Дисертації: "SOLAR PV SYSTEM"

1

Franklin, Edward A. "Mounting Your Solar Photovoltaic (PV) System." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625443.

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Ghaghazanian, Arash. "System Integration of PV/T Collectors in Solar Cooling Systems." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-19554.

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The demand for cooling and air-conditioning of building is increasingly ever growing. This increase is mostly due to population and economic growth in developing countries, and also desire for a higher quality of thermal comfort. Increase in the use of conventional cooling systems results in larger carbon footprint and more greenhouse gases considering their higher electricity consumption, and it occasionally creates peaks in electricity demand from power supply grid. Solar energy as a renewable energy source is an alternative to drive the cooling machines since the cooling load is generally high when solar radiation is high. This thesis examines the performance of PV/T solar collector manufactured by Solarus company in a solar cooling system for an office building in Dubai, New Delhi, Los Angeles and Cape Town. The study is carried out by analyzing climate data and the requirements for thermal comfort in office buildings. Cooling systems strongly depend on weather conditions and local climate. Cooling load of buildings depend on many parameters such as ambient temperature, indoor comfort temperature, solar gain to the building and internal gains including; number of occupant and electrical devices. The simulations were carried out by selecting a suitable thermally driven chiller and modeling it with PV/T solar collector in Polysun software. Fractional primary energy saving and solar fraction were introduced as key figures of the project to evaluate the performance of cooling system. Several parametric studies and simulations were determined according to PV/T aperture area and hot water storage tank volume. The fractional primary energy saving analysis revealed that thermally driven chillers, particularly adsorption chillers are not suitable to be utilizing in small size of solar cooling systems in hot and tropic climates such as Dubai and New Delhi. Adsorption chillers require more thermal energy to meet the cooling load in hot and dry climates. The adsorption chillers operate in their full capacity and in higher coefficient of performance when they run in a moderate climate since they can properly reject the exhaust heat. The simulation results also indicated that PV/T solar collector have higher efficiency in warmer climates, however it requires a larger size of PV/T collectors to supply the thermally driven chillers for providing cooling in hot climates. Therefore using an electrical chiller as backup gives much better results in terms of primary energy savings, since PV/T electrical production also can be used for backup electrical chiller in a net metering mechanism.

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Kristofersson, Filip, and Sara Elfberg. "Maximizing Solar Energy Production for Västra Stenhagenskolan : Designing an Optimal PV System." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-384723.

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Skolfastigheter is a municipality owned real estate company that manages most of the buildings used for lower education in Uppsala. The company is working in line with the environmental goals of the municipality by installing photovoltaic systems in schools and other educational buildings. Skolfastigheter are planning to install a photovoltaic system in a school in Stenhagen. The purpose of this study is to optimally design the proposed system. The system will be maximized, which in this study entails that the modules will be placed on every part of the roof where the insolation is sufficient. The system will also be grid connected. The design process includes finding an optimal placement of the modules, matching them with a suitable inverter bank and evaluating the potential of a battery storage. Economic aspects such as taxes, subsidies and electricity prices are taken into account when the system is simulated and analyzed. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to evaluate how the capacity of a battery bank affects the self-consumption, self-sufficiency and cost of the system. It is concluded that the optimal system has a total peak power of almost 600 kW and a net present value of 826 TSEK, meaning that it would be a profitable investment. A battery bank is excluded from the optimal design, since increasing the capacity of the bank steadily decreased the net present value and only marginally increased the self-consumption and self-sufficiency of the system.

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4

John, Shobin. "Solar PV Cell Utilization and Charging System Development." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-40669.

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This study is a result of master’s thesis in renewable engineering at Halmstad during spring term 2019. The main contribution of the present work focuses on the development of a significant approach to identify best possible surfaces finish strategy in terms of solar battery charging. The aim of the thesis was to analyze, compare different battery charging method and implement PV cell system to run oil pump. I would like to emphasize my thanks Professor Jonny Hylander for his support guidance, opportunely posed questions that raised new lines of thought and motive to get good work on the thesis. I would like to emphasis sincere thanks and gratitude to Mei Gong to guide throughout the thesis and support during urgent need. I am grateful to other dissertation committee members for enlightening and inspiring discussion and their advice provided us guidelines in difficult times. I would like as a final word of appreciation to thank the people of masters and research group at Halmstad University for their thoughtful comments and suggestion, which continually improve the quality of the dissertation

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Tefera, Misrak A. "Electricity Production from Concentrated Solar Power and PV System in Ethiopia." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-40426.

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Ethiopia has been facing problems regarding power generation, distribution, balancingbetween demand and supply and access to modern energy service. About 92.4% of energysupply is from biomass (mostly in traditional) 5.7% oil which is not friendly with theenvironment and about 1.6% of energy supply is from renewable energy resource,hydropower plants.Being dependent on hydropower plant causes the country to face many challenges indistribution and balancing demand and supply. This thesis provides another way ofconsidering and implementing renewable energy resource (solar energy resource) throughtechnologies like grid-connected roof mounted solar PV system and CSP plant with the helpof PVGIS, PVWatt and SAM software.This thesis aims to come up with an idea that will work out for current engineering, socialand political issue that is seen in the country. Considering new way in planting PV system onthe roof is strongly recommended and increasing the alternative sites for power generationalong with the appropriate technology is recommended as another way. The possibility andpower generating efficiency is checked through each application.Based on the demonstration in all software’s used, it is clearly visible that the country couldhave been satisfied the needed demand and become the hub of east Africa as mentioned inthe policy and strategy. However, this dependency causes the country to insufficiently supplythe need. Apart from the possibilities and estimation, ideas that might help the country tocome over these challenges are provided in recommendation section.

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6

Perez, de la Mora Nicolas. "Energy Storage for a Grid-Connected PV-System: A Feasibility Study." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Maskinteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-12794.

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The work presented in this thesis concerns the dimensioning of an Energy Storage System (ESS) which will be used as an energy buffer for a grid-connected PV plant. This ESS should help managing the PV plant to inject electricity into the grid according to the requirements of the grid System Operator. It is desired to obtain a final production not below 1300kWh/kWp with a maximum ESS budget of 0.9€/Wp. The PV plant will be sited in Martinique Island and connected to the main grid. This grid is a small one where the perturbations due clouds in the PV generation are not negligible anymore. A software simulation tool, incorporating a model for the PV-plant production, the ESS and the required injection pattern of electricity into the grid has been developed in MS Excel. This tool has been used to optimize the relevant parameters defining the ESS so that the feed-in of electricity into the grid can be controlled to fulfill the conditions given by the System Operator. The inputs used for this simulation tool are, besides the conditions given by the System Operator on the allowed injection pattern, the production data from a similar PV-plant in a close-by location, and variables for defining the ESS. The PV production data used is from a site with similar climate and weather conditions as for the site on the Martinique Island and hence gives information on the short term insolation variations as well as expected annual electricity production. The ESS capacity and the injected electric energy will be the main figures to compare while doing an economic study of the whole plant. Hence, the Net Present Value, Benefit to Cost method and Pay-back period studies are carried on as dependent of the ESS capacity. The conclusion of this work is that it is possible to obtain the requested injection pattern by using an ESS. The design of the ESS can be made within an acceptable budget. The capacity of ESS to link with the PV system depends on the priorities of the final output characteristics, and it also depends on which economic parameter that is chosen as a priority.

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7

Deng, Wenpeng. "A solar PV-LED lighting system with bidirectional grid ballasting." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709190.

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8

VERMA, PALLAVI. "CONTROL OF SOLAR PV SYSTEM BASED MICROGRID FOR ENHANCED PERFORMANCE." Thesis, DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, 2021. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/18879.

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With the depletion of non-renewable resources and growing public awareness about the advantages of green energy, alternative renewable sources are evolving as a significant source of energy since past few years. Furthermore, the electrical grid is on the verge of a paradigm shift, from centralized power generation, transmission, and huge power grids towards distributed generation (DG). DG fundamentally uses small-scale generators like photovoltaic (PV) panels, wind turbine, fuel cells, small and micro hydropower, diesel generator set, etc., and is limited to small distribution networks to produce power close to the end users. Renewable energy sources (RES) are essential components of DG because they are more environment friendly than conventional power generators and once established maintenance cost is also low. One of the most popular renewable energy source is solar energy because it is abundant, accessible and can be easily converted into electricity. The electricity produced from SPV system can be utilized by the local loads within the microgrid or it can be integrated with conventional grid. Microgrid (MG), which is a cluster of distributed generation, renewable sources, and local loads connected to the utility grid provides solution to manage local generations and loads as a single grid level entity. It has the potential to maximize overall system efficiency, power quality, and energy surety for critical loads. A microgrid can operate either in stand-alone mode or grid connected mode. Due to abundant availability of solar energy, an SPV based microgrid is widely used around the world. Due to intermittent nature of solar energy, stand-alone SPV based microgrid needs an energy storage system also, whereas in grid connected system, the microgrid is connected to conventional grid which takes care of the solar intermittency by having bi-directional flow of power. Depending on the technical specifications, grid-connected solar PV- based microgrid can be single-stage or double-stage. In single stage configuration, PV array is directly connected to a DC/AC converter whereas in double-stage configuration, DC/DC converter is coupled in between the solar PV array and PV inverter and provides the desired fixed DC voltage to the inverter. The present work aims at modelling, design, development and control of a solar PV vii based microgrid for enhanced performance. Also, the characterization studies of the developed system have been carried out. Modeling of the system is required in order to predict its behaviour under both steady and dynamic states. Characterization studies such as sensitivity and reliability analysis are used to evaluate the performance of the system. Sensitivity analysis is the performance evaluation technique for evaluating the change in the system’s performance with respect to the change in its parameters. The sensitivity functions for solar cell and boost converter with respect to influential parameters have been developed using first derivative of Taylor’s series. Reliability analysis for electrical and electronic components of the system have been performed using pareto analysis and reliability model of the PV based microgrid has been developed using reliability block diagram for different PV array configurations. The Fault tree analysis (FTA) model of the system has been developed to find the cause of failure and to step the events leading to failure serially. Further, Markov’s model has been used to develop the reliability functions of individual components and hence, the reliability of complete grid connected PV system has been calculated. Solar PV system gives maximum power under uniform shading. But many a times PV panels are non-uniformly irradiated and this condition is known as called partial shading condition (PSC). PSC occur due to shadow of big trees, nearby buildings and dense clouds etc. PSC in PV system is an inevasible situation and exhibits multiple peaks, consisting of a single global maximum power point and many local maximum power points, in its power-voltage curve. PSC makes tracking of global maximum power point more difficult and also reduces the efficiency of the system. The conventional MPPT control algorithms work well under uniform shading condition but under partial shading scenario, they may not be able to track global peak out of multiple peaks. Therefore, an efficient controller is required to overcome the raised issue. Further, various PV array configurations such as series, series-parallel, total cross tied, bridge linked etc. may be used to improve the system efficiency. In the present work, novel maximum power point control algorithms viz. an asymmetrical fuzzy logic control (AFLC) and asymmetrical interval type-2 FLC (AIT-2 FLC) are developed for stand-alone PV system under partial shading condition. The developed algorithms are tested for different PV array configurations. viii In stand-alone PV system, the power supplied to the load depends upon the available solar energy. The output of SPV is intermittent in nature as it depends on the environmental conditions. This intermittency problem can be addressed by adding an energy storage system along with PV system. Battery is the most commonly used energy storage device and is very pivotal in maintaining continuity of power to the load. But when two or more energy sources are connected, then control of dc link voltage at common coupling point (CCP) is an area of concern. Therefore, in a SPV system with BESS a controller is required which can maintain constant DC link voltage irrespective of system transients. The PI controller is commonly used controller for controlling dc- link voltage, but it cannot regulate DC-link voltage under dynamic operating conditions and have overshoots and long settling time in its response. Suitable intelligent controllers are designed to replace the conventional PI controller, as they provide a better transient response. In order to overcome the drawbacks of the conventional PI control algorithm, nonlinear autoregressive moving average-L2 (NARMA-L2) control algorithm is proposed and developed for the stand-alone PV system with BESS. The proposed control scheme maintains the voltage across DC-link under change in irradiation and load condition. In a grid connected SPV based microgrid, the output of boost converter i.e., DC link is connected to voltage source inverter which is connected to grid at the point of common coupling (PCC). Voltage source inverter converts the generated DC power from PV system to AC of required voltage and frequency, as well as maintains the balance of power between the SPV system, load, and grid. The inverter is regulated by the interfacing controllers for effective operation and grid synchronization. The interfacing controllers are used to control the output of PV inverter for its efficient utilization and for improving power quality at PCC by providing reactive power compensation, harmonics compensation and load balancing. Conventional control algorithm like synchronous reference frame theory (SRFT) uses proportional integral (PI) controller for DC-link voltage regulation. These controllers are not best suited for SPV based microgrid as the overshoots and long settling time in their response are inevitable. In order to overcome this, novel smooth Least Mean Square (SLMS), improved zero attracting LMS (IZALMS) and reweighted L0 norm variable step size continuous mixed p-norm (RL0-VSSCMPN) based adaptive interfacing control algorithms are proposed ix and developed for the PV based microgrid. The efficacy of the proposed control algorithms has been tested on hardware prototype developed in the laboratory using MicroLab box (dSPACE 1202). The developed prototype system acts as distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) and consists of inverter that is tied in parallel to the grid at the point of common coupling. FLUKE power analyzer has been used to measure the response of the system. The research work presented in the thesis is expected to provide good exposure to design, development and control of the solar PV based microgrid.

