Дисертації: "Solar hybrid system"

1

Shafi, Muhammad Irfan, and Md Maidur Rehman Talukder. "Development of Hybrid Solar System." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Akademin för teknik och miljö, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-13927.

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Technology replaces newer technology with improved efficiency. Solar technology is going to draw out a new life to make a green change in the terms of energy. As a result energy from the sunlight is being changed into electric energy by using solar cell. But still its efficiency could not be able to make a sense as a depending energy technology. In order to look up the solution, solar technology is changing rapidly to get maximum output. To take up this new challenge solar technology is trying to change its building component that are used to make solar cell, for example solar cell material, bypass diode system, blocking diode system etc. Now-a-days, solar energy system is designed as a hybrid system that can make electricity and hot water at the same time. In the hybrid solar system, photovoltaic and solar thermal systems are integrated at the same system and as a result heat and electricity are produced simultaneously at the same area. Solar cells are attached with both top and the bottom side of the module and the collectors are set up inside the module. By using collector inside the module, rejected heat from the solar cell is absorbed by the water that flows through the collectors. But a problem arises at the midday or after midday because the reflector of this system cannot reflect sunlight properly on the bottom side of the module. That’s why shading is occurred on the bottom side which reduce the total electrical output of this system. To work out this shading problem, a bypass diode is connected in parallel with the group of solar cells. Schottky diodes are being used as bypass diodes inside in the most of the solar cells. Schottky diode forward voltage drop is almost 0.45 Volt which is an important cause of reducing the output power as well as the efficiency of this hybrid system. To solve this problem, new lossless diode is attached inside the hybrid solar system instead of schottky diode which can work with a very low forward voltage drop roughly 50mV at 10amp. To make a comparison between the performance of PVT system with the schottky diode and the new lossless diode, many data has been collected from the outdoor test. After getting the output result, it is clear that the output power and efficiency is going to be changed for using the new lossless diode. For using the lossless diode, the efficiency of the bottom side of the module was increased by 0.31 %.

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Gadkari, Sagar A. "A HYBRID RECONFIGURABLE SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY SYSTEM." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1225821057.

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3

Celik, Ali Naci. "The system performance and sizing of autonomous pholtovoltaic, wind and the hybrid energy systems." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275214.

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4

Zhou, Zhipeng (Joe Zoe). "Performance analysis of hybrid liquid desiccant solar cooling system." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2009. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/40088/1/Zhipeng_Zhou_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis investigates the coefficient of performance (COP) of a hybrid liquid desiccant solar cooling system. This hybrid cooling system includes three sections: 1) conventional air-conditioning section; 2) liquid desiccant dehumidification section and 3) air mixture section. The air handling unit (AHU) with mixture variable air volume design is included in the hybrid cooling system to control humidity. In the combined system, the air is first dehumidified in the dehumidifier and then mixed with ambient air by AHU before entering the evaporator. Experiments using lithium chloride as the liquid desiccant have been carried out for the performance evaluation of the dehumidifier and regenerator. Based on the air mixture (AHU) design, the electrical coefficient of performance (ECOP), thermal coefficient of performance (TCOP) and whole system coefficient of performance (COPsys) models used in the hybrid liquid desiccant solar cooing system were developed to evaluate this system performance. These mathematical models can be used to describe the coefficient of performance trend under different ambient conditions, while also providing a convenient comparison with conventional air conditioning systems. These models provide good explanations about the relationship between the performance predictions of models and ambient air parameters. The simulation results have revealed the coefficient of performance in hybrid liquid desiccant solar cooling systems substantially depends on ambient air and dehumidifier parameters. Also, the liquid desiccant experiments prove that the latent component of the total cooling load requirements can be easily fulfilled by using the liquid desiccant dehumidifier. While cooling requirements can be met, the liquid desiccant system is however still subject to the hysteresis problems.

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5

Sheu, Elysia J. (Elysia Ja-Zeng). "A solar reforming system for use in hybrid solar-fossil fuel power generation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/103734.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 229-241).
As demand for energy continues to rise, the concern over the increase in emissions grows, prompting much interest in using renewable energy resources such as solar energy. However, there are numerous issues with using solar energy including intermittency and the need for storage. A potential solution is the concept of hybrid solar-fossil fuel power generation. Previous work has shown that utilizing solar reforming in conventional power cycles has higher performance compared to other integration methods. In this thesis, a two level analysis of a hybrid redox redox cycle is performed. First, a system analysis of a hybrid cycle utilizing steam redox reforming is presented. Important cycle design and operation parameters such as the oxidation temperature and reformer operating pressure are identified and their effect on both the reformer and cycle performance is discussed. Simulation results show that increasing oxidation temperature can improve reformer and cycle efficiency. Also shown is that increasing the amount of reforming water leads to a higher reformer efficiency, but can be detrimental to cycle efficiency depending on how the reforming water is utilized. Next, a system analysis for a CO2 redox reforming hybrid cycle and comparison of cycle and reformer performance between a CO 2 redox reformer and steam redox reformer hybrid cycle are presented. Similar to the steam redox system, results show that increasing the oxidation temperature or the amount of reforming CO2 leads to higher reformer and cycle efficiencies. In addition, the comparison between the CO2 and steam redox reformer hybrid cycles shows that the CO2 cycle has the potential to have better overall performance.Based on the system analysis, a reformer level analysis is also performed. A novel receiver reactor concept for a solar steam redox reformer is presented, and a computational model is developed to assess its performance. The receiver-reactor consists of a dumbbell shape absorber system that has two distinct absorbers. This absorber system setup allows for the switching between reduction and oxidation steps without having to constantly change inlet streams to the reactor and is designed such that the inlet connections do not interfere with the solar window. In addition, at any point in time only one solar absorber is irradiated by the solar energy (during the reduction step). Simulation results show that the receiver-reactor strongly absorbs the solar radiation and most of the radiative heat transfer occurs in the front half of the reactor. Moreover, results show that higher conductivity absorber materials are more suitable for long term reactor operation. A sensitivity analysis is also performed for the solar steam redox reformer with respect to different performance metrics. Important parameters include channel size, inlet temperature, and reformer pressure. Moreover, a strategy for reactor design based on performance as well as integration with the power cycle is discussed.
by Elysia J. Sheu.
Ph. D.

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6

De, Villiers Daniel Johannes. "Hybrid energy harvesting system for a condition monitoring mote." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1067.

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Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009
Traditional high voltage power transformers feature sensors measuring basic parameters from oil and gas and are limited to on-site monitoring. Unforeseen failures and breakdowns on these transformers have led to extensive financial losses even with planned maintenance schedules in place. A distinct need has arisen to actively monitor and identify causes of such failures. However, no or little infrastructure exists for effective remote condition monitoring. Wireless sensor networks can be introduced to actively monitor and identify causes of such failures. Sensor motes in the network are battery operated and therefore constrained by limited energy in these batteries. An alternative to battery-powered sensor motes is the conversion of available energy harvested from the surrounding environment into useable electrical energy powering the sensor motes. The primary objective of this research was to examine methods to harvest energy from both the environment and high voltage power transformer. A low cost and feasibly sized hybrid energy harvesting power management prototype was successfully developed that enabled sustained sensor mote operation for prolonged condition monitoring of high voltage transformers. The sensor mote utilised a piezoelectric cantilever to generate usable electrical energy from the transformer tank vibration. Together with solar energy harvesting, the system allowed for a battery-less self-sustained wireless sensor mote capable of autonomously monitoring its surroundings. The power management system's modular architecture provided for the inclusion of additional energy harvesting techniques. This allowed condition monitoring solutions not exclusively for power transformers but proposed an extensible condition monitoring solution for various applications.

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7

Rodriguez, Ramon, and Pamplona David Sanchéz. "DYNAMIC MODELING OF HYBRID PV/THERMAL SOLAR SYSTEM FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION." Thesis, University of Gävle, University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-3580.

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8

Zeinaldeen, Laith Akeelaldeen. "Estimating the performance of hybrid (monocrystalline PV - cooling) system using different factors." OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1862.

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AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OFLaith A. Zeinaldeen, for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES – Renewable Energy, presented on November 2, 2020, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale.TITLE: ESTIMATING THE PERFORMANCE OF HYBRID (MONOCRYSTALLINE PV - COOLING) SYSTEM USING DIFFERENT FACTORSMAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Logan O. ParkAmbient temperature significantly affects photovoltaic (PV) panel performance. High temperature reduces PV panel efficiency, fill factor, and maximum power, driving up solar electrical system investment return period by increasing startup cost. Using a proper cooling system to cool down the PV panel temperature, especially during the summer season, will improve the PV panel performance, enhance its longevity, and accelerate the startup cost recovery to the solar electrical system. This dissertation presents two studies about monocrystalline PV panels. The studies used two general objectives: (i) study the best cooling period and water nozzle type to improve the monocrystalline PV panel output; and (ii) evaluating the performance of the monocrystalline PV panel using different cooling systems, other water pump discharge, and various water types during different times of day. In the first study (chapter 4), an experiment was conducted during July 2018 to determine Effect of using different cooling periods and different water nozzle types on the fill factor, efficiency, and the maximum power of monocrystalline PV panel. This experiment used two factors. The first factor was the cooling periods, which included three levels of PV panel cooling periods (5, 15, and 30 minutes). The second factor was water nozzle type: hollow cone and flat fan.In the second study (chapters 5, 6, and 7), an experiment was conducted during July and August 2018 to determine Effect of using different factors on the performance of monocrystalline PV panel at a site belong to the College of Agriculture – Southern Illinois University in Carbondale, IL. This experiment used four factors. The first factor was the time of day, the second factor was the cooling system, the third factor was the water pump discharge, and the fourth factor was the water type. The present studies' principal findings were: (i) the first experiment, the 15 minutes cooling period achieved the highest PV panel fill factor (0.795). In comparison, the 30 minutes cooling period reached the highest panel efficiency (18.6%) and maximum power (92.5 Watt). In contrast, the 5 minutes cooling period achieved the lowest PV panel fill factor (0.720), lowest panel efficiency (12.9%), and most insufficient panel maximum power (63.5 Watt). The hollow cone water nozzle achieved the highest panel fill factor (0.783), highest panel efficiency (16.60%), and the most elevated PV panel maximum power (82.8Watt). Interaction between the cooling and water nozzle types was non-significant on PV panel fill factor, significant on panel efficiency, and highly significant on PV panel maximum power. The interaction results between the cooling period and nozzle type demonstrate that the hollow cone nozzle with 30 minutes cooling period achieved the highest panel fill factor, highest panel efficiency, and the most elevated panel maximum power. The flat fan with a 5-minute cooling period achieved the lowest fill factor, lowest panel efficiency, and most insufficient panel maximum power. Tukey test results showed a highly significant difference (P < 0.0001) between the cooling period and the control treatment, and between the nozzle type treatment and the control treatment on panel fill factor, efficiency, and panel maximum power. Cooling periods have the most considerable effect on panel fill factor, panel efficiency, and maximum panel power, followed by the nozzle type. (ii) The second experiment results showed, the first cooling system (HC1) achieved the highest PV panel maximum power (77.0Watt), highest fill factor (0.745), highest PV panel efficiency (14.75%), highest average net energy (39.5Wh), highest PV panel energy (189.0 Wh) and highest average power gain (34.6Watt) comparing to the rest of the cooling systems. In comparison, the fourth (FtF2) achieved the lowest maximum power (58.0 Watt), lowest fill factor (0.653), lowest average efficiency (11.6%), lowest average net energy (-4.0Wh), lowest average energy (147.5Wh), and lowest average power gain (17.5 Watt). The fifth cooling system (SP) achieved the least average water consumption (2.0 L / hr.), while the second cooling system (HC2) achieved the highest average water consumption (39.0 L / hr.). The medium water pump discharge (M) produced the most elevated PV panel maximum power (67.6 Watt), highest fill factor (0.709), highest average PV panel efficiency (13.28%), highest average PV panel net energy (18 Wh), highest average PV panel energy (169.0Wh) and the highest average PV panel power gain (25.9Watt). High water pump discharge (H) achieved the lowest maximum power (63.8Watt), lowest average panel efficiency (12.48%), lowest average net energy (7.5Wh), lowest average panel energy (159.5Wh), and the lowest average power gain (21.8 Watt). The low water pump discharge (L) achieved the lowest panel fill factor (0.698). Lake water achieved the highest panel maximum power (66.1Watt), lowest PV panel fill factor (0.698), highest panel efficiency (12.94%), lowest net energy (12.8 Wh), highest panel energy (165.2 Wh), and lowest power gain (23.5Watt). In contrast, city water achieved the most elevated PV panel fill factor (0.708), most insufficient panel maximum power (64.8 Watt), highest average PV panel net energy (14.8 Wh), lowest efficiency (12.62%), highest average PV panel power gain (24.25 Watt) and lowest panel energy (162.1 Wh). Tukey post hoc difference testing showed highly significant differences (P < 0.0001) between the time of day, cooling system, water pump discharge, water type treatments, and their control treatment on PV panel maximum power, fill factor, panel efficiency, panel net energy, panel energy, power gain, and the system water consumption. The cooling system has the most considerable effect on PV panel maximum power, panel fill factor, panel efficiency, panel net energy, panel energy, panel power gain, and the system water consumption. In general, using the cooling system improves the PV panel performance through enhancing the PV panel efficiency, maximum panel power, panel fill factor, panel net energy, panel energy, and PV panel power gain. Keywords: Cooling system, cooling periods, water pump discharge, water type, time of day, efficiency, maximum power, fill factor, net energy, panel energy, PV panel power gain, and cooling system water consumption.

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9

Udayakanthi, Geetha. "Design of a Wind-Solar Hybrid Power Generation System in Sri Lanka." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-179398.

