Дисертації з теми "Solar lime"
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1
Zhang, Nikai. "Planar Waveguide Solar Concentrator with Couplers Fabricated by Laser-Induced Backside Wet Etching." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1384365115.
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2
Reiners, Ansgar. "Measurements of differential rotation in line profiles of solar-like stars." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=96651338X.
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Levens, Peter James. "Diagnostics of solar tornado-like prominences." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8684/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Solar tornado-like prominences have been observed for over 90 years, but their true nature has recently been one of the most hotly debated aspects of prominence research. They have been linked to prominence eruptions, so understanding their stability and the plasma motions seen could provide a link between these dynamic features and the Sun-Earth space weather, which is important to fully understand in modern-day society. This thesis aims to answer some of the open questions on solar ‘tornadoes’, specifically on the plasma behaviour at different temperatures and the magnetic field structure of these apparently-rotating phenomena. Using a range of spectral diagnostic techniques and data from space-based and ground-based instruments, a more complete picture of solar tornadoes is built here. Optically thin emission at coronal temperatures (∼ 1.5 MK) has previously been shown to give anti-symmetric Doppler velocity patterns in a tornado, indicative of rotation. Using the same data set, from 14 September 2013, it has been possible to show that the Doppler pattern is visible in all spectral lines formed above 1 MK, but at lower plasma temperatures the pattern is not present. Electron densities are calculated from density-sensitive line pairs, and it is found that the electron density is lower in the tornado than the surrounding corona. Non-thermal line widths are calculated, showing that there is some additional broadening at the tornado compared to the surrounding corona, which could be due to a turbulent magnetic field component or the presence of unresolved Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities at the tornado-corona boundary. The temperature structure along an observed line of sight is calculated using the technique of Differential Emission Measure, and this indicates that tornadoes are part of the larger prominence structure that is seen in some wavebands. A dedicated coordinated observation was designed to study tornadoes at lower plasma temperatures (< 1 MK), and to investigate their unknown magnetic structure. An observation of two tornadoes from 15 July 2014 is presented, from which the Mg II h and k lines and the magnetic field are analysed in detail. The optically thick Mg II lines, formed at chromospheric temperatures, show no velocity patterns similar to those seen at higher temperatures. The Mg II lines show a mix of reversed and non-reversed profiles in the prominence. This is the first report of strong central reversal of the h and k lines in a prominence. Comparing to a grid of isothermal isobaric Mg II models reveals that the large central reversals seen in the 15 July 2014 prominence indicates high optical thicknesses and pressures in the prominence slab. The magnetic field in the tornadoes on July has been measured using spectropolarimetry of the He I D3 line, which gives the magnetic field strength and orientation. Field strengths of up to 60 G are found in places, but the average field strength is around 20 − 30 G. The inclination of the magnetic field indicates that it is horizontal, parallel to the solar surface. These observations suggest that the tornado magnetic field is not twisted, but instead horizontal with plasma suspended in dips. An attempt has been made to find correlations between plasma parameters and the observed magnetic field parameters. No correlations are found, but this study has allowed a clearer, statistical investigation into the parameters available from this coordinated observation. These statistics are useful for comparing observations to models, in order to better understand the physical conditions that created the observed line profiles. Finally, this thesis contains an update to a radiative transfer prominence modelling code, PROM, to include calculations of the emergent intensities of Mg II lines. This step was taken to have the ability to freely explore models for larger ranges of model parameters than presented by previous authors, with the scope to investigate more complex (2D, 3D) multi-thread models. The output of the updated code is compared to the results of another Mg ii modelling code, finding good agreement in the recovered optical thickness, but integrated intensities are found to vary by 30−40% for some models. An extended grid of isothermal isobaric and PCTR models is then explored in order to understand the links between observable Mg II h and k line parameters and model parameters. A number of correlations are found, meaning that observed Mg II h and k lines can be used to identify physical parameters in a prominence. These models are compared to observations from 15 July 2014, finding that they can explain some of the observed line profiles, but more complex models are required to fully explain the observations.
4
Doyle, Amanda. "Spectral analyses of solar-like stars." Thesis, Keele University, 2015. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/767/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Accurate stellar parameters are important not just to understand the stars themselves, but also for understanding the planets that orbit them. Despite the availability of high quality spectra, there are still many uncertainties in stellar spectroscopy. In this thesis, the finer details of spectroscopic analyses are discussed and critically evaluated, with a focus on improving the stellar parameters. Using high resolution, high signal-to-noise HARPS spectra, accurate parameters were determined for 22 WASP stars. It is shown that there is a limit to the accuracy of stellar parameters that can be achieved, despite using high S/N spectra. It is also found that the selection of spectral lines used and the accuracy of atomic data is crucial, and different line lists can result in different values of parameters. Different spectral analysis methods often give vastly different results even for the same spectrum of the same star. Here it is shown that many of these discrepancies can be explained by the choice of lines used and by the various assumptions made. This will enable a more reliable homogeneous study of solar-like stars in the future. The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect observed for transiting exoplanets often requires prior knowledge of the projected rotational velocity (v sin i). This is usually provided via spectroscopy, however this method has uncertainties as spectral lines are also broadened by photospheric velocity fields known as “macroturbulence” (vmac). Using rotational splitting frequencies for 28 Kepler stars that were provided via asteroseismology, accurate v sin i values have been determined. By inferring the vmac for 28 Kepler stars, it was possible to obtain a new calibration between vmac, effective temperature and surface gravity. Therefore macroturbulence, and thus v sin i, can now be determined with confidence for stars that do not have asteroseismic data available. New spectroscopic vsini values were then determined for the WASP planet host stars.
5
Yazıcı, Osman Can Subaşılar Bedrettin. "Theoretical modeling and designing a line-focused horizontal -receiver- solar thermal power plant/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2005. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/enerjimuh/T000411.pdf.
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Thesis (Master)--İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, 2005Keywords: Solar energy plant, solar collectors, fresnel lens, spherical geometry, solar tracking system. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-114).
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Trolove, Hamish P. "Line focus solar Stirling domestic power generation." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Mechanical Engineering, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6468.
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This thesis has found that to generate electricity for a domestic supply, the use of a two stage line focus concentrator coupled to a Stirling engine by way of a heat pipe is very inefficient, and the end result (useful power) could be better achieved by a line focus system with a Rankine cycle heat engine, or by using photovoltaic cells. For larger systems such as that needed to supply a small community, a point focus solar Stirling engine is the most efficient system at this stage, but with the rapid improvements being made in the performance of photovoltaic cells, this may not be the case in the future.
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Lion, Filho Carlos Alberto Pereira de Queiroz. "Constru??o e an?lise de desempenho de um fog?o solar ? concentra??o utilizando dois focos para cozimento direto." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2007. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15523.
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Previous issue date: 2007-05-31Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
A model of a solar oven with a reflective surface composed of two mirror segments is presented, constituting a two semi-parabolic surfaces made of fiberglass, applied on a ceramic mold, intended to be used in residential and commercial cooking. The reflective surface of the semi-parable is obtained with the use of multiple plain segments of 2 mm wide mirrors. The semi-parabolic structure has visible movements that are comparable to that of the sun. The technical details of the manufacturing and assembling processes will be presented with an analysis of the viability of thermal, economic, and materials of such prototype. This prototype has important social implications and primordial aspects, which combats the ecological damages caused by the wide-scale use of firewood during cooking. It has been demonstrated that the solar oven has the capacity to cook simultaneous two meals distinct for a family of four
Apresenta-se um modelo de fog?o solar ? concentra??o composto por dois segmentos espelhados, constituindo duas semi-par?bolas, obtidas atrav?s da utiliza??o de fibra de vidro, aplicada sobre um molde cer?mico, destinado ao cozimento de alimentos para fins residenciais, urbanos e rurais. O espelhamento das semi-par?bolas foi obtido atrav?s da utiliza??o de m?ltiplos segmentos planos de espelho de 2 mm de espessura. A estrutura das semi-par?bolas tem mobilidade de movimentos para a corre??o do movimento aparente do sol. Ser?o apresentados detalhes t?cnicos dos processos de fabrica??o e montagem e uma an?lise das viabilidades, t?rmica, econ?mica e de materiais de tal prot?tipo, que tem uma conota??o social importante e um aspecto primordial, que ? o combate a danos ecol?gicos proporcionados pela utiliza??o, ainda em larga escala, da lenha para o cozimento dos alimentos. Comprovou-se que ? poss?vel o cozimento simult?neo de alimentos de duas refei??es distintas para uma fam?lia de quatro pessoas
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Gomes, Marcio Rodrigues. "Projeto, constru??o e an?lise de efici?ncia t?rmica de um sistema de aquecimento solar de ?gua de baixo custo." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2010. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15616.
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Previous issue date: 2010-04-30We studied the feasibility of using a system of Solar Water Heating (SAS) with low cost, for three configurations. In configurations I and II have the collector grid absorber composed of six PVC tubes placed in parallel on the tile cement. In configuration II, the PVC tubes were transparent cover made of plastic bottles. Configuration III uses a collector composed of 12 black HDPE pipes, supported on four cement tiles 2.44 m x 0.50 m, two by two overlapping and interspersed with a filling of glass wool, comprising an area exposed to the global radiation incident of 2.44 m2, with the top two tiles painted matte black. In this configuration, the HDPE pipes replace conventional PVC pipes painted black. The total cost of SAS for configuration III, the most economical, was around $ 150.00. For the configurations tested the system of operation was thermosyphon collector. The study showed that the proposed systems have good thermal efficiency, are easy to install and handle and have low cost compared to conventional.
