimento de água, tanto na conta de energia elétrica como no sistema elétrico em si, na região do Assentamento Estrela da Ilha, em Ilha Solteira – SP. Para tal, foi necessário realizar um levantamento das características de carga das residências presentes no local. A metodologia aplicada nas avaliações de retorno financeiro dos projetos foi escolhida de modo a proporcionar que sua aplicação possa ser realizada por qualquer pessoa que se interesse em avaliar a viabilidade de projetos semelhantes em suas residências ou quaisquer estabelecimentos. No levantamento das características de carga do local houve a divisão em três faixas de consumidores, separadas pelo consumo bruto mensal. A faixa de 0 à 200 kWh apresentou um fator de demanda de 0,0577, a de 200,01 à 400 kWh um de 0,1271 e a de 400,01 kWh ou mais um de 0,1540. Nas avaliações de retorno financeiro nenhum dos sistemas propostos apresentou atratividade em seu custo-benefício final. No estudo do impacto ocasionado pelo uso de painéis fotovoltaicos, no sistema de alimentação presente, não houve mudança significativa no perfil de tensão dos secundários dos transformadores, mesmo quando do uso de altos percentuais de geração fotovoltaica. Essa não mudança deve-se ao fato do sistema rural, em estudo, não apresentar uma grande concentração de consumidores conectados a um mesmo transformador e tampouco uma carga tão diversificada nas residências do local.
The Brazil present an auspicious scenery in the massive scale use of renewable sources, thus the derived for solar sources as for wind sources. Emphasizing the use of biomass like a national alternative in the electrical energy production, specially when produced by the burn of the bagasse for sugar cane. There are great potentialities in the use of systems than exploit the solar energy by anyway and applicables to residential, commercial and industrial sectors. The aim of this work was avaluate the impacts of the use of photovoltaic systems and solar water heating systems, thus in the electrical energy bill as in the electrical systems itself, in the zone of Assentamento Estrela da Ilha located in Ilha Solteira – SP. A load basic features making was realized in the residences belong in local. The applied metodology for financial return evaluation of the projects was selected for propitiate that its aplication could be realized by any people who has concern in evaluated the avaiability of similar projects in his residences or any other establishments. There are a division of the consumers in 3 streaks after the load basic features making, separated by the monthly consumption. The streak of 0 to 200 kWh presents a demand coefficient of 0.0577, in the streak of 200.01 to 400 kWh a demand coefficient of 0.1271 and the streak of 400.01 kWh or more a demand coefficient of 0.1540. The financial return evaluations shows that none of the systems had attractive when compared cost and final gains. The impact study of the use of photovoltaic panels in the existent electrical grid shows no significant changes in transformers secondary voltage levels even when used high perceptuals of photovoltaic generation. This result for the system analyzed be a rural one where there are low conected consumers concentration in a same transformer and few diversity of load in the local residences.

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37

Tonon, Mateus da Silva. "Análise de cenários utilizando fontes de energia de origem solar em consumidores do assentamento Estrela da Ilha /." Ilha Solteira, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/146711.

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Orientador: Júlio Borges de Souza
Resumo: O Brasil apresenta um cenário propício à utilização em larga escala das chamadas energias renováveis, tanto das provenientes de fontes solares quanto das de fontes eólicas. Ressaltando, ainda, o uso da biomassa como outra alternativa nacional na produção de energia elétrica, em especial a produzida pela queima do bagaço da cana-de-açúcar. Há uma ampla possibilidade de utilização dos sistemas que aproveitam a energia solar de alguma forma, aplicáveis aos setores residencial, comercial ou industrial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os impactos ocasionados pelos usos de sistemas fotovoltaicos e sistemas de aquecimento de água, tanto na conta de energia elétrica como no sistema elétrico em si, na região do Assentamento Estrela da Ilha, em Ilha Solteira – SP. Para tal, foi necessário realizar um levantamento das características de carga das residências presentes no local. A metodologia aplicada nas avaliações de retorno financeiro dos projetos foi escolhida de modo a proporcionar que sua aplicação possa ser realizada por qualquer pessoa que se interesse em avaliar a viabilidade de projetos semelhantes em suas residências ou quaisquer estabelecimentos. No levantamento das características de carga do local houve a divisão em três faixas de consumidores, separadas pelo consumo bruto mensal. A faixa de 0 à 200 kWh apresentou um fator de demanda de 0,0577, a de 200,01 à 400 kWh um de 0,1271 e a de 400,01 kWh ou mais um de 0,1540. Nas avaliações de retorno financeiro nenhum dos si... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Mestre

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38

Jelínek, Ondřej. "Vytápění objektu plynovou kotelnou a solárním doohřevem vody." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227821.