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Energy is critical to the economic growth and social development of any country. Indigenous energy resources need to be developed to the optimum level to minimize dependence on imported fuels, subject to resolving economic, environmental and social constraints. This led to a boost in research and development as well as investment in renewable energy industry in search of ways to meet energy demand and to reduce dependency on fossil fuels. Wind and solar energy are becoming popular owing to abundance, availability and ease of harnessing for electrical power generation. This thesis focuses on an integrated hybrid renewable energy system consisting of wind and solar energy. Sri Lanka, a small island located south of the Indian subcontinent, has been blessed with renewable energy sources. According to the national energy policy a 10% share is targeted from NCRE (Non-Conventional Renewable Energy) sources by 2015 and 20% by 2020 out of total electricity generation in Sri Lanka. This thesis provides an insight into the energy scenario and present situation of renewable energy development in Sri Lanka. According to wind and solar potential maps of Sri Lanka which were developed by NREL in 2003, many parts of the country have potential to developed economic power generation. Through these maps locations were identified where both wind and solar potential is high. A detailed study was carried out in these locations with real time field data. The focal point of this thesis is to propose and evaluate a wind-solar hybrid power generation system for a selected location. Grid tied power generation systems make use of solar PV or wind turbines to produce electricity and supply the load by connecting to grid. In this study, HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables) computer modeling software was used to model the power system, its physical behavior and its life cycle cost. The hybrid power system was designed for Hambantota District in Southern Sri Lanka. Through the simulation process, installation of 8 numbers of 850kW wind turbines and 1MW solar PV modules were identified as most economical to supply average of 3MW load connected to grid where the simple payback period of the system was 3.4 years.

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Verma, Darpan. "Hybrid Solar Energy System with integrated Concentration Photovoltaic Cells and Thermoelectric Devices." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1553613351859182.

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11

Juserius, Emma, and Filippa Ström. "The Potential of a Solar & Wind Hybrid System in Sri Lanka." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298975.

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As many other countries, Sri Lanka strives to become 100% renewable by 2050 through reducing their dependence on fossil fuels and implementing more renewable sources such as solar and wind power. A solution to the problem is therefore to install solar and wind hybrid systems. The country's geographic location near the equator makes the solar radiation high and can therefore be used to achieve the energy goal by 2050, both in an economical and environmental way. This study is therefore investigating Sri Lanka's potential to implement a solar and wind hybrid system. The aim of this study is to examine whether it is economically and environmentally profitable to construct a solar and wind power hybrid system in a household in Sri Lanka. The goal is to find the most economical optimal dimension of a solar and wind hybrid system that is also environmentally sustainable. By compiling a literature study about the solar and wind hybrid system, an optimization could be made in the optimization programme HOMER. Data was collected for solar and wind power costs and Sri Lanka’s daily consumption of energy. Then HOMER produced the most optimal dimension of a solar and wind hybrid system. The economical methods that were used were the net present value, the payback method and the internal rate of return, which all were solved in HOMER to reach the optimal dimension. The result showed an optimal dimension consisting of 5 kW PV and 1 kW wind power, which resulted in a profitable investment with a payback of 4 years and 10 months, and a NPV of 27,000 USD and also an internal rate of 20.6%. In addition, the renewable fraction was 48.5% for a household. Beyond the economical results a sensitivity analysis was made, which did not change the result for the optimal dimension. The conclusion can be drawn that the optimal dimension of the hybrid system is economically profitable and will befriend Sri Lanka’s goal of 100% renewable energy by 2050. However, even if the result showed a profitable investment, the investment costs are high, which means that only a few would afford the investment of a solar and wind hybrid system.
Precis som många andra länder strävar Sri Lanka efter att enbart förlita sig på förnybar energi till år 2050 genom att ersätta den fossila produktionen med förnybara källor som sol- och vindkraft. En lösning på problemet är därför att installera hybridsystem bestående av sol- och vindkraft. Landets geografiska placering nära ekvatorn gör att solinstrålningen är hög, vilket medför att solceller skulle kunna vara en viktig komponent om Sri Lanka ska uppnå energimålen till 2050 på både ett ekonomiskt och miljövänligt sätt. Denna studie undersöker därför Sri Lankas potential att implementera ett hybridsystem bestående av sol- och vindkraft. Syftet med studien är att undersöka om det är ekonomiskt och miljömässigt lönsamt att konstruera ett sol- och vind- hybridsystem i ett hushåll i Sri Lanka. Målet är att hitta den optimala dimensioneringen för hybridsystemet som gynnas mest ekonomiskt och är miljömässigt hållbar. Genom att sammanställa en litteraturstudie om hybridsystem bestående av sol- och vindkraft kunde en optimering genomföras i syfte att erhålla det bäst dimensionerade hybridsystemet i optimeringsprogrammet HOMER. Data samlades in om kostnader för sol- och vindkraft samt om Sri Lankas dagliga konsumtion av energi i ett genomsnittligt hushåll som HOMER använde för att framställa den optimala dimensioneringen av ett sol- och vind- hybridsystem. De ekonomiska metoderna som användes för att beräkna den ekonomiska lönsamheten var nuvärdesmetoden, återbetalningsmetoden och internräntemetoden, vilka beräknades i HOMER för att komma fram till den optimala dimensioneringen. Resultatet visade att den optimala dimensioneringen utgörs av 5 kW solceller och 1 kW vindkraftverk som utgör en positiv lönsam investering med en återbetalning på 4 år och 10 månader samt ett nuvärde på 27 000 USD och en internränta på 20,6 %. Resultatet visade också en förnybar användning på 48,5 % för ett hushåll. Utöver de ekonomiska modellerna gjordes också en känslighetsanalys som indikerade på att förändring av de undersökta parametrarna inte hade tillräckligt stor inverkan på resultatet för att förändra den optimala dimensioneringen. Slutsatsen kan dras att den optimala dimensioneringen är ekonomiskt lönsam och kommer att gynna Sri Lanka mot målet att ha 100 % förnybar energi till 2050. Men även om resultatet visar på lönsam investering är investeringskostnaderna höga, vilket medför att endast ett fåtal skulle kunna ha råd att investera i hybridsystem bestående av sol- och vindkraft.

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Hashim, Hasan. "Full-spectrum solar energy harvesting using nanotechnology-enabled photovoltaic/thermoelectric hybrid system." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/87143/.

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Carbon emissions, climate change and the finite resource of fossil fuels are driving an increasing need for renewable energy, and in particular, an interest in photovoltaic (PV) cells. Most PV cells operate in temperatures above 25 oC, and the performance of PV cells reduces with increased operation temperature. This research aims to resolve some engineering issues by integrating PV cells with a thermoelectric generator (TEG). Integrating TEG with PV cells helps to transfer heat from the PV through the TEG to an actively or passively cooled heat sink. The temperature difference established across the TEG can generates additional electrical power by the Seebeck effect. The main objective of this research is to investigate the feasibility of developing a PV/TEG hybrid system that can offer better performance than that can be obtained from each individual system. The key parameters, which are crucial to the development of efficient hybrid system, were investigated. These include the temperature coefficient of PV cells, geometry of TEGs and thermal coupling between the PV and TEG. It was found that the dye sensitised solar cells (DSC) has a preferred temperature coefficient that are the most suitable for use in a PV/TEG system. In this work, a theoretical model was also developed for determination of the optimal geometry of the TEG for PV/TEG hybrid systems. A special type of DSCs was designed and fabricated which employ titanium as the counter electrode (other than conventional FTO-glass) to improve the thermal coupling between the PV and TEG. A unique DSC/TEG hybrid system was constructed using this special type of DSC and its generating performance was studied in comparison with a similar system that uses conventional FTO-glass counter electrode. The experimental results show that the power output and efficiency of the hybrid PV/TEG system with Ti counter electrode is significantly higher than the similar system with a conventional FTO-glass electrode due to an improved thermal coupling between the DSC and TEG. It is concluded that a hybrid PV/TEG system can provide improved performance beyond that of each individual system. However, the improvement can only be achieved with appropriate type of PV cells, optimised TEGs and advanced structures for integration, such as Ti counter electrode.

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Shah, Syed Fawad Ali. "Intelligent Algorithms for a Hybrid FuelCell/Photovoltaic Standalone System : Simulation Of Hybrid FuelCell/Photovoltaic Standalone System." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Datateknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-10046.

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The Intelligent Algorithm is designed for theusing a Battery source. The main function is to automate the Hybrid System through anintelligent Algorithm so that it takes the decision according to the environmental conditionsfor utilizing the Photovoltaic/Solar Energy and in the absence of this, Fuel Cell energy isused. To enhance the performance of the Fuel Cell and Photovoltaic Cell we used batterybank which acts like a buffer and supply the current continuous to the load. To develop the main System whlogic based controller was used. Fuzzy Logic based controller used to develop this system,because they are chosen to be feasible for both controlling the decision process and predictingthe availability of the available energy on the basis of current Photovoltaic and Battery conditions. The Intelligent Algorithm is designed to optimize the performance of the system and to selectthe best available energy source(s) in regard of the input parameters. The enhance function of these Intelligent Controller is to predict the use of available energy resources and turn on thatparticular source for efficient energy utilization. A fuzzy controller was chosen to take thedecisions for the efficient energy utilization from the given resources. The fuzzy logic basedcontroller is designed in the Matlab-Simulink environment. Initially, the fuzzy based ruleswere built. Then MATLAB based simulation system was designed and implemented. Thenthis whole proposed model is simulated and tested for the accuracy of design and performanceof the system.

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Weiss, Zachary A. "Analysis and cost optimization of a USCG remote hybrid power system." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/02Jun%5FWeiss.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Electrical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2002.
Thesis advisor(s): John Ciezki, Sherif Michael. Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-102). Also available online.

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Yeung, King-ho, and 楊景豪. "An optimization model for a solar hybrid water heating and adsorption ice-making system." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29632432.

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16

Herrera, Santisbon Eunice. "Production-consumption system coordination by hybrid predictive approaches : application to a solar cooling system for buildings." Thesis, CentraleSupélec, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SUPL0006/document.

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Garantir le confort thermique des bâtiments est directement lié à la consommation d'énergie. Dans les zones tropicales, les systèmes de refroidissement représentent l'un des postes les plus gourmands en énergie. Afin de réduire la consommation d'énergie mondiale, il est primordial d'améliorer l'efficacité de ces systèmes ou bien de développer de nouvelles méthodes de production de froid. Une installation de refroidissement solaire basé sur le cycle à absorption est une alternative pour réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et la consommation d'électricité. Contrairement aux systèmes classiques de refroidissement à compression mécanique, la production de froid par absorption est un système complexe composé de plusieurs composants comme des panneaux solaires, un ballon de stockage, une tour de refroidissement et une machine à absorption. Outre le dimensionnement des composants, ce système complexe nécessite des actions de contrôle pour être efficace parce que la coordination entre le stockage d'eau chaude, la production et la consommation du froid est nécessaire. Le but de cette thèse est de proposer une structure producteur-consommateur d'énergie basée sur la commande prédictive (MPC). Le système de refroidissement par absorption solaire est considéré comme faisant partie de ce système de production-consommation d'énergie, le système de stockage d'eau chaude est le producteur et la machine à absorption qui distribue de l'eau froide au bâtiment est l'un des consommateurs. Pour que la structure de commande soit modulaire, la coordination entre les sous-systèmes est réalisée en utilisant une approche de partitionnement où des contrôleurs prédictifs locaux sont conçus pour chacun des sous-systèmes. Les contrôleurs des consommateurs calculent un ensemble de profils de demande d'énergie. Ces profils sont ensuite envoyés au contrôleur du producteur qui sélectionne le profil qui minimise le coût global. Dans une première partie, l'approche proposée est testée sur un modèle linéaire simplifié composé d'un producteur et plusieurs consommateurs. Dans une deuxième partie, un cas plus complexe est étudié. Un modèle simplifié d'un système de refroidissement à absorption est évaluée en utilisant l'outil de simulation TRNSYS. Le modèle de production n'est plus linéaire, il est décrit par un modèle non linéaire hybride qui augmente la complexité du problème d'optimisation. Les résultats des simulations montrent que la sous-optimalité induite par la méthode est faible. De plus, la performance de l'approche atteint les objectifs de commande tout en respectant les contraintes
To guarantee thermal comfort in buildings is directly related to energy consumption. In tropical climates, cooling systems for buildings represent one of the largest energy consumers. Therefore, as energy consumption is a major concern around the world, it is important to improve the systems efficiency or seeking new methods of cooling production. A solar cooling installation based on the absorption cycle is an alternative to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and electricity consumption. In contrast to conventional vapor-compression based cooling systems, the absorption cooling production involves a complex system composed of several components as collector panel, storage tank, cooling tower and absorption chiller. Besides the sizing of the components, this complex system requires control actions to be efficient as a coordination between hot water storage, cooling water production and consumption is necessary. The aim of this research is to propose a management approach for a production-consumption energy system based on Model Predictive Control (MPC). The solar absorption cooling system is seen as part of this production-consumption energy system where the hot water storage system is the producer and the chiller-building system is one of the consumers. In order to provide modularity to the control structure, the coordination between the subsystems is achieved by using a partitioning approach where local predictive controllers are developed for each of the subsystems. The consumer controllers compute a set of energy demand profiles sent to the producer controller which selects the profile that better minimize the global optimization cost. In a first part, the proposed approach is tested on a simplified linear model composed of one producer and several consumers. In a second part, a more complex case is studied. A simplified model of an absorption cooling system is evaluated using the simulation tool TRNSYS. The producer model is no longer linear, instead it is described by a nonlinear hybrid model which increases the complexity of the optimization problem. The simulations results show that the suboptimality induced by the method is low and the control strategy fulfills the objectives and constraints while giving good performances

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Jradi, Muhyiddine A. "Theoretical and experimental investigation of an innovative hybrid solar-biomass tri-generation system." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.659291.