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9

Manhal, Ali, and Ali Tammam M. "Solar Tent : A Photovoltaic Generator Model for a Flexible Fabric with Inbuilt Cells." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-30552.

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Natural disasters and conflicts in many different parts of the world force thousands of people to get displaced from their homes and live in refugee camps temporarily or permanently. For refugee families, lack of energy access has great impact on their lives. Tarpon Solar Company has developed a solar tent which is a combination of laminated cloth and flexible solar cells. In addition to producing renewable electricity, it can create a comfortable outdoor shelter from sun, rain and wind. The aims of this study were to define and size the solar system of the tent in both AC and DC systems and optimize the tent to work in different locations around the world. Besides designing a monitoring system for the solar tent to evaluate the performance. In addition, defining the social aspect and the consumer behavior for a better solar tent future design. As a case study, Tarpon AC solar tent in Glava, Sweden has been installed to cover the basic needs of the tent users. To understand the solar tent performance in different weather zones, 4 different locations were suggested. A monitor system was designed to monitor the tent solar system performance. The simulation software PVsyst was used to size the PV system in the different locations with different solar data. The PVsyst simulation results showed that the current Tarpon solar tent with 32 photovoltaic modules is extremely oversized to cover the basic needs loads (Lighting, mobile charging and ventilation) in the emergency cases. The current Tarpon solar tent has a standard number of photovoltaic modules integrated in the tent fabric while the photovoltaic modules number should vary from one location to another according to the weather data and solar irradiation. In this case the current Tarpon solar system used in Glava, Sweden can be optimized by decreasing the number of photovoltaic modules to only 6 photovoltaic modules instead of 32 modules. The study also shows that the features of the off-grid system components (battery and charge controller) are different from one location to another according to the criteria of selection. This study concludes that for the temporary short-term emergency use of the tent where only basic needs loads are needed, DC system is better than AC system in terms of energy efficiency, system size and cost in the different proposed locations. While AC system is better when using the tent for prolonged time in terms of user flexibility and ability to extend the system. Understanding the consumer behavior and the goal of the tent whether to be used for an emergency short term shelter or a permanent shelter for a prolonged time are important factors for a better solar tent design.

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10

Solanes, Bosch Júlia. "Investigation of the Performance of a Large PV system." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-25163.

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One of the main social challenges that society is facing nowadays is the energy crisis. So, head towards renewable energy resources such as solar, hydraulic, wind, geothermal and biomass, could be the best solution. Solar photovoltaic is one of the most promising sources to produce electricity due to its cleanness, noiselessness and sustainability, and the fact that it is inexhaustible. However, the power output of the PV systems varies notably because of the ambient conditions: temperature and solar radiation. The main aim of this thesis is to study if the PV system installed on the wall of the new football arena Gavlehov in Gävle is providing the amount of power promised before the installation. To achieve reliable results, the first step is to develop and install a monitoring system for recording the real power of the system and the ambient conditions at the same time. After that, an evaluation of the performance of the system during one week will be done, comparing the theoretical power and the real power obtained. The theoretical power will be calculated in two ways: using the data from a pyranometer and on the other hand, from a reference solar cell. This will permit to compare which one matches better with the reality. Different factors such as the temperature, the irradiance and the angle of incidence are studied to know the real influence that they have on the performance of a PV installation. The results obtained show that the measurement system installed is reliable and that the model used to evaluate the system is correct. It can be concluded that using a reference solar cell to calculate the theoretical power of the system is easier to align and it has the same angular behaviour as a PV module than employing a pyranometer. Regarding the installation, all the panels work similarly and the system works at nominal power. So, it provides the amount of power promised before the installation. Key words: Renewable energy, PV system, solar radiation, nominal power, pyranometer, solar cell.

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11

Wu, Yuechen, Shelby Vorndran, Pelaez Silvana Ayala, and Raymond K. Kostuk. "Three junction holographic micro-scale PV system." SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622714.

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In this work a spectrum splitting micro-scale concentrating PV system is evaluated to increase the conversion efficiency of flat panel PV systems. In this approach, the dispersed spectrum splitting concentration systems is scaled down to a small size and structured in an array. The spectrum splitting configuration allows the use of separate single bandgap PV cells that increase spectral overlap with the incident solar spectrum. This results in an overall increase in the spectral conversion efficiency of the resulting system. In addition other benefits of the micro-scale PV system are retained such reduced PV cell material requirements, more versatile interconnect configurations, and lower heat rejection requirements that can lead to a lower cost system. The system proposed in this work consists of two cascaded off-axis holograms in combination with a micro lens array, and three types of PV cells. An aspherical lens design is made to minimize the dispersion so that higher concentration ratios can be achieved for a three-junction system. An analysis methodology is also developed to determine the optical efficiency of the resulting system, the characteristics of the dispersed spectrum, and the overall system conversion efficiency for a combination of three types of PV cells.

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12

Rodriguez, Ramon, and Pamplona David Sanchéz. "DYNAMIC MODELING OF HYBRID PV/THERMAL SOLAR SYSTEM FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION." Thesis, University of Gävle, University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-3580.

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13

Absalyamova, Viktoriya. "Energy Analysis within Industrial Hydraulics and Correspondent Solar PV System Design." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Maskinteknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-5099.

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Energy efficiency and renewable energy use are two main priorities leading to industrial sustainability nowadays according to European Steel Technology Platform (ESTP). Modernization efforts can be done by industries to improve energy consumptions of the production lines. These days, steel making industrial applications are energy and emission intensive. It was estimated that over the past years, energy consumption and corresponding CO2 generation has increased steadily reaching approximately 338.15 parts per million in august 2010 [1]. These kinds of facts and statistics have introduced a lot of room for improvement in energy efficiency for industrial applications through modernization and use of renewable energy sources such as solar Photovoltaic Systems (PV).The purpose of this thesis work is to make a preliminary design and simulation of the solar photovoltaic system which would attempt to cover the energy demand of the initial part of the pickling line hydraulic system at the SSAB steel plant. For this purpose, the energy consumptions of this hydraulic system would be studied and evaluated and a general analysis of the hydraulic and control components performance would be done which would yield a proper set of guidelines contributing towards future energy savings. The results of the energy efficiency analysis showed that the initial part of the pickling line hydraulic system worked with a low efficiency of 3.3%. Results of general analysis showed that hydraulic accumulators of 650 liter size should be used by the initial part pickling line system in combination with a one pump delivery of 100 l/min. Based on this, one PV system can deliver energy to an AC motor-pump set covering 17.6% of total energy and another PV system can supply a DC hydraulic pump substituting 26.7% of the demand. The first system used 290 m2 area of the roof and was sized as 40 kWp, the second used 109 m2 and was sized as 15.2 kWp. It was concluded that the reason for the low efficiency was the oversized design of the system. Incremental modernization efforts could help to improve the hydraulic system energy efficiency and make the design of the solar photovoltaic system realistically possible. Two types of PV systems where analyzed in the thesis work. A method was found calculating the load simulation sequence based on the energy efficiency studies to help in the PV system simulations. Hydraulic accumulators integrated into the pickling line worked as energy storage when being charged by the PV system as well.

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14

Chen, Xiao. "Size Optimization of Utility-Scale Solar PV System Considering Reliability Evaluation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71815.

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In this work, a size optimization approach for utility-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) systems is proposed. The purpose of the method is to determine the optimal solar energy generation capacity and optimal location by the minimizing total system cost subject to the constraint that the system reliability requirements. Due to the stochastic characteristic of the solar irradiation, the reliability performance of a power system with PV generation is quite different from the one with only conventional generation. Basically, generation adequacy level of power systems containing solar energy is evaluated by reliability assessment and the most widely used reliability index is the loss of load probability (LOLP). The value of LOLP depends on various factors such as power output of the PV system, outage rate of generating facilities and the system load profile. To obtain the LOLP, the Monte Carlo method is applied to simulate the reliability performance of the solar penetrated power system. The total system cost model consists of the system installation cost, mitigation cost, and saving fuel and operation cost. Mitigation cost is accomplished with N-1 contingency analysis. The cost function minimization process is implemented in Genetic Algorithm toolbox, which has the ability to search the global optimum with relative computational simplicity.
Master of Science

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15

Zeinaldeen, Laith Akeelaldeen. "Estimating the performance of hybrid (monocrystalline PV - cooling) system using different factors." OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1862.

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AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OFLaith A. Zeinaldeen, for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES – Renewable Energy, presented on November 2, 2020, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale.TITLE: ESTIMATING THE PERFORMANCE OF HYBRID (MONOCRYSTALLINE PV - COOLING) SYSTEM USING DIFFERENT FACTORSMAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Logan O. ParkAmbient temperature significantly affects photovoltaic (PV) panel performance. High temperature reduces PV panel efficiency, fill factor, and maximum power, driving up solar electrical system investment return period by increasing startup cost. Using a proper cooling system to cool down the PV panel temperature, especially during the summer season, will improve the PV panel performance, enhance its longevity, and accelerate the startup cost recovery to the solar electrical system. This dissertation presents two studies about monocrystalline PV panels. The studies used two general objectives: (i) study the best cooling period and water nozzle type to improve the monocrystalline PV panel output; and (ii) evaluating the performance of the monocrystalline PV panel using different cooling systems, other water pump discharge, and various water types during different times of day. In the first study (chapter 4), an experiment was conducted during July 2018 to determine Effect of using different cooling periods and different water nozzle types on the fill factor, efficiency, and the maximum power of monocrystalline PV panel. This experiment used two factors. The first factor was the cooling periods, which included three levels of PV panel cooling periods (5, 15, and 30 minutes). The second factor was water nozzle type: hollow cone and flat fan.In the second study (chapters 5, 6, and 7), an experiment was conducted during July and August 2018 to determine Effect of using different factors on the performance of monocrystalline PV panel at a site belong to the College of Agriculture – Southern Illinois University in Carbondale, IL. This experiment used four factors. The first factor was the time of day, the second factor was the cooling system, the third factor was the water pump discharge, and the fourth factor was the water type. The present studies' principal findings were: (i) the first experiment, the 15 minutes cooling period achieved the highest PV panel fill factor (0.795). In comparison, the 30 minutes cooling period reached the highest panel efficiency (18.6%) and maximum power (92.5 Watt). In contrast, the 5 minutes cooling period achieved the lowest PV panel fill factor (0.720), lowest panel efficiency (12.9%), and most insufficient panel maximum power (63.5 Watt). The hollow cone water nozzle achieved the highest panel fill factor (0.783), highest panel efficiency (16.60%), and the most elevated PV panel maximum power (82.8Watt). Interaction between the cooling and water nozzle types was non-significant on PV panel fill factor, significant on panel efficiency, and highly significant on PV panel maximum power. The interaction results between the cooling period and nozzle type demonstrate that the hollow cone nozzle with 30 minutes cooling period achieved the highest panel fill factor, highest panel efficiency, and the most elevated panel maximum power. The flat fan with a 5-minute cooling period achieved the lowest fill factor, lowest panel efficiency, and most insufficient panel maximum power. Tukey test results showed a highly significant difference (P < 0.0001) between the cooling period and the control treatment, and between the nozzle type treatment and the control treatment on panel fill factor, efficiency, and panel maximum power. Cooling periods have the most considerable effect on panel fill factor, panel efficiency, and maximum panel power, followed by the nozzle type. (ii) The second experiment results showed, the first cooling system (HC1) achieved the highest PV panel maximum power (77.0Watt), highest fill factor (0.745), highest PV panel efficiency (14.75%), highest average net energy (39.5Wh), highest PV panel energy (189.0 Wh) and highest average power gain (34.6Watt) comparing to the rest of the cooling systems. In comparison, the fourth (FtF2) achieved the lowest maximum power (58.0 Watt), lowest fill factor (0.653), lowest average efficiency (11.6%), lowest average net energy (-4.0Wh), lowest average energy (147.5Wh), and lowest average power gain (17.5 Watt). The fifth cooling system (SP) achieved the least average water consumption (2.0 L / hr.), while the second cooling system (HC2) achieved the highest average water consumption (39.0 L / hr.). The medium water pump discharge (M) produced the most elevated PV panel maximum power (67.6 Watt), highest fill factor (0.709), highest average PV panel efficiency (13.28%), highest average PV panel net energy (18 Wh), highest average PV panel energy (169.0Wh) and the highest average PV panel power gain (25.9Watt). High water pump discharge (H) achieved the lowest maximum power (63.8Watt), lowest average panel efficiency (12.48%), lowest average net energy (7.5Wh), lowest average panel energy (159.5Wh), and the lowest average power gain (21.8 Watt). The low water pump discharge (L) achieved the lowest panel fill factor (0.698). Lake water achieved the highest panel maximum power (66.1Watt), lowest PV panel fill factor (0.698), highest panel efficiency (12.94%), lowest net energy (12.8 Wh), highest panel energy (165.2 Wh), and lowest power gain (23.5Watt). In contrast, city water achieved the most elevated PV panel fill factor (0.708), most insufficient panel maximum power (64.8 Watt), highest average PV panel net energy (14.8 Wh), lowest efficiency (12.62%), highest average PV panel power gain (24.25 Watt) and lowest panel energy (162.1 Wh). Tukey post hoc difference testing showed highly significant differences (P < 0.0001) between the time of day, cooling system, water pump discharge, water type treatments, and their control treatment on PV panel maximum power, fill factor, panel efficiency, panel net energy, panel energy, power gain, and the system water consumption. The cooling system has the most considerable effect on PV panel maximum power, panel fill factor, panel efficiency, panel net energy, panel energy, panel power gain, and the system water consumption. In general, using the cooling system improves the PV panel performance through enhancing the PV panel efficiency, maximum panel power, panel fill factor, panel net energy, panel energy, and PV panel power gain. Keywords: Cooling system, cooling periods, water pump discharge, water type, time of day, efficiency, maximum power, fill factor, net energy, panel energy, PV panel power gain, and cooling system water consumption.

