Статті в журналах: "Solar lime"

1

Meier, Anton, Enrico Bonaldi, Gian Mario Cella, and Wojciech Lipinski. "Multitube Rotary Kiln for the Industrial Solar Production of Lime." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 127, no. 3 (April 29, 2005): 386–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1979517.

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We designed and tested a scaleable solar multitube rotary kiln to effect the endothermic calcination reaction CaCO3→CaO+CO2 at above 1300K. The indirect heating 10-kW reactor prototype processes 1-5mm limestone particles, producing high purity lime of any desired reactivity and with a degree of calcination exceeding 98%. The reactor’s efficiency, defined as the enthalpy of the calcination reaction at ambient temperature (3184kJkg−1) divided by the solar energy input, reached 30%–35% for solar flux inputs of about 2000kWm−2 and for quicklime production rates up to 4kgh−1. The use of concentrated solar energy in place of fossil fuels as the source of process heat has the potential of reducing by 20% CO2 emissions in a state-of-the-art lime plant and by 40% in a conventional cement plant.

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2

Muhunthan, N., Om Pal Singh, M. K. Thakur, P. Karthikeyan, Dinesh Singh, M. Saravanan, and V. N. Singh. "Interfacial Properties of CZTS Thin Film Solar Cell." Journal of Solar Energy 2014 (November 26, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/476123.

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Cu-deficient CZTS (copper zinc tin sulfide) thin films were grown on soda lime as well as molybdenum coated soda lime glass by reactive cosputtering. Polycrystalline CZTS film with kesterite structure was produced by annealing it at 500°C in Ar atmosphere. These films were characterized for compositional, structural, surface morphological, optical, and transport properties using energy dispersive X-ray analysis, glancing incidence X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and Hall effect measurement. A CZTS solar cell device having conversion efficiency of ~0.11% has been made by depositing CdS, ZnO, ITO, and Al layers over the CZTS thin film deposited on Mo coated soda lime glass. The series resistance of the device was very high. The interfacial properties of device were characterized by cross-sectional SEM and cross-sectional HRTEM.

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3

Abd El-Kader, Manal, Nahed Yousef, and Soad El-Dessouky. "SOLAR DRYING OF EGYPTIAN LIME FRUITS FOR DOMESTIC USAGE." Journal of Food and Dairy Sciences 32, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 5369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jfds.2007.204321.

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4

Meier, Anton, Enrico Bonaldi, Gian Mario Cella, Wojciech Lipinski, and Daniel Wuillemin. "Solar chemical reactor technology for industrial production of lime." Solar Energy 80, no. 10 (October 2006): 1355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2005.05.017.

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5

Meier, Anton, Nicolas Gremaud, and Aldo Steinfeld. "Economic evaluation of the industrial solar production of lime." Energy Conversion and Management 46, no. 6 (April 2005): 905–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2004.06.005.

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6

Abderrahmane Abene, Rym Ghezlene Seddiki, Aurora Morocini, Rachida Bouallouche, and Richard Guilaume. "The study and analysis of the sustainable and experimental management of the drying of menton lemon using baffle solar collectors." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 6, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 051–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2021.6.1.0089.

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The application of solar drying of lemon by solar air sensors to determine the ideal temperature of the lemon drying air in order to preserve the quality such as the freshness and flavor of the lemon and therefore all the properties of the lemon. lasting way and the freshness of the skin. Fiber rich in white fibers are rich in antioxidants and reduce cholesterol. The lime is not ripe on the other hand, the lemon get ripe. Lime is smaller than a lemon, its bark is green, and it is less juicy but still sour. The fruit that is not ripe can not be dried by the variable baffle solar air sensor.

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7

Hwang, Ji Yong, Chung Wung Bark, and Hyung Wook Choi. "Application of ZnGa2O4:Mn Down-Conversion Layer to Increase the Energy-Conversion Efficiency of Perovskite Solar Cells." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 4362–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.19407.

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The perovskite solar cell is capable of energy conversion in a wide range of wavelengths, from 300 nm to 800 nm, which includes the entire visible region and portions of the ultraviolet and infrared regions. To increase light transmittance of perovskite solar cells and reduce manufacturing cost of perovskite solar cells, soda-lime glass and transparent conducting oxides, such as indium tin oxide and fluorine-doped tin oxide are mainly used as substrates and light-transmitting electrodes, respectively. However, it is evident from the transmittance of soda-lime glass and transparent conductive oxides measured via UV-Vis spectrometry that they absorb all light near and below 310 nm. In this study, a transparent Mn-doped ZnGa2O4 film was fabricated on the incident surface of perovskite solar cells to obtain additional light energy by down-converting 300 nm UV light to 510 nm visible light. We confirmed the improvement of power efficiency by applying a ZnGa2O4:Mn down-conversion layer to perovskite solar cells.

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8

Costa, Cecília Ribeiro Tourino, Marcela Laert Moreira, and Aloysio Portugal Maia Saliba. "Soil stabilization with lime for erosion control in solar plants." REM - International Engineering Journal 74, no. 3 (September 2021): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672020740127.

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9

Tregambi, Claudio, Roberto Solimene, Fabio Montagnaro, Piero Salatino, Milena Marroccoli, Neluta Ibris, and Antonio Telesca. "Solar-driven production of lime for ordinary Portland cement formulation." Solar Energy 173 (October 2018): 759–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.08.018.

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10

Dhere, Ramesh G., Maximilien Bonnet-Eymard, Emilie Charlet, Emmanuelle Peter, Joel N. Duenow, Jian V. Li, Darius Kuciauskas, and Timothy A. Gessert. "CdTe solar cell with industrial Al:ZnO on soda-lime glass." Thin Solid Films 519, no. 21 (August 2011): 7142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2010.11.095.