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The serious energy supply problems along with the conventional resources depletion and the environmental conscience regarding global warming and climate change, have urged the need for a complete change in the energy production, supply and consumption patterns. Therefore, the switch towards renewable energy resources including solar, biomass, wind, hydro-power in addition to the development of energy efficient technologies are two key factors to attain a secure and reliable energy sector and to mitigate the global warming problem. Tri-generation is one of the most promising technologies allowing the efficient simultaneous production of heat, coolth and power with potential technical, economic and environmental benefits. [n this work, an innovative micro-scale hybrid solar-biomass tri-generation system was theoretically and experimentally investigated to provide cooling, heating and power generation in buildings. The proposed tri-generation system consists of an organic Rankinebased combined heat and power unit, a liquid desiccant dehumidification unit and a dew point evaporative cooling unit. To offset recent problems associated with small-scale ORC expanders including high cost, excessive fluid leakage and low isentropic efficiency, a novel compact and low-cost moditied scroll expander was employed in the organic Rankine unit for heat and power generation. In addition, an efficient and compact liquid-desiccant unit coupled with a dew point evaporative cooler was utilized to provide the additional cooling capacity through air dehumidification and cooling. Moreover, a novel hollow fibre-based core was proposed in this thesis to provide thermal comfort and humidity control lIsing a ho))ow fibre contactor with mUltiple bundles of micro-porous ho))ow fibres. The proposed core was developed and tested as a cooling core and dehumidification core in the Built Environment Laboratory. An extensive theoretical and experimental investigation of the micro-scale tri-generation system was carried out to model, design, develop and test the system different sub-units under various operational conditions. It was shown that using a heat input of about 19.6 kW, the micro-scale tri-generation system is capable of providing about 9.6 kW heating, 6.5 kW cooling and about 0.5 kW electric power. The overall efficiency of the combined cooling, heating and power system is about 84.4%.

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18

Ilundain, Fermín Aitor, and Ana Surribas. "Feasibility of alternatives to provide energy to a countryside single family house in Lulea." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-10060.

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After enjoying one week in the Swedish Lapland, the idea of providing energy to one of those isolated cabins in the far landscape caught our attention. Nowadays, there still exist many dwellings, usually located in rural isolated sites, which have no easy access or even no possibility to get connected to the distribution and transport electricity grids. This situation may cause some inconvenience to the owners, therefore, the interest in finding new alternatives for supplying electricity. Such a problem requires specific solutions, including the development of electrification programs in those countryside isolated spots. Thus, the present project intends to perform a study which would provide the proper electric system to a summerhouse in the North of Sweden. Regarding the current European environmental politics and considering the rural location of the dwelling of study, the project will focus on various renewable alternatives to reach the above mentioned goal. In fact, Sweden has the greatest share of renewable energies in all European Union countries with a fixed goal of reaching 50% of its total energy production by renewable sources by the year 2020. For the present moment, Sweden already accounts for 9.4 GWh on solar energy production and 3.5 TWh on wind power production by the end of 2010. Therefore, the study will build on these alternatives as they represent two of the most extensively developed renewable possibilities in the country. Thereby, the first objective of the project was to determine a concrete location considering both our initial idea and the possibility of obtaining the wind speed and solar radiation data. A plot located 20 km to the north of Lulea was finally chosen. Then, once having the necessary baseline data comes the sizing of the different alternative: stand alone wind turbine system, stand alone PV system and a hybrid system combining wind power with the support of an electric generator. No option including grid connection is taken into consideration due to the lack of accessibility. Finally, it is performed an economic study of each alternative that would lead to a clear conclusion of which is the most appropriate choice in the study case. Economic criteria will therefore be the most significant factor when choosing the optimum alternative. However, environmental issues would also be taken into account. As no traditional electrification is studied, the economic analysis will not refer to the obtained monetary savings regarding to the grid connected option but will be performed by comparing initial investments. After all, it is concluded that the studied dwelling will be electrified by a hybrid system combining wind power with an electric generator. The system includes a 20 kW wind turbine and a diesel fueled generator with 8 kW power service. The generator will provide the required energy to the house during those days when the wind resource is not capable to cover the demand. Therefore, the lack of electricity supply will be avoided. Regarding investment costs of the chosen alternative, the hybrid system accounts for 20,729€ investment, which corresponds to about 40% the total price of both solar and wind stand alone systems. . Considering environmental criteria, the hybrid system only requires 23 diesel liters to be burned during the six summer months. Therefore, emissions due to combustion are relatively low and not considered as damaging. So, the chosen alternative meets both economical and environmental requirements.

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19

Sarban, Singh Ranjit Singh. "A design scheme of energy management, control, optimisation system for hybrid solar-wind and battery energy storages system." Thesis, Brunel University, 2016. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/13788.

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Hybrid renewable energy system was introduced to improve the individual renewable energy power system’s productivity and operation-ability. This circumstance has led towards an extensive technological study and analysis on the hybrid renewable energy system. The extensive technological study is conducted using many different approaches, but in this research the linear programming, artificial intelligence and smart grid approaches are studied. This thesis proposed a complete hardware system development, implementation and construction of real-time DC Hybrid Renewable Energy System for solar-wind-battery energy source integrated with grid network support. The proposed real-time DC HRES hardware system adopts the hybrid renewable energy system concept which is composed of solar photovoltaic, wind energy system, battery energy storage system and grid network support. The real-time DC HRES hardware system research work is divided into three stages. Stage 1 involves modelling and simulation of the proposed system using MATLAB Simulink/Stateflow software. During this stage, system’s methodological design and development is emphasised. The obtained results are considered as fundamental finding to design, develop, integrate, implement and construct the real-time DC HRES hardware system. Stage II is designing and developing the electronic circuits for the real-time DC HRES hardware system using PROTEUS software. Real time simulation is performed on the electronic circuits to study and analyse the circuit’s behaviour. This stage also involves embedded software application development for the microcontroller PIC16F877A. Thus, continuous dynamic decision-making algorithm is developed and incorporated into microcontroller PIC16F877A. Next, electronic circuits and continuous dynamic decision-making algorithm are integrated with the microcontroller PIC16F877A as a real-time DC HRES hardware system to perform real time simulation. The real-time DC HRES hardware system simulation results are studied, analysed and compared with the results obtained in Stage 1. Any indifference between the obtained results in Stage 1 and Stage 2 are analysed and necessary changes are made. Stage 3 involves integrating, implementation and construction of real-time DC HRES. The continuous dynamic decision-making algorithm is also incorporated into the real microcontroller PCI16F877A development board. Real-time DC HRES’s experimental results have successfully demonstrated the system’s ability to perform supervision, coordination, management and control of all the available energy sources with lease dependency on the grid network. The obtained results demonstrated the energy management and optimisation of the available energy sources as primary power source deliver.

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20

Paudel, Subodh. "Optimization of hybrid PV/WIND power system for remote telecom station." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/3658.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Mecânica
O rápido esgotamento dos recursos fósseis e as preocupações ambientais tem gerado uma consciencialização acrescida sobre as possibilidades de aproveitamento de recursos energéticos renováveis. De entre os vários recursos renováveis, os sistemas híbridos solar/eólicos aparentam resultados promissores no que se refere ao fornecimento fiável de energia, com melhoria da eficiência e redução dos requisitos de armazenagem em sistemas isolados. A presente dissertação apresenta uma nova metodologia para realização da análise de viabilidade de sistemas isolados, a qual inclui a geração artificial de disponibilidade horária de recursos renováveis e a optimização das dimensões da matriz fotovoltaica, da turbina eólica e do painel de baterias para um sistema autónomo híbrido fotovoltaico/eólico (HSWPS). Em qualquer sistema baseado em recursos renováveis, o estudo de viabilidade é considerado como a primeira etapa de análise. Neste trabalho, o estudo de viabilidade é realizado através do modelo híbrido de optimização para as energias renováveis HOMER. A segunda etapa consiste no desenvolvimento de modelos matemáticos para geração de perfis artificiais horários de velocidade do vento, radiação solar e temperatura a partir das médias mensais conhecidas ao longo de um ano. A terceira etapa engloba o desenvolvimento de modelos matemáticos para caracterização do desempenho dos módulos fotovoltaicos, turbina eólica e baterias. Finalmente, a metodologia desenvolvida permite encontrar as configurações ideais para uma determinada carga e para um determinado factor de probabilidade de perda de alimentação (LPSP) a partir de um conjunto de componentes de sistemas com o menor valor da função de custo que é definir, em termos de fiabilidade e de custo de eletricidade nivelado unidade (LUEC). A viabilidade de aplicação desta metodologia foi ensaiada num caso de estudo, composto por um terminal de telecomunicações de pequena abertura (VSAT), por uma estação repetidora e por uma estação transceptora de acesso múltiplo (BTS CDMA 2C10) localizada numa zona remota do Nepal. Os modelos matemáticos foram implementados em ambiente MATLAB e os resultados da simulação foram obtidos quer para a configuração actual quer para a configuração optimizada. Os resultados da simulação mostram que a arquitectura existente, composta por módulos fotovoltaicos KC85T de 6,12 kW, uma turbina eólica H3.1 de 1kW e um banco de baterias de 1600 Ah GFM-800 proporciona cerca de 36,6% de carga não satisfeita durante um ano caracterizando-se esta por potências de 655 W a plena carga e 405 W a meia-carga. Por outro lado, o sistema proposto de configuração optimizada inclui 2 turbinas eólicas de 1 kW H3.1, módulos fotovoltaicos TSM-175DA01 com 8,05 kW e um banco de baterias T-105 de 1125 Ah. Esta configuração apresenta uma fiabilidade de 99,99%, com uma redução significativa dos custos e uma produção energética estável.
The rapid depletion of fossil fuel resources and environmental concerns has given awareness on generation of renewable energy resources. Among the various renewable resources, hybrid solar and wind energy seems to be promising solutions to provide reliable power supply with improved system efficiency and reduced storage requirements for stand-alone applications. This dissertation presents a methodology for carrying the feasibility analysis, for generation of hourly synthetic availability of renewable resources sources (RES) and optimum size of PV array, Wind Power and battery bank for a standalone hybrid Solar/Wind Power system (HSWPS). In any RES based system, the feasibility assessment is considered as the first step analysis. In this work, feasibility analysis is carried through hybrid optimization model for electric renewables (HOMER). Mathematical models to generate hourly synthetic solar, wind and temperature from the monthly average RES of a year were developed. In addition, mathematical models to characterize PV modules, Wind power and battery were created. And finally, the optimal configurations for a given load and a desired loss of power supply probability (LPSP) from a set of systems components with the lowest value of cost function defined in terms of reliability and levelized unit electricity cost (LUCE) was performed. Applying this methodology, a telecommunication load consisting Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT), Repeater station and Code Division Multiple Access Base Transceiver Station(CDMA 2C10 BTS) of a remote station of Nepal is used as a case study for load demand of the hybrid system. The mathematical models were implemented in the MATLAB environment and the simulation results for the existing and the proposed models are compared. The simulation results shows that existing architecture consisting of 6.12 kW KC85T photovoltaic modules, 1kW H3.1 wind turbine and 1600 Ah GFM-800 battery bank have a 36.6% of unmet load during a year with a full and half load demand of 655 W and 405 W. On the other hand, the proposed system includes 1kW *2 H3.1 Wind turbine, 8.05 kW TSM-175DA01 photovoltaic modules and 1125 Ah T-105 battery bank with system reliability of 99.99% with a significant cost reduction as well as reliable energy production.

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Abeywardana, Asela Janaka. "Solar - Biomass hybrid system for process heat supply in medium scale hotels in Sri Lanka." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-23794.

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This study aimed at evaluating and demonstrating the feasibility of using Concentrated Solar Thermal technology combined with biomass energy technology as a hybrid renewable energy system to supply the process heat requirements in small scale industries in Sri Lanka. Particularly, the focus was to apply the concept to the expanding hotel industry, for covering the thermal energy demand of a medium scale hotel. Solar modules utilize the rooftop area of the building to a valuable application. Linear Fresnel type of solar concentrator is selected considering the requirement of the application and the simplicity of fabrication and installation compared to other technologies. Subsequently, a wood-fired boiler is deployed as the steam generator as well as the balancing power source to recover the effects due to the seasonal variations in solar energy. Bioenergy, so far being the largest primary energy supply in the country, has a good potential for further growth in industrial applications like small hotels. When a hotel with about 200-guests capacity and annual average occupancy of 65% is considered, the total annual CO2 saving is accounted as 207 tons compared with an entirely fossil fuel (diesel) fired boiler system. The annual operational cost saving is around $ 40,000 and the simple payback period is within 3-4 years. The proposed hybrid system can generate additional 26 employment opportunities in the proximity of the site location area. This solar-biomass hybrid concept mitigates the weaknesses associated with these renewable technologies when employed separately. The system has been designed in such a way that the total heat demand of hot water and process steam supply is managed by renewable energy alone. It is thus a self-sustainable, non-conventional, renewable energy system. This concept can be stretched to other critical medium temperature applications like for example absorption refrigeration. The system is applicable to many other industries in the country where space requirement is available, solar irradiance is rich and a solid biomass supply is assured.

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22

Brandsma, Age. "Performance Evaluation for a Solar Assisted Air Conditioning System in Taipei." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-26878.

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This report shows the study performed at Taipei National University of Technology in Taipei to evaluate the performance of a solar air conditioning system. The performance is evaluated under Taiwan climate conditions. The research is performed under summer weather conditions. No influence is done on these conditions. A solar air conditioning system currently available on the market is used. No changes are made to the system. The work to be done is divided into different phases in order to guide the process. First, a literature research is done to find similar research done on this topic and to gain a basic understanding of the topic. Then several measurement plans are made to investigate different parts of the system.. Measurements are done. It is tried to developing a computer model in order to be able to simulate the system performance. The overall objective was to gain knowledge about a solar assisted air-conditioning system and develop a model to simulate the system. Initially a list of research questions was made in order to quantify ‘gaining knowledge’ about the system. The plan was to answer them by using measurement data and creating a model to perform simulations. There are measurements done in this report, however due to too many ‘unknowns’* it is difficult to draw conclusions from them. A lot of research questions are still open and they are also not included in this report. It is also not succeeded to make a working model of a solar assisted air conditioner. It is succeeded in making a model to predict the performance of the evaporator. This model is currently within 11% accurate.

