Статті в журналах: "Solar Mirrors"

1

Liu, Xueqing, Song Yue, Luyi Lu, and Jianlan Li. "Study on Dust Deposition Mechanics on Solar Mirrors in a Solar Power Plant." Energies 12, no. 23 (November 29, 2019): 4550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234550.

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Solar energy is considered to be one of most promising renewable energy sources because of its availability and cleanliness. The phenomenon of dust deposition on solar mirrors greatly reduces the power generation of solar power plants. In this work, the motion behaviors and deposition mechanics of dust particles are analyzed by the discrete element method (DEM). The effects of environmental and solar mirror conditions and particle self-factors on dust deposition weight are systematically studied here. The research results show that dust particles, after particle collision, immediately adhere to the mirror or rebound and finally flow away from the mirror, or they otherwise may remain stationary after making some relative motion. Alternatively, they may glide for some distance and finally come to rest on the mirror or leave from the system. Different motion behaviors after particle collision depend on different leading forces. Here, the leading forces are the liquid bridge force (Fc) and the contact force (Fb). When the leading forces are Fc, or Fc, and Fb, the dust particles will be deposited on the solar mirror. Besides, the force Fc cannot be negligible when studying the motion processes of dust particles. The dust deposition weight on solar mirrors can be controlled by altering the environmental and solar mirror conditions, and particle self-factors. In essence, dust deposition weight on solar mirrors decreases when decreasing the leading force Fc or increasing the leading force Fb. The research results give theoretical guidance for the prevention and removal of dust deposition on solar mirrors.

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2

Mardwianta, Benedictus, Abdul Haris Subarjo, and Rivaldi Dwi Cahyadi. "Studi Ekperimental Penambahan Reflektor Datar Pada Kompor Tenaga Surya Tipe Parabolic." JURNAL SURYA ENERGY 6, no. 1 (April 11, 2022): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32502/jse.v6i1.3753.

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Community needs to meet electrical energy are increasing. This increasing need has not been matched by the supply of energy. Currently, the main supply of energy comes from non-renewable fossils. To maintain energy reselliance, it is necessary to find alternative energy sources, one of which comes from solar energy. In this research, a parabolic solar cooker was made using autodesk and then tested the prototype solar cooker without additional mirrors, one additional mirror, and two mirrors. At the end of the study an analysis was carried out. The energy efficiency results obtained on a parabolic type solar stove without the addition of a flat mirror is 3.19% with an average stove power of 22.33 watts. The energy efficiency obtained on a parabolic type solar stove with the addition of two flat mirrors is 4.87% with an average stove power of 26.01 watts.

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3

Diver, Richard B., and Timothy A. Moss. "Practical Field Alignment of Parabolic Trough Solar Concentrators." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 129, no. 2 (June 5, 2006): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2710496.

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In this paper a new technique for parabolic trough mirror alignment based on the use of an innovative theoretical overlay photographic (TOP) approach is described. The technique is a variation on methods used to align mirrors on parabolic dish systems. It involves overlaying theoretical images of the heat collection element (HCE) in the mirrors onto carefully surveyed photographic images and adjustment of mirror alignment until they match. From basic geometric principles, for any given viewer location the theoretical shape and location of the reflected HCE image in the aligned mirrors can be predicted. The TOP approach promises to be practical and straightforward, and inherently aligns the mirrors to the HCE. Alignment of an LS-2 mirror module on the rotating platform at the National Solar Thermal Test Facility (NSTTF) with the TOP technique along with how it might be implemented in a large solar field is described. Comparison of the TOP alignment to the distant observer approach on the NSTTF LS-2 is presented and the governing equations used to draw the theoretical overlays are developed. Alignment uncertainty associated with this technique is predicted to be less than the mirror slope error.

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4

Groulx, Dominic, and Benjamin Sponagle. "RAY-TRACING ANALYSIS OF A TWO-STAGE SOLAR CONCENTRATOR." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 34, no. 2 (June 2010): 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2010-0016.

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A ray-tracing analysis was conducted on a 2-stage solar concentrator made of two parabolic mirrors created by Lunenburg Industrial Foundry & Engineering (LIFE). The effects of the secondary mirror’s focal length, the distance between the secondary mirror and the target, and the misalignment with the sun were studied. The focal length of the secondary mirror determines the maximum local solar energy flux Φ that can be achieve on the target. For the optimal focal length of 157.9ʺ, a maximum Φ = 1.2 x 104 MW/m2 was achieve compare to Φ = 1680 MW/m2 for the initial LIFE’s focal length of 158.8125ʺ. The concentrator concentrates all the incident energy from the sun on the target, and that independently of the secondary mirror’s focal length (within the range studied), as long as the target position is within an 11 cm zone. Small misalignments in the order of ±0.2° would bring the concentration efficiency to zero.

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5

Cano-Nogueras, Javier, Javier Muñoz-Antón, and José M. Martinez-Val. "A New Thermal-Solar Field Configuration: The Rotatory Fresnel Collector or Sundial." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 4139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144139.

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A new type of Fresnel array has been devised and constructed as an answer to the need to reduce the investment costs of solar thermal collectors, without jeopardizing their efficiency in capturing solar radiation at high temperatures. The array of mirror bands is fixed onto a horizontal platform, which rotates around a virtual vertical axis, so that the sun is in the extrapolated vertical plane of symmetry of the array. The receptor central line is also placed in said plane, and it is physically made of at least one tube at each side of the plane. The geometrical relation between the mirrors and the receptor is therefore fixed. The platform rotates with the same speed as that of the sunlight’s azimuthal component. On the contrary, the angle of incidence of the sunlight on the mirrors changes as the sun rises and declines in its daily apparent motion, but this effect does not disturb the radiation concentration kinematics, although it induces a shift along the receptor. This is a new configuration based on the use of simple and cheap flat mirrors to obtain circular cylindrical mirrors. These mirrors are made of originally flat mirrors that are bent by applying an inexpensive and simple bending technique patented by our research group. The radius of curvature of each mirror is tuned to the distance from the mirror to the receiver central line. The integration of different scientific domains (such as structural analysis) and elementary technologies (such as 3D printing) in this innovative solar radiation concentrator and receiver can lead to a large reduction in costs. Nevertheless, the first experimental campaign has shown additional problems in the receiver configuration, which should be addressed in a next stage of research. This paper explains the methodology used and procedures in the development of the first prototype of the Sundial.