Estudou-se a viabilidades de utiliza??o de um Sistema de Aquecimento Solar de ?gua (SAS) de baixo custo, para tr?s configura??es. Nas configura??es I e II o coletor possui grade absorvedora composta por seis tubos de PVC em paralelo colocados sobre uma telha de fibrocimento de 2,44 m x 0,50 m, perfazendo uma ?rea de 1,22 m2. Na configura??o II, os tubos de PVC receberam cobertura transparente confeccionadas em garrafas PETs. A configura??o III utiliza um coletor composto por 12 tubos de PEAD preto, apoiados sobre quatro telhas de fibrocimento de 2,44 m x 0,50 m, sobrepostas duas a duas e intercaladas por um recheio de l? de vidro, perfazendo uma ?rea exposta ? radia??o global incidente de 2,44m2, com as duas telhas de cima pintadas de preto fosco. Nessa configura??o, os tubos de PEAD substituem os convencionais tubos de PVC pintados de preto. O custo total desses SAS, para a configura??o III, a mais econ?mica, ficou em torno de R$ 150,00. Para as configura??es testadas o regime de funcionamento do coletor foi termossif?o. O estudo demonstrou que os sistemas propostos t?m boa efici?ncia t?rmica, s?o de f?cil instala??o e manuseio e, t?m baixo custo em rela??o aos convencionais
9
Bekkelund, Kristine. "A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of PV Solar Systems." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-22891.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this report, a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of a rooftop, grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system has been conducted. The primary objective has been to assess the environmental impacts resulting from the PV system over its entire lifetime, while the secondary goal has been to perform a sensitivity analysis on selected parameters and compare the results with the impacts from wind power. Four different cases have been assessed: Mc-Si Sim, mc-Si ESS, CdTe and CIGS. The difference between the multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) cases were the production method for solar grade silicon: One case used the most common, chemical method; the modified Siemens process (mc-Si Sim), while the other case used the metallurgical route developed by Elkem Solar (mc-Si ESS).With a few minor exceptions, mc-Si Sim gave the highest environmental impacts, including the global warming impacts (GWP). The thin film technologies, CdTe and CIGS, had significantly lower impact potentials than the mc-Si cases, while the difference between the two were small. The relative contribution from processes to the impacts scores were different within each case investigated: The energy intensive steps for silicon purification were large contributors in the mc-Si cases, in addition to the PV module manufacturing, which was the dominating contributor in the thin film cases. In all cases, the metal depletion potential was dominated by the inverter and cabling components, due to their use of metals like copper and tin. Metallizarion pastes used in the mc-Si solar cell production contributed to toxicity potentials. Contributions from other processes in the PV value chains were less significant. The GWP-scores in kg CO2-eq./m2 of PV system were found to be 260 for mc-Si Sim, 155 for mc-Si ESS, 75 for CdTe and 86 for CIGS. Main contributors were the energy feed stock used in the solar grade silicon production (mc-Si cases), and the primary aluminium and glass used in manufacturing of the PV module (all cases). A base case was used for comparison with existing LCA studies, giving corresponding GWP-scores of 42,5, 30,8, 16,8 and 20,6 g CO2-eq./kWh, which are within the range of published values.The current thin film technologies are already competitive with wind power in terms of GWP. By performing different combinations of improvement measures, all cases, except mc-Si Sim, could achieve GWPs as low as 5,1-5,8 g CO2-eq./kWh (below the minimum value of wind power). Switching the electricity supply towards a higher share of renewable energy and improving in the conversion efficiencies will have a significant effect in reducing the GWP. To improve the material efficiency, manufacturing waste should be reduced and recycled, and the solar cells should be made thinner. The silicon purification methods need to be made more energy efficient by e.g. implementing energy recovery, using biogenic carbon sources as reduction agents or switch from using the modified Siemens method to using more energy efficient methods like the Elkem Solar Silicon production process or the Fluidized Bed Reactor process. Recycled aluminium or steel should be used for the frame of the PV module and the mounting structure. End-of-life PV modules should be recycled to reduce the demand for primary material, e.g. aluminium, glass and rare metals.
10
Priest, Kevin Kennett. "Life cycle costing of active and passive solar retrofits." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0024497.
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Moreno, Leiva Simón Andrés. "Evaluation of the integration of solar and mining industries through a life cycle assessment." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/138952.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ingeniero Civil QuímicoThis work reports the application of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) technique to the analysis of the main copper production processes in the Chilean context. The goal of the study was to estimate the environmental benefit, in terms of Global Warming Potential (GWP), that can be achieved with more intensive use of solar technologies to produce energy for the Chilean mining industry. Specifically, the copper industry and its GWP are the focus of the work. A baseline for current GWP of pyro and hydrometallurgical copper processes was built, using 2014 average data for the Chilean industry. Pyro-processes are estimated at 4.901 [kgCO2eq(ton Cu)-1] and hydro-processes at 3.960 [kgCO2eq(ton Cu)-1]. Most of the overall Green House Gases (GHG) emissions for each type of process are electricity-related (87% in pyro-process and 76% in hydro-process). Photovoltaic (PV), Concentrated Solar Power CSP, and solar thermal technologies were assessed. For pyro-process GWP decreases 10% when integrating PV and 35% when integrating CSP. And for hydro-process GWP decreases 14% with PV, 48% with CSP and 4% when employing solar thermal technology. The highest GWP reduction is achieved when both CSP and solar thermal technologies are integrated in hydro-process. 2.090 [kgCO2eq(ton Cu)-1] are saved and GWP of this process decreases 53%. Suggestions for future steps of this research are: perform technical feasibility and economic evaluations of proposed alternatives, evaluation of other mixed technologies scenarios, improving process step-resolution in the models, and adopting a process-comprehensive approach (understanding the purpose of every energetic resource in the process). This will allow to achieve a better comprehension of the processes under study and propose new alternatives for solar technology integration in mining industry. El presente trabajo da cuenta de la implementación del método de Análisis de Ciclo de Vida (LCA, por su sigla en inglés) a los principales procesos productivos del cobre en el contexto chileno. El objetivo de este trabajo es estimar el beneficio ambiental que se podría alcanzar con un uso más intensivo de tecnologías solares en la industria minera nacional. Específicamente, el trabajo se enfoca en el potencial de calentamiento global (GWP por su sigla en inglés) de la industria de cobre. Se construyó una línea base para el GWP de los procesos piro e hidrometalúrgicos, considerando las condiciones actuales y empleando datos promedios para la industria chilena para 2014. Las emisiones del proceso pirometalúrgico se estiman en 4.901 [kgCO2eq(ton Cu)-1] mientras las del hidrometalúrgico en 3.960 [kgCO2eq(ton Cu)-1]. La mayoría de las emisiones totales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero para cada tipo de proceso provienen de la generación eléctrica (87% en pirometalurgia y 76% en hidro). Se evaluaron las tecnologías fotovoltaica (PV), solar de concentración (CSP) y solar térmica. La mayor reducción del GWP se logra al integrar CSP y solar térmica en el proceso hidrometalúrgico. Se dejan de emitir 2.090 [kgCO2eq(ton Cu)-1] y el GWP disminuye en un 53%. En pirometalurgia GWP disminuye 10% cuando se integra PV y 35% con CSP. Y en hidrometalurgia GWP disminuye 14% con PV, 48% con CSP y 4% con solar termal. Para los próximos pasos en la investigación se sugiere: realizar análisis económicos y de factibilidad técnica para las alternativas propuestas, evaluar la utilización de otras combinaciones de tecnologías solares, aumentar la resolución en etapas con la que se representa las líneas productivas y adoptar un enfoque de comprensión del uso de los recursos energéticos en el proceso (process-comprehensive approach). Esto permitirá lograr una mejor comprensión de los procesos en estudio y proponer nuevas alternativas para la integración de tecnologías solares en minería.
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Lopo, Alexandre Boleira. "An?lise do desempenho t?rmico de um sistema de aquecimento solar de baixo custo." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2010. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15607.
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Previous issue date: 2010-02-01Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
It presents a solar collector to be used in a system for heating water for bathing, whose main characteristics are low cost and easy manufacturing and assembly. The system operates under natural convection or thermosiphon. The absorbing surface of the collector is formed by twelve PVC pipes of 25 mm outside diameter connected in parallel via connections in T of the same material. The tubes were covered with absorbing fins made with recycled aluminum cans. We studied eight settings between absorber plate, thermal insulating EPS boards and thermal reservoirs 150 and 200 liters. It was determined the most efficient configuration for the correct purpose. We evaluated thermal parameters that proved the viability of the heating system studied
Apresenta-se um coletor solar a ser utilizado em um sistema para aquecimento de ?gua destinada ao banho, cujas principais caracter?sticas s?o o baixo custo e f?ceis processos de fabrica??o e montagem. O sistema funciona em regime de convec??o natural ou termosif?o. A superf?cie absorvedora do coletor ? formada por doze tubos de PVC de 25 mm de di?metro externo ligados em paralelo atrav?s de conex?es em T do mesmo material. Os tubos absorvedores foram recobertos por aletas confeccionadas com latas de alumino recicladas. Foram estudadas oito configura??es entre placa absorvedora, isolante t?rmico de placas de EPS e reservat?rios t?rmicos de 150 e 200 litros. Determinou-se a configura??o mais eficiente para o fim proposto. Foram avaliados par?metros t?rmicos que comprovaram a viabilidade do sistema de aquecimento estudado
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Ximenes, Naves Alex. "Whole Life Sustainability Assessment at the Building Industry and Constructed Assets, through the Whole Life Costing Assessment and Life Cycle Costing Assessment evaluating the economic and financial aspects." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670202.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Els edificis d’energia neta poden ser entesos com a edificis, que durant un temps determinat generen tanta energia
com consumeixen. Ja sigui des del punt de vista de l’oferta o el consum, la disponibilitat d’energia està relacionada
amb alguns aspectes bàsics, com ara la font (s), la conversió, la distribució, l’ús, el malbaratament, l’optimització,
l’eficiència i l’autonomia. Aquests temes revelen la complexitat del tema de l'energia i justifiquen l'atenció especial que
li dóna la comunitat acadèmica.
Per obtenir resultats tangibles en l'anàlisi d'aquests sistemes, en el nostre estudi ens centrem en la modelització i
optimització de solucions energètiques aplicades a edificis o sistemes similars. D'altra banda, el període de temps dels
objectes analitzats es va estendre fins al seu període de cicle de vida previst.