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SILVA, ANNA CAMILA SOUSA E. "NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL SIMULATION OF A HYBRID SOLAR/ETHANOL/HYDROGEN OF AN ELECTRICAL GENERATION SYSTEM." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2017. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=32489@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA
O presente trabalho trata da implementação de um sistema integrado de fornecimento de energia elétrica a sistemas isolados da rede de distribuição através de célula a combustível, combustível renovável (etanol) e painéis fotovoltaicos. Apresenta como objetivo a construção de um simulador para a otimização do sistema integrado de fornecimento de energia elétrica. O sistema consiste em um reformador de hidrogênio que utiliza etanol para a reforma do hidrogênio, uma célula a combustível do tipo PEM, painéis fotovoltaicos, banco de baterias de chumbo, inversor de corrente, compressor de hidrogênio. O sistema foi dimensionado para atender um consumidor SIGFI 45. A partir da implementação do sistema foram realizados diferentes tipos de ensaios a fim de caracterizar o funcionamento de cada um dos equipamentos separadamente. Conhecendo o funcionamento de cada equipamento foi possível simular o funcionamento deles em diferentes condições de operação. Posteriormente foi implementado um simulador em VBA desse sistema e os resultados obtidos experimentalmente foram comparados com os simulados para a validação desse simulador. Com o simulador validado foi possível simular diversos casos de operação com o intuito de otimizar o funcionamento desse sistema.
This current work deals with the implementation of an integrated electrical power supply system with isolated fuel cell distribution networks: renewable fuel (ethanol) and photovoltaic panels. This thesis presents the objective of constructing a simulator in order to optimize the integrated electrical power supply system. The system consists of a hydrogen reformer that uses ethanol to produce hydrogen, a PEM fuel cell, photovoltaic panels, lead battery bank, current inverter, hydrogen compressor. The system has been sized to meet SIGFI 45 consumer. During the implementation and application of the system, different types of tests were carried out in order to characterize the behavior of each component separately. Knowing the function of each component within the system, it was possible to simulate their behavior in different operating conditions. Later, a VBA simulator of this system was created and then implemented. The results produced by the simulator were compared with those carried out experimentally to validate the accuracy of this simulation. With the validation of the simulator it was possible to simulate several operational cases in order to optimize the function of this system.

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Abeywardana, Asela M. A. J. "Solar-Biomass hybrid system for process heat supply in medium scale hotels in Sri Lanka." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189224.

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Анотація:

This study aimed at evaluating and demonstrating the feasibility of using Concentrated Solar Thermal technology combined with biomass energy technology as a hybrid renewable energy system to supply the process heat requirements in small scale industries in Sri Lanka. Particularly, the focus was to apply the concept to the expanding hotel industry, for covering the thermal energy demand of a medium scale hotel. Solar modules utilize the rooftop area of the building to a valuable application. Linear Fresnel type of solar concentrator is selected considering the requirement of the application and the simplicity of fabrication and installation compared to other technologies. Subsequently, a wood-fired boiler is deployed as the steam generator as well as the balancing power source to recover the effects due to the seasonal variations in solar energy. Bioenergy, so far being the largest primary energy supply in the country, has a good potential for further growth in industrial applications like small hotels. When a hotel with about 200-guests capacity and annual average occupancy of 65% is considered, the total annual CO2 saving is accounted as 207 tons compared with an entirely fossil fuel (diesel) fired boiler system. The annual operational cost saving is around $ 40,000 and the simple payback period is within 3-4 years. The proposed hybrid system can generate additional 26 employment opportunities in the proximity of the site location area. This solar-biomass hybrid concept mitigates the weaknesses associated with these renewable technologies when employed separately. The system has been designed in such a way that the total heat demand of hot water and process steam supply is managed by renewable energy alone. It is thus a self-sustainable, non-conventional, renewable energy system. This concept can be stretched to other critical medium temperature applications like for example absorption refrigeration. The system is applicable to many other industries in the country where space requirement is available, solar irradiance is rich and a solid biomass supply is assured.

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25

Bekele, Getachew. "Study into the Potential and Feasibility of a Standalone Solar-Wind Hybrid Electric Energy Supply System." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11799.

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The tendency to use renewable energy resources has grown continuouslyover the past few decades, be it due to fear over warnings of globalwarming or because of the depletion and short life of fossil fuels or evenas a result of the interest which has developed among researchers doingscientific research into it. This work can be considered as joining any ofthese groups with an objective of giving electric light to the poorpopulation living in one of the poorest nations in the world.The aim of the work is to investigate supplying electric energy fromsolar-wind hybrid resources to remotely located communities detachedfrom the main grid line in Ethiopia. The communities in mind are one oftwo types; the first is the majority of the poor population residing in thecountryside; and the other is people relocated by the Government fromthe over used and dry regions to relatively productive and fertile ones inline with the long-term poverty reduction plan.The work was begun by investigating wind energy and solar energypotentials at four geographically different locations in Ethiopia bycompiling data from different sources and analyzing it using a softwaretool. The locations are Addis Ababa (09:02N, 038:42E), Mekele (13:33N,39:30E), Nazret (08:32N, 039:22E), and Debrezeit (8:44N, 39:02E).The results related to wind energy potential are given in terms of themonthly Average wind speed, the wind speed probability densityfunction (PDF), the wind speed cumulative density function (CDF), thewind speed duration curve (DC), and power density plots for all fourselected sites. According to the results obtained through the analysis, thewind energy potential, even if it is not exceptional, is irrefutably highenough to be exploited for generating electric energy.The solar energy potential, based on sunshine duration data collectedover a period of 7 - 11 years and radiation data obtained from differentsources, has been calculated using regression coefficients specific to thesites in question. Based on the sunshine duration data, the monthlyaverage daily sunshine amount for each of the places has also beencomputed and given in a form of plot. Through additional work on theresults of the calculations, the solar energy potential has been given inthe form of solar radiation plots for each of the selected sites. Asexpected, the results indicated an abundance of solar energy potential.It is based on the promising findings of these two energy resourcepotentials, wind and solar, that the feasibility study for a standalonesolar-wind hybrid energy supply system has proceeded, targeting thecommunity mentioned earlier. The hybrid system consisted of Windturbine, Photovoltaic panel, diesel generator and a bank of batteries, witha power conditioning converter included in the system.The hybrid standalone supply system is intended to provide electricity toa model community of 200 families with five to six family members ineach. The community is equipped with a primary load, a deferrable load,a community school and a health post. An electric load which includeslighting, water pumping, a radio receiver, and some clinical equipmenthas been suggested. Hybrid Optimization Model for ElectricRenewables, HOMER, software has been used for the analysis. Theaverage wind speed and average solar radiation calculated from the datafor all of the selected sites has been used to input into the software.The hybrid system design is approached in three different ways. The firstapproach is to include within the hybrid system those components whichare locally available, without giving special attention to their efficienciesand proceed with the design work. The second approach is tothoroughly search the market for the best and most efficienttechnological products and to select the best components for theanalysis. A third approach considered in an attempt of cost minimizationis to see if a self-contained type of design can be a better solution. Whatthis means is every household will have its own supply system that mayconsist of any combination of PV and wind turbine including converter,battery and charge controller.After running the simulations, lists of power supply systems have beengenerated, sorted according to their net present cost. Sensitivity variables,such as range of wind speeds, range of radiation levels and diesel pricehave been defined as inputs into the software and the optimizationprocess has been carried out repeatedly for the sensitivity variables andthe results have been refined accordingly.
QC 20100623

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26

K, C. Bibek. "Impact of a Hybrid Storage Framework Containing Battery and Supercapacitor on Uncertain Output of Wind and Solar Power Systems." OpenSIUC, 2019. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2618.

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Renewable energy resources (RES) are becoming more popular for electricity generation due to their easy installation, flexibility, low cost, environmental compatibility, etc. However, their fluctuating nature is a major drawback, which decreases the power quality and makes them less trusty in the power system. To mitigate this problem, battery energy storage (BES) has been widely used with renewable energy sources. Because batteries are designed to handle “steady fluctuations” of power, the “sudden and peak” fluctuating power levels of renewable energy sources may cause shorter life spans for them, which may cause dramatic economic loss or negatively impact the power quality. Also, even though batteries have been used as a backup for RES, high power quality cannot be guaranteed when there is a rapid and peak fluctuations on source/load.

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Ibrahim, Idowu David. "Development of Smart Parabolic Trough Solar Collector for Water Heating and Hybrid Polymeric Composite Water Storage Tank." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASG049.

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Les sources d’énergies utilisées pour le chauffage de l’eau dans les bâtiments commerciaux et résidentielles sont multiples. Ces ressources sont essentiellement électriques dans les milieux urbains et utilisent le bois dans les milieux ruraux. Le pourcentage de l’énergie solaire utilisé reste assez faible. Les méthodes les utilisées pour produire l’eau chaude sont pour basés pour l’essentielle sur l’utilisation des résistances électrique ou des capteurs solaire plat. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse est basé sur l’utilisation des concentrateurs solaires pour chauffer des collecteurs d’énergie. Le rendement est augmenté par le développement de nouveau matériaux pour le stockage.La structure pour le support du collecteur a été conçue et analysée utilisant le logiciel Solidworks®. Les forces agissant sur les éléments de la structure sont simulées pour assurer la fiabilité du support lors des différentes conditions de fonctionnement. L’analyse par la méthode des éléments finis a permis la vérification de la structure utilisée pour le réflecteur et son support.Les performances énergétiques ont été simulées pour cinq ans d’opération utilisant le logiciel Matlab Simulink®. Cette simulation a été basée sur l’utilisation de trois données différentes. La première est une base de données météorologique de cinq ans en Afrique du Sud dans la Ville de Tshwane. La deuxième est un profil d’utilisation pour un foyer type. La troisième est le coût de complément de chauffage en électricité dépendant de l’heure de l’utilisation. Cette simulation a permis la validation des choix de dimensions de différents éléments du système de chauffage.Cette étude a permis le développement d’une approche pour la conception d’un système de chauffage solaire en optimisant les dimensions des différents éléments pour un foyer type et une région spécifique.De plus, nous avons conçu un autre réservoir d’eau chaude. Nous avons démontré que l'utilisation de matériaux polymères et d'autres matériaux comme le polyuréthane, le sel et l'aluminium est possible pour le développement d'un réservoir de stockage d'eau chaude en fonction de leurs propriétés inhérentes.L'extension des résultats de cette thèse améliorera encore les conceptions des technologies de concentrateurs solaires et des systèmes de chauffage solaire de l'eau. Par conséquent, certaines recommandations et suggestions sont mises en évidence afin d'améliorer la conception, l'analyse et les performances globales du système
In recent years, various energy sources and methods have been used to heat water in domestic and commercial buildings. The known sources for water heating include electrical energy and solar radiation energy in the urban regions or burning of firewood in the rural areas. Several water heating methods may be used such as electrical heating elements, solar concentrators, flat plate collectors and evacuated tube collectors. This thesis focuses on ways to further improve the system’s performance for water heating through the combined use of solar energy and solar concentrator technique. Furthermore, the study proposed an alternative design method for the hot water storage tank.The solar collector-supporting frame was designed and analysed using Solidworks®. The forces acting on the structural members were simulated to determine the capacity of the frame to sustain the load, and the possible regions on the supporting frame, which could potentially fail while in operation.Energy performance was simulated for five years of operation using Matlab Simulink® software. This simulation was based on the use of three different data. The first is a five-year weather database of the City of Tshwane in South Africa. The second is a hot water consumption profile for a typical household. The third is the cost of additional heating with electricity depending on the time of use. This simulation allowed the validation of the choices of the different elements of the heating system.This study allowed the development of an approach for the design of a solar heating system by optimising the dimensions of the different elements for a typical household and a specific region.In addition, the use of polymeric materials and other materials like polyurethane, salt and aluminium is possible for the development of a hot water storage tank based on their inherent properties.Extending the findings in this thesis will further improve the designs for solar concentrator technologies and solar water heating systems. Therefore, some recommendations and suggestions are highlighted in order to improve the overall system design, analysis and performance

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RODRIGUES, ADRIANO DA COSTA. "SIMULATION OF A HYBRID ENERGY GENERATION SYSTEM BASED ON SOLAR ENERGY, ETHANOL REFORMING AND HYDROGEN STORAGE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2018. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=35601@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA
Neste trabalho é realizada a simulação de um sistema híbrido de geração de energia para pequenas comunidades, através de um simulador do sistema integrado de fornecimento de energia elétrica para consumidores sem acesso à rede de distribuição de energia elétrica desenvolvido para este fim. O simulador foi desenvolvido em Excel e Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). O sistema inicial consiste basicamente de uma unidade de células a combustível, baterias, um reformador de etanol para produção de hidrogênio, compressor, cilindros de armazenamento e painéis fotovoltaicos. A simulação foi desenvolvida aumentando-se gradativamente a quantidade dos componentes do sistema para atender à demanda de vários consumidores SIGFI45, até o limite do sistema, visando a diminuição do custo total de instalação por kWh para cada consumidor. Posteriormente foram avaliadas as características de cada equipamento (reformador de hidrogênio, célula a combustível do tipo PEM, painéis fotovoltaicos, banco de baterias de chumbo-ácido, inversor de frequência, compressor de hidrogênio) e a ampliação do sistema para atender a mais usuários. Foram analisados diferentes cenários, de acordo com o aumento do número de usuários do sistema e a demanda de energia resultante. Como resultado, a simulação do sistema ampliado atendeu a um maior número de consumidores, satisfazendo a demanda de pequenas comunidades com um custo menor para a produção de energia do que no caso com o sistema inicial.
In this current work it is realized the simulation of a hybrid energy generation system for small communities, through a simulation program of the integrated system of energy supply for offgrid costumers developed for this purpose. The simulator was developed in Excel and Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). The starting system consists of a unit of fuel cells, lead-acid batteries, ethanol reformer to produce hydrogen, compressor, storage cylinders and photovoltaic panels. The simulation was developed adding a new component when it was necessary to supply the demand of more than one customer SIGFI45, up to the limit of the system, aiming at reducing the installation cost per kWh for each consumer. Subsequently, the characteristics of each equipment (hydrogen reformer, PEM fuel cell, photovoltaic panels, battery bank, inverter, hydrogen compressor) were evaluated and the system was expanded to supply more users. Different scenarios were analyzed in accordance with the increase in the number of users of the system and the resulting energy demand. As a result, the optimization of the system has supplied a greater number of customers and it can supply energy for small communities with a lower cost for energy production than the original system.