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6

Alpert, D. J., and R. M. Houser. "Evaluation of the Optical Perfomance of a Prototype Stretched-Membrane Mirror Module for Solar Central Receivers." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 111, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268285.

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The United States Department of Energy’s solar thermal program is testing an innovative concept for the heliostats used in a solar central-receiver power plant: replacing the familiar glass mirrors with stretched-membrance reflectors. Because of their simplicity and lighter weight, heliostats using membrane reflectors have the potential to cost significantly less than glass-mirror heliostats. To assess the optical performance of these new heliostats, a 50m2 prototype mirror module, representative of a commercial scale design, was built and installed for testing at the Central Receiver Test Facility. The results of the testing program are presented, including the optical performance of the stretched-membrane mirror, the performance of the mirror’s focus control system in windy conditions, the performance of the defocus system, and the durability of the reflective film.

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7

Rinco´n, Eduardo A., and Fidel A. Osorio. "A New Troughlike Nonimaging Solar Concentrator." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 124, no. 1 (June 1, 2001): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1435650.

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A new two-dimensional concentrator for solar energy collection has been developed. The concentrator has the following advantages, when compared with the classic Compound Parabolic Concentrators invented by Roland Winston, W. T. Welford, A. Rabl, Baranov, and other researchers: 1) It allows the use of parabolic mirrors, which have a reflecting area much smaller for a given concentration ratio and acceptance angle. 2) Between the mirror and the absorber, there is a large gap so that conduction losses are reduced. Convection losses can be reduced, too, if the absorber is enclosed within a glass tube. 3) It can be easily manufactured. Instead of seeking the shape of the mirrors for a given shape of the absorber, we have made the inverse statement of the problem, and we have obtained the optimal shapes of the absorbers with a prescribed acceptance angle, for parabolic mirrors, assuming that the intercept factor is unity, the mirrors are perfect, and the absorber surfaces are convex. The concentrator should be east-west oriented, and could be seasonal or monthly tilt adjusted. This concentrator could have many practical applications, such as fluid heating, steam generation, etc.

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8

Cheng, Ying, Feng Zhou Fang, Xiao Dong Zhang, and Xiao Tang Hu. "Design and Fabrication of Composite Solar Concentrator." Key Engineering Materials 447-448 (September 2010): 366–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.447-448.366.

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The solar concentrator is the primary means of solving the contradiction between cost and photoelectric conversion efficiency. The design and fabrication of concentrator are the key techniques to accelerate the application of photovoltaic systems. A novel type of composite concentrator is designed, including two mirrors and one planar lens. The primary mirror focuses the sunlight on the secondary condenser, which is one multi-segmented cone mirror to produce homogenization on the solar cell. The selection strategy of structure parameters is analyzed by the numerical calculation methods. The concentration ratio and homogenization on the receiving surface are also obtained using the optical simulation method. The designed mirrors are fabricated by the ultra-precision turning method, and then assembled according to the location parameters designed. The proposed methods are proved to be satisfied with the solar application efficiently by the experiments.

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9

Kisara, Katsuto, Kazuyuki Suzuki, Toichiro Ishikawa, Kazuhisa Fujita, and Hiroshi Masumoto. "Prototype Design and Evaluation of Lightweight Mirror and Wavelength Selective Filter for Space Solar Power Systems." Materials Science Forum 631-632 (October 2009): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.631-632.519.

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The large scale SSPS (Space Solar Power System) needs large reflection mirrors for sunlight concentration. To use film mirror in space, the mirror must have lightweight structures and resistive to harsh space environment. The wavelength selective filter to avoid heat is a dielectric multilayer film which has FGM structure. In this article, we will report the development of a lightweight wavelength selective mirror and wavelength selection on the solar light excitation laser.

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10

Gomaa, Mohamed, Ramadan Mustafa, Hegazy Rezk, Mujahed Al-Dhaifallah, and A. Al-Salaymeh. "Sizing Methodology of a Multi-Mirror Solar Concentrated Hybrid PV/Thermal System." Energies 11, no. 12 (November 23, 2018): 3276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123276.

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The use of a concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) system significantly reduces the required solar cell area that often accounts for the major cost of a PV solar system. A comprehensive performance analysis of a multi-mirror solar concentrated hybrid PV thermal (CPVT) system was conducted. Among different concentrating systems, Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR) systems are more effective due to their simplicity of operation and low fabrication cost. A mathematical model and the simulation of a CPVT system employing a linear configuration and horizontal absorber is developed here in order to evaluate its performance parameters, using a FORTRAN programing technique. The concentrator system consists of, different width of flat glass mirrors placed under various inclination angles, focusing sunlight on to the PV solar cells mounted along the active cooling system. The effect of focus distance on concentration ratio, collector width, and heat gained by the coolant fluid are investigated. All parameters of the linear Fresnel reflector solar concentrator system are determined and the effect of cooling mass flow rate and cooling inlet temperature upon the system performance is evaluated. With regards to simulation results obtained via the focus distances, the width of mirrors decreased by increasing the number of mirrors, and in turn by increasing the focus distances, this resulted in an increase in CR values. For the specific number of mirrors, concentration ratio increased simultaneously increasing the focus distance; furthermore, increasing the number of mirrors resulted in a reduction in both the width of the mirrors and their inclination angles, and an increase in CR values. The results further confirmed that the total (combined electrical-thermal) efficiency is higher than that of the individual electrical as well as thermal efficiency; reaching approximately 80% and showed no sensitivity to the rises in cooling water temperature for temperature cases under consideration.

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11

Thesiya, Dignesh, A. R. Srinivas, and Piyush Shukla. "A Novel Lateral Deployment Mechanism for Segmented Mirror/Solar Panel of Space Telescope." Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation 04, no. 03n04 (December 2015): 1550006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251171715500063.

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Space telescopes require large aperture primary mirrors to capture High Definition (HD) ground image while orbiting around the Earth. Fairing Volume of launch vehicles is limited and thus the size of monolithic mirror is limited to fairing size and solar panels are arranged within a petal formation in order to provide a greater power to volume ratio. This generates need for deployable mirrors for space use. This brings out a method for designing new deployment mechanism for segmented mirror. Details of mechanism folding strategy, design of components, FE simulations, realization and Lab model validation results are discussed in order to demonstrate the design using prototype.