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Proposal for heating and water warming of rehabilitation centre. The first part of the project analyses given topic, the matter of calculating heat losses and heating elements proposal. It also deals with heat source for heating, fuel for boilers and condensation boilers functioning. The second part covers the technical design of the theme and the third part deals with the solar system.

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39

Cap, Petr. "Energetické hodnocení systémů TZB." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225994.

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This Master’s thesis deals with the energy evaluation of existing buildings sports-recreational company complex in Brušperk. For this purpose provides a comparison of selected fuels as an energy source for the heating in terms of economy and their impact on the environment. In addition, provides an overview of existing legislation for elaboration of an energy audit. To complement shows the calculation of return on investment in solar panels on the roof of one of the objects. Calculation is based on the results of performed experimental measurement. Finally, the thesis presents a comparison of energy performance of buildings simulated in the Bsim software with reality.

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40

Dahl, Håkans Mia. "Solar Water Heating in Dragash Municipality, Kosovo." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-6134.

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Water has been heated with the sun has almost as long as there have been humans, but itis not until recently that more advanced and effective solar water heating systems havebecome common, and they are still gaining ground. Through the years new systems andnew solar collectors have been developed. In Kosovo, however, not much attention hasbeen paid to replace fossil fuels with renewable energy sources and solar water heatingsystems is a new concept.The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Kosovo is working on a projecton sustainable development in Dragash Municipality in southern Kosovo. A solar waterheating system has recently been installed at the hospital in Dragash, as part of the UNDPproject. The system is a pilot project, to see how well solar energy can be used in thisarea.The existing solar water heating system at the hospital in Dragash was examined andevaluated. The possibilities of using the fundamental principle of the solar water heatingsystem at the hospital on residential houses in Dragash were looked into. Six prototypesof average residential houses in the village of Brod and Dragash Town were created. Thesolar collector size and storage needed to meet the demands for the six house prototypeswere calculated. Information on the incoming solar irradiation for each hour of a year wasobtained from the online service SoDa Solar Radiation Data. The total annual incomingsolar radiation for one square meter was calculated.The environmental, social and economic effects of solar water heating in Dragash wereconsidered and discussed. Rough economic calculations were made on the effects ofinstallation of solar water heating systems.The solar water heating system at the hospital in Dragash is a good pilot project, and islikely to work satisfyingly. The annual output effect of the system is approximately 7 400kWh. The fundamental principle needs to be altered to work on residential houses. Thesolar collector needs to be of a cheaper kind, and the collector and storage tank can be ofsmaller dimensions.Solar water heating can contribute to Kosovo’s work toward sustainable environmental,social and economic development focusing on hot water supply. Kosovo has sufficientsolar radiation for solar water heating systems to work in a satisfactory way. The outputeffect for a solar water heating system in Dragash is around 390 kWh/(m2∙year) with atotal efficiency for the system of 30%. If the solar water heating system replaces heatingby electricity the annual savings can be 31 €/m2 solar collector. The biggest obstacles forthe use of solar energy are the public’s lack of knowledge on solar water heating andenvironmental problems connected to energy, as well as economy.The work done in this thesis is a good foundation for future research on solar energy inKosovo. It can be extended and elaborated with more thorough economic calculations,since economy is an important factor in the future for solar energy. Only roughcalculations were made in this thesis, since it has a technical approach. More extensiveresearch could also be done to evaluate the possibilities of using solar water heating forspace heating.