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au, A. carr@aip org, and Anna Judith Carr. "A Detailed Performance Comparison of PV Modules of Different Technologies and the Implications for PV System Design Methods." Murdoch University, 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20050830.94641.

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In designing any power generation system that incorporates photovoltaics (PV) there is a basic requirement to accurately estimate the output from the proposed PV array under operating conditions. PV modules are given a power rating at standard test conditions(STC) of 1000Wm-2, AM1.5 and a module temperature of 25 °C, but these conditions do not represent what is typically experienced under outdoor operation. It is well known that different PV technologies have different seasonal patterns of behaviour. These differences are due to the variations in spectral response, the different temperature coefficients of voltage and current and, in the case of amorphous silicon (a-Si) modules, the extra effect of photo-degradation and thermal annealing. In this study a novel method has been used to obtain highly accurate energy output data from six different PV modules representing five different technologies: Single crystal silicon (c-Si). Poly-crystalline silicon (p-Si) (2 modules). Triple junction amorphous silicon (3j, a-Si). Copper indium diselenide (CIS). Laser grooved buried contact (LGBC, c-Si) crystalline silicon. This data set includes all the associated meteorological parameters and back-of-module temperatures. The monitoring system allows the simultaneous measurement of six different modules under long-term outdoor operation, which in turn allows a direct comparison of the performance of the modules. Each of the modules has been deployed for at least one year, which provides useful information about the seasonal behaviour of each technology. This data set ultimately provides system designers and consumers with valuable information on the expected output of these different module types in climates like that of Perth, Western Australia. The second part of the study uses the output data collected to assess and compare output predictions made by some currently available photovoltaic performance prediction tools or methods. These range from a generalised approach, as used in the Australian Standards, to the commercially available software packages that employ radiation, thermal and PV models of varying complexities. The results of these evaluations provide very valuable information, to PV consumers, about how complex PV output prediction tools need to be to give acceptable results.

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Mahmud, Nayeem. "Energy Capture Improvement of a Solar PV System Using a Multilevel Inverter." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1310497531.

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18

Skoglund, Martin, and Cecilia Mårtensson. "Solar landfills : A study of the concept in a Swedish setting." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Energisystem, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-109668.

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The increasing global energy demand, which today is mainly supplied by energy sources with a fossil origin, is a severe threat to the environment and to the security of supply. In order to handle these problems, renewable energy sources are promoted globally as well as nationally in Sweden. Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology is one of the most mature and commercial renewable energy technologies and could play a vital role in phasing out fossil energy sources. In the emerging, promising concept of solar landfills, PV systems are installed on closed landfill sites in order to combine renewable electricity production with resource efficient use of land. In this study the legal, technical and financial aspects concerning a solar landfill project in a Swedish setting were investigated. Additionally, the potential of the concept on a regional level in Sweden was analysed. The methodology used in the study featured literature research, interviews, and a feasibility assessment of a solar landfill project on Visby landfill. Regarding the legal aspects linked to a solar landfill project, an inconsistency between Swedish municipalities concerning the need of a building permit for a ground mounted PV system was revealed in the study. While some municipalities demand a building permit, others do not. Additionally, the fact that a closed landfill usually is classified as an environmentally hazardous activity doesn’t result in any need for additional permissions for a PV system installation on a closed landfill. Therefore, such legal aspects are not likely to hinder a solar landfill project to any great extent. Considering the technical aspects, the choice of mounting system must be done carefully because of the special conditions which exist on a landfill site; such as ground penetration restrictions and risks of settlement. While a ballasted mounting system can avoid ground penetration, a driven pile mounting system generally features a lighter construction. Furthermore, a fixed tilt mounting system is preferred over a sun tracking mounting system due to the extra weight and sensitivity to settlement which comes with the latter choice. Regarding the choice of PV modules, thin film modules generally feature a lower weight and can therefore be advantageous in comparison with crystalline silicon modules. In the case of Visby landfill, where penetration was preferred to be avoided but where the risk of settlement was considered low, the PV system which was deemed most suitable for the site featured a ballasted fixed tilt mounting system with crystalline silicon PV modules. Considering the financial aspects, the study emphasises the importance of using the produced electricity to offset consumed electricity in order to enable a sound investment. This can be done by a wise choice of owning and financing structure where the produced electricity offsets consumed electricity for a large consumer, e.g. an industry or a grocery store, or for a number of residences in a community solar. The economic feasibility also heavily depends on the projects’ possibility to use policy incentives and tax exemptions. The feasibility assessment of Visby landfill showed that the most economically feasible investment was possible by founding a community solar which offsets the members’ consumed electricity. Such an investment would feature a 10 year payback time and an internal rate of return of 8.3 %. Finally, the potential of the solar landfill concept on a regional level was identified as significant. In a scenario where the PV system suggested for Visby landfill in the feasibility assessment is installed on all the suitable landfill sites on Gotland, the island has the possibility to produce 22 GWh of electricity from solar landfills, thereby meeting the regional energy goal set for 2020.

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Clarke, Daniel. "Stand-alone solar-pv hydrogen energy systems incorporating reverse osmosis." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2015. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1750.

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The world’s increasing energy demand means the rate at which fossil fuels are consumed has increased resulting in greater carbon dioxide emissions. For many small (marginalised) or coastal communities, access to potable water is limited alongside good availability of renewable energy sources (solar or wind). One solution is to utilise small-scale renewably powered stand-alone energy systems to help supply power for everyday utilities and to operate desalination systems serving potable water (drinking) needs reducing diesel generator dependence. In such systems, on-site water production is essential so as to service electrolysis for hydrogen generation for Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Whilst small Reverse Osmosis (RO) units may function as a (useful) dump load, it also directly impacts the power management of stand-alone energy systems and affects operational characteristics. However, renewable energy sources are intermittent in nature, thus power generation from renewables may not be adequate to satisfy load demands. Therefore, energy storage and an effective Power Management Strategy (PMS) are vital to ensure system reliability. This thesis utilises a combination of experiments and modelling to analyse the performance of renewably powered stand-alone energy systems consisting of photovoltaic panels, PEM electrolysers, PEM fuel cells, batteries, metal hydrides and Reverse Osmosis (RO) under various scenarios. Laboratory experiments have been done to resolve time-resolved characteristics for these system components and ascertain their impact on system performance. However, the main objective of the study is to ascertain the differences between applying (simplistic) predictive/optimisation techniques compared to intelligent tools in renewable energy systems. This is achieved through applying intelligent tools such as Neural Networks and Particle Swarm Optimisation for different aspects that govern system design and operation as well as solar irradiance prediction. Results indicate the importance of device level transients, temporal resolution of available solar irradiance and type of external load profile (static or time-varying) as system performance is affected differently. In this regard, minute resolved simulations are utilised to account for all component transients including predicting the key input to the system, namely available solar resource which can be affected by various climatic conditions such as rainfall. System behaviour is (generally) more accurately predicted utilising Neural Network solar irradiance prediction compared to the ASHRAE clear sky model when benchmarked against measured irradiance data. Allowing Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) to further adjust specific control set-points within the systems PMS results in improvements in system operational characteristics compared to using simplistic rule-based design methods. In such systems, increasing energy storage capacities generally allow for more renewable energy penetration yet only affect the operational characteristics up to a threshold capacity. Additionally, simultaneously optimising system size and PMS to satisfy a multi-objective function, consisting of total Net Present Cost and CO2 emissions, yielded lower costs and carbon emissions compared to HOMER, a widely adopted sizing software tool. Further development of this thesis will allow further improvements in the development of renewably powered energy systems providing clean, reliable, cost-effective energy. All simulations are performed on a desktop PC having an Intel i3 processor using either MATLAB/Simulink or HOMER.

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20

Näsvall, David. "Development of a model for physical and economical optimization of distributed PV systems." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets fysik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-202671.

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There are a number of factors that influence both the physical and the economical performance of a photovoltaic solar energy (PV) installation. The aim of this project was to develop a simulation and optimization model with which these factors could be analyzed and the PV installation optimized. By supplying the model with meteorological data, electricity consumption data and available building surfaces the model finds the optimum PV installation. The output consists of both physical and economical performance as well as information on how to distribute and install the PV modules on the available building surfaces. The model was validated using annual and hourly measurement data from Swedish PV installations. The validation shows that the model is a reliable tool for simulating the electricity generation from a PV system. In the second part of the project the model was used to evaluate the PV potential at two different hospitals and one health care center within the Uppsala County, Sweden. The model was also used to study the effect of different house orientations on the PV potential in Swedish neighborhoods. The physical and economical PV potentials are high for the hospitals and the health carecenter. This is mainly due to a high electricity demand but also due to a good match between the load profile and the PV electricity generation profile. The study on different neighborhoods shows that for gable roof buildings it might be more favorable to plan the houses so that the roofs face east-west rather than north-south.
Det är många faktorer som påverkar de fysikaliska och ekonomiska resultaten av en planerad solcellsinstallation. Syftet med det här projektet var att utveckla en simulerings- och optimeringsmodell med vars hjälp det skulle gå att analysera dessa frågor och hitta det bästa installationsalternativet i varje enskilt fall. Modellen som togs fram i detta projekt kan både studera ett givet installationsalternativ och räkna ut den mest optimala installationen utifrån de av användaren specificerade målen och begränsningarna. För att kunna göra detta behöver modellen förses med meteorologiska data för den aktuella platsen, elkonsumtionsdata från det aktuella objektet samt mått och orienteringar för de tillgängliga byggnadsytorna. Dessutom behöver användaren ange vissa ekonomiska parametrar såsom exempelvis avbetalningstid, ränta och aktuellt solcellspris. Resultatet från modellen består av både fysikaliska och ekonomiska resultat, exempelvis timvis nettoflöde av elektricitet, avbetalningstid och genomsnittligt elpris från solcellssystemet. I optimeringsresultatet redovisas hur solcellerna bör fördelas och installeras på de olika byggnadsytorna för att ge bäst resultat enligt målspecifikationen. För att validera modellen jämfördes dess simuleringsresultat med årliga och timvisa mätvärden från svenska solcellsanläggningar. Dessutom jämfördes modellens resultat med motsvarande resultat från andra simuleringsverktyg för solceller. Valideringsresultaten visar att modellen är ett pålitligt verktyg för att simulera elgenereringen från solcellsystem med olika moduler, växelriktare och installationssätt. Som ett delresultat vid modellutvecklingen simulerades ett stort antal olika solcellssystempå platta och svagt lutande tak. Utifrån dessa simuleringar utformades ett antal tumregler för hur uppvinklade moduler på platta eller svagt lutande tak skall monteras. Tumreglerna visar vilket avstånd mellan modulraderna och vilken vinkel på modulerna som ger den högsta taktäckningsgarden (största installationen) vid olika övre gränser för de interna skuggningsförlusterna. I projektets andra del användes modellen för att utvärdera solcellspotentialen på Akademiska sjukhuset, Enköpings lasarett och Tierps vårdcentral. Resultaten som levererades till Landstinget i Uppsala län visar att både den tekniska och den ekonomiska solcellspotentialen är stor på dessa enheter. Huvudanledning till den höga potentialen är att elbehovet är väldigt stort på dessa enheter samt att solcellernas elgenereringsprofil stämmer mycket väl överens med när elbehovet är som störst. Modellen användes även för att studera hur olika byggnadsorienteringar påverkar solcellspotentialen i olika tänkbara svenska bostadsområden. De olika resultaten från dessa studier visar att det i många fall är bättre att orientera byggnader med sadeltak så att taken pekar i östlig och västlig riktning snarare än mot syd och nord. Därmed föreslås en översyn avde nu rådande rekommendationerna att optimera huvudorienteringarna av taken mod syd vid detaljplanering av stadsdelar.