Es van establir els objectius principals com: - Verificar i analitzar l’estat de la tecnologia de les energies renovables per
a edificis i actius construïts i l’aplicabilitat de l’anàlisi de costos del cicle de vida a aquests temes; - Configurar models
reproductibles d’edificis i les seves principals càrregues elèctriques, mitjançant eines d’enginyeria de processos
assistits per ordinador, per procedir a simulacions i optimització, considerant-se com a font d’energia primària l’energia
solar; - Quantificar, utilitzant estudis de casos reals i hipotètics, els beneficis de les solucions proposades, amb
l'objectiu de realitzar tota l'avaluació de la sostenibilitat de la vida mitjançant la reducció de tot el cost del cicle de vida;Los edificios de energía de red cero pueden entenderse como edificios, que durante un tiempo dado generan tanta energía como consumen. O bien, desde el punto de vista del suministro o el consumo, la disponibilidad de energía está relacionada con algunos problemas básicos, como las fuentes, la conversión, la distribución, la utilización, el desperdicio, la optimización, la eficiencia y la autonomía. Estos problemas revelan la complejidad del tema de la energía y justifican la atención especial que le presta la comunidad académica. Para obtener resultados tangibles en el análisis de estos sistemas, en nuestro estudio nos centramos en el modelado y la optimización de soluciones energéticas aplicadas a edificios o sistemas similares. Por otro lado, el período de tiempo de los objetos analizados se extendió a su período de ciclo de vida esperado. Los objetivos principales se establecieron como: - Verificar y analizar el estado de la técnica de las soluciones de energía renovable para edificios y activos construidos y la aplicabilidad del análisis de costos de ciclo de vida a estas cuestiones; - Configure modelos reproducibles de edificios y sus principales cargas eléctricas, a través de herramientas de Ingeniería de Procesos Asistidos por Computadora, para proceder a simulaciones y optimización, considerando como fuente de energía primaria la energía solar;
Net-zero energy buildings can be understood as buildings, that for a given time, generate as much energy as they consume. Either, from the point of view of supply or consumption, energy availability is related to some basic issues such as source (s), conversion, distribution, utilization, waste, optimization, efficiency and autonomy. These issues reveal the complexity of the subject of energy and justify the special attention given to it by the academic community. To obtain tangible results in the analysis of these systems, in our study we focus on the modelling and optimization of energy solutions applied to buildings or similar systems. On the other hand, the time frame of the analysed objects was extended to their expected life cycle period. The main objectives were stablished as: - Verify and analyse the state-of-the-art of renewable energy solutions for buildings and constructed assets and the applicability of life cycle costing analysis to these issues; - Configure reproducible models of buildings and their main electrical loads, via Computer Aided Process Engineering tools, to proceed simulations and optimization, considering as primary energy source solar energy; - Quantify, using real-life and hypothetical case studies, the benefits of the proposed solutions, aiming the whole life sustainability assessment through the reduction of the whole life cycle costing; and - Guarantee the reproducibility of the models and main general results of this study and make them public, to contribute with their applicability and further researches.
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Ramos, Filho Ricardo Eug?nio Barbosa. "An?lise de desempenho de um fog?o solar constru?do a partir de sucatas de antena de tv." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2011. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15647.
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Previous issue date: 2011-02-28Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
Given the growing environmental crisis caused by degradation, mainly due to the use of polluting energy sources, increasing the growing use of renewable energies worldwide, with emphasis on solar energy, an abundant supply and available to everyone, which can be harnessed in several ways: electricity generation; dehydration of food; heating, disinfection and distillation and cooking. The latter has as its primary feature the viability of clean, renewable energy for society, combating ecological damage caused by large-scale use of firewood for cooking foods, use in tropical countries with high solar radiation, and has funding NGOs throughout the world with the goal of achieving low-income population. The proposed project consists of a solar cooker for concentration, working from the reflection of sunlight by a hub that they converge to a focal point at the bottom of the pot, getting lots of heat. The solar cooker under study consists of two elliptical reflecting parabolas made from the recycling of scrap TV antenna, having 0.29 m? of surface area for each antenna, which were covered by multiple mirrors of 2 mm thick and mounted on a metal structure, with correction for the mobility of the apparent movement of the sun. This structure was built with the recycling of scrap metal, possessing a relatively low cost compared with other solar cookers, around US$ 50.00. This cost becomes negligible, since that will involve a great benefit to not have fuel costs for each meal, unlike the use of gas or firewood for cooking food. The tests show that the cooker has reached the maximum temperature of 740 ? C, for boiling water in an average time of 28 minutes, cooking various types of foods such as potatoes, rice and pasta in an average time of 45 minutes and still going as a solar oven, making pizza baking and meat. These cooking times do not differ much from the cooking times on a gas stove, it becomes the solar cooker as a good consumer acceptance, and furthermore not to deliver the same gases that can poison the food as with the wood stove. Proves the viability of using the stove to cook or bake in two daily meals for a family, still presenting a position to improve his performance with the addition of new materials, equipment and techniques
Diante da crescente crise ambiental provocada pela degrada??o, principalmente devido ao uso de fontes energ?ticas poluentes, cada vez mais, vem crescendo o uso de energias renov?veis em todo o mundo, tendo destaque para a energia solar, uma fonte abundante e dispon?vel a todos, que pode ser aproveitada de diversas maneiras como: gera??o de eletricidade; desidrata??o de alimentos; aquecimento, desinfec??o e destila??o de ?gua e coc??o. Este ?ltimo tem como aspecto primordial a viabiliza??o de energia limpa e renov?vel para a sociedade, combatendo os danos ecol?gicos causados pela utiliza??o em larga escala de lenha para o cozimento de alimentos, tendo utiliza??o em pa?ses tropicais com altos ?ndices de radia??o solar, possuindo financiamento de ONGS por todo o mundo com objetivo de atingir a popula??o de baixa renda. O projeto proposto consta de um fog?o solar ? concentra??o, funcionando a partir da reflex?o dos raios solares por um concentrador que converge os mesmos para um ponto focal no fundo da panela, recebendo grande quantidade de calor. O fog?o solar em estudo ? composto por duas par?bolas refletoras de forma el?ptica feitas a partir do reaproveitamento de sucatas de antena de TV, possuindo 0,29 m? de ?rea superficial para cada antena, que foram cobertas por m?ltiplos espelhos de 2 mm de espessura e montadas em uma estrutura met?lica com mobilidade para a corre??o do movimento aparente do sol. Esta estrutura foi constru?da com o reaproveitamento de sucata, possuindo um custo relativamente baixo, quando comparado com outros fog?es solares, em torno R$ 100,00. Este custo torna-se insignificante, uma vez que promover? um grande benef?cio em n?o possuir gastos com combust?vel para cada refei??o, diferente do uso do g?s ou de lenha para cozinhar alimentos. Os ensaios mostram que o fog?o chegou ? temperatura m?xima de 740?C, realizando a ebuli??o de ?gua em um tempo m?dio de 28 minutos, cozinhando diversos tipos de alimentos, como batata, arroz e macarr?o em um tempo m?dio de 45 minutos e ainda funcionando como forno solar, realizando o assamento de pizza e carnes. Esses tempos de cozimento n?o diferem muito dos tempos de cozimento em um fog?o ? g?s, fato que obt?m ao fog?o solar uma boa receptividade aos consumidores, al?m do mesmo n?o emitir gases que podem intoxicar os alimentos como no caso do fog?o a lenha. Comprova-se a viabilidade da utiliza??o do fog?o para cozinhar ou assar em duas refei??es di?rias para uma fam?lia, apresentando ainda condi??es de melhorar sua performance com adi??o de novos materiais, equipamentos e t?cnicas
15
Prapas, D. E. "Design and performance of line-axis concentrating solar-energy collectors." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380719.
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16
Ranns, Neale David Raymond. "Studies of solar flares : homology and X ray line broadening." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271138.
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17
Zhang, Jingyi. "A Life Cycle Sustainability Study of Perovskite Solar Cell Technologies." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1554289816394232.
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18
Krause, Marcus. "Environmental Life Cycle Costing (ELCC) für Produkte der Solarenergie." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-96963.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Vor dem Hintergrund der zukünftigen Notwendigkeit einer nachhaltigen Energieversorgung beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit Technologien der regenerativen Energiequelle Solarenergie, insbesondere Photovoltaik (PV). Systeme zur Nutzung der unerschöpflich verfügbaren, sauberen und im Prinzip “frei Haus” gelieferten Energie der Sonne können eine bedeutsame Rolle in einer umweltverträglicheren Zukunft spielen. Allerdings ist die Herstellung der erforderlichen Komponenten heute i.d.R. noch energie- und kostenintensiv, weshalb für eine korrekte Bewertung dieser Technologien der gesamte Lebenszyklus betrachtet werden muss. Zur tieferen Analyse der PV wird die Methodik des Environmental Life Cycle Costing (ELCC) auf der Grundlage von drei Grundideen eingeführt. Konkret sind dies die Ausgangspunkte: Nachhaltigkeit, Lebenszyklusdenken und die Drei-Dimensionalität dieses Instrumentes durch die gemeinsame Betrachtung ökologischer, ökonomischer und technischer Aspekte in ihrem Zusammenspiel. Ausgehend von theoretischen Elementen der Ökobilanzierung (Life Cycle Assessment) und des Life Cycle Costings, verbunden mit den technischen Eigenschaften der Photovoltaik werden wichtigste Anforderungen und Schritte für die Durchführung eines ELCC für PV beschrieben. Mittels einer softwaregestützten Inhaltsanalyse wird im Anschluss der definierte Rahmen für ein ELCC für PV getestet (und modifiziert) gegen eine Auswahl von 135 bereits existierender Studien, die sich mit dem Lebenszyklus von PV-Technologien aus ökologischer und ökonomischer Sicht beschäftigen. Im Ergebnis hieraus können die wichtigsten Elemente eines ELCC für PV, wie beispielsweise ökologische Wirkungskategorien oder ökonomische Indikatoren, identifiziert werden (methodisches Feedback). In einem nächsten Schritt werden die Studien hinsichtlich ihrer “Qualität” bezogen auf ökologische, ökonomische und übergreifende Inhalte eines ELCC für PV bewertet. Auf diese Weise kann ein Inventar von Lebenszyklusanalysen für PV erstellt werden, das nach den Technologien und der inhaltlichen Qualität bezüglich eines ELCC strukturiert ist und für weitere Analysen als Grundlage dienen kann. Aus den bisherigen Ergebissen kann eine erste Einschätzung zum aktuellen Stand des ELCC für PV in der Literatur vorgenommen werden: Es existiert bereits ein großer Pool von Studien, die sich mit dem Lebenszyklus der PV beschäftigen. Mit Blick auf die Anforderungen eines ELCC für PV besteht jedoch Nachholbedarf in der Verbindung und gemeinsamen Betrachtung von hot spots und trade offs aus ökologischer und ökonomischer Perspektive. Der definierte theoretische Rahmen für ein ELCC für PV, die kodierten Studien sowie das erstellte Inventar von Lebenszyklusanalysen der PV können nun als Grundlage für weitere Analysen dienen. Insbesondere eine inhaltliche Auswertung der konkreten Ergebnisse von Studien kann so einen Benchmark und Orientierung für neue Lebenszyklusanalysen für PV-Technologien liefernThe special need of a sustainable energy supply in mind the technologies of the renewable source solar energy, especially photovoltaics (PV) is main subject of the present thesis. Using the inexhaustible, clean and “freely delievered” power from the sun solar devices may play a major role in a cleaner future, but, on the other hand, they are still energy consuming and expensive in their production which consequently demands a whole life cycle perspective when assessing this technology. For a closer look at PV the methodology of Environmental Life Cycle Costing (ELCC) is introduced by following three theoretical points of view. Namely these are sustainability, life cycle thinking and the three dimensional nature of this tool by regarding environmental, economic and technical aspects in their interaction. Based on theoretical elements of Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Costing in combination with the technical background of photovoltaics main requirements and steps for performing an ELCC for PV are described. By executing software based content analysis the defined framework is checked (and modified) against a choice of 135 existing studies analyzing the life cycle of PV technologies from an environmental or economic perspective. As a result the main elements of an ELCC for PV, e.g. environmental impact categories and economic indicators, are identified (methodological feedback). Within the next step the existing studies are rated by their “quality” regarding the environmental, economic and more general parts of an ELCC for PV in order to create an inventory of life cycle studies for PV. This inventory is structured by technologies as well as quality of content respecting ELCC and might be used for further analyses. At this stage the results propose the possibility of a first estimate of the present status of ELCC for PV: until now there is a good pool of existing analyses of the life cycle of PV systems. But from an ELCC perspective the examination of common hot spots and trade offs between economic and environmental aspects should be expanded. The theoretical framework of ELCC for PV, the encoded studies and the inventory of life cycle analyses for PV are now the starting point for further analyses, especially of the individual outcome within studies, which will then pose a benchmark for new life cycle studies of PV technology
19
Zacharopoulos, Aggelos. "Optical design modelling and experimental characterisation of line-axis concentrators for solar photovoltaic and thermal applications." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342344.