Varmvatten har värmts med hjälp av solen nästan så länge det funnits människor, men detär inte förrän nyligen som mer avancerade och effektivare solvärmesystem har blivitvanliga, och de blir allt vanligare. Genom åren har nya system och nya solfångareutvecklats. I Kosovo däremot har inte mycket uppmärksamhet ägnats åt att ersätta fossilabränslen med förnyelsebara energikällor, och solvärme är ett nytt koncept.FN:s utvecklingsprogram (UNDP) i Kosovo arbetar med ett projekt med målet hållbarutveckling i Dragash kommun i södra Kosovo. Ett solvärmesystem har nyligeninstallerats på sjukhuset i Dragash, som en del av UNDP:s projekt. Systemet är ettpilotprojekt för att se hur bra solenergi fungerar i det här området.Det befintliga solvärmesystemet på sjukhuset i Dragash undersöktes och utvärderades.Möjligheterna att använda grundprincipen för solvärmesystemet på sjukhuset påbostadshus i Dragash undersöktes. Sex prototyper för genomsnittliga hus i byn Brod och iDragash centrum togs fram. Solfångararean och ackumulatortanksvolymen som krävs föratt klara behoven för de sex husprototyperna beräknades. Information om solinstrålningenför varje hus erhölls från SoDa Solar Radiation Data. Den totala solinstrålningen på enkvadratmeter beräknades.De miljömässiga, sociala och ekonomiska effekterna av solvärme i Dragash diskuterades.Ekonomiska överslagsberäkningar gjordes på effekterna av installation av solvärme.Solvärmesystemet på sjukhuset i Dragash är ett bra pilotprojekt, och är sannolikt attfungera tillfredsställande. Den årliga energi som systemet kan ge kommer att vara ungefär7 400 kWh. Grundprincipen behöver ändras för att fungera på bostadshus. Solfångarnabehöver vara av en billigare typ, och storleken på solfångare och ackumulatortankbehöver vara mindre.Solvärme kan bidra till Kosovos arbete mot hållbar miljömässig, social och ekonomiskutveckling med fokus på varmvattenbehov. Kosovo har tillräcklig solinstrålning för attsolvärmesystem ska fungera tillfredsställande. Med en totalverkningsgrad på 30 % för ettsolvärmesystem kan systemet ge ungefär 390 kWh/(m2∙year). Om systemet ersätteruppvärmning med el kan de årliga besparingarna bli ungefär 31 €/m2 solfångare. Destörsta hindren för användning av solenergi är allmänhetens brist på kunskap om solvärmeoch miljöproblem kopplade till energi, samt ekonomi.Arbetet i detta examensarbete är en bra grund för fortsatta studier om solenergi i Kosovo.Arbetet kan vidgas och utvecklas med mer ingående ekonomiska beräkningar, eftersomekonomi är en viktig faktor i framtiden för solenergi. Endast överslagsberäkningar gjordesi detta examensarbete, eftersom det har ett tekniskt förhållningssätt. Mer omfattandestudier kan också göras för att utvärdera möjligheterna ätt använda solvärme föruppvärmning av bostäder.

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MONTALEONE, PEDRO MARCONDES. "INTELLIGENT STRATEGY FOR WATER HEATING BY SOLAR ENERGY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2014. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=35666@1.

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Анотація:

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA
Esta dissertação analisa aspectos da utilização da energia solar para aquecimento de água. Dois são os aspectos abordados: O primeiro é quanto à utilização de valores médios mensais ou diários de temperatura e insolação utilizados por diversos métodos de dimensionamento ou simulação de sistemas de aquecimento solar, e o segundo é a utilização de múltiplos tanques de armazenamento de água quente ao invés de um único reservatório de maior volume. Assim, este estudo tem como objetivo formular, simular e analisar diferentes cenários de configurações de sistemas de aquecimento solar de água, variando-se o número de reservatórios térmicos para um mesmo volume total do sistema. Tem-se por finalidade atender um mesmo padrão de consumo de água quente, condicionado a um mesmo perfil climático, visando otimizar a contribuição da energia solar ao sistema e consequentemente minimizar o consumo de energia auxiliar elétrica.
This dissertation examines aspects of the use of solar energy for water heating. Two aspects are handled: The first is regarding the use of average monthly or daily values of temperature and insolation used by different scaling methods or simulation of solar water heating systems, and the second is the use of multiple hot water storage tanks instead of a single larger volume reservoir of water. Thus, this study aims to formulate, simulate and analyze different configurations of solar water heating systems scenarios, varying the number of thermal reservoirs for the same total volume of the system. It intends to satisfy the same standard of hot water consumption, under same climatic conditions to optimize the contribution of solar energy to the system and consequently minimize the consumption of electric auxiliary energy.

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42

Ruan, Wenbo. "Energy survey on replacing a direct electrical heating system with an alternative heating system." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-26915.

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With the ever-growing energy demand that world is currently going through and the danger of climate change around the corner, wagering in renewable energy seems to be the right path to create a more smart and green future. Sweden has put great effort on decreasing its dependency on oil, in fact in 2012 more than 50 % of its electricity came from the renewable source and has a plan in making it 100 % in 2040. However, when it comes to heating systems Sweden depends greatly on district heating, and situations which buildings are located outside the district heating system’s reach is not uncommon, hence for those buildings, other options such as solar power or heat pumps are considered. Many buildings located in Skutskär suffer from the problem stated above. The particular building analyzed in this thesis uses electrical radiator and furnace as sources of heat, which implies high energy uses and financial expenses. For this reason technical and financial analysis of using each alternative system for a single family house located in Skutskär had been done. Using solar powered system is deemed to be quite ineffective, as Sweden has poor solar radiation. In order to compensate the poor sun hours during the winter, 51 photovoltaic (PV) panels or 19 solar thermal panels would be required. This high initial investment needs long period of time in order to be profitable, 15 years for solar thermal system and 21 years for solar PV system. On the other hand, the results from the heat pumps are quite satisfactory, the fastest payback period is around 4 years. This is achieved by using air source heat pump (ASHP), the annual saving in this case is three times higher than using solar photovoltaic panels, making the usage of ASHP more attractive than any solar energy system. However, when annual saving is concerned, the ground source heat pump (GSHP) system is capable of generating even higher saving, but the initial investment is significantly higher, extending the payback period to 6 years.