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12

Yaseen. H. Mahmood, Auatf S. Jassim, and Farah N. Hamed. "Design and fabrication of Solar dish array and study it characterization." Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 22, no. 11 (February 3, 2023): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v22i11.920.

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Designed and fabricated a (3.25m) solar dish array ,by using (52) plane mirror. These mirrors are level and fixed to reflect the radiation in one area (focus) and after distance (1.5 m). In addition, it was found that the heat concentration (217.79 W) the useful energy (1416.125W) and the center efficiency were55% at (400-700W/m2). The solar dish array is relatively suitable for solar thermal applications.

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13

Castaldo, Anna, Emilia Gambale, and Giuseppe Vitiello. "Aluminium Nitride Doping for Solar Mirrors Self-Cleaning Coatings." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 14, 2021): 6668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206668.

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Soiling severely reduces solar mirror performance, requiring dispendious water consumption for cleaning operations and causing an increase in the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). An emerging technology for facing this problem consists of developing transparent self-cleaning coatings, able to be washed with a small amount of water by virtue of the modulation of surficial wetting properties. Nevertheless, the beneficial effects of coatings decrease in the first year, and coated mirrors show even higher soiling than non-coated ones. Moreover, it is important that coating production processes are economically convenient, consistent with the intended reduction of overall costs. The aim of this work is the research and development of a cheap and scalable solution, compatible with mirror fabrication steps and, in such a sense, economically advantageous. It involves the substitution of the alumina last layer of solar mirrors with more hydrophobic, potentially auxetic aluminum compounds, such as nitrides. In particular, 2D inorganic aluminum nitride thin films doped with metals (such as aluminum and silver) and non-metals have been fabricated by means of reactive sputtering deposition and characterized for the purpose of studying their self-cleaning behavior, finding a trade-off between wetting properties, optical clarity, and stability.

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14

Fontani, D., P. Sansoni, F. Francini, and D. Jafrancesco. "Optical control for solar mirrors." Optics and Lasers in Engineering 150 (March 2022): 106835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2021.106835.

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15

Budiyanto, Budiyanto, and Fadliondi Fadliondi. "The Improvement of Solar Cell Output Power Using Cooling and Reflection from Mirror." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 1320. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v8.i3.pp1320-1326.

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This paper explains the experimental investigation to improve the output power of solar cell using cooling and light reflection from mirrors. The results show that by adding mirror, the current and output power of solar cell increase but the open circuit voltage and maximum power voltage decrease due to heat. By adding cooling, the open circuit voltage and the maximum power voltage are improved, so the output power also increases.

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16

Siregar, Yulianta, Mai Kai Suan Tial, Yopi Fernando Soarez Purba, Suherman Suherman, and Soeharwinto Soeharwinto. "Design of solar cell using mirror, cooling, double axis, and solar tracking." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 28, no. 3 (October 7, 2022): 1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v28.i3.pp1297-1308.

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Fossil energy sources are dwindling. It is necessary to develop alternative energy sources for future energy. The solar cell is an alternative energy that can be used in Indonesia. The current challenge is utilizing solar panels for the best possible power production. This research gives the solution to design an increase in solar cell output power by using mirrors, cooling, and a double-axis solar tracking control system. The results show that using a mirror, cooling, and double-axis solar tracking produces optimal output power with a current and power are 2.43 amperes and 40.3 watts, respectively. Meanwhile, several factors can affect this solar panel's efficiency. Specifically, the amount of solar radiation that the solar panel can receive depends on the climate on the day and location of the research and the solar panel's dimensions.

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17

Huang, Weidong, Fei Shen, Lulening Sun, and Chenggang Zong. "Performance Prediction and Optimization of Multi-Mirror Combined Solar Dish Collector." Applied Sciences 12, no. 5 (February 24, 2022): 2347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12052347.

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An analytical method to calculate and optimize the performance of a multi-mirror combined solar dish collector is proposed in this work. It is based on the method of directly calculating the optical efficiency of a reflecting point, which can consider the influence of many factors. The distribution of the reflected solar intensity is obtained by the convolution of the actual solar intensity distribution and Gaussian distribution of the optical error. Then, the optical efficiency for a single mirror is calculated through integration over the total area of the mirror, and the method is validated by the SolTrace code. It is a rather quick method that reduces the amount of calculation and keeps high accuracy. The heat loss per unit area for the cavity receiver is assumed to be constant at a definite operation temperature for performance analysis and optimization. Taking a 62.25 m2 combined dish system with 249 square spherical mirrors as an example, the effects of system focal length, open radius of receiver, optical error, and focal length of the mirror on the system intercept factor and efficiency are studied. An optimization model is developed for maximizing the annual average net thermal efficiency. If the mirrors used have the same focal length for reducing the manufacture cost, when the optical error is 2 mrad, the net thermal efficiency and the intercept factor of the optimized system are 85.87% and 98.60%, respectively, while the concentration ratio is about 2000.

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18

Suyitno, Budhi Muliawan, La Ode Mohammad Firman, Erlanda Augupta Pane, Mohamed Ibrahim Kriba, and Ismail Ismail. "Analysis of Solar Power Plants with the Combination Systems of PV Module-Reflective Mirror." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS AND CONTROL 17 (April 19, 2022): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23203.2022.17.19.

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Solar energy is a combination of light and heat produced by the sun, where this energy is utilized by humans through solar collector technology consisting of PV modules to be converted into electrical energy. The development of PV module technology is carried out to improve its performance, where one of these technologies uses a reflecting mirror to increase the amount of sun radiation captured by the surface of the PV module. This research method uses performance analysis of the utilization of reflector mirrors added to the PV module system by using two different cases, among others are the use of two and four mirrors along the sides of the PV module. The results showed that the application of four reflective glass can direct the sun's radiation to the surface of the PV module with the amount of radiation intention doubled. This result is a kind of technology that gives us a good result to utilize it in building the solar power plant.

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19

Resch, Alois, and Robert Höller. "Optical Modelling of a Linear Fresnel Concentrator for the Development of a Spectral Splitting Concentrating Photovoltaic Thermal Receiver." Energies 16, no. 14 (July 14, 2023): 5373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16145373.