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11

Suherman, Suherman, Hadiyanto Hadiyanto, Evan Eduard Susanto, Shesar Anis Rahmatullah, and Aditya Rofi Pratama. "Towards an optimal hybrid solar method for lime-drying behavior." Heliyon 6, no. 10 (October 2020): e05356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05356.

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12

Silva-Oelker, Gerardo, and Juliana Jaramillo-Fernandez. "Numerical study of sodalime and PDMS hemisphere photonic structures for radiative cooling of silicon solar cells." Optics Express 30, no. 18 (August 24, 2022): 32965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.466335.

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This paper numerically explores the capability of an all-photonic approach to enhance radiative cooling, UV and sub-bandgap reflection, and light trapping as a path to improve solar cells efficiency. The structure is based on hemispheres and a flat surface placed on a silicon photovoltaic cell. The study considers two materials commonly used in panel covers: soda-lime glass and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). A numerical approach based on the rigorous coupled-wave analysis method and an electrical-thermal model predicts maximum power improvements of 18.1% and 19.7% when using soda-lime and PDMS hemispheres, respectively, as well as a cell’s temperature reduction of 4 °C, compared to a glass encapsulated solar cell.

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13

Hinge, Shruti P., and Aniruddha B. Pandit. "Solar-assisted synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using lime juice: a green approach." Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 4 (August 29, 2017): 045006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2043-6254/aa84e1.

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14

Shao, M., A. Fischer, D. Grecu, U. Jayamaha, E. Bykov, G. Contreras‐Puente, R. G. Bohn, and A. D. Compaan. "Radio‐frequency‐magnetron‐sputtered CdS/CdTe solar cells on soda‐lime glass." Applied Physics Letters 69, no. 20 (November 11, 1996): 3045–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.116834.

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15

Hwang, Ji Yong, II Tae Kim, and Hyung Wook Choi. "Characteristics of Perovskite Solar Cells with ZnGa2O4:Mn Phosphor Mixed Polyvinylidene Fluoride Down-Conversion Layer." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 16, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 855–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2021.3013.

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To reduce the manufacturing cost of perovskite solar cells, soda-lime glass and transparent conducting oxides such as indium tin oxide and fluorine-doped tin oxide are the most widely used substrates and lighttransmitting electrodes. However, the transmittance spectra of soda-lime glass, indium tin oxide, and fluorinedoped tin oxide show that all light near and below 330 nm is absorbed; thus, with the use of these substrates, light energy near and below 330 nm cannot reach the perovskite light-absorbing layer. It is expected that the overall solar cell can be improved if the wavelength can be adjusted to reach the perovskite solar cell absorbing layer through down-conversion of energy in the optical wavelength band. In this study, a polyvinylidene fluoride transparent film mixed with a ZnGa2O4:Mn phosphor was applied to the incident side of the perovskite solar cell with the intent to increase the light conversion efficiency without changing the internal bandgap energy and structure. By adding a phosphor layer to the external surface of PSC exposed to incident light, the efficiency of the cell was increased by the down-conversion of ultraviolet light (290 nm) to the visible region (509 nm) while maintaining the transmittance. To manufacture the perovskite solar cell, a TiO2-based mesoporous electron transport layer was spin-coated onto the substrate. The perovskite layer used in this experiment was CH3NH3PbI3 and was fabricated on a TiO2 layer. Spiro-OMeTAD solution was spin-coated as a hole-transport layer.

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16

Lisbona, Pilar, Manuel Bailera, Thomas Hills, Mark Sceats, Luis I. Díez, and Luis M. Romeo. "Energy consumption minimization for a solar lime calciner operating in a concentrated solar power plant for thermal energy storage." Renewable Energy 156 (August 2020): 1019–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.04.129.

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17

Kolis, Peter, and Margaret Pinnell. "Solar Cooker Glass Failure Analysis." International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering, Humanitarian Engineering and Social Entrepreneurship 4, no. 2 (September 20, 2009): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ijsle.v4i2.2160.

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The failure of a pane of glass from a solar box cooker made and used in Sabana Grande, Nicaragua, was analyzed to determine the cause of failure and to recommend possible solutions. Background research into solar box cookers, the environment in which the failure occurred, characteristics of glass and wood, methods of fractography, and glass cutting tools and methods was carried out. The type of glass used in the solar cooker was unknown, so the observable physical properties, an energy dispersive spectroscopic scan, and thermal analysis of the glass were used to identify the glass as soda-lime glass. The properties of the glass, the conditions of use, and an analysis of the fracture pattern and fracture surfaces were used to determine that the glass had been weakened by cutting processes and that the fracture occurred as a result of thermal stresses. Several recommendations were presented including altering the design of the solar cooker to provide more clearance for the glass panels, incorporating the use of improved glass cutting techniques and sanding the edges of the glass.

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18

Gao, Feng, Tsuyoshi Maeda, and Takahiro Wada. "Fabrication of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cells by printing and high-pressure sintering process." MRS Proceedings 1538 (2013): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.1002.

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ABSTRACTWe fabricated Cu2ZnSn(SxSe1-x)4 (CZTSSe) solar cells by a printing and high-pressure sintering (PHS) process. First, the CZTSSe solid solution powders were synthesized by heating the elemental mixtures at 550oC for 5 h in an N2 gas atmosphere. We fabricated CZTSSe films by a printing and high-pressure sintering (PHS) process. The obtained dense CZTSSe film was post-annealed at 550oC for 10 min under an N2 +5% H2S gas atmosphere. We fabricated CZTSSe solar cells with the device structure of Ag/ITO/i-ZnO/CdS/CZTSSe/Mo/soda-lime glass. The CZTSSe solar cell showed an efficiency of 2.1%, with Voc of 272 mV, Jsc of 18.0 mA/cm2 and FF of 0.44.