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43

Dholam, Rupali S. "Development of Solar Sensitive Thin Film for Water Splitting and Water Heating using Solar Concentrator." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2010. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/368292.

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Анотація:

Photocatalytic water splitting using solar energy could contribute to the solution of environmental and energy issues related to the hydrogen production. Key research area in this field is the development of photo-catalyst able to provide high energy conversion efficiency. TiO2 has been mostly preferred material as the photo-electrode due to many advantages, mainly related to the cost factor and stability. We have studied on hydrogen production by water splitting in photo-electrochemical cells prepared by using photoanodes made by two different kinds of TiO2: one deposited by RF sputtering and the other one by sol-gel method. Depositions were performed on electrical conducting ITO whose electrical properties plays vital role to reduce the photon energy loss. The photoanodes have been characterised by several techniques to infer on their optical and compositional properties. The observed differences in hydrogen production have been attributed to the peculiarities in absorption properties of the two TiO2 films that in the case of sputter-deposited films are more prone to absorb radiation also because of the produced defects during the deposition process. Metals like Cr and Fe were doped in TiO2 by RF magnetron sputtering and sol-gel methods to increase the efficiency of hydrogen production by water splitting by sensitizing the doped-TiO2 in visible light spectrum. The doping method, dopant concentration, charge transfer from metal dopants to TiO2, and type of dopants used for modification of TiO2 were investigated for their ability to enhance photocatalytic activity. UV-Visible spectra show that the sputter-metaldoped- TiO2 films are much more efficient than the chemically-prepared samples to induce red shift of the absorption edge for absorbing visible light. In addition, we proved that dopant atoms must be located, at low concentration, near the ITO-TiO2 interface to avoid the formation of recombination centers for photo-generated electron-hole pairs. H2 production rate is higher with Fe-doped TiO2 (15.5 Î¼mole/h) than with Cr-doped TiO2 (5.3 Î¼mole/h) because Fe ions trap both electrons and holes thus avoiding recombination. On the other hand, Cr can only trap one type of charge carrier. To increase the light conversion efficiency and reduce the recombination processes of Cr-doped TiO2, a multilayer structure of ITO/Cr-doped-TiO2 (9 at.%) was developed. When the multilayer films were exposed to visible light, we observed that the photocurrent increases as function of the number of bilayers by reaching the maximum with 6-bilayers of ITO/Crdoped-TiO2. The enhanced photocurrent is attributed to: 1) higher absorption of visible light by Cr-doped-TiO2, 2) number of space-charge layers in form of ITO/TiO2 interfaces in multilayer films, and 3) generation of photoelectrons just in/or near to the spacecharge layer by decreasing the Cr-doped-TiO2 layer thickness. The superior photocatalytic efficiency of the 6-bilayers film implies higher hydrogen production rate through water splitting: we obtained indeed 24.4 Î¼mole/h of H2 production rate, a value about two times higher than that of pure TiO2 (12.5 Î¼mole/h). Similar experiment we performed by doing TiO2 with vanadium metal. With 6-ilayers vanadium doped TiO2 film Shows higher hydrogen production rate of about 31.2 Î¼mole/h. This rate is higher than that of CR doped and pure TiO2. A constant H2 generation rate is obtained for long periods of time by all the investigated TiO2 films because of the separate evolution of H2 and O2 gas, thus eliminating the back-reaction effect. Even Ar+ or N+ ion implantation of energy 30 keV was adopted to vary the energy band gap of TiO2 film in order to absorb visible light.The original anatase phase was not changed by implantation. Increase in full visible absorption range was observed for both kinds of ion implanted-TiO2 films which further increases with the ion fluencies, while N+ ion implantation also causes the shift of the absorption edge from UV to visible light range. N+ implanted TiO2 showed narrowing of band gap from 3.2 eV for untreated anatase TiO2 to 2.78 eV for maximum implantation dose. The Ar+ and N+ implantation creates oxygen vacancies related defect energy