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Concentrating photovoltaic thermal (CPVT) solar collectors can be regarded as a promising technology, as they are capable of providing renewable electricity and industrial heat simultaneously. The development of a novel CPVT receiver for a linear Fresnel concentrator requires detailed knowledge about the optical performance of the utilised mirror field. Therefore, this paper presents a generic optical model for such concentrating solar systems. The model was developed in MATLAB™ and calculates the sun’s position depending on the location, date and time. The subsequent geometrical computation of each mirror stripe angle is the basis for the detailed consideration of internal shading mechanisms that are typical for Fresnel mirror concentrators. Furthermore, the cosine losses are determined separately for each mirror. The outcomes of the developed model comprise the optical performance parameters of the considered Fresnel mirror field, such as the geometric efficiency, resulting irradiance in the receiver input plane, expected width of the focus image, concentration factor and total radiant flux impinging the receiver. Due to the chosen design of the model, its application is not limited to a particular kind of Fresnel concentrator. By contrast, all geometric parameters, such as the number of mirrors, the dimensions of the mirrors and the receiver, among others, can be freely adjusted.

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Rostami, Mohsen, Nima Talebzadeh, and Paul G. O’Brien. "Transparent Photonic Crystal Heat Mirrors for Solar Thermal Applications." Energies 13, no. 6 (March 20, 2020): 1464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13061464.

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Numerical calculations are performed to determine the potential of using one-dimensional transparent photonic crystal heat mirrors (TPCHMs) as transparent coatings for solar receivers. At relatively low operating temperatures of 500 K, the TPCHMs investigated herein do not provide a significant advantage over conventional transparent heat mirrors that are made using transparent conducting oxide films. However, the results show that TPCHMs can enhance the performance of transparent solar receiver covers at higher operating temperatures. At 1000 K, the amount of radiation reflected by a transparent cover back to the receiver can be increased from 40.4% to 60.0%, without compromising the transmittance of solar radiation through the cover, by using a TPCHM in the place of a conventional transparent mirror with a In2O3:Sn film. For a receiver operating temperature of 1500 K, the amount of radiation reflected back to the receiver can be increased from 25.7% for a cover that is coated with a In2O3:Sn film to 57.6% for a cover with a TPCHM. The TPCHM that is presented in this work might be useful for high-temperature applications where high-performance is required over a relatively small area, such as the cover for evacuated receivers or volumetric receivers in Sterling engines.

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Patiño-Jiménez, Felipe, Yuri Nahmad-Molinari, Víctor Iván Moreno-Oliva, Fátima De Los Santos-García, and Agustin Santiago-Alvarado. "Construction and Optical Testing of Inflatable Membrane Mirror Using Structured Light Technique." International Journal of Photoenergy 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/196186.

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Construction and characterization of an inflatable mirror prototype made out of flexible polymeric membranes are being presented. Surfaces were curved by imposing a slight excess of air pressure. Lightweighted, lowcost, and commercially available materials were selected in order to produce solar concentration elements at competitive prices. In this sense, large-area, image-forming mirrors with low optical acuity were achieved by concentration purposes. Optical characterization of the mirror’s shape at a given pressure or curvature radius was done by means of a structuredlight technique with a resolution of 0.1 mm finding a conical shape acquired by the inflated mirror as the best approximation. Concentration ratio achieved for a focal length of 5068 mm was of 25.1 suns, making a promising approach for lowering initial investment costs in applications such as hot-water, parabolic dish with Stirling engines, or concentrated photovoltaic electricity generation.

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Pinello, Lucio, Massimo Fossati, Marco Giglio, Francesco Cadini, Carla Bevilacqua, Mario Cilento, Fulvio Bassetti, and Raffaello Magaldi. "Structural Performance-Based Design Optimisation of a Secondary Mirror for a Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Plant." Energies 16, no. 16 (August 16, 2023): 6000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16166000.

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Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plants use mirrors to reflect and concentrate sunlight onto a receiver, to heat a fluid and store thermal energy, at high temperature and energy density, to produce dispatchable heat and/or electricity. The secondary mirror is a critical component in the optical system of certain Solar Power Tower plants (SPT), as it redirects the concentrated sunlight from the primary mirror onto the receiver, which can be arranged at ground level. In this study, we propose a design optimisation for the secondary mirror of a CSP plant. The design optimisation method consists of two steps. The first step involves the use of the finite element simulation software Abaqus 2022 to analyse the structural performance of the secondary mirror under thermal loads and wind. The second step consists of the use of simulation results to identify the combination of design parameters and best performances, with respect to both design constraints and structural safety. This is carried out by developing an algorithm that selects those configurations which satisfy the constraints by using safety coefficients. The proposed optimisation method is applied to the design of a potential configuration of a secondary mirror for the beam-down of the CSP Magaldi STEM® technology, although the methodology can be extended to other components of CSP plants, such as primary mirrors and receivers, to further enhance the structural performance of these systems.

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Kennedy, C. E., and K. Terwilliger. "Optical Durability of Candidate Solar Reflectors." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 127, no. 2 (April 25, 2005): 262–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1861926.

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Concentrating solar power (CSP) technologies use large mirrors to collect sunlight to convert thermal energy to electricity. The viability of CSP systems requires the development of advanced reflector materials that are low in cost and maintain high specular reflectance for extended lifetimes under severe outdoor environments. The long-standing goals for a solar reflector are specular reflectance above 90% into a 4 mrad half-cone angle for at least 10 years outdoors with a cost of less than $13.8/m2 (the 1992 $10.8/m2 goal corrected for inflation to 2002 dollars) when manufactured in large volumes. Durability testing of a variety of candidate solar reflector materials at outdoor test sites and in laboratory accelerated weathering chambers is the main activity within the Advanced Materials task of the CSP Program at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Golden, Colorado. Test results to date for several candidate solar reflector materials will be presented. These include the optical durability of thin glass, thick glass, aluminized reflectors, front-surface mirrors, and silvered polymer mirrors. The development, performance, and durability of these materials will be discussed. Based on accelerated exposure testing the glass, silvered polymer, and front-surface mirrors may meet the 10 year lifetime goals, but at this time because of significant process changes none of the commercially available solar reflectors and advanced solar reflectors have demonstrated the 10 year or more aggressive 20 year lifetime goal.