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19

Muhammad Amirul Azwan Azmi, Amir Abdul Razak, Muhammad Amir Syahiran Muhammad Tarminzi, Ahmad Fadzil Sharol, Ahmmad Shukrie Md Yudin, and Zafri Azran Abdul Majid. "Hydrodynamics Investigations of Kaffir Lime Leaves Drying in a Swirling Solar Drying Chamber with Inclined Slotted Angle Air Distributor." CFD Letters 15, no. 2 (January 20, 2023): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/cfdl.15.2.7186.

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The present work aims to investigate the behavior of drying kaffir lime leaves in a swirling solar drying chamber (S-SDC) fitted with an inclined slotted angle air distributor. A distributor plated with inclined slotted angle was located at the air inlet at the bottom of the chamber. Experimental and numerical methods have been applied to analyze the efficiency of developed S-SDC assisted solar drying system based on the moisture content (MC), moisture content ratio (MR) and drying rate (DR) were examined. The experimental results showed that the S-SDC can reduce the moisture content of kaffir lime leaves more rapidly than a conventional solar drying chamber (CSDC). The S-SDC gave a higher DR and decreased drying time compared to that of C-SDC. The results also indicated that operation at higher air velocities resulted in a greater DR, especially at the beginning stage of the drying process. For the S-SDC, the reduced of MC, MR and DR at a high air velocity (v = 2.0 m/s) was better than at low air velocities (v = 0.5 and 1.0 m/s). Drying chamber efficiency is also observed at a higher air velocity of 2 m/s for both SSDC and CSDC. In addition, obtained experimental findings are in line with numerical results. The outcomes of this study present the potential of using the S-SDC compared to the C-SDC to be used in drying crops.

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20

Wong, King Leung, Hung En Chen, and Wen Lih Chen. "Study on the Buffer Layer of CIS Thin Film Solar Cell by Separate-Melting Chemical Bath Deposition Methods." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.178.

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In this work, cadmium sulphide (CdS) buffer layer of CuInSe2 (CIS) thin film solar cell is fabricated by separate-melting Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) methods. The reason of adopting the CdS thin film as the buffer layer of CIS thin film solar cell is that the CdS can act as energy gap buffer and reduce the band-offset between CIS absorbing layer and the Transparent Conductive Oxide layer. The CdS thin films are generated by the separate-melting CBD methods in situation of atmosphere. In order to analyze the characteristics of the CdS thin films conveniently, the CdS thin films are firstly fabricated on Soda-lime, and the final found optimal CdS thin film is fabricated on the CIS/Mo/Soda-lime glasses. Then the p-n diode characteristic of the CdS/CIS/Mo/Soda-lime glasses is measured by four-point probe. And the CdS thin films are fabricated by the separate-melting CBD methods through various combinations of time interval from 40 and 60 minutes and temperature range from 70,75,80 and 85°C. It is found that the combination of 85°C and 60 minutes is optimal to obtain smoother surface and more uniform thickness of CdS thin film. Additionally from optical characteristic analysis, in situation of emitted light wave length 500 nm, the transmittance of the cadmium sulphide thin film is 61%. Meanwhile, the band gap is close to theoretical value of 2.4 eV.

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21

Świrska-Perkowska, Jadwiga, and Zbigniew Perkowski. "Selection of Parameters for Accumulating Layer of Solar Walls with Transparent Insulation." Energies 14, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051283.

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One of the strategies to improve the energy performance of buildings may be the use of passive solar systems with transparent insulation. In the article, a numerical model of solar wall (SW) with transparent insulation (TI) obtained using the method of elementary balances is presented. On this basis, numerical simulations of the behavior of SW with a transparent honeycomb insulation made of modified cellulose acetate were performed for 4 different climatic conditions in Europe (Stockholm, Warsaw, Paris, and Rome). For each location, the calculations were carried out for three different TI thickness values (48, 88, and 128 mm), for thermal diffusivity of the accumulating layer (AL) ranging from 4.32 × 10−7 to 8.43 × 10−7 m2/s, and for its thickness ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 m. The purpose of simulations was to select the appropriate material and thickness of AL and TI for the climatic conditions. The following solutions proved to be the most favorable: Stockholm: TI—thk. 128 mm, AL—sand-lime blocks, thk. 25 cm; Warsaw: TI—thk. 128 mm, AL—sand-lime blocks, thk. 27 cm; Paris: TI—thk. 88 mm, AL—solid ceramic brick, thk. 27 cm; Rome: TI—thk. 48 mm, AL—solid ceramic brick, thk. 29 cm.

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22

Huang, Chia-Hua, Hung-Lung Cheng, Wei-En Chang, Ming Yi Huang, and Yi-Jiunn Chien. "Investigation of sputtered Mo layers on soda-lime glass substrates for CIGS solar cells." Semiconductor Science and Technology 27, no. 11 (October 16, 2012): 115020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/27/11/115020.

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23

Altamura, Giovanni, Charles Roger, Louis Grenet, Joël Bleuse, Hélène Fournier, Simon Perraud, and Henri Mariette. "Influence of sodium-containing substrates on Kesterite CZTSSe thin films based solar cells." MRS Proceedings 1538 (2013): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.1000.

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AbstractThis work deals with the influence of sodium on the properties of CZTSSe material and solar cells. For that purpose, two types of substrates are compared, one with low sodium content (borosilicate glass), the other one with higher sodium content (soda-lime glass). In each case the Na-content in the CZTSSe passing from the substrate through the Mo back contact is quantified by secondary ion mass spectroscopy analysis. Photoluminescence spectroscopy indicates that better quality material is achievable when increasing the Na-content in the CZTSSe. The material characterization results are compared to the photovoltaic properties. Index Terms — Cu2ZnSn(S1-xSex)4, CZTSSe, CZTS, CZTSe, Sodium, Kesterite, thin film, solar cell.