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21

Raza, Khalil. "Experimental Assessment of Photovoltaic Irrigation System." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1411072971.

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22

Makhomo, Selbourne Rapoone. "Remote monitoring and evaluation of a photovoltaic (PV) groundwater pumping system." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1270.

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Thesis (MTech (Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2005
Potable water, and especially the accessibility to it, is an essential part of everyday life. Of particular note, is the challenge that residents of remote rural African villages face in order to gain access to this basic requirement. Specifically, the rural areas in the Northern Cape (Province north of Cape Town) region in South Africa is one such example that illustrates this problem very well. In order to address the requirements for drinkable water, various types of water pumping technologies have been used. Up to now, the two competing water pumping systems, diesel and photovoltaic (PV), have been the primary technologies deployed in selected sites in the Northern Cape. The manual data collection of water pumping system data in the Northern Cape is fraught with impracticalities such as travel costs and requirements for skilled personnel. Therefore, as a preliminary step to accelerate development and testing, a local experimental laboratory PV water pumping rig was set-up within the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Cape University of Technology. A short-term analysis was performed over a period of three weeks on the rig and the experimental results indicated the following: array efficiency of 16.3%, system efficiency of 15.0% and an average system efficiency of 1.47%. However, the results do indicate that long-term monitoring of PV water pumping systems can be suitable in serving to determine dynamic system performance and system life cycle costs. The purpose of this project is two-fold - firstly, to present the results on the work done on the experimental PV system.

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Remón, Rodríguez Daniel. "Impact of solar PV plants with synchronous power controllers on power system stability." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/461837.

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The irruption of renewable energy sources with power electronics interfaces is transforming power systems. To minimize the possible adverse effects that these generating systems may have on the power grid, transmission system operators define different strategies, such as increasing the active power reserves for frequency control and power balancing purposes, and require all connected systems to comply with various rules and regulations. In an effort to better integrate these renewable sources in power systems, some power converter controllers have been proposed that aim at reproducing certain features of conventional synchronous machines. This work deals with the analysis of the impact that large power-electronics-based power plants, in the range of hundreds of megawatts, have on the stability of power systems. First, the main characteristics of these advanced controllers, sometimes referred to as virtual synchronous machines, are reviewed, and their constituting blocks are systematically classified. This classification allows performing a detailed comparison of different aspects regarding their implementation and dynamics. The proposals usually found in the literature are compared in terms of their need for ancillary synchronization systems, their ability to energize a grid, or their effectiveness to limit the current injected during a fault and keep the converters connected to the grid. Additionally, time-domain simulations comparing the response of power converters employing these controllers are carried out and analyzed. Afterwards, since the study of power system stability requires adequate models of the elements interacting with the system, the modeling of an actual 100 MW photovoltaic power plant, consisting of 100 power converters, is addressed. Thus, a detailed model of the power plant is developed, considering a single-phase equivalent for transient stability studies in balanced systems. This model includes the internal network buses, cables, and transformers, and the power converters with their control systems and primary resources. Moreover, the model is implemented in a flexible way that allows considering power converters employing conventional controllers or synchronous power controllers, and the photovoltaic resource can be replaced by a storage system. Furthermore, a method to derive an equivalent model of power plants employing these advanced controllers is developed, and three equivalent models of the power plant, with different degrees of detail, are implemented employing this method. These models allow reducing the complexity of the original model and its associated computational burden, while reproducing its dynamics with accuracy, making them more suitable for the analysis of power systems with a large number of generating units, loads, passive elements, and controllers. Finally, the stability of power systems integrating this type of generating stations is analyzed. A first analysis is carried out in a 12-bus test system, considering a simpler model of the plant where the photovoltaic characteristics are modeled only through an active power limitation, and comparing the impact of these plants as the solar penetration grows, up to a 50% level. This is followed by the analysis of the power system of northern Chile, considering the actual location of the power plant previously modeled, and including the full detail of the photovoltaic resource. Lastly, the impact of hybrid power plants consisting of a synchronous generator and a photovoltaic system, with different configurations with the possibility of curtailing the solar production or employing a storage system, is assessed. These analyses comprise the study of the eigenvalues of the system and its response to different types of events through time-domain simulation, and prove the ability of the studied controllers to increase the damping of the system , to reduce the oscillations suffered by other generators, and to limit maximum frequency deviations.
La irrupción de fuentes de energía renovables como la energía solar fotovoltaica está transformando los sistemas eléctricos. Para minimizar los posibles efectos adversos sobre la red eléctrica de los sistemas de generación conectados mediante convertidores de electrónica de potencia, los operadores de los sistemas eléctricos definen diferentes estrategias y exigen que todos los sistemas conectados a la red cumplan diferentes normas. Con el objetivo de permitir una mejor integración de estas fuentes renovables, se han propuesto varios controladores de convertidores de potencia que intentan reproducir algunas características de las máquinas síncronas convencionales. Esta tesis trata sobre el análisis del impacto que las centrales eléctricas de grandes dimensiones basadas en electrónica de potencia tienen en la estabilidad de los sistemas eléctricos. En primer lugar, se clasifican estos controladores avanzados, lo que permite realizar una comparación detallada de varios aspectos relacionados con su implementación y su dinámica. Las propuestas más comunes se comparan en cuanto a su necesidad de sistemas de sincronización auxiliares, su habilidad para energizar una red, o su efectividad a la hora de limitar la corriente inyectada durante una falta y mantener los convertidores conectados a la red. Además, se realizan y analizan simulaciones de la respuesta de convertidores de potencia que utilizan estos controladores. A continuación, se presenta el modelado de una planta fotovoltaica real de 100 MW formada por 100 convertidores de potencia, considerando su equivalente monofásico para estudios de estabilidad transitoria en sistemas equilibrados. Este modelo incluye los terminales, cables y transformadores de la red interna, así como los convertidores de potencia con sus sistemas de control y recursos primarios. Además, el modelo está diseñado de manera flexible, permitiendo considerar controladores convencionales o controladores de potencia síncronos, y el recurso fotovoltaico se puede sustituir por un sistema de almacenamiento. Adicionalmente, se desarrolla un método para calcular un modelo equivalente de las centrales eléctricas que utilizan esta clase de controladores avanzados y se obtienen tres modelos equivalentes de la planta, con distintos niveles de detalle. Estos modelos permiten reducir la complejidad del modelo original y su carga computacional asociada, al mismo tiempo que reproducen su dinámica con precisión, haciéndolos más adecuados para el análisis de sistemas eléctricos con un gran número de unidades de generación, cargas, elementos pasivos y controladores. Finalmente, se analiza la estabilidad de sistemas eléctricos que integran este tipo de plantas generadoras. Se lleva a cabo un primer análisis en un sistema de pruebas de doce barras, considerando un modelo más sencillo de la planta donde las características fotovoltaicas se modelan únicamente mediante una limitación de la potencia activa, y se compara el impacto de estas plantas en distintos escenarios con una penetración solar creciente, llegando a un nivel del 50% de la generación total. Después, se analiza el Sistema Interconectado del Norte Grande de Chile, teniendo en cuenta la situación real de la planta modelada previamente e incluyendo el recurso fotovoltaico en detalle. Por último, se evalúa el impacto que pueden tener las plantas híbridas formadas por un generador síncrono y un sistema fotovoltaico, con diferentes configuraciones con la posibilidad de reservar parte de la producción solar o utilizar un sistema de almacenamiento. Estos análisis comprenden el estudio tanto de los valores propios del sistema como de su respuesta a diferentes tipos de eventos mediante simulaciones en el dominio del tiempo, y demuestran la capacidad de los controladores estudiados para incrementar el amortiguamiento del sistema, reducir las oscilaciones a las que se ven sometidos otros generadores y limitar las máximas desviaciones de frecuencia.

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Pitarch, Montserrat. "Techno-Economic analysis of a Solar PV Energy System in Zimbabwe Country Office." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-245234.

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Detta arbete utreder möjligheten att använde förnybar energi som alternative energikälla i UN byggnader enligt "smarta UN-faciliteter" direktiven. I detta arbetet står UNDP Zimbabwe i Harare som testplattform. Detta projekt har utvecklats inom ramen för FN:s utvecklingsprogram (UNDP) "Office of Information Management and Technology (OIMT)" med målet att kunna erbjuda den mest tillförlitliga och genomförbara solabaserad system som förnybar energi system. Data för energiförbrukningssensorer i UNDP Zimbabwe samlades sedan mitten av 2017. En årlig profil för energiförbrukning presenterades som tillsammans med information om lokala nätavgifter, tillgängligt utrymme för solcellspaneler, användes för en vidare analys. Analysen inkluderar tre studiefall: − Undersökningen av två solcellssystem med 44 kWp och 28 kWp kapacitet res. −Gemföresle av multikristall kisel PV (BSF-teknik, 30.15 kWp solpanel PV-system) mot monokristall kisel PV (PERC tekniken). Dessa alternativ uppnår uppskattningsvis 37 %, 25 % respektive 27 % av den totala förväntade elförbrukningen av byggnaden, med tillhörande besparingar och fördelar.
In pursuit of utilizing green energy in line with Smart UN Facilities and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this Master Thesis presents the results of an analysis on potential solar photovoltaic (PV) panel solutions for UNDP Zimbabwe Country Office in Harare. This project has been developed under the United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) Office of Information Management and Technology (OIMT) methodology in order to offer the most reliable and feasible renewable energy system. Using data gathered by power consumption sensors in the UNDP Zimbabwe Country Office (CO) since mid-2017, a yearly load profile was created. This data has been coupled with information on local grid tariffs, available space for solar PV panels at the premises, and UNDP Zimbabwe CO project objectives in order to model three options: two Solar PV systems with 44 kWp and 28 kWp of rated capacity, respectively, using multicrystalline silicon PV panels with BSF technology, and a 30.15 kWp Solar PV system with monocrystalline silicon PV panels developed with the innovative PERC technology. These options achieve an estimated 37%, 25% and 27% coverage of the total expected electricity consumption of the building, respectively, with associated savings and benefits.

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25

Srinivasan, Suriya. "Design and Mathematical Modelling of a Solar Carport with Flat Reflector." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-30978.

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As the world is moving towards the renewable energy, there is increase in usage of the electric vehicles in transport sector. This has led to more consumption of electricity from the grid and thus affecting its stability. To overcome this issue many decentralized charging stations have come of which generating electricity from the solar energy is more popular. These solar carports act as a shelter for the vehicles from various climatic factors such as rain, snow, dust in addition to producing renewable electricity. The main aim of this thesis study is to design a solar carport with the reflector compared to the existing Solar carports. The roof selected for this thesis study is a “V” shaped roof with the PV modules installed on one side of the roof and a reflector installed on the other side of the roof. The objectives of this thesis study are creating a mathematical irradiation and yield model of the PV system with and without a reflector. In addition, find the optimum roof tilt angle for a PV system with the reflector. Finally, determine the optimum increase in the annual energy yield for a PV system with the reflector compared to the PV system without a reflector. Microsoft Excel is used to create the mathematical irradiation and yield model of the PV system. The simulation was done for three different locations by obtaining hourly irradiation and temperature data from the PVsyst software. As a case study four different reflective materials of different specular and diffuse reflectance were chosen for better understanding and comparison. The simulation results showed that there is significant increase in the annual energy yield for a PV system with the reflector for all the locations. The study also shows that the increase in energy yield, optimum roof tilt angle is dependent on the specular and diffuse nature of the reflector. The study has concluded that the increase in the annual energy yield for a PV system with the specular reflector is more compared to a PV system with the diffuse reflector for the lower roof tilt angles and vice versa. It is also clear that the increase in the energy yield is similar for all the three locations. Hence, based on the roof tilt angle the selection of the reflector material needs to be done for an optimum design of the solar carport.