level in the band gap. In case of N+ implantation, nitrogen also substitutionally replaces the oxygen atoms thus forming an energy level just above the valence band which further interacts with O 2p states resulting in the narrowing of band gap. The black solar absorber material develop over the copper target to absorb concentrated solar radiation and supply heat to the surrounding water. A black copper oxide layer was synthesized over copper substrate by using chemical oxidation treatment. We varied several treatment parameters and optimized the best condition to obtain a black textured layer which has the properties to absorb total solar radiation. The untreated polished copper showed 50 to 60 % reflectance (R) (incidence angle of 15o) and this value decreases to almost zero for whole wavelength range after formation of black copper oxide. The percentage absorption decreases by negligible amount as the angle of incidence increases. The SEM images of the copper oxide layer at high magnification showed a nano-petal like structure which causes the surface texture effect for higher absorption where surface irregularities such as grooves and pores with dimensions similar to the wavelength of the incident radiation simply increase the solar absorptance by multiple reflections. Long time thermal stability and corrosion resistance in hot water was also studied for the copper oxide film. The results revealed that the copper oxide was very stable and showed no changes in optical properties after the test. For the same water heating system a quartz window is used through which the solar radiation is transmitted on the copper target. Thus to acquire high power conversion efficiency it is necessary for quartz window to transmit the entire solar radiation incident on it without much lost due to the reflection on the surface. In general quartz window is able to transmit 90-91 % of the solar radiation while 1-2 % is absorbed and 7-8 % is reflected from the surface. Thus to have nearly complete transmittance it is necessary to cover the surface of quartz window with anti-reflecting (AR) coating: this was the part of my work. We developed single-layer and multi-layer AR coating for single specific wavelength and broad-band wavelength range respectively. Low reflective index material like MgF2 is deposited by e-beam technique to obtain single-layer AR coating. While Al2O3 and ZrO2 layers deposited, by RF-magnetron sputtering, on top of MgF2 forms multi-layer AR coating. The combination of MgF2/ZrO2/Al2O3/MgF2 deposited on both side of quartz showed excellent results with reflectance value of around 0.8% in broad spectral range. The heat exchanger efficiency obtained after using these developed black copper oxide absorber material and AR coating is around 83 % which seems to be significantly higher than the other commercially available water heating system. Concentrating solar power (CSP) systems are utilized to convert sunlight to thermal electric power by using solar absorber. However, the solar absorber are operated at elevated temperature (700-800 oC) and should be spectrally selective to act as perfect absorbers over the solar spectrum (high solar absorptance (Î±)) and perfect reflectors in the thermal infrared (IR) (low thermal emittance (Îµ)). Cermet composite solar absorber shows such selective properties at high temperatures. In the present work, we developed Al-AlN based multilayer cermet films by RF magnetron sputtering. We choose combination of Ni/AlxN(1-x)/AlN layers as a solar absorber due to its stability at elevated temperature and high corrosion resistance. In this combination, Ni layer, deposited near to substrate, act as the IR light reflector to provide high thermal emittance. While AlxN(1-x) layer act as an absorber layer for UV-Vis spectrum of solar radiation and transparent AlN layer on top functions as AR coating. To improve absorptance, 3 or 4 layers of AlxN(1-x) film with grading of metal content was synthesized by varying N2 flow during deposition. The optical measurement for these multilayer selective absorber films showed high solar absorptance of 0.92-0.96 and low thermal emittance of around 0.1-0.07. To test the stability of our multilayer coating at high temperature, we annealed these samples at 700 oC with holding time of 2 hrs in air, low vacuum and high vacuum. We observed a slight decrease in solar absorptance value (0.90) for the annealed samples but the results showed that overall performance was not hindered by heat treatment thus proving the thermal stability of our multilayer cermet coating.