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Wette, Johannes, Aránzazu Fernández-García, Florian Sutter, Francisco Buendía-Martínez, David Argüelles-Arízcun, Itziar Azpitarte, and Gema Pérez. "Water Saving in CSP Plants by a Novel Hydrophilic Anti-Soiling Coating for Solar Reflectors." Coatings 9, no. 11 (November 7, 2019): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9110739.

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In this work, results of the outdoor exposure campaign of a newly developed hydrophilic anti-soiling coating for concentrated solar thermal power (CSP) mirrors are presented. The material was exposed for nearly two years under realistic outdoor conditions and the influence of two different cleaning techniques was evaluated. Mirror samples were analyzed during exposure and their reflectance and cleanliness were measured. The performance of the anti-soiling coated mirror samples was compared to conventional uncoated silvered-glass mirrors. The coatings showed appropriate anti-soiling and easy-to-clean behavior, with a mean cleanliness gain of 1 pp and maximum values under strong soiling conditions of up to over 7 pp. Cleanliness of the coated samples stayed higher throughout the whole campaign before and after cleaning, resulting in lower soiling rate compared to the reference material. Taking into account these values and supposing a threshold for cleaning of 96%, the number of cleaning cycles could be decreased by up to 11%. Finally, the coated material showed negligible degradation, not exceeding the degradation detected for the reference material.

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Kolamroudi, Mohammad Karimzadeh, Mustafa Ilkan, Fuat Egelioglu, and Babak Safaei. "Effect of Increasing Solar Radiation Reflected with Mirrors Perpendicularly on the Power Output of Photovoltaic System with Cooling." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1050, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1050/1/012002.

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Abstract Solar energy is one of the most popular renewable energies in the world as solar energy can be easily accessed throughout most places of the world. However, converting solar energy into other sources of energy is not very cheap and numerous efficiency improvements methods are under investigation by researchers around the world. The current study proposes a low concentration photovoltaic system (LCPVS) with 4 mirrors and cooling. The aim of this project was to examine how using mirrors to concentrate solar radiation affects the amount of power generated by solar panels. The mirrors (ranging from 1 to 4) radiated the sun reflection onto the panel with a cooling system. The results obtained from the proposed project were compared to the results collected from the normal panel without concentration to measure the differences which revealed that the proposed system output power was almost three times more than conventional photovoltaic (PV) panel without concentration.

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26

Abidi, M., S. Ben Jabrallah, and J. P. Corriou. "Optimal Design of a Solar Desalination Unit with Heliostats." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5924173.

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The objective is to improve the yield of a solar desalination cell using concentration of solar rays by means of automatically controlled heliostats. The vertical cell is orientated towards the north. It is mainly composed of two plates; the one being heated by the solar rays reflected by the mirrors is used for evaporation of a falling water film; the other one is used for water vapor condensation. Each heliostat consists of an altitude-azimuth mount having two degrees of freedom and supporting a plane mirror. The heliostat permanently follows the sun trajectory and reflects the solar rays on the cell by means of automatic control implemented in a control card based on a microcontroller. Model predictive control allows us to maximize the distilled water production.

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27

Lytvynenko, Yuri M. "De-icing of wind turbine blades by light." Wind Engineering 42, no. 5 (March 12, 2018): 523–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309524x18762691.

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One of the problems of wind energy development is the icing of blades of wind turbines. The devices for melting ice on the surface of blades of wind turbines with the use of external light sources in the form of mirrors, a paraboloid mirror, and a system of projectors are proposed. Simple economical mobile devices use renewable solar energy or a small amount of standard electrical energy.

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28

Kaczor, Zuzanna, Zbigniew Bulinski, and Sebastian Werle. "Numerical studies on capability to focus solar radiation with mirrors of different curvatures." Thermal Science 23, Suppl. 4 (2019): 1153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci19s4153k.

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The article presents the methodology and results of a parametric analysis performed to investigate the effects of changes in the curvature of the solar concentrator mirror on its ability to focus the radiation. Working conditions of the concentrator, i. e. possible values of radiation intensity, were adopted according to irradiance typical for Poland, and, therefore, similar to the conditions in many European countries. The curvatures of examined mirrors were obtained by modification of a parabolic curve. The calculations were conducted for two cases: when the Sun radiation falls completely directly and when it's half diffuse. The 2-D simulations were conducted in ANSYS FLUENT 18.2 software. Discrete ordinates model was employed to simulate radiation phenomenon. Also, a sensitivity analysis was carried on discrete ordinates model parameters and density of the computational mesh. The results allow stating that some of the new curvatures provide only slightly worse focus than the classical parabolic shape, but also show greater insensitivity to the increasing share of diffusive part of radiation. The presented model is a quick and proven tool for testing new curvatures of solar concentrator mirrors.

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29

Putri, Tika Erna, Yuan Hao, Fadzai Lesley Chawarambwa, Hyunwoong Seo, Min Kyu Son, Kunihiro Kamataki, Naho Itagaki, Kazunori Koga, and Masaharu Shiratani. "Effects of Activated Carbon Counter Electrode on Bifacial Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 863–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.863.

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The losses of solar cells are consisted of electrical losses and optical losses. Optical losses chiefly reduce the short-circuit current. Here we apply bifacial cell approach to increase light absorption and the short-circuit current of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). We have employed activated carbon (AC) as a very low cost counter electrode, an alternative to Pt counter electrode. Addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and titanium carbonitride (TiCN) to AC increase the efficiency of bifacial DSSC at a mirror angle of from 5.10% to and , respectively. These results indicate that AC has the potential to replace Pt as a very low cost counter electrode of bifacial DSSCs. The bifacial DSSC system using double plane mirrors improve PCE to for Pt counter electrode at a mirror angle of , and for AC counter electrode at a mirror angle of , respectively.

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30

Feist, Dietrich G., Sabrina G. Arnold, Frank Hase, and Dirk Ponge. "Rugged optical mirrors for Fourier transform spectrometers operated in harsh environments." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 5 (May 31, 2016): 2381–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2381-2016.