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20
Oliveira, Hugo Sergio Medeiros de. "An?lise da indu??o de fluxo de ar por convec??o livre em chamin? solar." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15695.
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Previous issue date: 2012-11-30Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
Experiments were performed to study the effect of surface properties of a vertical channel heated by a source of thermal radiation to induce air flow through convection. Two channels (solar chimney prototype) were built with glass plates, forming a structure of truncated pyramidal geometry. We considered two surface finishes: transparent and opaque. Each stack was mounted on a base of thermal energy absorber with a central opening for passage of air, and subjected to heating by a radiant source comprises a bank of incandescent bulbs and were performed field tests. Thermocouples were fixed on the bases and on the walls of chimneys and then connected to a data acquisition system in computer. The air flow within the chimney, the speed and temperature were measured using a hot wire anemometer. Five experiments were performed for each stack in which convective flows were recorded with values ranging from 17 m? / h and 22 m? / h and air flow velocities ranging from 0.38 m / s and 0.56 m / s for the laboratory tests and air velocities between 0.6 m/s and 1.1m/s and convective airflows between 650 m?/h and 1150 m?/h for the field tests. The test data were compared to those obtained by semi-empirical equations, which are valid for air flow induced into channels and simulated data from 1st Thermodynamics equation. It was found that the chimney with transparent walls induced more intense convective flows than the chimney with matte finish. Based on the results obtained can be proposed for the implementation of prototype to exhaust fumes, mists, gases, vapors, mists and dusts in industrial environments, to help promote ventilation and air renewal in built environments and for drying materials, fruits and seeds
Estudou-se o efeito do acabamento da superf?cie de um canal vertical aquecido por uma fonte de radia??o t?rmica na indu??o de fluxo de ar por convec??o livre. Dois canais (prot?tipos de chamin? solar) foram constru?dos com placas de vidro, compondo uma estrutura de geometria tronco-piramidal. Consideraram-se dois acabamentos de superf?cie: transparente e opaco. Cada chamin? foi montada sobre uma base absorvedora de energia t?rmica, com uma abertura central para passagem de ar, e submetidas a aquecimento por meio de uma fonte radiante composta por um banco de l?mpadas incandescentes e foram feitos ensaios em campo. Termopares foram fixados nas bases absorvedoras e nas paredes das chamin?s e, em seguida, conectados a um sistema de aquisi??o de dados por computador. O fluxo de ar no interior da chamin?, sua velocidade e temperatura foram medidos utilizando-se um anem?metro de fio quente. Realizaram-se cinco ensaios para cada chamin?, nos quais foram registrados fluxos convectivos com valores variando entre 17 m?/h e 22 m?/h e velocidades de escoamento de ar variando entre 0,38 m/s e 0,56 m/s para os ensaios em laborat?rio e velocidades entre 0,6 m/s e 1,1 m/s e fluxos de ar variando entre 650 m?/h e 1150 m?/h para os ensaios em campo. Os dados dos ensaios foram comparados ?queles obtidos por meio de equa??es semi-emp?ricas, v?lidas para escoamento de ar induzido em canais e com dados obtidos atrav?s da 1? lei da Termodin?mica. Constatou-se que a chamin? com paredes transparentes induziu fluxos convectivos mais intensos que a chamin? com acabamento opaco. Com base nos resultados obtidos pode-se propor a aplica??o do prot?tipo para exaust?o de fumos, n?voas, gases, vapores, poeiras e neblinas em ambientes industriais, para auxiliar na promo??o de ventila??o e renova??o de ar em ambientes constru?dos e para secagem de materiais, frutas e sementes
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Reis, Edmilson Pedreira dos. "An?lise do desempenho t?rmico de um sistema de aquecimento solar utilizando coletor com superf?cie absorvedora em chapas de PVC." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2009. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15593.
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Previous issue date: 2009-08-07Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
It s presented a solar collector to be used in a system for heating bath water, whose main characteristic is its low cost. The collector consists of five plates of PVC with 10 mm thick, 200 mm in width and 1400mm in length, with an area equal to 1.4 square meters. The plates were connected in parallel to the ends of PVC tubes of 40 mm and 32 mm. The plates were coated on one side with aluminum sheets of soft drinks and beers cans open. The system worked on a thermosiphon and was tested in two configurations: the plates uncoated and coated with aluminum material, to determine the influence of material on the efficiency of the collector. For both configurations was used EPS plates below the surface to minimize heat losses from the botton. The thermal reservoir of the heating system is, also, alternative and low cost, since it was constructed from a polyethylene tank for storing water, with volume of 150 end 200 liters. It will be presented the thermal efficiency, heat loss, water temperature of the thermal reservoir at the end of the process and simulation of baths for a house with four residents. The will be demonstrated thermal, economic and material viability of the proposed collector, whose main innovation is the use of recyclables materials, cans of beer and soft drinks, to increase the temperature of the absorber plate.
Apresenta-se um coletor solar alternativo a ser utilizado em um sistema para aquecimento de ?gua destinada ao banho, cuja principal caracter?stica ? seu baixo custo. O coletor consiste de cinco placas de forro de PVC de 10 mm de espessura, 200 mm de largura e 1400 mm de comprimento com ?rea correspondente a 1,40 m?. As placas foram ligadas pelas extremidades em paralelo a tubos de PVC de 40 mm e de 32 mm. As placas, de um lado, foram revestidas com chapas de alum?nio provenientes de latinha de refrigerantes e cervejas abertas. O sistema funcionou em regime de termo-sif?o e foi testado para duas configura??es: as placas sem revestimento e revestidas com o material alum?nio, para a determina??o da influ?ncia desse material na efici?ncia do coletor. Para as configura??es estudadas utilizaram-se placas de isopor de 20 mm na superf?cie inferior para minimizar as perdas t?rmicas pela parte de baixo. O reservat?rio t?rmico do sistema de aquecimento ?, tamb?m, alternativo e de baixo custo, pois foi constru?do a partir de um reservat?rio de polietileno para armazenamento de ?gua, com volume de 150 e 200 litros. Ser?o apresentados dados de efici?ncia t?rmica, perda t?rmica, temperatura da ?gua do reservat?rio t?rmico no final do processo e de simula??o de banhos para uma resid?ncia com quatro moradores. Ser?o demonstradas as viabilidades t?rmica, econ?mica e de materiais do coletor proposto, cuja principal inova??o consiste na utiliza??o de materiais recicl?veis, latas de cervejas e refrigerantes para o aumento da temperatura da placa absorvedora
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Topaloslu, Birol. "Solar Envelope And Form Generation In Architecture." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1042704/index.pdf.
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This thesis analyses the issue of solar access in environmentally sensitive attitudes to architecture. The primary intention of the study is to scrutinize the relationship between solar access and building form (volume) and investigate the efficiency of solar control on / by this form by means of &lsquosolar envelope&rsquo
technique which is, first, defined by Knowles and developed in different ways in the last 30 years. Solar envelope in Knowles&rsquo
terms can be defined as the building volume resulting from shadow casting restrictions and must be recognized as a both theoretical and technical method in the form generation of any building. Similar to the concept of maximum developable volume allowed under height restrictions or floor area ratios, solar envelope is, rather, defined by solar access concerns. This method is applicable on single buildings as well as dense urban areas (residential and mix use areas) and is a supportive tool in the form generation in any stage of design. Buildings constructed without exceeding the abstract solar envelope that is constructed on the basis of solar access will be successful in the means of passive solar and low-energy design. Such a success will supply a sustainable development, which is globally discussed as a result of environmental and energy crisis. The aim of this thesis is to represent the method of constructing solar envelope, in case study, with its fundamental aspects and tools. Odtü
kent residences will be the objects of this study. Results of this application will be tested with shadow maps and evaluations both for the existing situation and the proposed envelopes will be developed.
23
Telleschi, Alessandra Silvia. "Coronal evolution of solar-like stars : X-ray spectroscopy of stars in star-forming regions and the solar neighborhood /." Zürich : ETH, 2007. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=17018.
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Hörteis, Matthias [Verfasser]. "Fine-line printed contacts on crystalline silicon solar cells / Matthias Hörteis." Konstanz : Bibliothek der Universität Konstanz, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1017360413/34.