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26

Luthander, Rasmus. "Photovoltaic System Layout for Optimized Self-Consumption." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets fysik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-203996.

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Most of the photovoltaic (solar cell) systems in Sweden today are installed on private houses and connected to the public grid. Photovoltaic (PV) power can be consumed directly in the house, called self-consumption, or fed in to the public grid. For the house owner self-consumed PV energy often has a higher economic value than sold excess PV energy, since the savings from not buying one kWh is larger than the income of selling one kWh. The self-consumption can be expressed as an absolute value; amount of produced/consumed kWh, or as a relative; absolute self-consumption divided with total PV production. The PV production and self-consumption were calculated on an hourly basis. In this Master thesis a MATLAB tool for calculating and optimizing the production, absolute and relative self-consumption and profit for PV systems with panels in one (1DPV), two or three directions (3DPV) was developed. The results show possibilities to increase especially the relative self-consumption with 3DPV. There is however no economic gain of using 3DPV instead of south-directed 1DPV for the studied case; a private house close to Västerås with a 1DPV system of 3360 W and variable electricity prices based on hourly Nord Pool Spot prices. The rated power of the inverter can be decreased with 3DPV compared to south-oriented 1DPV and still keep minimal production losses. A smaller inverter and other peripheral equipment such as cables might compensate for the lower yearly profit with 3DPV when calculating the payback period. Further studies of economic aspects and how to optimize them have to be carried out for 3DPV systems, since economy is very crucial for investment decisions.

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Simhadri, Arvind. "Impact of distributed generation of solar photovoltaic (PV) generation on the Massachusetts transmission system." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/98604.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2015. In conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT.
Thesis: M.B.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2015. In conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 73-76).
After reaching 250 megawatt direct current (MW dc) of solar photovoltaic (PV) generation installed in Massachusetts (MA) in 2013, four years ahead of schedule, Governor Deval Patrick in May of 2013 announced an increase in the MA solar PV goal to 1,600 MW by 2020 ([13]). However, integration of such significant quantities of solar PV into the electric power system is potentially going to require changes to the transmission system planning and operations to ensure continued reliability of operation ([14]). The objective of this project is to predict the distribution of solar PV in MA and to develop a simulation framework to analyze the impact of solar generation on the electric power system. To accomplish this objective, we first developed a prediction model for solar PV aggregate and spatial long term distribution. We collected solar PV installation data and electricity consumption data for 2004 to 2014 for each ZIP code in MA. Additional information such as population, land availability, average solar radiance, number of households, and other demographic data per ZIP code was also added to improve the accuracy of the model. For example, ZIP codes with higher solar radiance are more likely to have solar PV installations. By utilizing machine learning methods, we developed a model that incorporates demographic factors and applies a logistic growth model to forecast the capacity of solar PV generation per ZIP code. Next we developed an electrically equivalent model to represent the predicted addition of solar PV on the transmission system. Using this model, we analyzed the impact of solar PV installations on steady-state voltage of the interconnected electric transmission system. We used Siemens PTI's PSS/E software for transmission network modeling and analysis. Additionally, we conducted a sensitivity analysis on scenarios such as peak and light electricity consumption period, different locations of solar PV, and voltage control methods to identify potential reliability concerns. Furthermore, we tested the system reliability in the event of outages of key transmission lines, using N-1 contingency analysis. The analysis identified that the voltage deviation on transmission system because of adding 1,600 MW dc of distributed solar PV is within +/- 5% range. Based on the analysis performed in this thesis, we conclude that the current MA transmission system can operate reliably after the addition of the expected 1,600 MW dc of solar PV. As National Grid acquires information on solar installations, new data will improve the ability and accuracy of the prediction model to predict solar PV capacity and location more accurately. The simulation framework developed in this thesis can be utilized to rerun the analysis to test the robustness of the electric transmission system at a future date.
by Arvind Simhadri.
S.M.
M.B.A.

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28

Basavalingappa, Sharat. "Grid-Tied Solar Photovoltaic (PV) System with Battery storage : A Brief Techno-Economic Analysis." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-40444.

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Most of the world’s electricity is being generated through conventional sources of energy like coal and nuclear. People are realizing the dire effect of using these fuels, and the amount of CO2 being released into the environment. Therefore, in recent year there has been a shift in emphasis towards cleaner ways of generating electricity. One such recent trend is solar photovoltaics (PV), which has seen rapid growth over the years. This ever-increasing trend of adopting PV system allows consumers to be producers or “Prosumers”. Due to the irregular production capability of solar PV, the need for an energy storage system like a battery bank is on the rise as well. This report evaluates how solar PV can be used in combination with a battery bank to supply the annual electricity demand for a household with little to no support from the grid. The building is assumed to be located in Bangalore, India. The energy demand for the household is estimated based on the requirements of a basic Indian house standard. The size and configuration of each component have been done with regards to the total load demand. Furthermore, the cost of the whole system is estimated in order to evaluate the feasibility of the grid-tied system from an economic perspective. The results show that a PV system consisting of four 270W solar panels, a battery bank of eight150Ah lead-acid batteries and a 48V 4kW inverter is required to meet the annual energy demand of the house. The results show that from a technical standpoint, the above-mentioned technology is feasible. The results from the economic evaluation show that the localized cost of energy(LCOE) for the system is ₹6.01/kWh or € 0.078/kWh or 0.84SEK/kWh and the payback time for the given system is 16.19 years. On the bright side, there are new technological advancements in the PV field every day, which could mean that an energy system of this type can be an achievable and practical alternative. Most of the world’s electricity is being generated through conventional sources of energy like coal and nuclear. People are realizing the dire effect of using these fuels, and the amount of CO2 being released into the environment. Therefore, in recent year there has been a shift in emphasis towards cleaner ways of generating electricity. One such recent trend is solar photovoltaics (PV), which has seen rapid growth over the years. This ever-increasing trend of adopting PV system allows consumers to be producers or “Prosumers”. Due to the irregular production capability of solar PV, the need for an energy storage system like a battery bank is on the rise as well. This report evaluates how solar PV can be used in combination with a battery bank to supply the annual electricity demand for a household with little to no support from the grid. The building is assumed to be located in Bangalore, India. The energy demand for the household is estimated based on the requirements of a basic Indian house standard. The size and configuration of each component have been done with regards to the total load demand. Furthermore, the cost of the whole system is estimated in order to evaluate the feasibility of the grid-tied system from an economic perspective. The results show that a PV system consisting of four 270W solar panels, a battery bank of eight 150Ah lead-acid batteries and a 48V 4kW inverter is required to meet the annual energy demand of the house. The results show that from a technical standpoint, the above-mentioned technology is feasible. The results from the economic evaluation show that the localized cost of energy (LCOE) for the system is ₹6.01/kWh or € 0.078/kWh or 0.84SEK/kWh and the payback time for the given system is 16.19 years. On the bright side, there are new technological advancements in the PV field every day, which could mean that an energy system of this type can be an achievable and practical alternative.

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29

Samadi, Afshin. "Large Scale Solar Power Integration in Distribution Grids : PV Modelling, Voltage Support and Aggregation Studies." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Elektriska energisystem, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-154602.

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Long term supporting schemes for photovoltaic (PV) system installation have led to accommodating large numbers of PV systems within load pockets in distribution grids. High penetrations of PV systems can cause new technical challenges, such as voltage rise due to reverse power flow during light load and high PV generation conditions. Therefore, new strategies are required to address the associated challenges. Moreover, due to these changes in distribution grids, a different response behavior of the distribution grid on the transmission side can be expected. Hence, a new equivalent model of distribution grids with high penetration of PV systems is needed to be addressed for future power system studies. The thesis contributions lie in three parts. The first part of the thesis copes with the PV modelling. A non-proprietary PV model of a three-phase, single stage PV system is developed in PSCAD/EMTDC and PowerFactory. Three different reactive power regulation strategies are incorporated into the models and their behavior are investigated in both simulation platforms using a distribution system with PV systems. In the second part of the thesis, the voltage rise problem is remedied by use of reactive power. On the other hand, considering large numbers of PV systems in grids, unnecessary reactive power consumption by PV systems first increases total line losses, and second it may also jeopardize the stability of the network in the case of contingencies in conventional power plants, which supply reactive power. Thus, this thesis investigates and develops the novel schemes to reduce reactive power flows while still keeping voltage within designated limits via three different approaches: decentralized voltage control to the pre-defined set-points developing a coordinated active power dependent (APD) voltage regulation Q(P)using local signals developing a multi-objective coordinated droop-based voltage (DBV) regulation Q(V) using local signals In the third part of the thesis, furthermore, a gray-box load modeling is used to develop a new static equivalent model of a complex distribution grid with large numbers of PV systems embedded with voltage support schemes. In the proposed model, variations of voltage at the connection point simulate variations of the model’s active and reactive power. This model can simply be integrated intoload-flow programs and replace the complex distribution grid, while still keepingthe overall accuracy high. The thesis results, in conclusion, demonstrate: i) using rms-based simulations in PowerFactory can provide us with quite similar results using the time domain instantaneous values in PSCAD platform; ii) decentralized voltage control to specific set-points through the PV systems in the distribution grid is fundamentally impossible dueto the high level voltage control interaction and directionality among the PV systems; iii) the proposed APD method can regulate the voltage under the steady-state voltagelimit and consume less total reactive power in contrast to the standard characteristicCosφ(P)proposed by German Grid Codes; iv) the proposed optimized DBV method can directly address voltage and successfully regulate it to the upper steady-state voltage limit by causing minimum reactive power consumption as well as line losses; v) it is beneficial to address PV systems as a separate entity in the equivalencing of distribution grids with high density of PV systems.

The Doctoral Degrees issued upon completion of the programme are issued by Comillas Pontifical University, Delft University of Technology and KTH Royal Institute of Technology. The invested degrees are official in Spain, the Netherlands and Sweden, respectively. QC 20141028

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Casanaba, Pablo. "Development of a Simple and Cheap Equipment for monitoring the solar Irradiance on PV modules." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem och byggnadsteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-30216.

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Increased use of renewable energies that is taking place all over the world is having a very important impact on the photovoltaic solar energy industry. This means of obtaining electrical energy is one of the most promising ones nowadays, thanks to the fact that it is a technology of easy installation and maintenance. However, the number of hours that a photovoltaic system works at maximum power depends almost entirely on environmental conditions, mainly in terms of solar irradiance.Solar irradiance is a magnitude that measures the power released by sunlight per unit area; the higher it is, the more power the photovoltaic system will generate.Therefore, it is very important to measure this magnitude in order to obtain data that either can give information about which is the best place to install a photovoltaic system or expect the device performance.Unfortunately, sensors used nowadays to measure this magnitude are quite expensive. The most widely used are the so-called pyranometers, with an average cost of between 8000 SEK to 10000 SEK, and solar reference cells, which can be quite cheaper (1000 SEK), but also can be the most expensive devices on the market depending on the features they have (some reference cells cost 20000 SEK).In this thesis, a solar irradiance sensor based on the treatment of a current generated by a silicon photodiode has been designed, built and calibrated. The signal generated by the device is a voltage that has been obtained by means of a current-to-voltage converter amplifier stage. Once the construction of the circuit was completed, it was tested on the roof of Hall 45 located in the University of Gävle. The testing was carried out on 13, 14 and 15 May 2019, and it consisted in the comparison of the signal generated by the new device and the signals generated by a pyranometer and a solar cell.The result is a device priced at 200 SEK, which shows acceptable levels of accuracy during central daylight hours but shows a strong angular dependence on incident light during sunrise and sunset.