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44

Dholam, Rupali S. "Development of Solar Sensitive Thin Film for Water Splitting and Water Heating using Solar Concentrator." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2010. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/579/1/Rupali_complete_thesis_final.pdf.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

Photocatalytic water splitting using solar energy could contribute to the solution of environmental and energy issues related to the hydrogen production. Key research area in this field is the development of photo-catalyst able to provide high energy conversion efficiency. TiO2 has been mostly preferred material as the photo-electrode due to many advantages, mainly related to the cost factor and stability. We have studied on hydrogen production by water splitting in photo-electrochemical cells prepared by using photoanodes made by two different kinds of TiO2: one deposited by RF sputtering and the other one by sol-gel method. Depositions were performed on electrical conducting ITO whose electrical properties plays vital role to reduce the photon energy loss. The photoanodes have been characterised by several techniques to infer on their optical and compositional properties. The observed differences in hydrogen production have been attributed to the peculiarities in absorption properties of the two TiO2 films that in the case of sputter-deposited films are more prone to absorb radiation also because of the produced defects during the deposition process. Metals like Cr and Fe were doped in TiO2 by RF magnetron sputtering and sol-gel methods to increase the efficiency of hydrogen production by water splitting by sensitizing the doped-TiO2 in visible light spectrum. The doping method, dopant concentration, charge transfer from metal dopants to TiO2, and type of dopants used for modification of TiO2 were investigated for their ability to enhance photocatalytic activity. UV-Visible spectra show that the sputter-metaldoped- TiO2 films are much more efficient than the chemically-prepared samples to induce red shift of the absorption edge for absorbing visible light. In addition, we proved that dopant atoms must be located, at low concentration, near the ITO-TiO2 interface to avoid the formation of recombination centers for photo-generated electron-hole pairs. H2 production rate is higher with Fe-doped TiO2 (15.5 μmole/h) than with Cr-doped TiO2 (5.3 μmole/h) because Fe ions trap both electrons and holes thus avoiding recombination. On the other hand, Cr can only trap one type of charge carrier. To increase the light conversion efficiency and reduce the recombination processes of Cr-doped TiO2, a multilayer structure of ITO/Cr-doped-TiO2 (9 at.%) was developed. When the multilayer films were exposed to visible light, we observed that the photocurrent increases as function of the number of bilayers by reaching the maximum with 6-bilayers of ITO/Crdoped-TiO2. The enhanced photocurrent is attributed to: 1) higher absorption of visible light by Cr-doped-TiO2, 2) number of space-charge layers in form of ITO/TiO2 interfaces in multilayer films, and 3) generation of photoelectrons just in/or near to the spacecharge layer by decreasing the Cr-doped-TiO2 layer thickness. The superior photocatalytic efficiency of the 6-bilayers film implies higher hydrogen production rate through water splitting: we obtained indeed 24.4 μmole/h of H2 production rate, a value about two times higher than that of pure TiO2 (12.5 μmole/h). Similar experiment we performed by doing TiO2 with vanadium metal. With 6-ilayers vanadium doped TiO2 film Shows higher hydrogen production rate of about 31.2 μmole/h. This rate is higher than that of CR doped and pure TiO2. A constant H2 generation rate is obtained for long periods of time by all the investigated TiO2 films because of the separate evolution of H2 and O2 gas, thus eliminating the back-reaction effect. Even Ar+ or N+ ion implantation of energy 30 keV was adopted to vary the energy band gap of TiO2 film in order to absorb visible light.The original anatase phase was not changed by implantation. Increase in full visible absorption range was observed for both kinds of ion implanted-TiO2 films which further increases with the ion fluencies, while N+ ion implantation also causes the shift of the absorption edge from UV to visible light range. N+ implanted TiO2 showed narrowing of band gap from 3.2 eV for untreated anatase TiO2 to 2.78 eV for maximum implantation dose. The Ar+ and N+ implantation creates oxygen vacancies related defect energy level in the band gap. In case of N+ implantation, nitrogen also substitutionally replaces the oxygen atoms thus forming an energy level just above the valence band which further interacts with O 2p states resulting in the narrowing of band gap. The black solar absorber material develop over the copper target to absorb concentrated solar radiation and supply heat to the surrounding water. A black copper oxide layer was synthesized over copper substrate by using chemical oxidation treatment. We varied several treatment parameters and optimized the best condition to obtain a black textured layer which has the properties to absorb total solar radiation. The untreated polished copper showed 50 to 60 % reflectance (R) (incidence angle of 15o) and this value decreases to almost zero for whole wavelength range after formation of black copper oxide. The percentage absorption decreases by negligible amount as the angle of incidence increases. The SEM images of the copper oxide layer at high magnification showed a nano-petal like structure which causes the surface texture effect for higher absorption where surface irregularities such as grooves and pores with dimensions similar to the wavelength of the incident radiation simply increase the solar absorptance by multiple reflections. Long time thermal stability and corrosion resistance in hot water was also studied for the copper oxide film. The results revealed that the copper oxide was very stable and showed no changes in optical properties after the test. For the same water heating system a quartz window is used through which the solar radiation is transmitted on the copper target. Thus to acquire high power conversion efficiency it is necessary for quartz window to transmit the entire solar radiation incident on it without much lost due to the reflection on the surface. In general quartz window is able to transmit 90-91 % of the solar radiation while 1-2 % is absorbed and 7-8 % is reflected from the surface. Thus to have nearly complete transmittance it is necessary to cover the surface of quartz window with anti-reflecting (AR) coating: this was the part of my work. We developed single-layer and multi-layer AR coating for single specific wavelength and broad-band wavelength range respectively. Low reflective index material like MgF2 is deposited by e-beam technique to obtain single-layer AR coating. While Al2O3 and ZrO2 layers deposited, by RF-magnetron sputtering, on top of MgF2 forms multi-layer AR coating. The combination of MgF2/ZrO2/Al2O3/MgF2 deposited on both side of quartz showed excellent results with reflectance value of around 0.8% in broad spectral range. The heat exchanger efficiency obtained after using these developed black copper oxide absorber material and AR coating is around 83 % which seems to be significantly higher than the other commercially available water heating system. Concentrating solar power (CSP) systems are utilized to convert sunlight to thermal electric power by using solar absorber. However, the solar absorber are operated at elevated temperature (700-800 oC) and should be spectrally selective to act as perfect absorbers over the solar spectrum (high solar absorptance (α)) and perfect reflectors in the thermal infrared (IR) (low thermal emittance (ε)). Cermet composite solar absorber shows such selective properties at high temperatures. In the present work, we developed Al-AlN based multilayer cermet films by RF magnetron sputtering. We choose combination of Ni/AlxN(1-x)/AlN layers as a solar absorber due to its stability at elevated temperature and high corrosion resistance. In this combination, Ni layer, deposited near to substrate, act as the IR light reflector to provide high thermal emittance. While AlxN(1-x) layer act as an absorber layer for UV-Vis spectrum of solar radiation and transparent AlN layer on top functions as AR coating. To improve absorptance, 3 or 4 layers of AlxN(1-x) film with grading of metal content was synthesized by varying N2 flow during deposition. The optical measurement for these multilayer selective absorber films showed high solar absorptance of 0.92-0.96 and low thermal emittance of around 0.1-0.07. To test the stability of our multilayer coating at high temperature, we annealed these samples at 700 oC with holding time of 2 hrs in air, low vacuum and high vacuum. We observed a slight decrease in solar absorptance value (0.90) for the annealed samples but the results showed that overall performance was not hindered by heat treatment thus proving the thermal stability of our multilayer cermet coating.