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JACQUEMARD, PAUL. "Fluid field analysis on a flexible combustor for a hybrid Solar / Brayton system : A numerical study." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-287853.

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Recent improvements to concentrating solar dish systems lead to further focus on hybridization systems for small-scale power generation applications. Variability of the solar load creates new requirements for combustion systems. This thesis presents a CFD simulation of the air flow inside a new combustor design for the combination of an impinging air solar receiver and a MGT. The system consists of a LPP tubular combustor with radial main swirler and central pilot burner. Focus is made on the pressure loss at the downstream impinging cooling wall for appropriate flow distribution between reacting and bypass air. Heat transfer is not studied due to lack of time. A fully-hexahedral multi-zones mesh of the system without fuel injection has been generated with Ansys ICEM software, making use of its O-grid capabilities. A realizable k-epsilon model is used for turbulence modelling. Several impinging hole’s diameters are studied to find the right balance between the two streams. Streamlines are also observed to confirm the location of recirculation zones and recommend design improvements.
Nya förbättringar av koncentrerade solskålssystem leder till ytterligare fokus på hybridsystem för småskaliga applikationer för elproduktion. Ojämn solstrålning skapar nya krav på förbränningssystem. Detta examensarbete presenterar en CFD-simulering av luftflödet i en ny förbränningsdesign för en kombination av en solfångare med forcerad konvektionskylning och en mikrogasturbin (MGT). Systemet består av en LPP-rörbrännare med radiellt virvelsystem och central pilotbrännare. Studien fokuserar på tryckförlusten vid slaghålsväggen, som används för kylning vid förbränning, och lämplig flödesfördelning mellan reagerande- och förbigående flöde. Värmeöverföring studeras inte på grund av tidsbrist. Ett helt sexkantigt nät med flera zoner i systemet utan bränsleinsprutning har genererats med Ansys ICEM-programvara som använder O-nätfunktioner. En realiserbar k-epsilon-modell används för turbulensmodellering. Flera slaghålsdiametrar studeras för att hitta rätt balans mellan de två strömmarna. Även strömlinjer observeras för att bekräfta placeringen av återcirkulationszoner och kunna rekommendera förbättringar av designen.

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Farah, Hamad. "Hybrid solar system for heat and electric demands in a simple housing within Sweden and China." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-40596.

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The access to ideal heating and power techniques has always been highly thought after.This is mainly due to the development in housing architecture and the cold nature of certain regions which has led to an increase in popularity of the heating market and modernised heating technologies. The current DH systems make use of CHP plants for thegeneration of power and electricity. These CHP plants for the most part, are powered through biomass and during winter periods the demand for heating is highly increased.The biggest issue with relying on biomass solely is the constant need to burn wasteproducts which not only results in increasing the demand for consuming in more waste,but also results in producing remains (by-products) that cannot be broken down further and hence might require the utilization of land-space (landfills) for their disposal. Solar modules on the other hand, have gained increased popularity in the recent age. This is mainly due their extremely high flexible ability in converting solar irradiance intoelectrical and thermal energies. This study will try to provide a comprehensive study intothe utilization of a hybrid solar system that combines a standard PV module with a flat-plate collector through estimating the energy demands for a simple housing within Sweden and China. This will be the main aim of the study, however the possibilities of integrating this hybrid solar system alongside current DH systems will mostly be discussed in the first sections to proof the possibility of executing such a system. The theoretical work carried out will only include simulations of having just separate,standalone PV and flat-plate collector modules. However, designing a hybrid solar and DH system will not be the major focus of this study. The results at the end of the report,concluded that the electrical production for the Swedish case were noticeably higher thanthat of the Chinese case in spite of maintaining the same load values through both cases and higher solar irradiation for the Chinese case. Due to PVsyst simulation constraints,the results show that the investment cost of the Swedish PV (electrical component) module was about 3.6 times greater than that of the Chinese which could possibly mean that the Swedish case has a bigger PV module area than the Chinese case in order to meetel ectricity demand monthly. However, when it came to the thermal energy production, it was possible to assume different collectors cases and hence an area of 7m2 was chosen for the Swedish perspective while an area of 4m2 has been considered for the Chinese case. The thermal useful energy values where then compared with heating demands for both of the cases. Finally, the thesis concluded that there was no requirement for having an integrated DH network within the standalone houses, having small electricity and heat demand and hence, it might be more beneficial to have an integrated DH and solar system within more densely populated housing areas.
Efterfrågan på tillgången till idealisk uppvärmning och effektiva tekniker har alltid varithög. Detta beror främst på utvecklingen inom arkitektur och den kalla naturen i vissaregioner som har lett till en ökad popularitet av värmemarknaden och moderniseradevärmeteknologiert. De nuvarande fjärrvärme-systemen använder kraftvärmeverk förproduktion av kraft och elektricitet. Dessa kraftvärmeanläggningar drivs till stor delgenom biomassa och under vinterperioderna ökar efterfrågan på uppvärmning mycket.Det största problemet med att förlita sig på biomassa enbart är det ständiga behovet avatt bränna avfallsprodukter som inte bara resulterar i att öka efterfrågan på konsumtionav fler avfallsprodukter utan också resulterar i att producera rester (biprodukter) sominte kan brytas ned ytterligare och därmed kan kräva användning av markutrymme fördeponering. solar-moduler å andra sidan har ökat popularitet under de senaste åren.Detta beror främst på deras extremt höga flexibla förmåga att konvertera solbestrålningtill elektrisk och termisk energi. Denna studie kommer att försöka tillhandahålla enomfattande studie av användningen av ett hybridsolsystem som kombinerar en standardPV-modul med en flatplate collector för att simulera en solar-modul samt caselera enfristående version genom att uppskatta energikraven för en enkel bostad i Sverige ochKina. Detta kommer att vara huvudmålet med studien, men möjligheterna att integreradetta hybrida solsystem tillsammans med nuvarande DH-system kommer mestadels attdiskuteras i de första avsnitten för att bevisa möjligheten att utföra ett sådant system. Detteoretiska arbetet som utförs kommer endast att innehålla simuleringar av att bara ha enfristående PV- och flatplate collector module, men att utforma ett hybrid sol- och DHsystemkommer inte att vara huvudfokus för denna studie. Resultaten i slutet avrapporten drog överraskande slutsatsen att den elektriska produktionen för den svenskacaselen var märkbart högre än den för den kinesiska caselen trots att de båda caselernabibehöll samma belastningsvärden och högre solbestrålning för den kinesiska caselen.Detta kan förklaras av skillnaden i modulpriser vid simulering genom PVsyst därinvesteringskostnaden för den svenska PV-modulen (elektrisk komponent) var ungefär3,6 gånger större än den för kinesiska, vilket innebär att PVsyst antar ett störremodulområde för svensk modul och därmed mer energiproduktion. Men när det kom tillvärmeenergiproduktionen, var det möjligt att anta olika samlarfall och följaktligen valdesett område på 7m2 för det svenska perspektivet medan ett område på 4m2 har beaktatsför den kinesiska och värmevärden för användbar energi där jämfördes sedan med dekrav som krävs för uppvärmning i båda fallen. Slutligen drog avhandlingen slutsatsen attdet inte fanns något krav på att ha ett integrerat DH-nätverk i de fristående husen ochdärför kan det vara mer fördelaktigt att ha ett integrerat DH och solsystem i tätarebebyggda bostadsområden.

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Shimeles, Surafel. "Thermo-economic Analysis of Retrofitting an Existing Coal-Fired Power Plant with Solar Heat." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-17216.

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At a time when global environmental change is posing a growing challenge to the world’s economy and creating uncertainties to livelihood of its inhabitants, Coal thermal power plants are under pressure to meet stringent environmental regulations into achieving worldwide set millennial goals for mitigating the effect of emission gases on the atmosphere. Owing to its abundance, it is unlikely to see the use of coal completely missing from the global energy mix within the next hundred years to come. While innovative emission reduction technologies are evolving for the better, trendy technological solutions which require reintegration of these coal plants with alternative greener fuels are growing at the moment. Among these solutions, the following paper investigates possible means for repowering a coal steam power plant with indirect solar heating solutions to boost its annual outputs. Two widely deployable solar thermal technologies, parabolic trough and Central tower receiver systems, are introduced at different locations in the steam plant to heat working fluid thereby enhancing the thermodynamic quality of steam being generated. Potential annual energy output was estimated using commercially available TRNSYS software upon mass and heat balance to every component of solar and steam plant. The annual energy outputs are weighed against their plant erecting and running costs to evaluate the economic vitality of the proposed repowering options. The results show that parabolic trough heating method could serve as the most cost effective method generating electricity at competitive prices than solar only powered SEGS plants. While cost may be acceptable in the unit of energy sense, the scale of implementation has been proven to be technically limited.
Kriel Power Plant

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Reis, Renato Candido. "Análise do efeito da convecção forçada para resfriamento de sistema térmico fotovoltaico /." Ilha Solteira, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/192697.

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Orientador: Elaine Maria Cardoso
Resumo: O presente trabalho consistiu na análise teórica e experimental de um sistema híbrido PVT - fotovoltaico/térmico. Este consiste de um painel fotovoltaico (PV), com sistema de rastreamento, para aproveitar a radiação solar direta e difusa, e de um sistema d e resfriamento por convecção forçada acoplado, permitindo gerar eletricidade e calor em um único processo além de reduzir a temperatura de operação de um painel solar fotovoltaico comercial e, assim, melhorar sua eficiência energética. O módulo PV está instalado na região noroeste do estado de São Paulo. O conjunto experimental possui um sistema de rastreamento solar azimutal de eixo simples; a tensão e a corrente de saída do painel foram medidas para quantificar a potência produzida levando em consideração diferentes condições de operação. Todos os testes foram realizados in loco usando um painel fotovoltaico comercial, sempre levando em consideração as condições meteorológicas do dia. O rastreamento solar aumenta em 45,5% a energia gerada para um dia do mês de junho em relação a um sistema fixo. O painel fotovoltaico com a parte posterior isolada termicamente opera em condições 15 °C a 20 °C mais quente que um painel não isolado, o que implica em perdas energéticas da ordem de 7,6%. O trocador de calor tipo serpentina, com uso de água deionizada, não mostrou desempenho satisfatório ao resfriar o módulo fotovoltaico devido à significativa resistência térmica de contato com a face posterior do módulo. A análise teórica apre... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The present work consisted of a theoretical and experimental analysis of a hybrid PVT – photovoltaic/thermal system. This system consisted of a photovoltaic (PV) panel with a solar tracking system to take advantage of direct and diffuse solar radiation and a forced convection cooling system. This allows the generation of electricity and useful heat in a single process in addition to reducing the operating temperature of a commercial photovoltaic solar panel and thus improves its energy efficiency. The PV module is installed in the northwest region of the state of São Paulo. The experimental apparatus had a single axis, azimuth solar tracking system; the output voltage and current of the panel were measured to quantify the power produced taking into account different operating conditions. All tests were carried out in loco using a commercial photovoltaic panel, always taking into account the weather conditions of the day. Solar tracking increases the energy generated by one day of the month by 45.5% compared to a fixed system. The temperature of the module with a thermally insulated back sheet was 15° C to 20° C hotter than a non-insulated panel, which implies energy losses of the order of 7.6%. The serpentine type heat exchanger, using deionized water, did not show satisfactory performance when cooling the photovoltaic module due to the significant thermal resistance of contact with the rear face of the module. Theoretical analysis showed errors of less than 10% compared to t... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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Kretzschmar, Holger. "The Hybrid Pressurized Air Receiver (HPAR) for combined cycle solar thermal power plants." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86377.