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Abstract. The Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) and the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) operate a number of Fourier transform spectrometers (FTSs) that measure trace gases in the atmosphere by observing solar spectra. To guide the sunlight into the FTS, a solar tracker has to be placed outside. This device needs high-quality optical mirrors with good reflectance in the near and mid-infrared.More and more FTS stations are operated in remote locations with harsh environments. Optical mirrors are usually made for laboratory conditions and might not last very long there. At the TCCON site on Ascension Island which is operated by the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), several mirrors from different optical manufacturers were destroyed within weeks.To continue operation, the MPI-BGC had to develop rugged mirrors that could sustain the harsh conditions for months or even years. While commercially available mirrors are typically made from a substrate covered with a thin reflective coating, these rugged mirrors were made from stainless steel with no additional coating. Except for their lower reflectance (which can easily be compensated for), their optical properties are comparable to existing mirrors. However, their rugged design makes them mostly immune to corrosion and scratching. Unlike most coated mirrors, they can also be cleaned easily.

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31

Feist, D. G., S. G. Arnold, F. Hase, and D. Ponge. "Rugged optical mirrors for Fourier-Transform Spectrometers operated in harsh environments." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 8, no. 10 (October 20, 2015): 10711–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-10711-2015.

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Abstract. The Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) and the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) operate a number of Fourier-Transform Spectrometers (FTSs) that measure trace gases in the atmosphere by observing solar spectra. To guide the sunlight into the FTS, a solar tracker has to be placed outside. This device needs high-quality optical mirrors with good reflectivity in the near and mid infrared. More and more FTS stations are operated in remote locations with harsh environments. Optical mirrors are usually made for laboratory conditions and might not last very long there. At the MPI-BGC's TCCON site on Ascension Island, several mirrors from different optical manufacturers were destroyed within weeks. To continue operation, the MPI-BGC had to develop rugged mirrors that could sustain the harsh conditions for months or even years. While commercially available mirrors are typically made from a substrate coverered with a thin reflective coating, these rugged mirrors were made from stainless steel with no additional coating. Except for their lower reflectivity (which can easily be compensated for), their optical properties are comparable to existing mirrors. However, their rugged design makes them mostly immune to corrosion and scratching. Unlike most coated mirrors, they can also be cleaned easily.

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32

Winters, Jeffrey. "The Sunshine Solution." Mechanical Engineering 130, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2008-dec-1.

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This article discusses the innovative programs of Ausra, a solar power company based in Palo Alto, California, to convert sunshine into electricity. The team is trying to use the best tools available to design a renewable energy system that can be put together by largely unskilled labor and do it cheaply enough to be profitable. The paper also highlights that instead of using one parabolic surface, Ausra divides its mirrored reflectors into strips, each of which concentrates light into a set of pipes mounted 40 feet overhead. A single square mile of mirror field like this one near Bakersfield can generate as much as 80 MW. The Ausra manufacturing plant in Las Vegas is a garden-variety factory, using robotic welders and hard-hatted workers to build the trusses that support the mirrors. According to researchers, a look at a solar radiation map of the United States shows that finding sunshine ought not to be a problem. While the eastern half of the country has too many partly cloudy days to make much use of solar thermal power, the Southwest is one of the best locations in the world for it.

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33

Benkaddour, Assia, Hanan Boulaich, and Elhassan Aroudam. "Solar photovoltaic/thermal air collector with mirrors for optimal tilts." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 2273. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i3.pp2273-2284.

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This work is the result of a study of a photovoltaic/thermal air collector that concentrates solar radiation using two mobile mirrors to enhance electrical and thermal energy. The study is made for the site of Tetouan (Morocco) (longitude=-5°, latitude=35.25°) for a daily variation during typical days in May, June, September, and December, days considered as clear sky. To prove the effectiveness of the mirrors on the production of both electrical and thermal energy by the collector, we compared their electrical and thermal efficiency in two cases, without and with mirrors at the optimal positions. We validate the obtained simulation results by comparing them to the results from experimental studies published in the literature, for which a strong agreement was obtained. The model estimates the solar energy received by the hybrid collector during the day, to optimize the performance of the fixed collector, we have searched for the values of the optimal daily tilt angles of the two mirrors which allowed us to enhance the quantity of incoming solar radiation on the collector. The tilt angles depend on the sun’s elevation angle, the azimuth angle for typical days of the year.

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34

Dvoretsky, Alexander T., Alexei A. Zavaliy, Alexander V. Spiridonov, and Igor L. Shubin. "Estimation of Insolation of the Mirror Hall of a Unique Building." Light & Engineering, no. 04-2022 (August 2022): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33383/2021-112.

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For studying of insolation of architectural objects with mirror walls, reflected solar radiation shall be accounted for. Most ways of insolation duration estimation are based on geometry of visible solar path, namely the geometrical model of the process of insolation of a point of Earth surface. This model is the daily cone of sunrays. At the same time, there is a daily cone of reflected sunrays in a point of a reflective surface. Using this model, insolation of a mirror reception hall in a unique building in the Russian South was studied. Geometric modelling has shown that on the floor of the hall of mirrors in some areas there is an addition of three reflected from the faces and the corresponding direct beams of solar radiation. The shots made by means of the thermal camera testo 882 have confirmed reliability of the proposed geometrical model.

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35

Fieducik, Jolanta. "Conversion of solar radiation using parabolic mirrors." Inżynieria Ekologiczna 18, no. 4 (August 1, 2017): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.12912/23920629/74964.

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36

Mazumder, M. K., J. W. Stark, C. Heiling, M. Liu, A. Bernard, M. N. Horenstein, S. Garner, and H. Y. Lin. "Development of Transparent Electrodynamic Screens on Ultrathin Flexible Glass Film Substrates for Retrofitting Solar Panels and Mirrors for Self-Cleaning Function." MRS Advances 1, no. 15 (2016): 1003–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.60.

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ABSTRACTDevelopment of transparent electrodynamic screens (EDS) printed on ultrathin flexible glass film substrates for retrofitting on solar panels and solar mirrors to perform self cleaning function is reviewed. Large-scale solar plants are generally installed in semi-arid and desert areas where dust layers build up on solar collectors causes major energy-yield loss. Maintaining designed plant capacities requires more than 90% reflectivity for CSP mirrors and 90% transmission efficiency for PV modules; solar collectors must therefore be cleaned at a frequency depending on the rate of dust deposition. Scarcity of water in these regions requires a cleaning method that drastically reduces or eliminates water and the associated labor costs for high efficiency operation of large-scale solar plants. An EDS film consists of rows of interdigitated, transparent conducting parallel electrodes embedded within a flexible ultrathin glass film and an optically clear adhesive film used for retrofitting the film on the surface of solar collectors. When phased voltage pulses activate the electrodes, the dust particles are first electrostatically charged, then repelled and removed from the surface of the solar collectors by Coulomb force, restoring transmission efficiency greater than 90%. The electrodes of EDS are either made from silver nanowire or another conductive transparent material printed on a highly transparent, ultrathin (100-μm thick), flexible borosilicate glass film. Applications of different conducting transparent electrodes and methods of printing are reviewed for optimizing self-cleaning function of solar panels and mirrors.