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24

Vallejo, William, Carlos Diaz-Uribe, and G. Gordillo. "Synthesis and Characterization of System In(O,OH)S/i-ZnO/n+-ZnO." Advances in Physical Chemistry 2017 (March 15, 2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4052373.

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In this work, we fabricated system In(O,OH)S/i-ZnO/n+-ZnO to be used as potential optical window in thin films solar cells. i-ZnO/n+-ZnO thin films were synthesized by reactive evaporation (RE) method and In(O,OH)S thin films were synthesized by chemical bath deposition (CBD) method; all thin films were deposited on soda lime glass substrates. Thin films were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and spectral transmittance measurements. Structural results indicated that both thin films were polycrystalline; furthermore, morphological results indicated that both thin films coated uniformly soda lime glass substrate; besides, optical characterization indicated that system had more than 80% of visible radiation transmittance.

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25

Was, Gary S., Victor Rotberg, Dennis Platts, and John Bomback. "Implantation of Ti and N into soda lime glass to minimize solar load and reflectivity." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 106, no. 1-4 (December 1995): 560–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(95)00770-9.

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26

Mehlin, M., J. Rimmasch, and H. P. Fritz. "Preparation of CuGaSe2 Thin Film Solar Cells Comprising an Electrochemical Gallium Deposition Step." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 49, no. 12 (December 1, 1994): 1597–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1994-1201.

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Thin film CuGaSe2 solar cells were prepared from the elements using electrochemical deposition of Ga from an alkaline bath. Sputtered copper layers with a small gallium content (Cu0.86Ga0.14) on Mo/soda-lime glass served as a substrate. Subsequent reactive annealing of the thus created Cu/Ga precursor layer with selenium vapour yielded CuGaSe2. Chalcopyrite phase formation was studied with XRD, micro-Raman spectroscopy, SEM-EDX and Auger electron spectroscopy. It was concluded from these measurements that the binary phases Cu2Se and Ga2Se3 are generated prior to the formation of the favoured CuGaSe2 phase. Complete solar cell structures were fabricated by chemical bath deposition of CdS and chemical vapour deposition of ZnO onto the CuGaSe2 absorber layer. Promising 3.2% efficiency with Uoc = 542 mV, Isc = 12.0 mA/cm2 and FF = 0.49 were achieved, proving that electrochemical gallium deposition from an aqueous bath can contribute to the efficient thin film processing of chalcopyrite solar cells.

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27

Salomon, Oliver, Wolfram Hempel, Oliver Kiowski, Erwin Lotter, Wolfram Witte, Artan Ferati, Anja Schneikart, et al. "Influence of Molybdenum Back Contact on the PID Effect for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells." Coatings 9, no. 12 (November 26, 2019): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9120794.

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The authors investigated the effect of an applied high voltage (1 kV) across the thickness of a soda-lime glass substrate of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin-film solar cells. Two types of CIGS cells were tested, differing only in the deposition process of the molybdenum (Mo) back contact. Whilst one cell type was susceptible to potential induced degradation (PID), the other exhibited highly increased stability against PID. PID occurs for PID-susceptible cells after the transfer of a certain amount of charge through the soda-lime glass substrate when the Mo back contact of the cell operates as a cathode (negatively biased versus backside of the substrate). Capacitance–voltage and electron-beam-induced current measurements showed an enlarged space charge region expanding to the Mo back contact and a lowered doping density by a negative potential for PID-susceptible cells. Glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES) revealed an accumulation of sodium (Na) in the solution-grown CdS buffer layer and a segregation on the surface of the ZnO:Al window layer for higher charges for PID-susceptible cells. Cells with increased PID immunity did not show an increase of Na for charges up to around 9 mC/cm². We demonstrate that it is possible to improve the PID stability of CIGS solar cells by modification of the molybdenum back contact.

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28

Khoshsirat, Nima, Fawad Ali, Vincent Tiing Tiong, Mojtaba Amjadipour, Hongxia Wang, Mahnaz Shafiei, and Nunzio Motta. "Optimization of Mo/Cr bilayer back contacts for thin-film solar cells." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 9 (October 18, 2018): 2700–2707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.9.252.

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Molybdenum (Mo) is the most commonly used material as back contact in thin-film solar cells. Adhesion of Mo film to soda–lime glass (SLG) substrate is crucial to the performance of solar cells. In this study, an optimized bilayer structure made of a thin layer of Mo on an ultra-thin chromium (Cr) adhesion layer is used as the back contact for a copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS) thin-film solar cell on a SLG substrate. DC magnetron sputtering is used for deposition of Mo and Cr films. The conductivity of Mo/Cr bilayer films, their microstructure and surface morphology are studied at different deposition powers and working pressures. Good adhesion to the SLG substrate has been achieved by means of an ultra-thin Cr layer under the Mo layer. By optimizing the deposition conditions we achieved low surface roughness, high optical reflectance and low sheet resistivity while we could decrease the back contact thickness to 600 nm. That is two thirds to half of the thickness that is currently being used for bilayer and single layer back contact for thin-film solar cells. We demonstrate the excellent properties of Mo/Cr bilayer as back contact of a CZTS solar cell.

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29

Kulkarni, Sachin S., Jyoti S. Shirolikar, and Neelkanth G. Dhere. "Preparation of CIGSS Thin-Film Solar Cells by Rapid Thermal Processing." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 129, no. 3 (December 26, 2006): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2735349.