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25
Borgström, Veronika. "Mapping asymmetries of the H-alpha line profile in solar flares." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för astronomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-169334.
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In this paper we analyze the small C1.5 class solar flare observed on June 30th 2013 by the Swedish Solar Telescope. The evolution of asym- metries in the Hα line profile of the solar flare was studied where it could be seen how the number of red asymmetric regions had a maximum value near the beginning of the flare and then decreases rapidly in the first 4 minutes of the observations. This could be interpreted as a correlation with the HXR and microwave emissions of the impulsive phase of the flare as these emissions also typically have a similar rapid increase and decrease of emission intensity.
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Santos, Natanaeyfle Randemberg Gomes dos. "Projeto, constru??o e an?lise de desempenho de coletores solares alternativos utilizando garrafas pet." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2008. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15534.
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Previous issue date: 2008-02-08Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
A solar alternative system for water heating is presented. It work on a thermosiphon, consisting of one or two alternative collectors and a water storage tank also alternative, whose main purpose is to socialize the use of energy mainly to be used by people of low income. The collectors were built from the use of pets bottles, cans of beer and soft drinks and tubes of PVC, ? " and the thermal reservoirs from a drum of polyethylene used for storage of water and garbage placed inside cylinder of fiber glass and EPS ground between the two surfaces. Such collectors are formed by three elements: pet bottles, cans and tubes absorbers. The heating units, which form the collector contains inside the cans that can be closed, in original form or in the form of plate. The collectors have an absorber grid formed by eight absorbers PVC tube, connected through connections at T of the same material and diameter. It will be presented data of the thermal parameters which demonstrate the efficiency of the heating system proposed. Relative aspects will be boarded also the susceptibility the thermal degradation and for UV for the PVC tubes. It will be demonstrated that this alternative heating system, which has as its main feature low cost, presents thermal, economic and materials viabilities
Apresenta-se um sistema de aquecimento de ?gua solar atrav?s do uso da energia solar, trabalhando em regime de termossif?o, constitu?do por um ou dois coletores, coletores alternativos e um reservat?rio armazenador de ?gua tamb?m alternativo, cuja principal finalidade ? socializar o uso da energia principalmente para ser utilizada por popula??es de baixa renda. Os coletores foram constru?dos a partir da utiliza??o de garrafas pet, latas de cervejas e refrigerantes e tubos de PVC de ? e os reservat?rios t?rmicos a partir de um tambor de polietileno utilizado para armazenamento de ?gua e lixo colocado no interior de cilindro em fibra de vidro, tendo isopor triturado entre as duas superf?cies. Tais coletores s?o formados por apenas tr?s elementos: garrafa pet, latas e tubos absorvedores. As unidades de aquecimento que formam o coletor cont?m em seu interior as latas que podem estar fechadas, vazadas ou em forma de aletas. Os coletores possuem uma grade absorvedora formada por oito tubos absorvedores de PVC, ligados atrav?s de conex?es em T do mesmo material e di?metro. Ser?o apresentados dados de rendimento e perda t?rmicos que demonstram a efici?ncia do sistema de aquecimento proposto Abordar-se-? tamb?m aspectos relativos a susceptibilidade de degrada??o dos tubos de PVC quando expostos a radia??o solar. Mostrar-se-? que tal sistema de aquecimento alternativo, que tem como principal caracter?stica seu baixo custo, apresenta viabilidades t?rmica, econ?mica e de materiais
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Oliveira, Therence Ulisses Medeiros de. "An?lise da viabilidade econ?mica de um sistema de aquecimento solar de ?gua para uma empresa do setor hoteleiro." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2011. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15652.
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Previous issue date: 2011-08-19This paper presents an analysis of technical and financial feasibility of the use of a solar system for water heating in a fictitious hotel located in the Northeast region. Thereunto it is used techniques of solar collectors? sizing and methods of financial mathematics, such as Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Payback. It will also be presented a sensitivity analysis to verify which are the factors that impact the viability of the solar heating. Comparative analysis will be used concerning three cities of distinct regions of Brazil: Curitiba, Bel?m and Jo?o Pessoa. The viability of using a solar heating system will be demonstrated to the whole Brazil, especially to the northeast region as it is the most viable for such an application of solar power because of its high levels of solar radiation. Among the cities examined for a future installation of solar heating systems for water heating in the hotel chain, Jo?o Pessoa was the one that has proved more viable.
Este trabalho apresenta uma an?lise da viabilidade financeira da utiliza??o de um sistema solar para aquecimento de ?gua em um hotel fict?cio na regi?o Nordeste, empregando para isso t?cnicas de dimensionamento de coletores solares e m?todos da Matem?tica Financeira, como Valor Presente L?quido (VPL), Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR) e Payback. Ser? tamb?m apresentada uma an?lise de sensibilidade para verificar quais s?o os fatores que mais impactam na viabilidade do aquecimento solar, variando tamb?m a localidade do empreendimento para Curitiba e Bel?m, ser? demonstrada a viabilidade de utiliza??o de um sistema de aquecimento solar no Brasil, destacando-se a regi?o nordeste como a mais vi?vel para tal aplica??o da fonte solar em fun??o de seus altos ?ndices de radia??o solar global. Dentre as cidades analisadas para futura instala??o de sistemas de aquecimento solar para aquecimento de ?gua na rede hoteleira Jo?o Pessoa foi a que se mostrou mais vi?vel.
28
Krause, Marcus. "Environmental Life Cycle Costing (ELCC) für Produkte der Solarenergie: Die Verbindung von Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) und Life Cycle Costing (LCC) - from Cradle to Grave - angewandt auf die Photovoltaik. Anforderungen bei der Durchführung und aktueller Stand in der Praxis." Technische Universität Dresden, 2011. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A26141.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Vor dem Hintergrund der zukünftigen Notwendigkeit einer nachhaltigen Energieversorgung beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit Technologien der regenerativen Energiequelle Solarenergie, insbesondere Photovoltaik (PV). Systeme zur Nutzung der unerschöpflich verfügbaren, sauberen und im Prinzip “frei Haus” gelieferten Energie der Sonne können eine bedeutsame Rolle in einer umweltverträglicheren Zukunft spielen. Allerdings ist die Herstellung der erforderlichen Komponenten heute i.d.R. noch energie- und kostenintensiv, weshalb für eine korrekte Bewertung dieser Technologien der gesamte Lebenszyklus betrachtet werden muss.
Zur tieferen Analyse der PV wird die Methodik des Environmental Life Cycle Costing (ELCC) auf der Grundlage von drei Grundideen eingeführt. Konkret sind dies die Ausgangspunkte: Nachhaltigkeit, Lebenszyklusdenken und die Drei-Dimensionalität dieses Instrumentes durch die gemeinsame Betrachtung ökologischer, ökonomischer und technischer Aspekte in ihrem Zusammenspiel. Ausgehend von theoretischen Elementen der Ökobilanzierung (Life Cycle Assessment) und des Life Cycle Costings, verbunden mit den technischen Eigenschaften der Photovoltaik werden wichtigste Anforderungen und Schritte für die Durchführung eines ELCC für PV beschrieben.
Mittels einer softwaregestützten Inhaltsanalyse wird im Anschluss der definierte Rahmen für ein ELCC für PV getestet (und modifiziert) gegen eine Auswahl von 135 bereits existierender Studien, die sich mit dem Lebenszyklus von PV-Technologien aus ökologischer und ökonomischer Sicht beschäftigen. Im Ergebnis hieraus können die wichtigsten Elemente eines ELCC für PV, wie beispielsweise ökologische Wirkungskategorien oder ökonomische Indikatoren, identifiziert werden (methodisches Feedback).
In einem nächsten Schritt werden die Studien hinsichtlich ihrer “Qualität” bezogen auf ökologische, ökonomische und übergreifende Inhalte eines ELCC für PV bewertet. Auf diese Weise kann ein Inventar von Lebenszyklusanalysen für PV erstellt werden, das nach den Technologien und der inhaltlichen Qualität bezüglich eines ELCC strukturiert ist und für weitere Analysen als Grundlage dienen kann.
Aus den bisherigen Ergebissen kann eine erste Einschätzung zum aktuellen Stand des ELCC für PV in der Literatur vorgenommen werden: Es existiert bereits ein großer Pool von Studien, die sich mit dem Lebenszyklus der PV beschäftigen. Mit Blick auf die Anforderungen eines ELCC für PV besteht jedoch Nachholbedarf in der Verbindung und gemeinsamen Betrachtung von hot spots und trade offs aus ökologischer und ökonomischer Perspektive.
Der definierte theoretische Rahmen für ein ELCC für PV, die kodierten Studien sowie das erstellte Inventar von Lebenszyklusanalysen der PV können nun als Grundlage für weitere Analysen dienen. Insbesondere eine inhaltliche Auswertung der konkreten Ergebnisse von Studien kann so einen Benchmark und Orientierung für neue Lebenszyklusanalysen für PV-Technologien liefern.The special need of a sustainable energy supply in mind the technologies of the renewable source solar energy, especially photovoltaics (PV) is main subject of the present thesis. Using the inexhaustible, clean and “freely delievered” power from the sun solar devices may play a major role in a cleaner future, but, on the other hand, they are still energy consuming and expensive in their production which consequently demands a whole life cycle perspective when assessing this technology. For a closer look at PV the methodology of Environmental Life Cycle Costing (ELCC) is introduced by following three theoretical points of view. Namely these are sustainability, life cycle thinking and the three dimensional nature of this tool by regarding environmental, economic and technical aspects in their interaction. Based on theoretical elements of Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Costing in combination with the technical background of photovoltaics main requirements and steps for performing an ELCC for PV are described. By executing software based content analysis the defined framework is checked (and modified) against a choice of 135 existing studies analyzing the life cycle of PV technologies from an environmental or economic perspective. As a result the main elements of an ELCC for PV, e.g. environmental impact categories and economic indicators, are identified (methodological feedback). Within the next step the existing studies are rated by their “quality” regarding the environmental, economic and more general parts of an ELCC for PV in order to create an inventory of life cycle studies for PV. This inventory is structured by technologies as well as quality of content respecting ELCC and might be used for further analyses. At this stage the results propose the possibility of a first estimate of the present status of ELCC for PV: until now there is a good pool of existing analyses of the life cycle of PV systems. But from an ELCC perspective the examination of common hot spots and trade offs between economic and environmental aspects should be expanded. The theoretical framework of ELCC for PV, the encoded studies and the inventory of life cycle analyses for PV are now the starting point for further analyses, especially of the individual outcome within studies, which will then pose a benchmark for new life cycle studies of PV technology.