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37

Lu, Yifan, Marco Amabili, Jian Wang, Fei Yang, Honghao Yue, Ye Xu, and Hornsen Tzou. "Active vibration control of a polyvinylidene fluoride laminated membrane plate mirror." Journal of Vibration and Control 25, no. 19-20 (July 11, 2019): 2611–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546319862445.

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Lightweight optical mirrors usually play key roles in aerospace and optical structural systems applied to space telescopes, radars, solar collectors, communication antennas, etc. Due to their high flexibility and low damping properties, external excitations such as orbital maneuver may induce unexpected oscillations and thus reduce their working performance. Active vibration control is therefore essential for the lightweight optical mirror systems. In this spirit, a lightweight mirror structronic system with a linear quadratic optimal controller is presented. The mirror is modeled as a membrane plate with pretension and distributed polyvinylidene fluoride sensors and actuators. The sensing sensitivity of the piezoelectric (PVDF) sensors and the modal actuation factor of the PVDF actuators are derived. The state-space equations are established and the feedback control gains between sensing and control signals are obtained. Sensor and actuator of different shape, size, and position are employed to actively control the first four natural modes of the mirror. The influences of mode order, pretension, and the two weighting factors Q and R on the control performance are also investigated. Analytical results in this paper could guide the design and layout of the PZT sensor and actuator on lightweight membrane plate mirrors.

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38

Guerguer, Mohamed, Sanae Naamane, Zineb Edfouf, Olivier Raccurt, and Hassan Bouaouine. "Chemical Degradation and Color Changes of Paint Protective Coatings Used in Solar Glass Mirrors." Coatings 11, no. 4 (April 19, 2021): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11040476.

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This paper reports a study of the influence of outdoor natural aging on paint coatings applied to the back of three commercial solar glass mirrors (A1, C2, and D2) under two different exposure environments (marine and desert) in Morocco for a period of about three years. The aging assessment was carried out through colorimetric measurements and FTIR-ATR (Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared) analyses of the top coat paints. The obtained results demonstrate that the tested coating system had a high resistance at the desert site. Under the desert environment, no obvious changes to the coating occurred after 350 days. However, at the marine site, some color changes were detected, and the coating got yellow and more matte, especially for mirror A1. FTIR-ATR analyses have indicated many modifications in the intensity of many bonds of infrared spectra especially for paint of this mirror type (A1). This chemical degradation is not only due to UV degradation but also related to many factors, such as humidity, salinity, and rainfall. This finding was concluded after the faster degradation observed on samples exposed at the marine site. The present study confirms the need to use different exposure environments for testing the limits of new protective systems for solar glass mirrors rather than using only the real service conditions. Finally, accelerated tests are necessary for understanding the effect of each degrading parameter and their results should be compared to outdoor tests data for a complete analysis of coatings durability.

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39

Livingston, W. "A 4-meter McMath Telescope for the Infrared." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 154 (1994): 589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s007418090012488x.

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Having no window and a filled aperture, i.e., no occlusion by secondary optics, the all-reflective McMath telescope is a proven IR facility. Beyond about 2 μm, it is diffraction limited, however. Engineering studies show that the McMath building could accommodate an increase to a 4-m aperture with a 6-m alt-azimuth feed, permitting sub-arcsec resolution to 12 μm. The use of cooled, solid aluminum mirrors would eliminate “mirror seeing”, which plagues non-vacuum solar telescopes.

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40

Saadeh, Walaa. "Green Drying of Tomato Slices by Modified Indirect Air Solar Heater." issue 3 3, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.48103/jjeci392020.

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This work aims to utilize the enormous solar energy potential in Jordan in drying agricultural products (Tomato). This study presents a proposed model of the indirect solar dryer with an innovative design by adding mirrors, a nozzle, and a fan to improve the tomato slices' drying process. The effect of these modifications has been investigated. Interestingly, the solar system design reduced the moisture content in these agricultural products to increase shelf life and improve its quality. Moreover, it can be concluded that the addition of nozzles and mirrors improves the solar dryer performance such that higher heat power absorption up to 6.5 kW, higher effectiveness up to 92%, higher drying ratio up to 90%, and reduction in the required drying time by three hours.

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41

Liu, Jing Jing, and Yang Fan. "Studies on Improved Silicon Module for Concentration Photovoltaic System." Advanced Materials Research 629 (December 2012): 536–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.629.536.

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This paper presents the experimental study of an improved PV solar module based on an outdoor point-focus two-axis tracking reflective concentration photovoltaic system in Nanjing. The special improved silicon solar cell was utilized to fabricate the module. Relationship between the concentration ratio and maximum power of the module was illustrated. The results showed that the electricity output was improved by enlarging the illumination on the solar cell through increasing the number of flat-glass mirrors. The optimum performance of concentration photovoltaic system was obtained with 18 mirrors. Nonideal module design and cooling approach may result in the deterioration of silicon module efficiency for higher concentration ratio application.

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42

Sumardiono, Arif, Fadhillah Hazrina, and Arief Syaefulloh. "Perbandingan Nilai Daya Luaran Panel Surya Kapasitas 50Wp Terhadap Posisi Reflektor Cermin Datar." Infotekmesin 14, no. 2 (July 31, 2023): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35970/infotekmesin.v14i2.1913.

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Solar panel systems are widely used to meet energy needs at this time. Solar panels have optimal power for 4 hours, namely 10:00 to 14:00. but this is still said to be not optimal if the angle of the static solar panels does not follow the movement of the sun. This can also be caused by weather factors that are covered in clouds. Previous research conducted by Tri Wahyu Ardianto used mirror reflectors but was not equipped with sensors and data storage. Based on this, to optimize solar panel energy, a flat mirror reflector design for solar panels has been made, equipped with four flat mirror reflectors on each side to form a large square. The solar panel is placed in the middle between the four flat mirrors. In this study, the measurement of electric power was carried out by carrying 3 variable angles for reflector positions, namely 0°, 60°, and 70°. The decision of the three reflector positions is made to find out the ratio of the maximum output power values. This system is also equipped with current, voltage, and light intensity sensors. The results show that the maximum output power of solar panels is shown at the reflector position of 60° with an average power output of 19.70 Watt followed by a reflector position of 70° with an average output power of 19.18 Watt and finally the reflector position is 0° with an average output power value of 14.87 Watt.