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Rapid thermal processing (RTP) provides a way to rapidly heat substrates to an elevated temperature to perform relatively short duration processes, typically less than 2–3min long. RTP can be utilized to minimize the process cycle time without compromising process uniformity, thus eliminating a bottleneck in CuIn1−xGaxSe2−ySy (CIGSS) module fabrication. Some approaches have been able to realize solar cells with conversion efficiencies close or equal to those for conventionally processed solar cells with similar device structures. A RTP reactor for preparation of CIGSS thin films on 10cm×10cm substrates has been designed, assembled, and tested at the Florida Solar Energy Center’s PV Materials Lab. This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of CIGSS thin-film solar cells by the RTP technique. Materials characterization of these films was done by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy, electron probe microanalysis, and electrical characterization was done by current–voltage measurements on soda lime glass substrates by the RTP technique. Encouraging results were obtained during the first few experimental sets, demonstrating that reasonable solar cell efficiencies (up to 9%) can be achieved with relatively shorter cycle times, lower thermal budgets, and without using toxic gases.

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30

Kim, Ki Hwan, Byung Tae Ahn, Se Han Kwon, Jae Ho Yun, and Kyung Hoon Yoon. "Characterization of Cu(In,Ga)₃Se₅ Thin Film for Top Cell in CIGS Tandem Solar Cells." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 959–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.959.

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Cu(In,Ga)3Se5 films were deposited on soda-lime glass substrate by three-stage co-evaporation process. In the film, the band gap increased as the Cu content decreased and also as the Ga content increased. The grain size became smaller as the Ga content increased. In the Cu1.29(In1-xGax)3Se5 system, the maximum hole concentration was 1x1015 /cm3 when the Ga content was 0.5 and its band gap was 1.45 eV. Comparing the conventional CIGS solar cell with Cu0.8(In0.7Ga0.3)Se2 film, the series resistance is too large, indicating that further p-type doping in the Cu(In,Ga)3Se5 film is necessary to improve cell efficiency for the top cell application in CIGS tandem solar cells.

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Singh, Samridhi, and Sunita Mishra. "Organoleptic and Morphological Analysis of Citrus Peel Powder." European Journal of Food Science and Technology 10, no. 3 (March 15, 2022): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ejfst.2013/vol10n32438.

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Processing of citrus fruits results in production of a large amount of by product and a major part of this by product is its peels. These peels have the potential of acting as a good nutraceutical resource owing to its high dietary fibre content and phenolic content. However, these peels are under-utilised despite their claimed health benefits. This study evaluates the morphological structure, functional properties and sensory attributes of sweet lime peel and orange peel powder with a aim of providing an economical ingredient for the development of functional foods. Peels of sweet lime and orange were transformed into powder through solar drying followed by grinding. In the present study, we have compared the morphology and organoleptic constituents of orange peel powder (OPP) and sweet lime peel powder (SLPP). The morphology of the two samples was studied by SEM and element composition was studied and analysed by EDX. Organoleptic and sensory attributes were analyzed by a 9 pointer hedonic scale rating. Peel powders were also compared for two functional properties i.e. their Solubility Index and Swelling Power. Orange peel powder (OPP) had a better sensory rating than Sweet lime peel powder (SLPP). The morphology of both powders was same but SLPP had a slightly rough texture than OPP.

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Al-Gheethi, Adel A. S., Norli Ismail, A. N. Efaq, J. D. Bala, and Ramzy M. A. Al-Amery. "Solar disinfection and lime stabilization processes for reduction of pathogenic bacteria in sewage effluents and biosolids for agricultural purposes in Yemen." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 5, no. 3 (January 20, 2015): 419–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2015.074.

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Yemen is the least advanced country among Middle Eastern countries in sewage reuse and safety control. The current sewage effluent quality in Yemen is generally poor as none of the existing sewage treatment plants produces effluents that comply with the effluent quality regulations. There is no plan to build tertiary treatment systems. However, the oxidation and stabilization ponds are considered most appropriate for the warm climate conditions in the country. Sewage effluents and biosolids generated from these ponds are used extensively for agricultural purposes. This review discusses the potential use of solar disinfection (SODIS) and lime treatment for the reduction of pathogens in sewage effluents and biosolids before reuse. SODIS and lime treatment are natural processes, simple, easily implemented, produce non-toxic by-products and are low cost. The merits of these processes are enormous, and they are suitable for application in developing countries such as Yemen.

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Sakdanuphab, Rachsak, Sojiphong Chatraphorn, and Kajornyod Yoodee. "The Advantages of Ga-Graded Obtained by Growth Profile Modification and Na Incorporation on Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ Solar Cells." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 633–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.633.

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Cu (In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) compound is a p-type semiconductor that has been used as light absorber layer in high efficiency thin film solar cell. The CIGS compound can be adjusted the band gap energy by varying the ratio of [Ga]/([In]+[Ga]) ratio (x). From theoretical and simulation, it was found that band gap grading in CIGS thin films showed the advantages to increase the efficiency of solar cells. Generally, the band gap grading can be done by the growth of non homogeneous x-ratio in depth of CIGS thin films. In this work, we develop two approaches to create band gap grading in CIGS thin films; (1) modifying the growth profile and (2) using Na incorporation in the growth process. The effects of Ga-graded would be revealed and compared with homogeneous CIGS thin films. CIGS thin films were grown on soda-lime glass and Al2O3 coated soda-lime glass substrates by molecular beam deposition method. The growth process was based on 2-stage and 3-stage growth profiles. The as grown films were characterized for their structural property, chemical composition and optical transmission as well as solar cell performance. The Auger electron spectroscopy in depth profiles revealed the variation of x-ratio increasing from the surface toward the back contact in CIGS films with our modified growth profile and Na incorporation. This result indicated Ga-graded in CIGS thin films. The structural property of Ga-graded CIGS films showed the (112) preferred orientation of the chalcopyrite structure with a broad asymmetric spectrum related to the inhomogeneous structure. The optical transmission measurements of the Ga-graded CIGS film showed the broad transition near the absorption edge indicating the effect of the band gap grading as a result of the variation in depth of the Ga-content. From I-V measurements, the solar cell efficiencies significantly increase due to the advantages of Ga-graded constitute.