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Paudel, Subodh. "Optimization of hybrid PV/WIND power system for remote telecom station." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/3658.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Mecânica
O rápido esgotamento dos recursos fósseis e as preocupações ambientais tem gerado uma consciencialização acrescida sobre as possibilidades de aproveitamento de recursos energéticos renováveis. De entre os vários recursos renováveis, os sistemas híbridos solar/eólicos aparentam resultados promissores no que se refere ao fornecimento fiável de energia, com melhoria da eficiência e redução dos requisitos de armazenagem em sistemas isolados. A presente dissertação apresenta uma nova metodologia para realização da análise de viabilidade de sistemas isolados, a qual inclui a geração artificial de disponibilidade horária de recursos renováveis e a optimização das dimensões da matriz fotovoltaica, da turbina eólica e do painel de baterias para um sistema autónomo híbrido fotovoltaico/eólico (HSWPS). Em qualquer sistema baseado em recursos renováveis, o estudo de viabilidade é considerado como a primeira etapa de análise. Neste trabalho, o estudo de viabilidade é realizado através do modelo híbrido de optimização para as energias renováveis HOMER. A segunda etapa consiste no desenvolvimento de modelos matemáticos para geração de perfis artificiais horários de velocidade do vento, radiação solar e temperatura a partir das médias mensais conhecidas ao longo de um ano. A terceira etapa engloba o desenvolvimento de modelos matemáticos para caracterização do desempenho dos módulos fotovoltaicos, turbina eólica e baterias. Finalmente, a metodologia desenvolvida permite encontrar as configurações ideais para uma determinada carga e para um determinado factor de probabilidade de perda de alimentação (LPSP) a partir de um conjunto de componentes de sistemas com o menor valor da função de custo que é definir, em termos de fiabilidade e de custo de eletricidade nivelado unidade (LUEC). A viabilidade de aplicação desta metodologia foi ensaiada num caso de estudo, composto por um terminal de telecomunicações de pequena abertura (VSAT), por uma estação repetidora e por uma estação transceptora de acesso múltiplo (BTS CDMA 2C10) localizada numa zona remota do Nepal. Os modelos matemáticos foram implementados em ambiente MATLAB e os resultados da simulação foram obtidos quer para a configuração actual quer para a configuração optimizada. Os resultados da simulação mostram que a arquitectura existente, composta por módulos fotovoltaicos KC85T de 6,12 kW, uma turbina eólica H3.1 de 1kW e um banco de baterias de 1600 Ah GFM-800 proporciona cerca de 36,6% de carga não satisfeita durante um ano caracterizando-se esta por potências de 655 W a plena carga e 405 W a meia-carga. Por outro lado, o sistema proposto de configuração optimizada inclui 2 turbinas eólicas de 1 kW H3.1, módulos fotovoltaicos TSM-175DA01 com 8,05 kW e um banco de baterias T-105 de 1125 Ah. Esta configuração apresenta uma fiabilidade de 99,99%, com uma redução significativa dos custos e uma produção energética estável.
The rapid depletion of fossil fuel resources and environmental concerns has given awareness on generation of renewable energy resources. Among the various renewable resources, hybrid solar and wind energy seems to be promising solutions to provide reliable power supply with improved system efficiency and reduced storage requirements for stand-alone applications. This dissertation presents a methodology for carrying the feasibility analysis, for generation of hourly synthetic availability of renewable resources sources (RES) and optimum size of PV array, Wind Power and battery bank for a standalone hybrid Solar/Wind Power system (HSWPS). In any RES based system, the feasibility assessment is considered as the first step analysis. In this work, feasibility analysis is carried through hybrid optimization model for electric renewables (HOMER). Mathematical models to generate hourly synthetic solar, wind and temperature from the monthly average RES of a year were developed. In addition, mathematical models to characterize PV modules, Wind power and battery were created. And finally, the optimal configurations for a given load and a desired loss of power supply probability (LPSP) from a set of systems components with the lowest value of cost function defined in terms of reliability and levelized unit electricity cost (LUCE) was performed. Applying this methodology, a telecommunication load consisting Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT), Repeater station and Code Division Multiple Access Base Transceiver Station(CDMA 2C10 BTS) of a remote station of Nepal is used as a case study for load demand of the hybrid system. The mathematical models were implemented in the MATLAB environment and the simulation results for the existing and the proposed models are compared. The simulation results shows that existing architecture consisting of 6.12 kW KC85T photovoltaic modules, 1kW H3.1 wind turbine and 1600 Ah GFM-800 battery bank have a 36.6% of unmet load during a year with a full and half load demand of 655 W and 405 W. On the other hand, the proposed system includes 1kW *2 H3.1 Wind turbine, 8.05 kW TSM-175DA01 photovoltaic modules and 1125 Ah T-105 battery bank with system reliability of 99.99% with a significant cost reduction as well as reliable energy production.

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RANAWEERA, CHAMINDA. "Electric Power System of an Emergency Energy Module." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-109304.

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Abstract This thesis study is on designing and analysing the “Electric Power System of an Emergency Energy Module”. KTH is running a project to create a mobile system for power supply in refugee camps and during the recovery of natural disasters. This is an independent power system comprising solar, wind and biomass based power generations and control. The design and analysis of electric power system is mainly focused on increasing the renewable energy efficiency of the system while saving excess power on the battery bank and controlling the battery discharging. The analysis of the designed electric power system is done with using actual site data of solar irradiation and wind for one week period. Further, it has been developed a program based on MS Excel for analysing the module performances at any site in the world. Keywords: Emergency Energy Module; Integration of wind and solar PV
Emergency Energy Module Project

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33

Ghebre, Temesghen Tesfazghi. "The Viability of Installing Mid-Size PV Solar Parks in Sweden : "A paper that evaluates the economic viability of installing mid-size PV solar parks ranging from 250 kW to 2 MW in the village of Åled."." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-33931.

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The ambition of the Swedish government is rapidly concentrating on the development of the renewable energy systems especially on wind energy, bio energy and solar energy. It has been observed on the growth of the production of electricity and heat from these three mentioned renewable energy systems. But, relatively in Sweden the share of production of electricity obtained from PV is quite smaller than the other two. The PV electricity production in Sweden comprises in a large scale of mainly the grid connected distributed PV systems and with a small number of installed solar parks. The aim of this paper is to analyze the viability of installing mid -size PV solar parks in Sweden and to simulate the effect of the proposed project in the village’s (Åled is the village where the proposed site is located) and the country’s electricity production. This study includes designing, simulation and financial analysis of different grid connected centralized mid -size capacities of PV solar parks of 250 kWp,500 kWp,1MWp and 2MWp. They are all fixed ground mounted systems. Moreover, it also discusses the main reasons that hinders decision makers, the PV complications that are connected to the grid, Sweden’s energy regulations particularly the emission regulation and the financial policies of PV. Also, study visit, telephone and email contacts have supplemented it. This study was done with the collaboration of Nyedal Solenergi, in which the proposed site was owned by the company and this paper will be a future guide for the investment of the mid-size PV solar park. According to the study a discussion has been made with the grid supplier (EON) in that area on the investment on one of the designed projects which are presented in this paper. The results of the study show that the effect of the proposed systems on the production of electricity in the village of Åled was between 2.68 – 21.4 % and the impact on the country’s PV electricity production was 0.2 – 1.58 %. And, the possibility of installing mid-size PV solar parks generally in Sweden particularly in the proposed site is possible and economically it is viable but not profitable for system capacities less than 1 MW. As the IRR found for all capacities is greater than the estimated WACC, hence each proposed capacity has the possibility of paying back all its investment costs in about 23 years. So, the profitability is very low in case of the 250 kWp and 500 kWp but for the others they have about 7-8 years of profitability. A sensitivity analysis also has shown the impact of initial investment costs, O & M costs and electricity export rate on the IRR, NPV and equity payback. The initial investment cost and electricity export rate were seen with high effect on the IRR, NPV and equity payback. The LCOE calculated was higher than the average electricity spot price (300 SEK/MWh) for 250 kWp and 500 kWp but lower for the other two capacities. The overall impact for the financial analysis was due to the decreasing of module prices, the rules that changes every year on electricity subsidies for renewables, tax reductions and rapid decreasing of electricity spot prices. In the future if the price of modules continues decreasing, spot price increases, more modification of the subsidy and introduction of new PV technologies integrated with other sources of energy is done then such projects could be more profitable.

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Simiyu, Donah Sheila Nasipwondi. "Optimal cleaning strategy of large-scale solar PV arrays considering non-uniform dust deposition." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/79656.

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The use of solar photovoltaic systems has increased in the past years in an effort to move towards cleaner energy sources. Solar panels are however affected by negative factors such as dust deposition which hinder their performance. The negative effects that dust deposition has on solar panels depend on how much dust gets deposited on solar panels and how it spreads on the top surface. The spread of dust on solar panels can be uniform where all the solar panels in a entire solar photovoltaic array have the same amount of dust deposition. This is an ideal case and can be defined as uniform dust deposition. However, in real life operation, the spread of dust deposition can vary with one solar panel having a different quantity of dust deposition from another. This is defined as non-uniform dust deposition. Non-uniform dust deposition negatively affects the performance of solar panels by reducing the irradiance that reaches the solar cells thereby reducing the performance of the solar panels. The negative effects of non-uniform dust deposition are more significant over time and when there is no intervention to remove the dust. In practice, the negative effects of non-uniform dust deposition on photovoltaic modules has been addressed by periodically cleaning their top surfaces. Periodic cleaning can however increase the operational costs in terms of the cleaning frequency, time taken, cost of cleaning resources and effectiveness. In this study, we propose an optimal cleaning strategy for the solar power plants that are prone to the non-uniform dust deposition. To develop the optimal cleaning strategy, we first investigate the dust deposition process and develop a model to describe the relationship between the solar power generation and non-uniform dust deposition patterns. Then we formulate an optimization model to identify the most cost-effective solar panel cleaning plan. In the optimisation, the additional revenue due to cleaning the solar panels is formulated as the objective function. The decision variables are the number of photovoltaic strings cleaned at each cleaning interval. To highlight the effectiveness of the proposed solar panels cleaning strategy, the developed cleaning strategy is applied to a case study where analysis of the performances of other solar panel cleaning strategies, namely “full cleaning”, “no cleaning” and “random cleaning” is done. The results from the study show that the optimal cleaning strategy outperforms all the other cleaning strategies showing its effectiveness. The optimal cleaning strategy developed is useful to solar photovoltaic plants owners whose plants are located in dusty or polluted areas. It first provides them with an understanding of non-uniform dust deposition. It also provides a way of reducing the effects of non-uniform dust deposition through optimized cleaning which is cost effective and that allows the photovoltaic array to continuously give the desired output.
Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering
MEng
Unrestricted

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35

Andersson, Jonas, Vendela Bernström, and Joacim Törnqvist. "Hosting Capacity of a Low-Voltage Grid : Development of a Simplified Model to be used in future Solar Roadmaps." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325010.

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The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to assess whether it is possible to create a simplified model that estimates the hosting capacity of a low-voltage grid. The Simplified model is compared with a more elaborate model created by the Built Environment Energy Systems Group (BEESG) at Uppsala University. The Simplified model takes three easily obtainable variables into account. The model created by BEESG allows us to observe both the amount of photovoltaic (PV) power that is installed as well as the voltages in each bus in a grid. The hosting capacity is found by gradually increasing the amount of PV power installed in a low-voltage grid until overvoltage is reached. Simulations with BEESG’s model are done for a week in July when the PV generation has its peak and the load is generally low. The Simplified model is created using linear regression with the calculated values from the BEESG’s model as a reference. The report shows that the Simplified model will give an estimation of the low-voltage grid’s hosting capacity that is comparable to the value calculated with BEESG’s model. The results show that it is rarely the low-voltage grid that restricts the installation of PV facilities and that a high self-consumption is advantageous regarding to the grids hosting capacity.

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36

Ghosh, Shibani. "A Real-time Management of Distribution Voltage Fluctuations due to High Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Penetrations." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74424.

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Due to the rapid growth of grid-tied solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in the generation mix, the distribution grid will face complex operational challenges. High PV penetration can create overvoltages and voltage fluctuations in the network, which are major concerns for the grid operator. Traditional voltage control devices like switched capacitor banks or line voltage regulators can alleviate slow-moving fluctuations, but these devices need to operate more frequently than usual when PV generation fluctuates due to fast cloud movements. Such frequent operations will impact the life expectancy of these voltage control devices. Advanced PV inverter functionalities enable solar PV systems to provide reliable grid support through controlled real injection and/or reactive power compensation. This dissertation proposes a voltage regulation technique to mitigate probable impacts of high PV penetrations on the distribution voltage profile using smart inverter functionalities. A droop-based reactive power compensation method with active power curtailment is proposed, which uses the local voltage regulation at the inverter end. This technique is further augmented with very short-term PV generation forecasts. A hybrid forecasting algorithm is proposed here which is based on measurement-dependent dynamic modeling of PV systems using the Kalman Filter theory. Physical modeling of the PV system is utilized by this forecasting algorithm. Because of the rise in distributed PV systems, modeling of geographic dispersion is also addressed under PV system modeling. The proposed voltage regulation method is coordinated with existing voltage regulator operations to reduce required number of tap-change operations. Control settings of the voltage regulators are adjusted to achieve minimal number of tap-change operations within a predefined time window. Finally, integration of energy storage is studied to highlight the value of the proposed voltage regulation technique vis-à-vis increased solar energy use.
Ph. D.