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KULTUR, BEGUM. "LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT of ERICSSON’s MANAGED RURAL COVERAGE SOLUTION." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-127805.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The total number of mobile subscriptions has been announced to reach 6 billion in the market, of which 4 billion are individual users. The rest of the people on earth are potential subscribers that mainly live in rural areas lacking mobile connectivity today. Many of these users do not have access to electricity and have 6 U.S. dollar per month (USD/month) of average revenue per person. Referring to the year 2007, the telecommunication industry had a contribution of 0.6 percent of direct global carbon dioxide (CO2) or 0.4 percent of global carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). From 2007 to 2009, the number of off-grid radio base stations located in rural areas went up from 350,000 to 500,000. Nearly all of these sites use diesel generators and large amounts of fossil fuels during the operational stage. In addition the grid sites with diesel back-up were about 0.5 million in 2009. The financial and environmental consequences of the life cycle impact of the diesel fuel depleted can be significant. Adaptation of renewable energy has therefore become important for both environmental and economic reasons. In this master thesis a Life Cycle Assessment of Ericsson’s Managed Rural Coverage (MRC) solution was made. Four main life cycle stages were included: manufacturing, transportation, operation and end-of-life treatment. MRC is an off-grid site solution consisting of electronic communication equipment (radio base station, base station controller, hub, cable) photovoltaic cells, battery, antenna, and constructions part (antenna pole, tower and foundation). This study also includes the satellite connection as well as Ericsson and operator activities in the assessment. The MRC distinguishes itself from the conventional base stations, by its significant decrease of energy consumption in its operational stage as well as the business model around the offering. The assessment in this thesis was carried out in accordance with data retrieved from an Ericsson’s pilot system in Dungunab, Sudan. The ISO 1404X series of LCA standards was followed and Gabi software w used to evaluate the results. The carbon footprint was found to be 0.3 kg CO2e/subscriber for the pilot setup. These calculations were based on an assumption that each pilot site serviced 1000 users. The maximum number of subscribers can be about 3200, which would decrease the life cycle CO2 emissions per user by 2/3. According to the sensitivity analysis the maximum CO2 emissions for a conservative MRC scenario is less than 1 kg CO2e/subscriber. Although this figure represents a very conservative scenario, the result is low in comparison with an average GSM network which has an approximate carbon footprint of 15 kg CO2e/subscriber. It is important to note that the MRC is not intended to replace all conventional macro RBS sites due to limitations in performance and capabilities, but is rather a complement to conventional macro radio base station sites for applicable scenarios.Thesis registration number: EGI-2013-024MSC EKV941
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Eames, Philip C. "A unified numerical model for optics and heat transfer within line-axis concentrating solar energy collectors : development, validation and parametric analysis." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1990. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278773.
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McClelland, Scott C. "A rolling line source for a seismic sonar." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/02Jun%5FMcClelland.pdf.
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Dave, Shreya H. "Life cycle assessment of off-grid lighting applications : kerosene vs. solar lanterns." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54450.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2008.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 37-38).
Access to electricity in developing countries is minimal and if available, often unreliable. As a result, fuel-based kerosene lighting is the most common solution to lighting necessities. However, kerosene combustion affects indoor air quality and relies on a non-renewable fossil fuel subject to price volatility. Thus, solar lanterns are being introduced to developing markets, but incur their own energy and emissions intensity from more complex manufacturing processes and requirements. Life cycle assessments examine the energy required and the emissions released over the entire existence of a product or process to allow for quantitative comparison among technology options. The results from a "cradle-to-user" life cycle assessment of the lighting options are displayed in Figure 1 below ... The values reported do not clearly indicate that it is a sustainable decision to transition to solar-based lighting from the conventional use of kerosene combustion. However, understanding the data presents further opportunities for reducing the impact of lighting. The economic payback time of a solar lantern, the distribution emissions in location and time, and the challenges of implementation on a large scale are among these critical review considerations.
by Shreya H. Dave.
S.B.
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Chan, Hoi-Shan. "The use of amino acids for life detection in the solar system." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/9662.
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To date, the fundamental question of how life originated remains unanswered. The main mystery that has to be solved is how prebiotic chemistry has evolved into primitive biotic chemistry. The primitive record of biological evolution is no longer preserved on Earth due to destructive tectonic processes. However, examples of the organic inventory of the early solar system are available in carbonaceous chondrites. The varied organic content of these meteorites could have provided an exogenous source of organic molecules for the onset of life on the early Earth. My research examines the amino acid contents of carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites analysed with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The enantiomeric (D/L) ratios of amino acids were obtained to distinguish materials produced biotically or abiotically as life on Earth is dominated by L-asymmetry. This study reveals that the ordinary chondrite Chainpur contains abundant amino acids. Despite the D/L ratios indicating a certain level of terrestrial contamination, the presence of non-protein amino acid suggests the presence of indigenous materials in the meteorites. Once arisen, life was undoubtedly successful on Earth. But it may have also existed on Mars. This hypothesis will be tested by forthcoming life-detection missions that will carry out in situ analyses on the Red Planet. Fluorescence spectroscopy is a technique that targets biologically significant organic molecules such as amino acids. These molecules are important building blocks of life. The focus of this research is to analyse the fluorescence patterns of a range of standards representing terrestrial and extraterrestrial amino acids and their mixtures, alongside a Martian soil analogue, Salten Skov. This study identifies the optimal excitation and emission wavelengths for amino acids and evaluates the problems associated with photochemical quenching. Spectrofluorometry is a quick and simple analytical technique that offers high sensitivity and immediate identification. Overall, this study aids in understanding the organic reservoir that may have contributed to the origin of life and provides imperative information for successful life-detection missions.
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Gustavsson, Mathias. "Solar energy for a brighter life : a case study of rural electrification through solar photovoltaic technology in the Eastern Province, Zambia /." Göteborg, Sweden : University of Göteborg, 2008. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0804/2008422822.html.
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Padovan, Rodrigo Nogueira. "Degradação de hormônios em águas de abastecimento público por fotocatálise heterogênea solar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75135/tde-18082015-104331/.
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Vários compostos utilizados ou produzidos pelo homem quando lançados no meio ambiente, ou mesmo em estações de tratamento de esgoto, não são facilmente degradados ou removidos. Desse modo, acabam voltando às estações de tratamento de água, que em sua maioria utilizam métodos que não são capazes de remover tais compostos, podendo até aumentar o efeito biológico destes. A detecção destes compostos é um desafio para a Química Analítica, já que ocorrem em baixas concentrações. Degradou-se uma mistura de quatro hormônios ¾ três naturais, 17 β-estradiol (E2), estrona (E1) e estriol (E3), e um sintético, 17 α-etinilestradiol (EE2) ¾ em água de abastecimento público pela fotocatálise heterogênea solar, utilizando-se o fotocatalisador dióxido de titânio suportado em um reator de placa plana operado com reciclo. Foi também desenvolvido e validado um método analítico totalmente automatizado que possibilitou detectar e quantificar baixas concentrações dos quatro hormônios. Foram obtidos limites de quantificação de 10 μg L-1, com a extração de 125 μL de amostra, com coeficiente de variação (< 20%) e exatidão (todos entre 80 a 120%) dentro dos limites aceitáveis para este tipo de análise. Foi possível verificar que a eficiência de degradação atingiu mais de 90% em menos de 4 horas para todos os hormônios. Mesmo com esse nível de degradação não foi possível a remoção da atividade estrogênica. Só houve uma redução significativa após 9 h de degradação. Possivelmente, a atividade estrogênica foi mantida pela concentração restante dos hormônios e/ou pela formação de produtos de degradação que também apresentavam atividade biológica. Alguns desses compostos foram propostos, sendo alguns conhecidos na literatura. No entanto, com as análises realizadas, não foi possível se ter certeza de que os compostos gerados no tratamento são realmente os sugeridos.Several compounds used or produced by man, when released into the environment, or even in sewage treatment plants, are not easily degraded or removed. Thus, these compounds eventually return to water treatment plants, which mostly use methods incapable of removing them, and may even enhance their biological effect. The detection of these compounds is a challenge to Analytical Chemistry, as they occur at low concentrations. A mixture of four hormones were degraded ¾ three of them of natural origin, 17β-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), and estriol (E3) and a synthetic one, 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) ¾ in public water supply by solar heterogeneous photocatalysis, using supported titanium dioxide as the photocatalyst in a flat-plate reactor in recycling mode. A fully automated analytical method was developed and validated making it possible to detect and quantify low concentrations of the four hormones. Quantification limits of 10 μg L-1 were achieved with the extraction of a 125 μL-sample, with coefficients of variation (< 20%) and accuracy (all between 80 and 120%) were acceptable limits for this type of analysis. It was possible to observe that the degradation performance reached more than 90% in less than 4 hours for all hormones. Even with this level of degradation it was not possible to remove the estrogenic activity. There was only a significant reduction after 9 h of degradation. Possibly, the estrogenic activity was maintained by the remaining concentration of the hormones and/or by degradation by-products which still present biological activity. Some of these compounds were proposed, some of which have been already published in the literature. However, with the performed analyses, it was not possible to ascertain that the generated compounds during treatment are actually the ones here suggested.
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Kobel, Philippe. "Center-to-limb investigations of solar photospheric magnetic features at high spatial resolution." [Berlin] Uni-Ed, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1003097200/04.
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Singleton, Cynthia Shaw. "Investigation of arctic ozone loss using solar occultation and microwave limb sounding instruments." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3239417.
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Coffaro, Martina [Verfasser]. "Search of X-ray activity cycles in young solar-like stars / Martina Coffaro." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2021. http://d-nb.info/123964423X/34.
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Juan, De Dios Ortiz Percy Javier. "Propuesta de diseño del sistema solar fotovoltaico para el sistema eléctrico en el anexo de Tinco, distrito de Alis, provincia de Yauyos y departamento de Lima-2017." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Continental, 2018. http://repositorio.continental.edu.pe/handle/continental/4927.