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45

Haas, Connor. "Implementing Photovoltaic Panels and Thermal Water Heating." The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/337205.

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Sustainable Built Environments Senior Capstone
In today’s society we are faced with many problems that result from the use of traditional energy sources. Due to the lack of efficient alternative energy sources we are consistently trying to produce technologically advanced methods and tools to offset our dependency on traditional energy systems that are harming the planet as a whole. Every great accomplishment needs a starting point. The University of Arizona is going to an influential success story that gets the ball rolling. Implementing two energy saving tools known as photovoltaic panels and thermal water heating units will allow advocates to see the benefits that can come from sustainable technology. Through state and federal incentives solar panels are able to pay themselves off over the years in a majority of the states. Without federal or state incentives, the solar panels would not save the consumer enough money to repay their initial investment. Thermal water heating units save the consumer enough money to pay themselves off over the years. Overall both thermal water heating units and photovoltaic panels provide a clean source of energy.

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46

Ijumba, Ketrine Pamela. "Impact of solar water heating on Eskom's peak demand." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5204.

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47

Cemo, Thomas A. Van Treuren Kenneth W. "Design and validation of a solar domestic hot water heating simulator." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5357.

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48

Saraiva, José Carlos. "Custo das opções para o aquecimento de água na habitação de interesse social em São Paulo - CDHU." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-19072012-110713/.

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A dissertação utiliza a pesquisa como método experimental e investigativo para identificar os fatores condicionantes para a definição da infraestrutura de aquecimento de água para banho (gás, elétrico e solar térmico) nas edificações residenciais de interesse popular, construídas no município de São Paulo. A partir das informações de três projetos e do dimensionamento da infraestrutura de cada opção, determinam-se seus custos para um projeto típico, exclusivamente para o aquecimento de água para banho. Também são determinados os custos de aquisição, instalação, infraestrutura e operação de cada configuração. O método Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) é utilizado para comparar financeiramente diversas alternativas. Os resultados permitem avaliar o interesse na realização de infraestruturas combinadas de forma a possibilitar a qualquer momento a utilização de aparelhos instantâneos, elétrico ou a gás, com ou sem o apoio solar térmico. Essa infraestrutura combinada permite a liberdade de escolha ao usuário, de forma individual e a qualquer momento, do aquecimento de água para banho, tendo em vista o seu custo benefício, eventualmente associadas às oportunidades oferecidas pelas distribuidoras de energias e/ou pelos fabricantes de aparelhos e/ou políticas públicas. Os resultados alcançados apresentam importantes dados para subsidiar discussões e análises comparativas, estabelecendo os caminhos para orientar a escolha da infraestrutura.
The paper uses research as investigative and experimental method to identify the factors responsible for the definition of infrastructure for bathing water heating (gas, electric and solar thermal) in residential buildings of popular interest, built in São Paulo. Based on the information from three projects and the sizing of the infrastructure of each of them, the costs for a typical project exclusively for bathing water heating, are determined. Besides that, are also determined, the costs of acquisition, installation, infrastructure and operation of each configuration. The method - Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is used to compare the various financial alternatives. The results allow to evaluate the interest in carrying out infrastructures combined to enable anytime instant use of appliance, electric or gas, with or without the solar thermal support. This combined infrastructure allows the user free choice, individually and at any time, for heating water for bathing, in view of its cost benefit, possibly combined with the opportunities offered by energy distributors and / or the device manufacturers and / or public policy. The results present relevant data to support comparative discussion and analysis, setting ways to guide the choice of infrastructure.