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Meier, Anton, Enrico Bonaldi, Gian Mario Cella, Wojciech Lipinski, Daniel Wuillemin, and Robert Palumbo. "Design and experimental investigation of a horizontal rotary reactor for the solar thermal production of lime." Energy 29, no. 5-6 (April 2004): 811–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-5442(03)00187-7.

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Furue, Shigenori, Shogo Ishizuka, Akimasa Yamada, Masayuki Iioka, Hirofumi Higuchi, Hajime Shibata, and Shigeru Niki. "Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells and mini-modules fabricated on thin soda-lime glass substrates." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 119 (December 2013): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2013.05.058.

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36

Kim, Min Jung, Jihye Lee, Seon Hee Kim, Haidong Kim, Kang-Bong Lee, and Yeonhee Lee. "Detection of Matrix Elements and Trace Impurities in Cu(In, Ga)Se2 Photovoltaic Absorbers Using Surface Analytical Techniques." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 15, no. 10 (October 1, 2015): 7722–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2015.11181.

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Chalcopyrite Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin films are well known as the next-generation solar cell materials notable for their high absorption coefficient for solar radiation, suitable band gap, and ability for deposition on flexible substrate materials, allowing the production of highly flexible and lightweight solar panels. To improve solar cell performances, a quantitative and depth-resolved elemental analysis of photovoltaic thin films is much needed. In this study, Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films were prepared on molybdenum back contacts deposited on soda-lime glass substrates via three-stage evaporation. Surface analyses via AES and SIMS were used to characterize the CIGS thin films and compare their depth profiles. We determined the average concentration of the matrix elements, Cu, In, Ga, and Se, using ICP-AES, XRF, and EPMA. We also obtained depth profiling results using TOF-SIMS, magnetic sector SIMS and AES, and APT, a sub-nanometer resolution characterization technique that enables three-dimensional elemental mapping. The SIMS technique, with its high detection limit and ability to obtain the profiles of elements in parallel, is a powerful tool for monitoring trace elements in CIGS thin films. To identify impurities in a CIGS layer, the distribution of trace elements was also observed according to depth by SIMS and APT.

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37

Petralli, Martina, Luciano Massetti, David Pearlmutter, Giada Brandani, Alessandro Messeri, and Simone Orlandini. "UTCI field measurements in an urban park in Florence (Italy)." Miscellanea Geographica 24, no. 3 (July 31, 2020): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2020-0017.

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AbstractThe aim of this study is to evaluate human thermal comfort in different green area settings in the city of Florence by using the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). Field measurements of air temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity, wind speed and black globe thermometer were collected during hot summer days in various parts of Cascine Park, the biggest urban park in Florence (Italy). UTCI was evaluated over different surfaces (asphalt, gravel and grass) completely exposed to the sun or shaded by a large lime tree (Tilia × europaea). The results showed strong differences in UTCI values depending on the exposure to tree shade, while no significant difference was found among ground-cover materials when all surfaces were equally exposed to solar radiation. Future studies are needed to investigate the microclimatic effects of different tree species on UTCI.

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38

Peksu, Elif, and Hakan Karaagac. "Synthesis of ZnO Nanowires and Their Photovoltaic Application: ZnO Nanowires/AgGaSe2Thin Film Core-Shell Solar Cell." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/516012.

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In this investigation, hydrothermal technique was employed for the synthesis of well-aligned dense arrays of ZnO nanowires (NWs) on a wide range of substrates including silicon, soda-lime glass (SLG), indium tin oxide, and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Results showed that ZnO NWs can be successfully grown on any substrate that can withstand the growth temperature (~90°C) and precursor solution chemicals. Results also revealed that there was a strong impact of growth time and ZnO seed layer deposition route on the orientation, density, diameter, and uniformity of the synthesized nanowires. A core-shell n-ZnO NWs/p-AgGaSe2(AGS) thin film solar cell was fabricated as a device application of synthesized ZnO nanowires by decoration of nanowires with ~700 nm thick sputtering deposited AGS thin film layer, which demonstrated an energy conversion efficiency of 1.74% under 100 mW/cm2of simulated solar illumination.

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Uyanga, Kindness A. M., Modestus Okechukwu Okwu, A. O. Adeoye, and S. E. Ogbeide. "Production and characterization of organic solar cells." World Journal of Engineering 15, no. 4 (August 6, 2018): 540–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-06-2017-0136.

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Purpose The study aims to carry out the production of a bulk heterojunction organic solar cell in a laboratory scale using a blend of poly (3-hexylthiopene) (P3HT) and [6, 6]-phenyl (C61) butyric acid methyl ether (PCBM). Design/methodology/approach Four inverted geometry organic solar cells were prepared based on 1:1 ratio of P3HT to PCBM and subjected to post annealing at different temperatures of 32, 120, 130 and 140°C. Solar cells were fabricated with structure glass/ITO/P3HT:PCBM/PEDOT:PSS/Au and characterized using Keithley 2400 series sourcemeter and a multimeter interfaced to a computer system with a LabVIEW software, which showed both dark and illumination current–voltage characteristic curves. Four reference cells were also fabricated with structure soda lime glass/P3HT:PCBM and annealed at different temperatures of 32, 120, 130 and 140°C. Findings The third organic solar cell prepared, Sample CITO, had the best performance with power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.0281 per cent, fill factor (FF) of 0.392, short circuit current of −0.0133 A and open circuit voltage of 0.389 V. Annealing of active layer was found to improve cell morphology, FF and PCE. Annealing of the active layer at 140°C resulted in a decrease of the PCE to 2.01 per cent. Research limitations/implications These findings are in good agreement with previous investigation in literature which reported that best annealing temperature for a 1:1 ratio blend of active material is 130°C. Ultraviolet–visible spectra on reference cells showed that sample CITO had wider absorption spectra with peak absorbance at a wavelength of 508 nm. Originality/value This research is purely original.