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La presente tesis tiene por título “Propuesta de diseño del sistema solar fotovoltaico para el sistema eléctrico en el Anexo de Tinco, Distrito de Alis, Provincia de Yauyos y Departamento de Lima-2017”. El objetivo principal es elaborar una alternativa de diseño de un sistema solar fotovoltaico. Se logró diseñar la propuesta, mediante la caracterización socioeconómica de la población en estudio, un análisis técnico de los requerimientos para un sistema fotovoltaico in situ, un análisis de viabilidad mediante encuestas aplicadas a los pobladores y un análisis de rentabilidad para poder demostrar que es posible y sostenible la propuesta. Entre los principales resultados se tiene que un sistema de 500W de potencia con 1 x Inversor de onda modificada HAMI SOLAR 12V 600W, 1 x Controlador de carga 20A, 1 x Batería solar descarga profunda 100Ah, sería el ideal considerando el consumo medio diario de energía de 1287 Wh/día, que es fácilmente abastecido por este sistema que puede entregar hasta 3000 Wh/día.
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Macedo, Neto Miguel Cabral de. "An?lise de desempenho de um fog?o solar com parabola fabricada em material comp?sito." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2011. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15646.
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Previous issue date: 2011-05-30It is presented a solar cooker made with a parabolic reflector composed by a composite material. For this purpose, it was utilized a cast concrete with a parabolic profile obtained by means of modeling. It will be demonstrated the manufacturing process and settings, as well as tests results, in order to determine the contact temperature and cooking time of some foods. This solar cooker presents the following main characteristics: the concentration method, low cost and easy manufacturing process. It was performed by employing recycled materials such as cement, plaster, crushed polystyrene and wheels. The captation area measures 1 square meter and its parabole was covered with a mirrors measuring 25 cm2. A temperature higher than 650?C was obtained. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the cooking viability for several type of foods such as beans, potatoes, rice, yams and pasta can be used in two meals for a family of four. In addition, the advantages of this cooker were analysed in comparison with others described in literature as well as those operating on gas. Especially in Northeast of Brazil, where there is a potential for solar energy, this prototype is an important tool, because it avoids not only desertification, but also pollutants from burning firewoods which cause ecological imbalance
Apresenta-se um fog?o solar a concentra??o com par?bola refletora constru?da com um material comp?sito. Foi utilizado um molde de concreto com perfil parab?lico obtido atrav?s da modelagem. Ser?o apresentados os processos de fabrica??o e montagem bem como os resultados de testes para determinar a temperatura de contacto e os tempos de cozedura de certos tipos de alimentos. O fog?o solar a concentra??o tem como principal caracter?stica seu custo baixo, sendo produzidos a partir de uma composi??o de materiais reutiliz?veis, como cimento, gesso e EPS triturado e pneus. Apresenta ?rea de capta??o de 1,0 metro quadrado e sua par?bola foi coberto com segmentos de espelhos de 25 cm?. As principais carracter?sticas do fog?o solar ? concentra??o propostas s?o seus f?ceis processos de fabrica??o, montagem e seu baixo custo. Obteve-se temperatura de foco superioor a 650?C. Demonstrou-se a viabilidade de coc??o desse fog?o solar para v?rios tipo de alimentos como feij?o, batata, arroz, inhame e macarr?o e podendo ser usado em duas refei??es para uma fam?lia de quatro pessoas. A competitividade do fog?o solar estudado com outros apontados pela literatura solar para coc??o de alimentos e at? mesmo com o fog?o a g?s para excelentes condi??es solarim?tricas. Este prot?tipo pode representar uma importante contribui??o para o uso de fog?es solares, especialmente no Nordeste, para o combate ? desertifica??o, e emiss?o de poluentes pelo uso massivo de lenha, que causa desequil?brio ecol?gico nessa regi?o
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Fink, Jacob Eugene. "Fine Line Metallization of Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells via Collimated Aerosol Beam Direct Write." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26656.
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Solar energy has come to the forefront as a scalable and largely underutilized renewable energy resource. The current cost of solar electricity, namely from photovoltaics, along with other logistics factors, has prevented the widespread adaptation of the technology. A key determinant of efficiency and cost for a solar cell is the current collector grid. This work presents the Collimated Aerosol Beam Direct Write (CAB-DW) system as a non-contact printing method that can achieve current collector grid finger widths of less than 10 ?m which are amenable to decreasing both resistive and optical losses. The ability to produce high aspect ratio grid fingers, and deposit optimized grid structures on high efficiency SHJ solar cells using silver nanoparticle inks is also demonstrated. A decrease in shadowing and via profile modification of the grid fingers is presented, along with a study of aging and degradation of electrical properties within silver nanoparticle inks.
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Gomes, Jailton Weber. "Constru??o e an?lise de desempenho de um forno/fog?o solar tipo caixa constru?do a partir de uma sucata de pneu." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2009. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15600.
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Previous issue date: 2009-04-24An alternative box-type solar cooker built starting from the scrap of a tire and a scrap of old office chair is presented, which principles functions are the effect greenhouse and the concentration. The tire served as structure for making of is the baking enclosure where the absorber (roasting pan 20x30cm) of the solar is located, being re-covered for a glass blade for the generation of the greenhouse effect isolated lateral and having deep its and for a composite the plaster base and EPS. Segments of plain mirrors had been placed in the laterals of the oven/cook for the concentration of the radiation and a reflecting parable was introduced in the baking enclosure for the exploitation of the incident reflected radiation inside of the oven/cook. The oven/cook is mobile to allow one better aiming of exactly in relation to the apparent movement of the sun. The thermal economic and of materials viabilities of the stove/cook in study will be demonstrate. The average internal temperature of the absorber was around 152,3?C and the internal temperature around 110?C. Will demonstrate that toits low cost and good thermal performance, represents basic characteristics for the viability of large use of such archetype, mainly for cooking the decreases and averages temperatures. One will reveal that the archetype in study is competitive with the box-type solar cooker conceived in the whole world
Apresenta-se um forno/fog?o solar alternativo de baixo custo para ser utilizado nas opera??es de assar e cozinhar, que foi constru?do a partir de uma sucata de pneu. O pneu foi cortado na parte superior para aumentar a ?rea de capta??o da radia??o solar incidente. Utilizou- se comp?sito a base de gesso, EPS (poliestireno expandido) triturado e ?gua para revestir internamente a carca?a do pneu e o fundo da mesma para minimizar as perdas t?rmicas. Ser?o estudadas tr?s configura??es, onde ser?o utilizados dois tipos de par?bolas refletoras. Uma confeccionada a partir de uma tampa de prote??o de uma sucata de ventilador e outra a partir de uma urupema, peneira usada para comidas de milho. Acima da cobertura de vidro foi colocada uma estrutura com espelhos planos para refletir os raios incidentes para o interior do forno/fog?o solar. A estrutura de sustenta??o do forno/fog?o solar, com os movimentos necess?rios ao acompanhamento do movimento aparente do sol foi confeccionada utilizando uma sucata de cadeira girat?ria. O forno/fog?o solar proposto apresenta maior viabilidade para a opera??o de assar. Obteve-se uma temperatura m?xima no absorvedor em torno de 160? e interna em torno de 120?C. Demonstrar-se-? as viabilidades t?rmica, econ?mica e de materiais do forno/fog?o solar proposto
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Batista, Salom?o S?vio. "An?lise do desempenho t?rmico de um forno solar para assamento de alimentos fabricado a partir de tambor de polietileno." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br/handle/123456789/19293.
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Com o crescimento da popula??o e a necessidade do aumento do consumo energ?tico no Brasil e no mundo, ? not?ria a import?ncia do uso de energias tidas como renov?veis para suprir essa demanda. Pensando nisso, o estudo de fontes renov?veis, como a energia solar, ? uma op??o para resolver tal problem?tica. O projeto exposto vem como uma das alternativas de suprir essa problem?tica com o foco uso da energia para a coc??o de alimentos e diminuir o uso de fontes que poluem o meio ambiente com gera??o de g?s carb?nico tendo como outro foco a diminui??o do desmatamento e da desertifica??o, ambos origin?rios do uso da lenha e de combust?veis f?sseis como fonte de energia. Foram confeccionados dois prot?tipos feitos com tambores de polietileno caracterizando como uma atividade de reuso ou reciclagem j? que iriam ser depositados no meio ambiente. Os fornos foram testados para produzirem o assamento de alguns alimentos convencionalmente preparados em fornos convencionais a g?s. No mais eficiente dos prot?tipos a temperatura do absorvedor alcan?ou 120,8?C. Os tempos de assamento para tais alimentos foram superiores aos obtidos com o forno convencional a g?s, por?m competitivos com outros fornos solares mostrados pela literatura solar para assamento de alimentos.
With population growth and the need for increased energy consumption in Brazil and worldwide, it is clear the importance of using renewable energies as taken to meet this demand. Thinking that, the studies from renewable sources such as solar power is an option to resolve such problems. The project has been exposed as an alternative to overcome this problem with the use of focused energy to cook food and decrease the use of sources that pollute the environment with carbon dioxide generation focusing on the secondary does not increase deforestation, desertification, both of which originate from the use of wood and fossil fuels as an energy source. For both two prototypes were fabricated for comparison, both being made with polyethylene drums featuring as an active reuse or recycling, since the same would be deposited in the environment. The ovens were tested to yield the baking of some foods conventionally prepared in conventional gas ovens. In more efficient prototypes temperature of the absorber reached 120.8 ? C. The baking times for such foods were higher than those obtained with the conventional gas oven, but competitive with other solar ovens shown by solar literature for baking food.
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Alsehli, Mishal B. "A Novel Design for Solar-Powered Thermal Desalination." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1470008966.
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Melo, Aroldo Vieira de. "Projeto, constru??o e an?lise de desempenho de um forno solar alternativo tipo caixa a baixo custo." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2009. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15560.