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49

De, Meyer Oelof. "Design considerations for low pressure solar water heating in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22061.

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This thesis investigates the application of solar water heating in South Africa. The solar water heating system investigated work on the thermosiphoning effect or natural convection. An extensive literature study has been undertaken to investigate this phenomena. The three partial differential equations (governing equations) are non-dimensionalized and a similarity solution is applied to obtain two coupled non-linear ordinary differential equations. These equations are then solved in MATLAB to obtain the velocity and temperature profiles. Two scenarios were considered, a vertical wall with a constant wall temperature and a vertical wall with a constant heat flux. LP SWH systems use vacuum tubes to absorb solar radiation and transfer it to the water, which is similar to the vertical wall with a constant heat flux. A simulation model has been developed for a LP SWH system which is able to simulate the system performance for a given geographical location, where the user can specify the system component attributes. Experiments on the system were conducted to validate the simulation model. The simulation model accompanies a 6-Step Design Guide developed to assist the user to design a system able to satisfy the consumer's hot water demand. The 6-Step Design Guide developed can be used in future design considerations for LP SWH systems in South Africa.

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50

Qvistgaard, Live Holmedal. "Energy-economic optimization of heating system with solar collectors." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-26061.

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This study examines a suggested system solution consisting of flat plate solar thermal collectors in combination with a ground-source heat pump for building heating and cooling, and production of domestic hot water. The solar collectors are intended to constitute a part of the roof construction. The system design is suggested as an energy solution for a 202 m2 single-family demo dwelling of Zero Emission Building standard. The demo project is a collaboration between Brødrene Dahl and the Research Centre on Zero Emission Buildings. The dwelling will be constructed in Larvik in South Norway.A parametric study of the main design and operation parameters were conducted in order to find the optimum values which would result in the lowest total electricity use in the system. The design and operating parameters which were optimized included collector area, orientation and tilt angle, fluid type for both collectors and ground-source heat exchanger, collector mass flow rate, storage tank design, heat exchanger effectiveness, collector heat loss, design of ground-source heat exchanger, control settings, supply air and zone set point temperature, supply air volume flow rate, night setback control and heat distribution temperature. The optimum values were determined by using the dynamic simulation software tool IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4.6. Scenarios with different configurations of optimized design and/or operating parameters were developed in order to investigate the effect of optimizing few, several or all of the components in the system, thus finding the composition which resulted in the lowest electricity use. As the marginal cost of expanding the solar collector area is relatively small compared to the system cost, the share of utilized renewable energy for space heating and domestic hot water was investigated for the optimized scenario with both 8 m2 and 16 m2 of installed solar collector area. The results showed that by optimizing the design of the storage tanks, a 5 % reduction in electricity use was achieved. Optimizing the tilt angle, orientation and heat loss coefficients of the solar collectors resulted in a 4 % reduction in electricity use. The results revealed that changing the operating parameters had the greatest effect on the electricity use relative to parameter changes. A total reduction of 7 % was obtained by optimizing the main system operating parameters. With all main design and operating parameters optimized, a total reduction of 18 % in electricity use was obtained with 16 m2 of solar collector area installed. A total reduction of 14 % in electricity use was obtained with 8 m2 of solar collectors installed. Without optimizing the solar collectors, a total reduction of 14 % was obtained with a collector area of 16 m2. The highest amount of renewable energy covering the total heating load was obtained with 16 m2 of solar collector area installed and all main design and operating parameters optimized. It was found that 85 % of the total heating demand was covered by renewable energy. The results showed that by utilizing solar energy the optimized system could provide 85-92 % and 12-70 % of the domestic hot water demand in summer and winter respectively, and 2.5-100 % of the space heating demand. It can be concluded that by installing a larger solar collector area in combination with a ground-source heat pump, a higher share of utilized renewable energy as well as a higher reduction in delivered energy is obtained. By tilting and orientating the solar collectors towards optimum directions, half the solar collector area is needed in order to obtain the same result as if the solar collector tilt angle and orientation are not optimized.

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