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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Concentrating solar power technology is a modern power generation technology in which central receiver systems play a significant role. For this technology a field of heliostats is used to reflect solar irradiation to the receiver located on top of the tower. An extensive review has shown that contemporary receiver designs face geometric complexities, lack of thermal efficiency as well as issues with durability and cost. The purpose of this study is to develop a new receiver concept that can potentially reduce these issues. A parametric analysis was used to identify potential means of improvement based on an energy balance approach including sensitivities involved with convection and radiation heat transfer. Design criteria such as the use of headers to minimize pressure drop was also investigated. Based on these findings the hybrid pressurized air receiver was developed which is a combination of tubular and volumetric receiver technologies. The fundamental idea of the receiver was investigated by simulating the ray-tracing and coupled natural convection and radiation heat transfer. The ray-tracing results have shown that the use of quartz glass is a prospective solution to higher allowable flux densities, but with reflection losses in the order of 7 %. The coupled natural convection heat transfer simulation further revealed that the receiver concept effectively eliminates the escape of buoyant plumes and radiative heat losses are minimized. Empirical data was gathered from a medium flux concentrator and good agreement with the numerical results was obtained. The thesis therefore concludes that the research outcomes were met. Ongoing research aims to optimise the receiver concept for a 5MW pilot plant.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gekonsentreerde sonkrag tegnologie is ’n moderne kragopwekkingstegnologie waar sentrale ontvangersisteme ’n beduidende rol speel. Vir hierdie tegnologie word ’n veld heliostate gebruik om sonstraling na die ontvanger wat aan die bopunt van die toring geleë is te reflekteer. ’n Omvattende hersiening het daarop gewys dat kontemporêre ontwerpe van die ontvangers ’n aantal geometriese kompleksiteite, ’n tekort aan termiese doeltreffendheid sowel as probleme in terme van duursaamheid en koste in die gesig staar. Die doel van die studie is om ’n nuwe ontvangerskonsep te ontwikkel wat moontlik hierdie probleme kan verminder. ’n Parametriese analise is gebruik om potensiële maniere van verbetering aan te dui wat gebaseer is op ’n energiebalans benadering; insluitend sensitiwiteite betrokke by konvektiewe en stralingswarmteoordrag. Ontwerpkriteria soos die gebruik van spruitstukke om drukverliese te minimaliseer is ook ondersoek. Gebaseer op hierdie bevindinge is die hibriede saamgepersde-lug ontvanger ontwikkel. Laasgenoemde is ’n kombinasie van buis- en volumetriese ontvangertegnologie. Die fundamentele idee van die ontvanger is ondersoek deur straalberekening asook die gelyktydige natuurlike konveksie en stralingswarmteoordrag te simuleer. Die straalberekeningsresultate het getoon dat die gebruik van kwarts glas ’n moontlike oplossing is om hoër stralingsintensiteit te bereik, maar met refleksieverliese in die orde van 7 %. Die gelyktydige natuurlike konveksie en stralingswarmteoordrag simulasie het verder aan die lig gebring dat die ontvangerkonsep die ontsnapping

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Silinto, Berino Francisco, and Nelso Alberto Bila. "Feasibility Study of Solar-Wind Hybrid Power System for Rural Electrification at the Estatuene Locality in Mozambique." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-178345.

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This project work focuses on the feasibility study of a hybrid PV-Wind System for rural electrification at the Estatuene Locality in southern Mozambique. This is in line with electricity network expansion, which, in Mozambique shows high implementation cost and low operation cost. Through field research, an analysis was made of the actual electrical demand in the Estatuene rural community. The wind data was collected from the installed weather stations in the region while the solar data were extracted internally from the HOMER software by introducing the site coordinates. All the configurations, simulations and selection of hybrid systems were also made using HOMER. For the Estatuene rural community it was estimated a scaled annual average demand of 9.4 kWh/day with a peak load of 1.4 kW for DC charge; and a total scaled annual average of 133 kWh/day with a peak load of 15.3 kW for AC Charge. The annual mean solar potential is 5.205 kWh/m2/d, and the mean wind speed is 4.84 m/s for 12 meters above the ground. Thus the calculations and the selection of the best configuration of the hybrid system were crossed out with the technical specifications and costs of photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, power converter, batteries, and the electricity network, specifically for the comparison between an optimum hybrid system solution and two separate ones. The calculations presented an analysis of the technical and the financial viability of the selected hybrid system for local electric power production.

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Alayan, Sophia. "Design of a PV-Diesel Hybrid System with Unreliable Grid Connection in Lebanon." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-24465.

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This thesis is a study on integration of photovoltaic generators into an existing diesel-unreliable grid connected system at the Lebanese village of Khiam. The main goal of implementing PV-diesel hybrid system is to reduce diesel consumption and the import of fossil fuel used in electricity power supply. Before designing the system, it is necessary to create a load profile for 120 households and pre-design the size of the PV generator, the capacity of storage system and inverter type/size selection. The load profile data is based on the average of monthly energy consumption gathered from Khiam village households. Detailed simulations and financial analysis are performed with HOMER to compare different systems and their viability. The simulations include four different designs starting from the existing system, diesel generator with unreliable grid, followed by PV generator and unreliable grid, PV and diesel generator and ended with the complete hybrid system. Once the Hybrid system is determined a detailed design is done to optimize the lowest cost PV-diesel hybrid system. The final simulated PV-diesel hybrid system is suggested with a PV capacity of 270 kWp, existing diesel capacity with 200 kVA, an inverter output of 115 kW and battery bank nominal capacity is 1872 kWh. The system renewable fraction is 53% and the project life cycle is 25 years. The PV-diesel hybrid system is projected to produce electricity at a cost of 0.12 USD/kWh. This cost is significantly lower than the 0.26 USD/kWh paid to the diesel operator, as well as lower than 0.13 USD/kWh paid to the utility grid. In addition, and according to the given information from the owner, an estimated diesel consumption of 104000 ltr/year, the simulation result shows diesel consumption at 40000 ltr/year. The reduced carbon dioxide production by 65%, from 776 to 272 tons per year, provides further justification for the PV installation in a commercial PV-diesel hybrid system.

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Mahmud, Abdul M. "A post-installation analysis of solar PV-diesel hybrid systems for school electrification in Sabah, Malaysia." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/24725.

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Alternative energy technology has been used widely in rural electrification program (REP) all over the world for many years now. Renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind and biomass, are the preferred choices given the abundant resources available on site and the sophistication of the technologies involved. Combinations of two or more of the resources, together with an energy storage system and occasionally a conventional energy generator, create a hybrid system, which is reliable and durable. In Malaysia, solar photovoltaic (PV) base systems, implemented on a large scale, can provide round-the-clock electricity services for areas that are inaccessible by the electricity grid network. One of Malaysia s REP initiatives is solar PV-diesel hybrid systems for 160 schools in rural Sabah. The systems have been in operation for several years, but studies in the program are limited. Thus, understanding the system operation and functional is a highly valuable experience and lessons can be learned for implementation of the rural electrification program (REP). The overall aim of the research is to evaluate the REP in social, organizational, technical and economic aspects of the program that the findings can facilitate the stakeholders, such as the policy makers and implementers for current and future approaches, measures and decisions on REP activities and initiatives in Malaysia. This thesis has described the approaches on investigating the rural school s electrification program in Sabah. Analysis of system operation and function is conducted by examining and evaluating the recorded data from the system. A set of technical indicators is introduced in the form of system performance indicators and system reliability indicators. Furthermore, comparisons are made between the actual system operation and the optimum system configuration based on the actual data of the renewable energy resources, electricity energy consumption and costs in installation and operation. A field study was conducted at fifteen rural schools that use the solar PV system to determine the effectiveness of the program in transforming the rural schools to better learning environments and livelihoods. The findings indicate that most system components were found to be in good operation, and the operation of the solar PV system agreed to the indicators of system performance and system reliability. Additionally, the system reliability indicators can be seen as a vital tool not only to identify the values of the system capacity but also for prediction measures in analysing the durability of each component. The analysis of the actual system operation provides optimum values in terms of technical indicators, whereas the optimized system shows economic advantages. The findings show a high degree of responses from the end users in the level of satisfaction, appreciation, motivation and academic excellence. Nevertheless, several improvements are required to enhance the sustainability elements of the REP, especially from the organizational and governance perspectives. These includes effective coordination among the rural development-related agencies, the improvement on the transition between installation and maintenance work, efficient reporting process and training and awareness program need to be extended to every end user for sustainability in information and knowledge.

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Hossin, Khaled. "Dynamic modelling and thermo-economic optimization of a small-scale hybrid solar/biomass Organic Rankine Cycle power system." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2017. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/36243/.

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The use of solar thermal energy to drive both large and small scale power generation units is one of the prospective solutions to meet the dramatic increase in the global energy demand and tackle the environmental problems caused by fossil fuels. New energy conversion technologies need to be developed or improved in order to enhance their performance in conversion of renewable energy. The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is considered as one of the most promising technologies in the field of small and medium scale combined heat and power (CHP) systems due to its ability to efficiently recover low-grade heat sources such as solar energy. This technology is especially in demand in isolated areas where connection to the grid is not a viable option. The present research provides thermodynamic performance evaluation and economic assessment for a small-scale (10 kW) hybrid solar/biomass ORC power system to operate in the UK climate conditions. This system consists of two circuits, namely organic fluid circuit and solar heating circuit in which thermal energy is provided by an array of solar evacuated tube collectors (ETCs) with heat pipes. A biomass boiler is also integrated to compensate for solar energy intermittence. A dynamic model for the hybrid ORC power system has been developed to simulate and predict the system behaviour over a day-long period for different annual seasons. In the thermodynamic investigation, an overall thermodynamic mathematical model of the proposed power system has been developed. The calculation model of the ORC plant consists of a number of control volumes and in each volume the mass and energy conservation equations are used to describe energy transfer processes. The set of equations were solved numerically using a toolbox called Thermolib which works in the MATLAB/Simulink® environment. The numerical results obtained on the performance of the ORC plant were validated against the theoretical and experimental data available in the open literature. The predicted results were in very good agreement with the data published in the literature. The comparison demonstrated that the developed simulation model of the ORC plant accurately predicts its performance with a maximum deviation of less than 7%. The developed mathematical model then has been used to carry out the parametric analysis to investigate the effect of different operating conditions on the system performance. The economic analysis has been performed with the use of equipment costing technique to estimate the system’s total capital investment cost. This approach is based on the individual costing correlation of each component in the system, considering all the direct and indirect costs of the proposed components. The system cost calculations have been conducted for a range of operating parameters and different working fluids for a fixed value of net power output. At the final stage of the research, a thermo-economic optimization procedure has been developed using Genetic Algorithm (GA) approach for selection of the rational set of design parameters and operating conditions for optimum system performance.

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Vieira, Turnell Alice. "Decentralized Secondary Frequency Control in an Optimized Diesel PV Hybrid System." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-240405.

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This research argues that a diesel-based isolated electrical system can be optimized byintegrating a high share of solar photovoltaic (PV) generation and that the frequencystability of such system can be improved by including the PV participation in frequencyregulation. A case study is developed in order to explore an island’s expansion of theinstalled generating capacity and its optimization. This study uses the tool HOMER tosolve the optimization problem and PowerFactory to verify the frequency stability of theproposed system. The PV integration allows for a reduction of diesel fuel consumption,emissions and generation costs. Additionally, in high PV penetration scenarios, the reducedinertia in such systems can lead to high frequency deviations that may trip the systemprotection. The study demonstrates that the instantaneous frequency deviation after a loadand generation imbalance can be reduced by designing the PVs to operate with an allocatedreserve and a decentralized time-based secondary frequency control. The frequency stabilitywas achieved after different disturbance scenarios under high PV penetration and reducedavailable inertia, indicating that high PV integration is economically and technically feasiblein small island grids.
I detta examensarbete studeras hur ett dieselbaserat och isolerat elsystem kan optimeras genom att integrera en hög andel solceller (PV) i elproduktionen och att frekvensstabilitet kan förbättras när PV användas i regleringen. En fallstudie har utvecklats under denna forskning för att analysera en ökning av den installerade generationskapacitet vid en ö samt hur detta kan optimeras. I denna studie användas verktyget HOMER för modeloptimering och PowerFactory för att testa den optimerade systemfrekvens stabilitet. Med PV generation kan diesel konsumption, utsläpp och kostnader minskas för hela systemet. En hög andel PV i generationen reducerar elsystemet totala svängmassa vilket kan ledda till avvikelser i systemfrekvensen som kan ursaka att skyddsystem aktiveras. Studien demonstrerar att den momentana systemavvikelsen efter en obalans kan reduceras genom att designa PV i systemet med en allokerad reserv och en decentraliserad och tidsbaserad sekundär frekvensreglering. Frekvensstabiliteten nåddes i olika obalans scenarier med hög andel solcellgeneration och misnkat svängsmassa. Detta tyder på att en hög andel PV integration är både ekonomisk- och tekniskt möjligt i mindre elsystem.

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Aydin, Nazli Yonca. "Gis-based Site Selection Approach For Wind And Solar Energy Systems: A Case Study From Western Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610774/index.pdf.

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Many countries around the world integrated Renewable Energy Systems (RES) in their future energy plans in order to reduce negative impacts of fossil fuel consumption on the environment. However, RES may as well cause various environmental problems which are mostly related with the geographic locations of these facilities. The aim of this thesis is to create a Geographic Information System-based methodology for evaluating alternative locations for wind, solar and hybrid power plants by using fuzzy multi-criteria decision making. Environmental objectives and economical feasibility criteria for wind and solar systems are identified through Turkish legislations, previous studies, and interviews with General Directorate of Electrical Power Resources Survey and Development. Individual satisfaction degrees for each alternative location with respect to the identified environmental objectives and economical feasibility criteria are calculated using fuzzy set theory tools. Then these individual satisfaction degrees are aggregated into overall performance indexes which are used to determine priority maps for wind and solar energy generation facilities. Finally, maps of priority sites for wind and solar energy systems are overlaid to identify suitable locations for hybrid wind-solar energy systems. The proposed methodology is applied on a case study area composed of USak, Aydin, Denizli, Mugla, and Burdur provinces.

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Darbyshire, James. "Multi-function power electronic interface for hybrid mini-grid systems." Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2394.