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37

Leyte-Vidal, Albert. "ESTABLISHING DEGRADATION RATES AND SERVICE LIFETIME OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3001.

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As fossil fuel sources continue to diminish, oil prices continue to increase, and global warming and CO2 emissions keep impacting the environment, it has been necessary to shift energy consumption and generation to a different path. Solar energy has proven to be one of the most promising sources of renewable energy because it is environmentally friendly, available anywhere in the world, and cost competitive. For photovoltaic (PV) system engineers, designing a PV system is not an easy task. Research demonstrates that different PV technologies behave differently under certain conditions; therefore energy production varies not only with capacity of the system but also with the type of module. For years, researchers have also studied how these different technologies perform for long periods of time, when exposed out in the field. In this study, data collected by the Florida Solar Energy Center for periods of over four years was analyzed using two techniques, widely accepted by researchers and industry, to evaluate the long‐term performance of five systems. The performance ratio analysis normalizes system capacity and enables the comparison of performance between multiple systems. In PVUSA Regression analysis, regression coefficients are calculated which correspond to the effect of irradiance, wind speed, and ambient temperature, and these coefficients are then used to calculate power at a predetermined set of conditions. This study allows manufacturers to address the difficulties found on system lifetime when their modules are installed out on the field. Also allows for the further development and improvement of the different PV technologies already commercially available.
M.S.
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Engineering and Computer Science
Electrical Engineering MSEE

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38

Gros, Ellinor. "Amasonen : A Design Proposal for a Mixed-Use Building with Integrated Solar Cells." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-69617.

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With the growing energy consumption in the world today, the decreasing amount of fossil fuels and their negative impact on the environment, developments and greater use of renewable energy resources is crucial. One of the promising environmentally friendly energy resources is solar power. The technology for producing electricity from the use of solar cells is continuously developing and is growing on the market. The objective of this master thesis is to illustrate how solar panels can be integrated into a building’s design, and what value this gives to the building. The purpose is also to give an indication of whether an integrated solar panel installation is profitable, and what is required for more building developers to invest in solar power. A study on solar cells was conducted to gain knowledge of the different types of solar cells and systems and their possible integration into buildings. The study also included research on why solar cell installations are not more common today. Case Studies were also conducted on projects with integrated solar cells. This was done to gain an understanding of how solar panels can be used as design elements. The study was done as a systematic literature study through a qualitative method. City and site analyses were carried out as a first step in the design process. The analyses focused on the movements, green spaces, climates, functions and architectural character of the city and site. The analyses were done to attain an impression of the environment the building would be placed in, and its requisites. These analyses were followed by volume and solar studies to come up with a building design that would fulfill the requirements of the client, while creating good areas for placement of the solar panels. The master thesis resulted in a design proposal for a mixed-use building with integrated solar cells. The resulting two buildings are located in the outskirts of the city center of Linköping. The buildings are designed to interact with the surrounding buildings and the remaining city, while at the same time bringing something new and exciting to the mix. The buildings’ placement and height were decided by the combination of the movement of the sun over the plot, so as to create good areas for the solar panels, and the requisites of the site. The integrated solar panels are placed on the roofs and facades of the buildings. The possibilities of semitransparent solar cells in windows and glass railings is also examined. The solar panels on the roof consist of solar roof tiles and are placed on the east side of the north building’s roof and the west side of the south building’s roof. These tiles have matching roof tiles without solar cells inside, on the other side of the roofs, meaning that no difference can be seen between the two sides. The façade panels are placed to cover the entire protruding stairwells of the buildings. Panels are also placed on remaining parts of the south-east and south-west facing facades but are here placed in a pattern as though they are trickling down the walls. The panels are placed to avoid shade as shading of the panels reduces their effect. The solar cells are smooth, black, thin-film solar cells and the panels have matching glass panes that are placed were the design opted for panels, but the placement was not good out of a solar irradiation perspective. The results of the rough calculations on the project’s solar panel installation’s profitability shows that the investment would have a payback time of approximately 15 years. This, when counting in a government support of 1.2 million kroners and the reduced cost for the building cover material that the solar panels replace. The solar panels in the design proposal are not in standard sizes. Would they have been so the investment cost would have been lower and the payback time, according to the rough calculations, would be around 10 years. The produced electricity constitutes around 60 percent of the operational electricity for the buildings. If semitransparent solar cells are included the value goes up to 80 percent. Although the produced electricity does not cover the complete electricity needs of the buildings, it still reduces the amount of bought electricity. Electricity that would most likely not come from a renewable source. The conclusion is, therefore, that an integrated solar cell installation is economically profitable. The solar panels contribute both the aesthetics of the building and building functions, as well as electricity from a renewable source. Investing in a solar cell installation also sets a good example and will lead to more investors taking a chance on solar power. Getting more building developers to invest in solar cells systems can be done by increasing the, today lacking, knowledge of solar energy and solar cells, the process for designing and installing a solar cell system, as well as the laws regarding solar power and solar power investments. Another obstacle for solar power is the high costs of the installations. The prices on solar cells are, however, continuously dropping, because of the development in technology and the manufacturing process, as well as the growing number of manufacturers. To increase the speed of this process more building developers should invest in solar cells, as a higher demand will lead to more manufacturers, which will then lead to reduced prices. The government can also help by offering research support and for example tax subventions to make an investment in solar power seem more worthwhile.

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39

FASCÌ, MARIA LETIZIA. "Feasibility study of battery storage installed with solar PV in an energy efficient house." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-209922.

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The aim of this project is to nd the optimal size battery for an already installed PV system in a family house in Southern Sweden. First, the existing system is modelled and validated. Then a new model including a battery is built. In this model it is assumed that the aim of the battery is to maximize the self-consumption of the house. A sensitivity analysis is performed in order to study the inuence of the battery capacity on the electricity uxes between the house and the grid. The protability of the project is then investigated, considering the current tari schemes for thehouse and for the "average" Swedish house. Eventually the possibility of applying price-dependent control strategies to the battery is investigated. The primary conclusion is that a battery installation is not protable for the studied house whether the incentives provided by the Swedish government are considered or not. Yet a subsidized installation would be protable for a house subject to the average Swedish electricity price. Another conclusion is that the current hourly volatility in the electricity price is not high enough to make reasonable the use of price dependent battery control strategies. Their use would lead to better economical performance, with respect to the simplest battery control strategy, in case of increased volatility.
Malet av det har projektet ar att hitta batteri med den basta storleken for en existerande solcellssystem i en villa i Sodra Sverige. Forst, det existerande systemet modelleras och valideras. Sedan byggs en ny modell som innehaller ett batteri. I den har modellen antas att malet av batteriet ar att maximera sjalvkonsumption av villan. En kanslighetsanalys utfors for att studera inverkan av batteri kapacitet pa el ussmedel mellan villan och natet. Darefter, lonsamheten av projektetet unders oktes, med tanke pa den bentliga tarisystem for den utforskade villan och den "genomsnitt" Svenska villa. Slutligen, mojligheten att tillampa prisberoende batterikontrollstrategier undersoks. Den primara slutsats ar att en batteriinstallation ar inte lonsam for den studerade villa, med eller utan bidrag. Anda en subventionerad installation skulle vara lonsam for ett hus som utsatts for genomsnitt svenska elpriset. En annan slutsats ar att den nuvarande volatilitet i elpriset ar inte tillrackligt hog for att gora lamplig den anvandning av prisberoende batterikontrollstrategier. Deras anvandning skulle leda till battre ekonomisk prestanda, med avseende pa den enklaste batteristrategi, om prisvolatilet okningar.

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Mubaraki, Abesh Sorab. "IMPACT OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM PENETRATION ON THE OPERATION OF VOLTAGE REGULATOR EQUIPMENT." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/965.

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The growing popularity of photovoltaic (PV) generation systems leads to an increase in the number of residential and commercial grid-tied PV systems that interconnect to the distribution circuit. This affects the characteristics of the distribution circuit; for example, the assumption that the voltage profile of a radial line decreases down-stream becomes invalid because of the addition of the PV system on the line. This poses new challenges when setting the parameters of voltage regulating devices. Add to that the fact that PV systems are intermittent, especially on cloudy days, which make the line even more difficult to regulate, and the number of switching occurrences of the regulating devices increases, thus accelerating wear-and-tear to the utility’s equipment. The objective of this thesis is to develop an index which qualitatively indicates the impact of PV system(s) on operation, efficiency, reliability, and lifetime of voltage regulation equipment. Tests on the proposed index will be performed on several cases including circuits containing state-of-the art methods that integrate PV systems with minimum impact to utility equipment. Investigation of methods to further mitigate equipment wear by selecting the best interconnect point on the circuit will also be conducted to test the proposed index. The development and validation of the proposed index will entail power system modeling and simulation of distributed generation using PSCAD. The proposed index resulted from this study will provide a useful tool to allow utility companies pick the optimum locations for distributed generation to minimize their negative impact on the distribution lines as well as to determine the need for extra mitigation equipment.

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Schelin, Eric. "PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM YIELD EVALUATION IN SWEDEN : A performance review of PV systems in Sweden 2017-2018." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-44667.

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The goal of this study is to evaluate Swedish photovoltaic systems regarding energy production from two different years and compare the gathered data with results from a model simulating optimal conditions. This is done to investigate how the energy production differs between each year, why there are differences, and also to evaluate the simulation tools compared to the real production data. A good way to measure performance is to calculate the specific yield, that is the energy produced per unit of installed power (kWh/kWp). In order to complete this study, a literature study was made to investigate reasons for potential variations in PV system yield. Besides that, the production data from 2373 PV systems in Sweden were collected from different databases, and the data were sorted and compiled in order to calculate specific yield (kWh/kWp). The total number of PV systems after sorting was 828 for the 2017-2018 data and 1380 systems for the 2018 data. Data from real PV system production was compared with calculations performed in two simulation tools, PVGIS and PVsyst. Differences in calculation methods were investigated for performance evaluations between the two programs, and also for comparison with the real plant data. The results showed that the average specific yield for Sweden as a whole, to be 798 kWh/kWp for 2017. For 2018 with the results where 890 kWh/kWp when looking at the exact same plants as for 2017. This is an increase of 11,5%. For the simulation tools the results where 974 kWh/kWp for PVGIS, and 978 for PVsyst for an optimized system. Larger variations in specific yield occurs between every of the 21 counties in Sweden. The solar irradiations show significant correlations to the variations of the 2017 and 2018 specific yield data. Differences between the production data from the two years and the simulation tools wereinvestigated further. Reasons for this was discussed to be because of orientations of the panels and shading of the panels. Real PV systemsdiffer in orientation and the amount of shadowing from the simulated calculations.

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Samuel, Forsberg. "Increasing the profitability of a PV-battery system : A techno-economic study of PV-battery systems as resources for primary frequency regulation." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets fysik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-353537.

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In order to handle the mismatch between photovoltaic (PV) electricity production and household electricity use, battery storage systems can be utilized. However, the profitability of PV-battery systems in Sweden is poor, and economic incentives for households to invest in such systems are therefore missing. Hence, it is important to improve the profitability to increase the number of PV-battery installations. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the techno-economic potential of a PV-battery system offering ancillary services, more specifically the primary frequency regulation FCR-N. Five cases of residential PV-battery installations are investigated: the first with a PV system only, the second with a PV-battery system to store surplus PV electricity, and the three other cases with PV-battery systems with the ability to regulate the grid through FCR-N to varying degrees. The results show that providing FCR-N with a PV-battery system offers a substantial techno-economic potential for the system owner. By using available battery capacity for FCR-N, the payback time for a PV-battery system can be shortened significantly. With a battery price of EUR 570 per kWh (VAT excluded) and a discount rate of 2%, the payback time for the entire system can decrease from 32 to 9 years if the battery is used for FCR-N regulation. Furthermore, the payback time for a battery storage can be shortened with FCR-N. Calculated with respect to the economic added value of a battery and with a discount rate of 5%, the payback time can decrease from over 100 years to 4 years.

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Howley, Brian, and Marc Fleischer. "Solar PV Powered Air Conditioner Analysis for an Office/Classroom in a Tropical Climate." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-19038.