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Et. al., P. M. Venkatesh,. "DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SOLAR TUNNEL DRYER FOR COPRA APPLICATION." INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN INDUSTRY 9, no. 2 (March 24, 2021): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/itii.v9i2.343.

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A semi-cylindrical forced convection type solar tunnel dryer (STD) was designed and commissioned at M/s Miraj Products Pvt. Ltd., Nathdwara for drying processed tobacco. Essentially it is based on the mixed mode with direct and indirect type of heating mechanism i.e. the heated air from different solar flat plate collectors is passed through drying cabinet. At the same time, the drying cabinet absorbs solar energy directly through the transparent walls and roofs. It consists of 16×3.75 m2 area, tunnel equipped with 12 solar flat plate collectors of 2 m2 each propelled with 2 exhaust fans of 1 kW capacity placed on both ends of the tunnel. The dryer was tested at no-load and full-load conditions. During no-load, without flat plate collectors, temperatures inside the dryer were about18-20℃ higher than the ambient temperature during summer day-light, where as in no-load with flat plate collectors, it was about 30℃ higher than the ambient temperature. A batch of processed tobacco of 500 kg with an initial moisture content 138% d.b. were successfully dried in full load condition to have final moisture content of about 8.7% d.b. in 8 h. It has been observed that STD has many other advantages i.e. getting rid of toxicant gas to labours during opening drying due to lime presence in material, avoidance of product expose to fly contamination and dust concentrations etc.

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41

Islam, M. M., A. Yamada, T. Sakurai, S. Ishizuka, K. Matsubara, S. Niki, and K. Akimoto. "Effect of Ga/Cu Ratio on Polycrystalline Thin Film Solar Cell." Advances in OptoElectronics 2011 (July 28, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/573094.

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Structural and electrical properties of polycrystalline CuGaSe2 thin films have been studied by changing the Ga/Cu ratio in the films. CuGaSe2 thin films with various Ga/Cu ratio were grown over Mo-coated soda-lime glass substrates. With the increase of Ga content in CuGaSe2, morphology of the films was found to deteriorate which is associated with the smaller grain size and the appearance of impurity phases presumably due to the phase transition from the chalcopyrite structure to the defect-related phase on the surface of the films. Properties of the Ga poor films were affected by the Cu rich secondary phases. Electrical properties of the films were strongly influenced by the structural properties and degraded with increasing the Ga/Cu ratio in the film. Device performances, fabricated with the corresponding CuGaSe2 films, were found to be correlated with the Ga/Cu ratio in the films and consistent with the observed structural and electrical properties.

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42

Lima, Márcia Regina Pereira, Eliana Zandonade, and Pedro Alem Sobrinho. "Characteristics of WWTP sludge after drying in greenhouse for agricultural purposes." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 7 (October 1, 2012): 1460–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.326.

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The sludge generated by sewage treatment which meets regulatory standards can be used in agriculture. With this understanding, the focus of this study is the evaluation of the agricultural characteristics and inorganic substances in excess activated sludge, which was subjected to drying in a greenhouse. The variables (factor) evaluated during the drying process were: type of sludge (digested or not digested), addition of lime to the sludge, and the physical layout and rotation of sludge in the greenhouse. The parameters monitored for this assessment were moisture, volatile solids and pH. The greenhouse cover and sides were made of translucent plastic to allow the penetration of solar radiation and prevent water from entering. A impermeable floor was used. The sludge was generated in sewage treatment plants located in the metropolitan region of Grande Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil. The solar drying of wastewater sludge in a greenhouse presented satisfactory results.

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43

Yan, Xia, Selvaraj Venkataraj, and Armin G. Aberle. "Wet-Chemical Surface Texturing of Sputter-Deposited ZnO:Al Films as Front Electrode for Thin-Film Silicon Solar Cells." International Journal of Photoenergy 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/548984.

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Transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) play a major role as the front electrodes of thin-film silicon (Si) solar cells, as they can provide optical scattering and hence improved photon absorption inside the devices. In this paper we report on the surface texturing of aluminium-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Al or AZO) films for improved light trapping in thin-film Si solar cells. The AZO films are deposited onto soda-lime glass sheets via pulsed DC magnetron sputtering. Several promising AZO texturing methods are investigated using diluted hydrochloric (HCl) and hydrofluoric acid (HF), through a two-step etching process. The developed texturing procedure combines the advantages of the HCl-induced craters and the smaller and jagged—but laterally more uniform—features created by HF etching. In the two-step process, the second etching step further enhances the optical haze, while simultaneously improving the uniformity of the texture features created by the HCl etch. The resulting AZO films show large haze values of above 40%, good scattering into large angles, and a surface angle distribution that is centred at around 30°, which is known from the literature to provide efficient light trapping for thin-film Si solar cells.

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44

Saeli, Manfredi, David M. Tobaldi, Nejc Rozman, Andrijana Sever Škapin, João A. Labrincha, and Robert C. Pullar. "Photocatalytic nano-composite architectural lime mortar for degradation of urban pollutants under solar and visible (interior) light." Construction and Building Materials 152 (October 2017): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.167.

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45

Paudel, Naba R., Corey R. Grice, Chuanxiao Xiao, and Yanfa Yan. "High temperature CSS processed CdTe solar cells on commercial SnO2:F/SnO2 coated soda-lime glass substrates." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 26, no. 7 (March 20, 2015): 4708–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-015-2923-5.

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46

Klöck, Wolfgang. "Comparative mineral chemistry of IDPs, micrometeorites and meteorite matrices." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (August 1992): 1718–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100133229.