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In the past five years, global interest regarding the development of renewable energy technologies has significantly increased. The conventional electric power generation methods sourced from fossil fuels is now problematic, from both the supply and emission points of view. Fossil fuels are non-renewable limited resources that have taken millions of years to form; eventually they will be exhausted and the current cost of automotive fuel is evidence of them becoming diminished. The carbon dioxide emissions created through the energy conversion process are causing an increase in the overall atmospheric concentrations, which through global warming may have serious consequences for humanity.Natural sources of energy production can be derived from the Sun through the use of solar and wind generation methods. Converting these sources to electricity requires the technology of power electronics, the central area of research for this dissertation. Solar energy can most easily be harnessed through the photo-electric effect which creates DC electricity. However, the majority of electric loads and transmission require AC electricity. The inverter is the electronic device required for this power conversion. Wind turbines usually create variable voltage and frequency AC that is rectified to DC and then converted to grid type AC through an inverter.Voltage source inverters, their topologies and control are investigated within this dissertation. Voltage control methods are adopted for both stand-alone and grid connected techniques where control of active and reactive power is required. Current control techniques in the form of PI and hysteresis are applied to allow novel interfaces between generation sources to be achieved. Accurate control of the power electronics allows an enhancement in the power production from the renewable energy source. The power electronic device of the DC-DC converter, either buck or boost is controlled to allow the renewable resource to operate at its optimum power point. The control aspects and algorithms of these converters are central to this research. The solar algorithms of perturb and observe, and incremental conductance are developed with the latter being more favourable to changing levels of irradiation. The author draws a parallel between rapidly changing solar conditions with normally changing wind states. This analogy with an understanding of the mechanics of PMSG allows a novel wind MPPT algorithm to be developed which is simulated in PSIM. Methods to analyse the usefulness of the algorithm are developed and general conclusions are drawn.Another aim central to the research is the efficient combination of renewable energy sources into a single reliable power system. This forms the multi-function aspect of the research. The interconnection of the sources on the AC or DC sides is investigated for both stand-alone and grid connected topologies. A requirement of the stand-alone system is to provide power when no renewable resources are available causing some form of energy storage to be utilised. Conventional batteries are used, causing the VC-VSI to become bi-directional allowing charging. This is simulated in PSIM and demonstrated as part of the Denmark and Eco Beach projects. Many differing topologies of stand alone, grid connected and edge of grid systems are developed, simulated and some are demonstrated.While investigating the currently used topologies the author invents the novel complimentary hybrid system concept. This idea allows a single inverter to be used to feed energy from either the wind or solar resource. With careful engineering of the PV array and wind turbine characteristics only a small loss of energy is caused, deemed the crossover loss. This original concept is mathematically modelled, simulated and demonstrated with results presented from the Denmark project. The strength of this idea is from the quite complimentary nature of wind and solar resources, for only a small proportion of the year are high solar and strong wind conditions occurring simultaneously.Compared to a solar resource, the wind resource is much more complicated to model. An analysis of readily available wind source data is presented with a statistical analysis of the scaling methods; a novel box and whiskers plot is used to convey this information. New software is presented to allow a more accurate and digital model of a power curve to be recreated, allowing a more precise annual energy generation calculation. For various wind turbines a capacity factor analysis is presented with its disadvantages explained. To overcome these issues the concepts of economic efficiency and conversion efficiency are explained. These prevent some of the typical methods to enhance the standard capacity factor expression. The combination of these three methods allows selection of the most suitable wind turbine for a site.The concept of a mini-grid is an isolated power generation and distribution system, which can have its renewable energy sources, centralised or decentralised. The methods used to coalesce conventional generation with renewable energy technology forms another key piece of this research. A design methodology for the development of a hybrid power system is created with examples used from projects attributed to the author. The harmonising of the renewable energy sources with the conventional generation while providing a stable and robust grid is explained in detail with respect to the generator loading and control. The careful control of the renewable resource output is shown to allow a greater overall penetration of renewable energy into the network while continuing network stability. The concept of frequency shift control is presented, simulated and demonstrated with reference to the Eco Beach project. This project epitomises much of the research that has been presented in this dissertation. It combines centralised and decentralised inverters, with battery storage and the control of diesel generators. An overall controller dictates the optimum times to charge or draw from the battery based upon the local environmental and time of day variables. Finally, the monitoring aspects of this project are representative of a future smart grid where loads may be shed on demand through under frequency or direct control.

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Akhtar, Naeem. "Analysis of Simris Hybrid Energy System Design and Working and Checking the Effects of Using High Capacity Factor Wind Turbine." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-39541.

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The world is entering the future where integration of renewable energy sources within the power grid will play an important role when facing the challenge of reducing global warming. The intermittent generation characteristics associate with renewable energy sources can be handled by the implementation of microgrids. A Microgrid is a group of energy source (e.g. wind, solar etc) that are located in the same local area that can operate independently in the event of electricity outage and can also be connected to the national grid in case of energy demand exceeds than the energy produced in the same local area. The implementation of microgrid in an electrical distribution system must be well planned to avoid problems. The EU has set high goals to reduce the non-renewable energy sources by 2030. EU has started some local energy systems (microgrids) and Simris is a part of it. This study is about a microgrid project at Simris in the south-east of Sweden. The village of Simris has 140 households supplied by a wind turbine of rated power 500kW and a solar power plant of 440 kW rated power. This project is run by E. ON within the framework and collaboration of Interflux, in which several network operators within the EU participate to investigate flexibility options in local energy systems. The aim of this study is to find different scenarios in which the Simris microgrid can be run in islanded-mode. Four different scenarios were investigated, and simulation was done in MATLab. After simulation the results were discussed in the “Analysis and Results” section and the size of the wind turbine, the solar park (PV)and the battery were suggested for each of the scenarios. A short calculation was also included between the installation cost of the suggested wind turbine and the needed battery size. The cost of battery is much higher than the cost of wind turbine, so its beneficial for the economy of the microgrid to have a wind turbine of 1000 kW rated power and battery size 35 MWh rather than using the same old wind turbine of 469 kW rated power and upgrade the battery to 462 MWh.

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Almehmadi, Fahad. "Technology to Address Food Deserts: Hybrid Application of Combined Heat And Power Assisted by Solar Dehumidification for Corner Store Groceries." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1605543916479185.

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Arruda, Marcelo Ferreira de. "Desempenho tÃcnico-financeiro de sistema hÃbrido eÃlico-solar aplicado ao bombeamento de Ãgua." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=14916.

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A presente dissertaÃÃo apresenta como objetivo principal a instalaÃÃo e avaliaÃÃo de desempenho tÃcnico-financeiro de um sistema hÃbrido eÃlico-fotovoltaico aplicado ao bombeamento de Ãgua. Adicionalmente, Ã proposta uma metodologia de dimensionamento de sistema hÃbrido de geraÃÃo baseado em fontes renovÃveis em funÃÃo do menor custo e do potencial disponÃvel. O sistema de geraÃÃo hÃbrido foi instalado na jusante do aÃude do Campus do Pici da Universidade Federal do CearÃ (UFC), em Fortaleza/CE, Brasil. O sistema hÃbrido Ã composta por 01 aerogerador de 1 kW, 04 mÃdulos fotovoltaicos de 87 Wp, sistema de banco de baterias com 05 unidades de 150 Ah. O sistema de bombeamento Ã composto por um conjunto moto-bomba de 0,5 cv. A anÃlise tÃcnica foi efetuada mediante anÃlise dos dados (elÃtricos e nÃo elÃtricos) coletados atravÃs de sensores instalados a um sistema supervisÃrio. Os resultados indicam que a variaÃÃo do recurso eÃlico para o local Ã mais elevada, quando comparado ao recurso solar, e que a disponibilidade do potencial de ambos os recursos sÃo praticamente concomitantes ao longo do perÃodo diurno, caracterÃstica esta tambÃm observada no perÃodo analisado. O sistema de geraÃÃo com banco de baterias, operando tanto na configuraÃÃo hÃbrida ou individual, assegurou o fornecimento de eletricidade para o sistema de bombeamento no perÃodo de funcionamento da carga. A partir dos indicadores de eficiÃncia, verificou-se que as unidades de conversÃo apresentaram divergÃncia entre a geraÃÃo de eletricidade estimada e a mensurada, tendo a unidade eÃlica a qual apresentou maior divergÃncia. O custo da energia elÃtrica do sistema hÃbrido instalado (eÃlico-solar) com banco de baterias Ã de 0,86 R$/kWh. O dimensionamento do sistema de geraÃÃo indicou que a configuraÃÃo hÃbrida para o local nÃo se ajusta em virtude do elevado potencial solar disponÃvel e da baixa disponibilidade do recurso eÃlico no 1Â trimestre do ano. O dimensionamento indicou que a configuraÃÃo hÃbrida foi a de menor custo (1,52 R$/kWh) quando dimensionada em funÃÃo dos recursos do mÃs de Outubro. Indicando assim que quando mais de uma fonte renovÃvel se destaca a configuraÃÃo hÃbrida pode ser sim uma alternativa viÃvel.
This work has as main objective the installation and technical - financial evaluation of a hybrid wind - photovoltaic system applied to water pumping . In addition, a sizing methodology is proposed based on renewable sources considering low cost and available potential. The hybrid system was installed in front of the Pici Campus reservoir of the Federal Univers ity of CearÃ (UFC) in Fortaleza /CE, Brazil. The hybrid system consists of 01 wind turbine of 1 kW, 04 photovoltaic modules of 87 Wp, a battery bank with 05 units of 150 Ah. The pumping system con sists of a motor - pump 0, 5 cv . Technical analysis was performed by analyzing the data (electric and non - electric) collected by sensors to a supervisory system. The results indicate that the wind resource variation for the site is higher, when compared to the solar resource, and the availability of the potential of both resources are concomitant during the daytime period, a characteristic also observed in the anal yzed period. T he generation system with battery bank, operating in either the hybrid configuration or individual, assured the supply of electricity to the pumping system during operating time . From the indicators of efficiency, it was found that the conver sion units showed divergence between estimated and measured electricity generation, and wind unit which presented greater divergence. The electricity cost of the hybrid system (wind - solar) installed with battery bank is 0.86 R$/kWh. The sizing of the generating system indicated that the hybrid configuration at the site does not fit due to the high solar potential available and the low availability of wind resources in the 1 st trimester of the year . The sizing generation system indicated that th e hybrid configuration has the lowest cost (1.52 R$/kWh) when sizing with the resources of October month . Indicating thus , that when more than one renewable source stands out , the hybrid configuration can be viable alternative

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Washika, Tony. "Renewables Based Power generation for Kenya Pipeline Company." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-131315.

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This study presents a Techno-economic assessment of a renewables based power generation project for PS 21, a Pumping Station for Kenya Pipeline Company located in Nairobi, Kenya. The load for the pumping station is 1135 kW Continuous. The assessment criteria used was levelized cost of energy. The hybrid renewable energy system software HOMER was used for assessment, and modeling was done using hourly TMY data for solar irradiance and wind. According to the results, Hybrid Solar PV-Wind- Battery renewable energy systems can supply adequate power for pumping station purposes. Optimization modeling at 2010 prices gave a levelized cost of energy of $0.2 per kWh for the most optimal solution which consisted of 2 No. 1650 kW Vestas V 82 Wind Turbines and 4070 kW of PV modules. This cost of energy just matches the purchase price from the National grid which varies between $0.14 and $0.2 per kWh, and therefore, the project is economically feasible. Mainly due to concerns of global warming, the view in the Kenyan government and society towards renewable energy is very favorable and the project is also politically and socially feasible. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that wind energy is more viable than solar PV energy in areas of high wind speeds, with about 7.5 m/s annual average wind speeds. The results show that the levelised cost of energy may be significantly decreased in future due to the fact that the cost of PV modules is progressively reducing. Payments for CERs under CDM mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol would lower the levelised cost of energy further. The Project was found to be feasible.

I was a distance student and did the presentation online via centra.

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Cao, Xueshu. "The design of a highly penetrated hybrid renewable energy system for the Ha'apai Island group." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10740.

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Hybrid renewable energy systems (HRESs) have become increasingly popular, especially for isolated regions. This thesis describes the design of a HRES for the isolated Ha'apai Island group in Tonga following a devastating cyclone which happened in 2014. Several renewable power generation and storage possibilities were investigated; solar, wind and battery were found to be feasible for Ha'apai. The conceptual design of a new energy storage system, the Subterranean Ocean Energy Storage System (SOESS), is also discussed as a possible alternative to batteries and a more viable substitute for an ocean renewable energy storage (ORES) system. For the proposed Ha'apai system, the optimum system configuration (solar 450 kW, wind 550 kW, battery 1,216 kAh/4,864 kW) with 90% renewable penetration was obtained using the HOMER software. Based on the optimum system configuration, load flow simulations of both the previous system and the proposed HRES were performed in DIgSILENT PowerFactory. The results of the load flow analysis show that all the transformers and transmission lines in both systems operate safely in both peak and nominal load conditions, and that the voltage levels of all LV buses are within the acceptable range of ±5%. The detailed system topology of the proposed HRES is discussed from the system implementation point of view. A unique set point control algorithm for the start-up/shut-down of the diesel generators was developed. The system dynamic performance was simulated according to the control logic during the three main switching events in DIgSILENT PowerFactory. The dynamic simulation results indicate that the proposed system would operate safely with acceptable voltage and frequency oscillations. This thesis could be used as a template for the design of other isolated HRESs with high renewable penetrations.

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Moura, Carlos Henrique Silva. "Sistema híbrido solar-eólico-biogás incluindo produção, armazenamento e uso dinâmico de hidrogênio /." Guaratinguetá, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/192430.