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This thesis focuses on using photovoltaic produced electricity to power air conditioners in a tropical climate. The study takes place in Surabaya, Indonesia at two different locations the classroom, located at the UBAYA campus and the home office, 10 km away. Indonesia has an average solar irradiation of about 4.8 kWh/m²/day (PWC Indonesia, 2013) which is for ideal conditions for these tests. At the home office, tests were conducted on different photovoltaic systems. A series of measuring devices recorded the performance of the 800 W PV system and the consumption of the 1.35 kW air conditioner (cooling capacity). To have an off grid system many of the components need to be oversized. The inverter has to be oversized to meet the startup load of the air conditioner, which can be 3 to 8 times the operating power (Rozenblat, 2013). High energy consumption of the air conditioner would require a large battery storage to provide one day of autonomy. The PV systems output must at least match the consumption of the air conditioner. A grid connect system provides a much better solution with the 800 W PV system providing 80 % of the 3.5 kWh load of the air conditioner, the other 20 % coming from the grid during periods of low irradiation. In this system the startup load is provided by the grid so the inverter does not need to be oversized. With the grid-connected system, the PV panel’s production does not need to match the consumption of the air conditioner, although a smaller PV array will mean a smaller percentage of the load will be covered by PV. Using the results from the home office tests and results from measurements made in the classroom. Two different PV systems (8 kW and 12 kW) were simulated to power both the current air conditioners (COP 2.78) and new air conditioners (COP 4.0). The payback period of the systems can vary greatly depending on if a feed in tariff is awarded or not. If the feed in tariff is awarded the best system is the 12 kW system, with a payback period of 4.3 years and a levelized cost of energy at -3,334 IDR/kWh. If the feed in tariff is not granted then the 8 kW system is the best choice with a lower payback period and lower levelized cost of energy than the 12 kW system under the same conditions.

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Kumbasar, Serdar. "Techno-Economic Assessment of Solar PV/Thermal System for Power and Cooling Generation in Antalya, Turkey." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-119608.

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In this study a roof-top PVT/absorption chiller system is modeled for a hotel building in Antalya, Turkey to cover the cooling demand of the hotel, to produce electricity and domestic hot water. PVT modules, an absorption chiller, a hot storage tank and a natural gas fired auxiliary heater are the main components of the system. Elecetrical power produced by the system is 94.2 MWh, the cooling power is 185.5 MWh and the amount of domestic hot water produced in the system is 65135 m3 at 45 0C annually. Even though the systems is capable of meeting the demands of the hotel building, because of the high investment costs of PVT modules and high interest rates in Turkey, it is not economically favorable. Using cheaper solar collectors, integrating a cold storage unit in the system or having an improved conrol strategy are the options to increase the system efficiency and to make the system economically competitive.

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Cartmell, Ben. "A multi-operational, combined PV/thermal and solar air collector system : application, simulation and performance evaluation." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406014.

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Bhatti, Arslan Iqbal. "EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE OF PV SYSTEMS ON SELECTED BUILDINGS IN VÄSTERÅS." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-32309.

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Mousavi, Navid. "The integration of pumped hydro storage systems into PV microgrids in rural areas." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2020. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2345.

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Photovoltaic (PV) systems are popular in rural areas because they provide low cost and clean electricity for homes and irrigation systems. The primary challenge of PV systems is their intermittent nature. The typical solution is storing energy in batteries; however, they are expensive and possess a short lifespan. This research proposes a new type of pumped hydro storage (PHS) which can be implemented as an alternative to batteries. The components of the system are modelled to consider losses of the system accurately. The mathematic model developed in this project assists the management system to make more efficient decisions. The proposed storage is integrated into a farmhouse that has a PV pumping system where economic aspects of implementing the proposed storage is investigated. The integration of the proposed PHS into a microgrid needs a management system to make this system efficient and 3 cost-effective. This research proposes a multi-stage management system to schedule and control the microgrid components for optimal integration of the PHS. The designed management system is able to manage the pump, turbine, and irrigation time on real-time taking into account both present and future conditions of the microgrid. This study investigates the technical aspects of the proposed system. The PHS and the management system are tested experimentally in a setup installed at smart energy laboratory at Edith Cowan university. Data used in this project are real data collected in the laboratory in order to have a realistic analysis. Economic analysis is done in different sizes with different conditions. Results indicate that the proposed system has a short payback period and a large lifetime benefit, featuring as a cost-effective and sustainable energy storage system for use in rural areas. Video abstract: https://youtu.be/VuyEvHRY7W8

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Kronebrant, Mattias. "Cost comparison of solar home systems and PV micro-grid : The influence of inter-class diversity." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-33997.

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Nearly one fifth of the global population lacks access to electricity and electricity access is essential for economic growth and human well-being. SHSs and micro-grids both have the possibility of increasing the electricity access in developing countries. The decision to choose either SHSs or micro-grids for rural electrification is a complex task that must consider both the technological factors that separate these two systems and the non-technological factors. Separate times of peak load between households (inter-class diversity) has shown to be one major advantage for the use of micro-grids. Studies have shown that the diversity factor present in micro-grids can scale down the necessary capacity of PV modules and energy storage of up to 80%, in comparison to stand-alone systems (e.g. SHSs). These reductions are nevertheless based on assumed diversity factors, not using real load profiles and the necessary capacities are calculated using intuitive methods (known to be inexact). From interviews in a rural community of Nicaragua, the author generated load profiles and determined the diversity factor of the community. The load profiles were generated with a specially designed software to formulate realistic load profiles for off-grid consumers in rural areas. These load profiles were later used in the software HOMER where the diversity’s influence on required capacity and NPC were determined by comparing SHSs to a PV based micro-grid. The study showed that the required capacity and NPC of the inverter and charge controller are clearly decreased as an influence of inter-class diversity. The required PV and battery capacity are also decreased when a micro-grid is utilized, but these reductions are most likely a result from the limited nominal power per component considered in HOMER.
Nästan en femtedel av världens befolkning saknar tillgång till elektricitet. Nicaragua är ett av de länder där en stor del av befolkningen saknar eltillgång och det gäller speciellt hushållen på landsbygden. Utbyggnader av elnätet till dessa områden är ofta låg-prioriterade på grund av höga kostnader för att tillgodose ett många gånger lågt energi och effektbehov. En alternativ lösning för att ge dessa hushåll tillgång till elektricitet är att använda off-grid system, system frikopplade från det nationella elnätet. Två vanligt förekommande off-grid system är solar home systems (SHSs) och micro-grids. Det faktum att flera hushåll ofta använder sin toppeffekt vid olika tillfällen (sammanlagring av effekt) har visat sig vara till stor fördel för micro-grids. Tidigare studier har visat att sammanlagringsfaktorn i ett micro-grid kan reducera nödvändig kapacitet av solceller och energilager upp till 80%, i jämförelse med enskilda system (t.ex. SHSs). Dessa studier bygger dock på antagna sammanlagringsfaktorer, overkliga lastprofiler och nödvändig kapacitet beräknas med intuitiva metoder. Med data från intervjuer i ett landsbygdssamhälle i Nicaragua skapas lastprofiler och en sammanlagringsfaktor beräknas för samhället. Lastprofilerna skapas i en programvara utvecklad för att formulera realistiska lastprofiler för off-grid konsumenter i landsbygdsområden. Lastprofilerna används senare i programvaran HOMER där sammanlagringens påverkan på nödvändig kapacitet och kostnad undersöks genom en jämförelse mellan SHSs och ett solcellsdrivet micro-grid. Studien visar att nödvändig kapacitet och nuvärdeskostnad för växelriktare och laddningsregulator tydligt minskar till följd av sammanlagring. Nödvändig kapacitet på solceller och batterier minskar också när ett micro-grid används. Dock beror detta med stor sannolikhet inte på sammanlagring utan är ett resultat från de begränsade märkeffekter på komponenter som användes i HOMER.

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Hjalmarsson, Tobias. "Dimensionering & simulering av ett PV-system för en eldriven båt." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap och fysik (from 2013), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-84790.

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The thesis work presented in this report is a sub-project carried out in collaboration with Glava Energy Center and reports on the development of a PV system for the electric boat Bowter. In the report, an energy analysis was performed where solar irradiance in different planes was studied and analyzed. Opportunities to increase the number of solar cells based on the boat's design were investigated, where the boat's horizontal swim platform and vertical sides were determined to be the areas that were suitable for placement. Proposals for configurations of the PV system were sized and the expected amount of generated energy and charge capacity were calculated. According to calculations the proposed system would on average generate between 1.06–2.22kWh of energy per day and cost around SEK 10,000. The energy analysis showed that solar cells placed at an angle of 30–40 ° could on average generate between 20–43 percent more energy and charge than the chosen vertical placement. With the boat's current design without any possibilities for placing solar cells in an inclined plane, this potential amount of energy is lost. Practical measurements of energy via reflections from the water surface show no convincing signs of compensating for this amount of lost energy. Simulations of the proposed system were carried out and compared with the calculated average, which showed that one could count on about 25 percent more energy in clear conditions and 76 percent less energy in harsh weather conditions with long-lasting and overcast clouds. From the results, it was concluded that the most practical alternative for maximum system power is to enable the placement of additional solar cells in a horizontal plane via e.g. a roof section and in that way obtain a more reliable and predictable result that would be both more efficient and economically advantageous in comparison with the proposed system.
Examensarbetet som presenteras i denna rapport är ett delprojekt utfört i samarbete med Glava Energy Center och redovisar framtagningen av ett PV-system för den eldrivna båten Bowter. I rapporten utfördes en energianalys där solinstrålning i olika plan studerades och analyserades. Möjligheter att utöka antalet solceller baserat på båtens design undersöktes, där båtens horisontella badbrygga samt vertikala långsidor bedömdes vara de ytor som var lämpliga för placering. Förslag på konfigurationer av PV-systemet dimensionerades och den förväntade mängden genererad energi och laddning beräknades. Systemet som togs fram skulle enligt beräkningar i genomsnitt generera mellan 1,06–2,22kWh energi per dag och kosta omkring tio tusen kronor. Energianalysen visade att solceller placerade i 30–40° lutning i genomsnitt skulle kunna generera mellan 20–43 procent mer energi och laddning än den valda vertikala placeringen. Med båtens nuvarande design utan några möjligheter för placering av solceller i lutande plan går därmed denna potentiella mängd energi förlorad. Praktiska mätningar av energi via reflektioner från vattenytan visar heller inga övertygande tecken på att rädda upp för denna mängd förlorad energi. Simuleringar av det framtagna systemet genomfördes och jämfördes med det beräknade genomsnittet, vilket visade att man skulle kunna förvänta sig cirka 25 procent mer energi under klara förhållanden och 76 procent mindre energi under svåra väderförhållanden med långvariga och heltäckande moln. Av resultaten drogs slutsatsen att det mest praktiska alternativet för maximal systemeffekt är att möjliggöra placering av fler solceller i horisontellt plan via t.ex. en takdel och på den vägen erhålla ett mer pålitligt och förutsägbart resultat som både skulle vara mer effektivt samt ekonomiskt fördelaktigt i jämförelse med det framtagna systemet.

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Alayan, Sophia. "Design of a PV-Diesel Hybrid System with Unreliable Grid Connection in Lebanon." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-24465.

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This thesis is a study on integration of photovoltaic generators into an existing diesel-unreliable grid connected system at the Lebanese village of Khiam. The main goal of implementing PV-diesel hybrid system is to reduce diesel consumption and the import of fossil fuel used in electricity power supply. Before designing the system, it is necessary to create a load profile for 120 households and pre-design the size of the PV generator, the capacity of storage system and inverter type/size selection. The load profile data is based on the average of monthly energy consumption gathered from Khiam village households. Detailed simulations and financial analysis are performed with HOMER to compare different systems and their viability. The simulations include four different designs starting from the existing system, diesel generator with unreliable grid, followed by PV generator and unreliable grid, PV and diesel generator and ended with the complete hybrid system. Once the Hybrid system is determined a detailed design is done to optimize the lowest cost PV-diesel hybrid system. The final simulated PV-diesel hybrid system is suggested with a PV capacity of 270 kWp, existing diesel capacity with 200 kVA, an inverter output of 115 kW and battery bank nominal capacity is 1872 kWh. The system renewable fraction is 53% and the project life cycle is 25 years. The PV-diesel hybrid system is projected to produce electricity at a cost of 0.12 USD/kWh. This cost is significantly lower than the 0.26 USD/kWh paid to the diesel operator, as well as lower than 0.13 USD/kWh paid to the utility grid. In addition, and according to the given information from the owner, an estimated diesel consumption of 104000 ltr/year, the simulation result shows diesel consumption at 40000 ltr/year. The reduced carbon dioxide production by 65%, from 776 to 272 tons per year, provides further justification for the PV installation in a commercial PV-diesel hybrid system.

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