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43

d'Ávila, Victor, Eugênio Reis, Jucira Penna, Luiz Carlos Oliveira, Alissandro Coletti, Victor Matias, Alexandre Andrei, and Sergio Boscardin. "The development of the Heliometer of the Observatório Nacional." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5, S264 (August 2009): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921309993176.

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AbstractThe Observatório Nacional at Rio de Janeiro has developed a new heliometer to perform accurate measurements of the solar diameter. The equipment makes use of split parabolic mirrors, rather than split achromatic lenses as objective. In its first campaign this reflector heliometer generated a few thousands of images of the Sun through which we evaluate the precision of the solar diameter measurements as been 5 mas. The mechanical and thermal stability of the instrument is guaranteed by the use of a telescope tube manufactured in carbon fiber. The tube firmly holds the heliometric mirrors and the CCD camera that collects the images. The perfect lodging between the two half-mirrors over its supporting plate defines the angular instrumental separation between the two images of the sun. The heliometric mirrors and supporting plate have been made in ceramic material in order to ensure the stability of the optical configuration and to maintain the two images of the solar disk displaced by a fixed angle in relation to each other. To verify the stability of the instrument we designed the procedures of collimation and comparison. The collimation consists of using the heliometer for measuring the diameter of an artificial solar image specifically created for this purpose. The comparison is performed by measuring the residual unfold of a punctual image after been unfold by two opposed heliometers. The heliometric approach allows the measurement of the solar diameter at any heliolatitude and can be undertaken as often as desired. Computer programs have been developed for automated image acquisition and analysis. The optical and mechanical design has been performed by using 3D computer aided design software.

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44

Napitupulu, Janter, Dewi Sholeha, and Immanuel Munthe. "SOLAR PANEL MODULE OUTPUT ENERGY ANALIYSIS USING FLAT MIRROR." International Journal of Advanced Research 11, no. 01 (January 31, 2023): 1726–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/16198.

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The tool used to convert sunlight into electrical energy and increase the temperature of solar cells is called a Solar Panel.To convert solar energy into electrical energy, photovoltaic modules are needed. One aspect that effects is the intensity of light. One of the influential aspects of the conversion is the light intensity. The intensity of this light is directly proportional to the value of electrical energy. The greater the light intensity, the greater the energy value produced by the panel and vice versamore light intensity, the more electrical energy the solar panel gets and vice versa. The solar panel will be optimal when exposed to direct sunlight. Optimization of electricity value using flat mirrors as reflector expected directly more sunlight radiation falling on to the surface of the photovoltaic panel flat mirror aims to focus light on the photovoltaic panel. The greather the light received by the flat mirror glass, the higher the output power by the output power obtained by the photovoltaic panel. The calculation of the voltage and current of the solar panels is carried out using a digital is multimeter. The result of the study, the increase in the output power of the solar panel is affected by the suns temperature which has an impact on the performance of thephotofoltaic panel where the difference in the output, photovoltaic panel without using a reflector is 2.31.

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45

Meligy, Rowida, Imanol Picallo, Hicham Klaina, Peio Lopez-Iturri, José Javier Astrain, Mohamed Rady, Jesús Villadangos, Ana Alejos, and Francisco Falcone. "Analysis and Design of IoT-Enabled, Low-Cost Distributed Angle Measurement System." Proceedings 42, no. 1 (November 14, 2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-6-06534.

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A Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR) is a recent technology with good potential in small-scale solar power applications. It is composed of many long rows of mirrors that focus the sunlight onto a fixed elevated tubular receiver. Mirror segments are aligned horizontally and track the sun such that the receiver does not need to be moved. The efficiency with which the LFR can convert solar to thermal energy depends on the accuracy of the sun tracking system. To maximize the degree of sunlight capture, precise solar tracking is needed so that incident solar rays can be adequately focused to the focal point given by the location of the tubular receiver. The tilt angles of each row are relevant for the tracking controller to achieve correct positioning. Encoders are generally employed in closed-loop tracking systems as feedback signals used to inform the controller with the actual position of collector mirrors. Recently, inclinometers have begun to replace encoders as the most viable and cost-effective sensor technology solution; they offer simpler and more precise feedback, as they measure the angle of tilt with respect to gravity and provide the ability to adjust the system to the optimal angle for maximum output. This paper presents the research results on the development of remote measurements for the precise control of an LFR tracking system, by using distributed angle measurements. The applied methodology enables precision measurement LFR inclination angles through the fusion of data from multiple accelerometers, supported by low-cost wireless transceivers in a wireless sensor network, capable of exchanging information in a cloud infrastructure.

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46

Ali, M. H., and Ibrahim Isah. "Solar Radiation Concentrators Using Array of Plane Mirrors." IOSR Journal of Applied Physics 6, no. 6 (2014): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/4861-06632932.

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47

Sung, Tae-Kyung, Chung-Sik Lee, Jong-Min Kim, Che-Bong Joung, and Byung-Chul Kim. "Development of Solar Daylighting System Using Parabolic Mirrors." Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering 25, no. 5 (May 10, 2013): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.6110/kjacr.2013.25.5.240.

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48

Miller, Johanna L. "Solar steam generator needs no lenses or mirrors." Physics Today 69, no. 11 (November 2016): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.3.3351.

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49

Ramírez Quiroz, César Omar, Carina Bronnbauer, Ievgen Levchuk, Yi Hou, Christoph J. Brabec, and Karen Forberich. "Coloring Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells via Dielectric Mirrors." ACS Nano 10, no. 5 (April 18, 2016): 5104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b00225.

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50

Zhong, Xiaochun, Yiqun Wu, Shujuan Wang, and Zhiliang Huang. "Deformable mirrors for multi-conjugate solar adaptive optics." Optik 127, no. 2 (January 2016): 981–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2015.10.010.

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