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Previous issue date: 2009-11-06An alternative box-type solar oven constructed from the scrap iron of a gas conventional cook is presented, which functions principles are the effect greenhouse and the concentration. The oven of the conventional cook is the baking enclosure where the absorber (pot) of the solar oven is located, being re-covered for a glass blade for the generation of the greenhouse effect isolated lateral and having deep its and for a composite the plaster base and EPS. Segments of plain mirrors had been placed in the laterals of the oven for the concentration of the radiation and a reflecting parabola was introduced in the baking enclosure for the exploitation of the incident reflected radiation in the interior of the oven. The oven is mobile to allow one better aiming of exactly in relation to the apparent movement of the sun. The thermal economic and of materials viabilities of the stove in study will be demonstrate The average internal temperature of the absorber was around 150?C and the internal temperature around 120?C. Will demonstrate that its low cost and good thermal performance represents basic characteristics for the viability of large use of such archetype, mainly for cooking the decreases and averages temperatures. One will reveal that the archetype in study is competitive with the box-type solar cooker conceived in the whole world
Apresenta-se um forno solar alternativo constru?do a partir da sucata de um fog?o convencional a g?s, que funciona segundo os princ?pios do efeito estufa e da concentra??o. O forno do fog?o convencional ? o recinto de cozimento onde o absorvedor (panela) do forno solar fica localizado, sendo recoberto por uma l?mina de vidro para a gera??o do efeito estufa e tendo seu fundo e laterais isolados por um comp?sito ? base de gesso e isopor. Segmentos de espelhos planos foram colocados nas laterais do forno para a concentra??o da radia??o e uma par?bola refletora foi introduzida no recinto de cozimento para o aproveitamento da radia??o refletida incidente no interior do forno. O forno ? m?vel para permitir um melhor direcionamento do mesmo em rela??o ao movimento aparente do Sol. Ser?o demonstradas as viabilidades t?rmicas, econ?mica e de materiais do fog?o em estudo. A temperatura interna m?dia do absorvedor ficou em torno de 150?C e a temperatura interna do forno em torno de 120?C. Demonstrar-se-? que seu baixo custo e bom desempenho t?rmico representam caracter?sticas fundamentais para a viabilidade de utiliza??o massiva de tal prot?tipo, principalmente para cozimento a baixas e m?dias temperaturas. Mostrar-se-? que o prot?tipo em estudo ? competitivo com os fog?es tipo caixa concebido em todo o mundo
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Wilgenbusch, Craig Alan. "Detection and feature extraction of mine-like objects from sonar signals." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2001. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA390886.
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Thesis (M.S. in Electrical Engineering) Naval Postgraduate School, March 2001.Thesis advisor(s): Fargues, Monique P. "March 2001". Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-86). Also available online.
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Chitradurga, Achutha Adarsh. "Place Recognition using a Bat like Sonar - A Neural Network Approach." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1613685213774799.
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Gon?alves, Joel Nogueira. "An?lise da efici?ncia de aquecedor solar espiral com e sem efeito estufa para piscinas." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2010. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15613.
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Previous issue date: 2010-02-03The technical and economic viability of solar heating for swimming pools is unquestionable, besides there it replaces the high costs and environmental impacts of conventional supply of energy, and it improves an optimization in the pool heating uses. This work applies the principles of the greenhouse effect: advanced thermodynamics, heat retention and equalization of temperature, to optimize the solar heating equipment, reducing the area required by collectors as much as 40% (still estimated value) for commercial collectors, with minor architectural and aesthetic impacts on the environment. It features a solar heating alternative in pools, whose main characteristics: low cost, simplicity in manufacturing and assembly and a faster heating. The system consists of two collectors spiral hoses made of polyethylene with a hundred meters each, and working on a forced flow, with only one pass of the working fluid inside the coils, and is used to pump itself treatment of pool water to obtain the desired flow. One of the collectors will be exposed to direct solar radiation, and the other will be covered by a glass slide and closed laterally, so providing the greenhouse effect. The equipment will be installed in parallel and simultaneously exposed to the sun in order to obtain comparative data on their effectiveness. Will be presented results of thermal tests for this the two cases, with and without transparent cover. Will be demonstrated, by comparison, the thermal, economic and material feasibility of these systems for heating swimming pools.
A viabilidade t?cnica e econ?mica do aquecimento solar para piscinas ? inquestion?vel, al?m da substitui??o da energia el?trica convencional, de altos custos e impactos ambientais, gera uma otimiza??o do uso da piscina. Este trabalho aplica os princ?pios do efeito estufa: isola??o termodin?mica, reten??o do calor e equaliza??o da temperatura interna, busca otimizar o equipamento de aquecimento solar, reduzindo a ?rea requerida pelos coletores em at? 40% (valor ainda estimado) em rela??o aos coletores comerciais, com menores impactos est?ticos e arquitet?nicos que s?o negativos no ambiente. Apresenta um sistema solar de aquecimento alternativo em piscinas, que tem como principais caracter?sticas; baixo custo, simplicidade nos processos de fabrica??o e montagem e um aquecimento mais r?pido. O sistema ? constitu?do por dois coletores espirais constru?dos em tubos flex?veis de polietileno, com extens?o de 100 metros cada uma, e trabalha em regime de fluxo for?ado, com apenas uma passagem do fluido de trabalho no interior das espirais, e ? utilizada a pr?pria bomba de tratamento de ?gua da piscina para a obten??o do fluxo pretendido. Um dos coletores ser? exposto diretamente ? radia??o solar, e o outro ser? coberto por um lamina de vidro e fechado lateralmente, de forma propiciar o efeito estufa. Os equipamentos ser?o instalados em paralelo e expostos simultaneamente ao sol, de forma se obter dados comparativos de suas efici?ncias. Ser?o apresentados resultados t?rmicos de ensaios realizados para os dois casos, com e sem cobertura transparente. Ser?o demonstradas comparativamente, as viabilidades t?rmica, econ?mica e de materiais destes sistemas para aquecimento de piscinas.
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Pinto, Jaqueline Ludvig. "An?lise de gettering e do campo retrodifusor de c?lulas solares dopadas com boro." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2008. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/3114.
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Previous issue date: 2008-03-26Esta disserta??o teve como objetivo otimizar e analisar a forma??o do campo retrodifusor formado com boro e os efeitos de gettering e de contamina??o com a deposi??o por spin-on do dopante l?quido PBF20 e posterior difus?o em forno convencional, bem como desenvolver dois tipos de processos para fabrica??o de c?lulas solares de 62 cm? com a estrutura n+pp+ em substratos de Si-CZ. Os efeitos de gettering e de contamina??o foram avaliados por meio da medi??o do tempo de vida dos portadores minorit?rios. Constatou-se que o tipo de tubo, o valor do tempo de vida dos minorit?rios inicial e o tipo de l?mina de sil?cio n?o interferem no valor do tempo de vida dos minorit?rios ap?s difus?o do dopante PBF20, com valor m?dio final da ordem de 11 μs para todas as amostras. Os resultados experimentais da resist?ncia de folha (R□) mostraram que a melhor velocidade angular utilizada para a deposi??o do dopante deve ser de 3000 rpm e que para obter a resist?ncia de folha da ordem de 20 Ω/□, a difus?o deve ser a 1000 ?C durante 30 minutos. Foram desenvolvidos dois processos para fabrica??o de c?lulas solares com boro na face posterior, formado com o dopante l?quido PBF20 difundido em forno convencional. No primeiro processo implementado, as difus?es de boro e f?sforo foram realizadas em processos separados. Foram avaliados dois processos de oxida??o a 1000 ?C para prote??o da face com boro da difus?o de f?sforo. Para o tempo de oxida??o de 30 minutos, a R□ das regi?es dopadas com boro aumentou para (42 ? 2) Ω/□. No entanto, quando a oxida??o foi realizada durante 120 min este par?metro permaneceu similar ao valor anterior ? oxida??o. A maior efici?ncia das c?lulas industriais foi de 10,4 % com um fator de forma de 0,74, t?pico para metaliza??o por serigrafia. Para c?lulas de 4,16 cm?, a maior efici?ncia foi de 12,3%. O segundo processo desenvolvido foi focado na difus?o simult?nea de boro e f?sforo. Com a difus?o a 900 ?C durante 15 min, a maior efici?ncia foi de 10,5 %, muito pr?xima ao valor obtido com o processo de difus?o de boro e f?sforo separados. Na difus?o a 1000 ?C com dura??o de 30 min, a efici?ncia m?xima obtida com este processo foi 16 de 8,2%. No processo de co-difus?o a 820 ?C durante 15 min, a densidade de corrente de curto-circuito m?dia e a tens?o de circuito aberto foram ligeiramente maiores que o resultado para a co-difus?o a 900 ?C. No entanto, a melhor efici?ncia foi de 9,9%, limitada pelo fator de forma. Em resumo, contatou-se que a difus?o de boro a partir do dopante l?quido PBF20 em forno convencional limita o tempo de vida dos portadores minorit?rios e que o processo de difus?o simult?nea de boro e f?sforo permite fabricar c?lulas solares industriais de 10,5%.
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D'Alessandro, Carla Rina. "Life Cycle Assessment of photovoltaic technologies: a case study of a solar farm in New Orleans." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/14249/.
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Il presente lavoro di tesi è stato svolto in parte negli Stati Uniti, per la precisione a New Orleans, ove si è studiata una Solar Farm di proprietà della Entergy Inc. e si è svolto uno studio Life Cycle Assessment di tipo cradle-to-gate. Lo scopo è quello di analizzare in dettaglio ogni forma di inquinamento generato dalla produzione di tutti gli elementi che costituiscono la Solar Farm, per capire se realmente si tratta di un tipo di energia “green” e sostenibile dal punto di vista ambientale.
Nel primo capitolo si raggruppano e si confrontano le attuali politiche energetiche internazionali, europee e americane, e si evidenziano gli obiettivi che si intendono raggiungere entro determinate scadenze in termini di emissioni di gas serra, utilizzo delle energie rinnovabili, efficienza energetica, etc.
Nel secondo capitolo segue uno studio approfondito sul metodo del Life Cycle Assessment, con una breve introduzione storica per poi passare nel dettaglio alle fasi di studio, metodi e normativa di riferimento.
Nel terzo capitolo si analizzano le tecnologie fotovoltaiche attualmente presenti sul mercato, la loro storia e le possibili evoluzioni, con le caratteristiche dettagliate di ciascun tipo di tecnologia.
Nel quarto capitolo viene presentata la Solar Farm in analisi, spiegato il suo funzionamento, e si introduce il software utilizzato per lo studio, SimaPro 7.3.3. Infine si illustrano i risultati ottenuti dallo studio LCA.
Infine, nel quinto capitolo si discutono criticamente i risultati ottenuti e si confronta un kWh prodotto dalla Solar Farm oggetto di studio con un kWh prodotto da fonti di energia non rinnovabili, quali il carbone, il petrolio, il gas e il nucleare, per capire quanto è conveniente in termini ambientali il passaggio da fonti di energia fossili a fonti rinnovabili.