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Chondritic porous aggregates are one subclass of Interplanetary Dust Particles (IDPs). The remaining classes presently identified are hydrated IDPs consisting mainly of serpentine or smectite. We have been investigating mineral compositions in these types of IDPs, in micrometeorites from Antarctica and compared them to mineral compositions in finegrained meteorite materials, like matrices and chondrule dust mantles from several meteorite classes. Based on our mineral analyses we subdivide anhydrous IDPs into three types. Type I contains olivines and/or pyroxenes having very variable iron contents from Fa 0 to Fa 35 and Fs 0 to Fs 30. Mineral phases in these particles are truly unequilibrated. Mineral grains in several particles of type I IDPs were found to contain solar flare tracks (pers. comm. John Bradley, McCrone Associates, Chicago). Almost all type I IDPs studied contain low-iron manganese enriched (LIME) olivines and/or pyroxenes.

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Cripps, S. J., and J. Hanæus. "The Effects of Chemical Precipitation by Slaked Lime on Suspended Particle Dynamics in Wastewater Ponds." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 10 (November 1, 1993): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0236.

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Chemical precipitation can be used to treat wastewater in ponds when environmental conditions are unsuitable for biological treatment, such as during periods of low temperature or reduced solar radiation. The main purpose of this precipitation is to separate phosphorus and particulate matter from the effluent. Previous investigations have shown that most of the phosphorus leaving ponds, in which chemical precipitation by slaked lime is used, is in the particulate form. It is therefore important to identify processes that regulate the particulate content of the wastewater. An investigation was conducted to determine the particle size distribution within wastewater taken from a slaked lime settlement pond. Experiments were conducted in the second pond at the Tänndalen wastewater treatment plant in central west Sweden. Wastewater flowed into the first, volume buffering pond, then to an automatic lime feeding unit immediately prior to the second settlement pond. Water quality measurements and samples were taken at various depths and locations within the settlement pond. Changes in the particle size distribution, within a range of 1.39 to 43.30 µm diameter, using a Coulter Multisizer particle analyser, were determined. Statistics summarising these changes were related to the pH, temperature and total phosphorus concentration of the samples. The majority of particles at the effluent to the pond were so small that they were unable to settle. Improvements to the pond detention time were therefore considered unnecessary, but the initial precipitation environment at the pond influent required attention.

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48

Sui, Yingrui, Yanjie Wu, Yu Zhang, Fengyou Wang, Yanbo Gao, Shiquan Lv, Zhanwu Wang, et al. "Synthesis of simple, low cost and benign sol–gel Cu2InxZn1−xSnS4alloy thin films: influence of different rapid thermal annealing conditions and their photovoltaic solar cells." RSC Advances 8, no. 17 (2018): 9038–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra12289f.

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Cu₂In_xZn_1−xSnS₄(x= 0.4) alloy thin films were synthesized on soda lime glass (SLG) substrate by a simple low-cost sol–gel method followed by a rapid annealing technique.

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49

Abdel-Ghany, Ahmed, Ibrahim Al-Helal, Fahad Alkoaik, Abdullah Alsadon, Mohamed Shady, and Abdullah Ibrahim. "Predicting the Cooling Potential of Different Shading Methods for Greenhouses in Arid Regions." Energies 12, no. 24 (December 11, 2019): 4716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12244716.

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Shading greenhouses in a hot and sunny climate is essential to reduce the inside greenhouse air temperature. However, the type and location of nets need to be addressed properly to determine the shading method that provides a better cooling effect on the greenhouse air. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of five different shading methods on greenhouse microclimates, and to investigate the cooling potential of each method. Four greenhouse models covered with 200-µm thick plastic film were used for the study: one was kept as control (C), one was whitened with slaked lime (L), and two were shaded with white and black nets (50% shading factor) deployed simultaneously at two locations, in contact (WC, BC) and at 20-cm distance from the cladding film (WD, BD). The microclimatic parameters were measured inside and outside the greenhouse models, and the cooling potential (CP) was predicted for each shading method. The results showed that the black net at 20-cm distance (BD) is desirable as it provides high CP with a reasonable solar radiation transmission. The maximum CP was estimated as 8.5 °C, 8 °C, 6 °C, 3.2 °C, and 2.1 °C for L, BD, BC, WD, and WC, respectively. Shading with white nets is not recommended because their cooling potential is very low. Based on these results, we developed correlations for predicting the CP for each shading method as a function of the transmitted solar radiation flux (Si). These correlations depend on Si. Accordingly, they can be used for small greenhouses, whitewashed with a slaked lime of any concentration, or shaded with a black net having any shading factor.

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Adhikari, Dipendra, Maxwell M. Junda, Corey R. Grice, Sylvain X. Marsillac, Robert W. Collins, and Nikolas J. Podraza. "n-i-p Nanocrystalline Hydrogenated Silicon Solar Cells with RF-Magnetron Sputtered Absorbers." Materials 12, no. 10 (May 25, 2019): 1699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12101699.

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Nanocrystalline hydrogenated silicon (nc-Si:H) substrate configuration n-i-p solar cells have been fabricated on soda lime glass substrates with active absorber layers prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The cells with nanocrystalline PECVD absorbers and an untextured back reflector serve as a baseline for comparison and have power conversion efficiency near 6%. By comparison, cells with sputtered absorbers achieved efficiencies of about 1%. Simulations of external quantum efficiency (EQE) are compared to experimental EQE to determine a carrier collection probability gradient with depth for the device with the sputtered i-layer absorber. This incomplete collection of carriers generated in the absorber is most pronounced in material near the n/i interface and is attributed to breaking vacuum between deposition of layers for the sputtered absorbers, possible low electronic quality of the nc-Si:H sputtered absorber, and damage at the n/i interface by over-deposition of the sputtered i-layer during device fabrication.

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