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Orientador: José Luz Silveira
Resumo: A inserção de fontes alternativas e confiáveis de energia na sociedade brasileira vem ganhando destaque e crescente importância, contudo, ainda é um grande desafio, visto que a sociedade ainda é majoritariamente dependente de combustíveis fósseis. Os impactos ambientais causados por eles são prejudiciais à vida humana e ao meio ambiente, além de confirmar a urgência da aplicação de tais tecnologias em diferentes cenários da sociedade. O hidrogênio, como vetor energético, vem ganhando destaque e aplicações dentro dos mais variados setores da sociedade, principalmente no setor de transporte como combustível. Dado ao exposto, esse trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a produção de hidrogênio renovável para uso como combustível veicular. A metodologia para a análise técnica consistiu em obter o consumo de energia elétrica para produção do hidrogênio, para assim com base nos recursos solares, eólicos e de biogás de São Paulo (SP), realizar o balanço energético e desta forma dimensionar o sistema híbrido. Baseado nos resultados técnicos, a metodologia econômica permitiu analisar a viabilidade financeira de implementar o sistema híbrido dimensionado permitindo determinar o nível de investimento, o custo da energia elétrica gerada, o custo do hidrogênio gerado e o período de retorno do investimento. A análise ambiental fundamentou-se em determinar a eficiência ecológica considerando os sistemas geradores de eletricidade para o processo de eletrólise da água. Os resultados obtidos most... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The insertion of alternative and reliable sources of energy in Brazilian society has been gaining prominence and growing importance, however, it is still a great challenge, since society is still mostly dependent on fossil fuels. The environmental impacts caused by them are harmful to human life and the environment, in addition to confirming the urgency of the application of such technologies in different scenarios of society. Hydrogen, as an energy vector, has been gaining prominence and applications within the most varied sectors of society, mainly in the transport sector as a fuel. Given the above, this work aims to analyze the production of renewable hydrogen for use as a vehicle fuel. The methodology for the technical analysis consisted of obtaining the consumption of electric energy for the production of hydrogen, so that, based on the solar, wind and biogas resources of São Paulo (SP), carry out the energy balance and thus dimension the hybrid system. Based on the technical results, the economic methodology made it possible to analyze the financial feasibility of implementing the scaled hybrid system allowing to determine the level of investment, the cost of the electricity generated, the cost of the hydrogen generated and the period of return on investment. The environmental analysis was based on determining the ecological efficiency considering the electricity generating systems for the water electrolysis process. The results obtained show that the proposed hybrid sy... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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Azimoh, Chukwuma Leonard. "Sustainability and development impacts of off-grid electrification in developing countries : An assessment of South Africa's rural electrification program." Doctoral thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Framtidens energi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-30762.

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Previous studies have shown that provision of sustainable electricity supply to rural households is essential to bring development to off-grid populations. For this reason, most developing countries put large efforts into rural electrification programs to stimulate development and reduce poverty. However, to be sustainable these programs need to recover costs, which poses a challenge to remote low income populations. This often forces governments and other institutions involved in rural electrification to subsidize the electricity production. It also affects the choice of technology and places a barrier on the level of energy provided in line with the ability to pay for services. As a result of this, most programs have failed to achieve the desired objectives, as the technologies used often do not support income generating activities that could increase the payment capabilities of the beneficiaries and contribute to development. This thesis is focused on the rural electrification program of South Africa, the country in sub-Saharan Africa that has the highest access to electricity. It investigates the success elements that influence the sustainability of rural electrification programs and their contributions to socio-economic development. This was achieved by evaluating the South African program that provides solar home systems to off-grid communities, and a hybrid solar-wind mini-grid project in South Africa. The study also draw lessons from other rural electrification programs in neighbouring countries, i.e. an evaluation of a hybrid solar-diesel mini-grid system in Namibia, and a review of two systems, a hybrid solar-biomass mini-grid project in Botswana and a hydro mini-grid program in Lesotho. The study revealed that hydro based hybrid mini-grid systems provide the most cost effective way of bringing energy services to rural settlements. Regardless of technology, successful programs depend on adequate support from the government, implementation of a progressive tariff system that allows the high consuming high income earners and businesses, to cross subsidize the low consuming , low income users. It shows that it is more likely for rural electrification programs to survive if the design considers the existing businesses, population growth and the corresponding load increase. The thesis further shows that provision of sufficient energy to induce income generating activities is essential to decrease the need for subsidies and to ensure the sustainability of programs. In addition, availability of spare parts and a capable management team is essential for the successful operations and maintenance of these systems.

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Kliatsko, Aleh. "Scenarios of Wind Power Development Prospects for Belarus by 2020 within a World’s Context." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-53246.

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The aim of the master’s work is to assess the wind-power development prospects andproceeding therefrom assume scenarios of the wind-power development in Belarus until 2020 reasoning from the situations and tendencies common to both the national and world powerindustry. In my master’s work I have referred to ХХI-century current problems: procuring energypreparedness of the Republic of Belarus and reducing the anthropogenic impact on thebiosphere and reducing impact on the climate. For Belarus characteristic is a variety ofenvironmental challenges. For instance, one of the most urgent problems is Chernobyldisaster aftermath which affected Belarus to a very great extent. In my opinion some of these global problems may be partially solved by way of usingalternative energy sources, specifically the wind-power engineering. Such a narrow enough notion as the prediction of the wind-power engineering development inBelarus is described in my work by way of so deep and wide analysis of issues dealing withthe wind-power engineering development and prediction: the encyclical analysis of the stateand development of the power industry in its entirety in Belarus and how to reach energypreparedness at the time when effects of the finance-and-economic crisis are currently addedto other negative factors. It has been done specially for the purpose of making such an accurate prediction as possiblehaving analyzed the whole range of interrelated problems. I pitched upon the prediction of the development of the wind-power engineering preciselyuntil 2020 since I’d like to be tied to the basic document: “the National Strategy ofSustainable Social-and-Economic Development of the Republic of Belarus for a Period until2020”. In my work I have analyzed a possibility and horizons of developing the power industry inBelarus based on sustainable development principles. I have proved a capability andprofitability of developing renewable energy sources in Belarus. And the main emphasis wason considering the wind-power engineering. For Belarusian conditions there has beenproposed an optimum alternative of the integrated approach to developing the wind-powerengineering, i.e. joint using the wind-power engineering with other renewable and exhaustibleenergy sources. In this manner there has been refuted an opinion generally held that the windpower engineering development in Belarus is prospectless. In so doing the author, prior to turning to a major issue of the work: the prospects ofdeveloping the wind-power engineering in the Republic of Belarus, has given an estimate ofworld reserves of fuel resources and drawn up the following conclusions: deposits of fossilfuels are depleting and, consequently, the cost of mining operations will grow. Due to the factthat the main extraction of power resources is shifted to extreme regions the cost of conveying energy products is growing. Belarus has to import deficient power resources. Recently the price for Russian energy products for Belarus has grown dramatically. I have also approached the issue of expediency of building an atomic power station in Belarus. The prospects and consequences of using unconventional renewable energy sources in theRepublic of Belarus (with no wind-power engineering) are considered in all their aspectsfollowed by a detailed consideration of the prospects of developing the wind-powerengineering in the Republic of Belarus. Based on the above data there have been proposed two scenarios of developing the wind power engineering in Belarus: Scenario 1 «Unsustainable» and Scenario 2, which I called «Middle way to sustainable energy engineering».
Syftet med magister-arbetet är att bedöma vindkraftverkens utvecklingsmöjligheter och därifrån anta scenarier för vindkraftutvecklingen i Vitryssland till 2020, genom resonemang från de situationer och tendenser som är gemensamma för både nationella och internationella kraftindustrin. I mitt magister-arbete har jag hänvisat till 2000-talets nuvarande problem: att skaffa energisäkerhet i Republiken Vitryssland, minska effekterna av mänsklighetens påverkan på biosfären och minska påverkan på klimatet. Vitryssland kännetecknas av en rad olika utmaningar på miljöområdet. Till exempel är en av de mest akuta problemen Tjernobylkatastrofens efterdyningar som påverkade Vitryssland i mycket stor utsträckning. Min åsikt är att en del av dessa globala problem kan delvis lösas genom att använda alternativa energikällor, särskilt vindkraft-tekniken. Ett sådant specifierat begrepp som förutsägelsen av vindkraftteknikens utveckling i Vitryssland beskrivs i mitt arbete i form av en djup och bred analys av frågor som handlar om vindkraftteknikens utveckling och prognoser: Analysen av läget och utvecklingen av kraftindustrin i sin helhet i Vitryssland och hur man når energi-säkerhet när effekterna av finanskrisen för närvarande läggs till andra negativa faktorer. Det har gjorts speciellt för att göra en sådan precis förutsägelse som möjligt genom att ha analyserat hela raden av sammanhängande problem. Jag fokuserade på prognoser om utvecklingen av vindkraft-teknik innan 2020 eftersom jag vill vara bunden till det grundläggande dokument: ”den nationella strategin för hållbar socialoch ekonomisk utveckling i Vitryssland under en period fram till 2020”. I mitt arbete har jag analyserat en mängd olika möjlighet för att utveckla kraftindustrin i Vitryssland som bygger på principerna för hållbar utveckling. Jag har visat att det går att utveckla förnybara energikällor i Vitryssland, som är både kapabla och lönsamma. Med sikte på att använda sig av vindkraft-tekniken. För de vitryska förhållandena har det föreslagits ett optimalt alternativ för den integrerade strategin för att utveckla vindkraft-tekniken, dvs gemensamt med hjälp av vindkraft-teknik och med andra förnybara och icke förnybara energikällor. På detta sätt har det finns det en allmän åsikt angående vindkraft-teknikens utveckling i Vitryssland, som säger att det inte finns några direkta förutsättningar för denna typ av energi. Därigenom har författaren, innan upptagandet av huvud frågan i arbetet:,utsikterna att utveckla vindkraft teknik i Republiken Vitryssland, gjort en beräkning av världens reserver av bränsle-resurser och kommit fram till följande slutsatser: depåerna av fossila bränslen håller på att ta slut och därmed kommer kostnaderna för utvinning att växa. På grund av det faktum att huvuddelen av utvinningen av bränsle flyttas till extrema regioner så kommer kostnaden för att tillhandahålla energiprodukter växa. Vitryssland måste importera bristfälligt bränsle. Nyligen har priset för ryska energiprodukter för Vitryssland ökat dramatiskt. Jag har också tagit upp frågan om lämpligheten av att bygga ett kärnkraftverk i Vitryssland. Förutsättningarna och konsekvenserna av att använda okonventionella förnybara energikällor bedömning av möjligheterna att utveckla vindkraft tekniken i Vitryssland. Baserat på ovanstående data har det lagts fram två scenarier för utvecklandet av vindkrafttekniken i Vitryssland: Scenario 1 «Ohållbart» och Scenario 2, som jag kallade «Vägen mellan hållbar energi-teknologi».

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Ramos, Rafael Eug?nio Moura. "Estudo de um sistema h?brido de destila??o solar para polimento de ?guas produzidas." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15830.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaelEMR_DISSERT.pdf: 3658891 bytes, checksum: 915aceff21c337d579cbf07b03a0e86a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-28
The oil industry, experiencing a great economic and environmental impact, has increasingly invested in researches aiming a more satisfactory treatment of its largest effluent, i.e., produced water. These are mostly discarded at sea, without reuse and after a basic treatment. Such effluent contains a range of organic compounds with high toxicity and are difficult to remove, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, salts, heavy metals, etc.. The main objective of this work was to study the solar distillation of produced water pre-treated to remove salts and other contaminants trough of a hybrid system with a pre-heater. This developed apparatus was called solar system, which consists of a solar heater and a conventional distillation solar still. The first device consisted of a water tank, a solar flat plate collector and a thermal reservoir. The solar distillator is of simple effect, with 1m2 of flat area and 20? of inclination. This dissertation was divided in five steps: measurements in the solar system, i.e. temperatures and distillate flow rate and weather data; modeling and simulation of the system; study of vapor-liquid equilibrium of the synthetic wastewater by the aqueous solution of p-xylene; physical and chemical analyses of samples of the feed, distillate and residue, as well as climatology pertinent variables of Natal-RN. The solar system was tested separately, with the supply water, aqueous NaCl and synthetic oil produced water. Temperature measurements were taken every minute of the thermal reservoir, water tank and distillator (liquid and vapor phases). Data of solar radiation and rainfall were obtained from INPE (National Institute for Space Research). The solar pre-heater demonstrated to be effective for the liquid systems tested. The reservoir fluid had an average temperature of 58?C, which enabled the feed to be pre-heated in the distillator. The temperature profile in the solar distillator showed a similar behavior to daily solar radiation, with temperatures near 70?C. The distillation had an average yield of 2.4 L /day, i.e., an efficiency of 27.2%. Mathematical modeling aided the identification of the most important variables and parameters in the solar system. The study of the vapor-liquid equilibrium from Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analysis indicated heteroazeotropia and the vapor phase resulted more concentrated in p-xylene. The physical-chemical analysis of pH, conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), chlorides, cations (including heavy metals) and anions, the effluent distillate showed satisfactory results, which presents a potential for reuse. The climatological study indicates the region of Natal-RN as favorable to the operation of solar systems, but the use of auxiliary heating during periods of higher rainfall and cloud cover is also recommended
A ind?stria do petr?leo, sentindo um grande impacto econ?mico e ambiental, tem investido crescentemente em pesquisas visando a um tratamento mais satisfat?rio de seu maior efluente: as ?guas produzidas em campos de produ??o. Estas s?o, em sua maioria, descartadas no mar, sem aproveitamento, ap?s serem tratadas. Esse tipo de efluente cont?m uma gama de compostos org?nicos de alta toxicidade e dif?cil remo??o, como hidrocarbonetos polic?clicos arom?ticos, al?m de sais, metais pesados etc. O objetivo principal desse trabalho foi estudar a destila??o solar da ?gua de produ??o pr?-tratada para remo??o de sais e contaminantes da mesma a partir do uso de um sistema h?brido com pr?-aquecimento. Este aparato desenvolvido foi denominado de sistema solar, que ? composto por um aquecedor solar convencional e um destilador solar; o primeiro constitui-se de uma caixa d'?gua, uma placa coletora solar plana e um reservat?rio t?rmico; o destilador solar ? de simples efeito, com 1m2 de ?rea ?til e 20? de inclina??o na cobertura. A metodologia consistiu em cinco etapas: experimentos no sistema solar, com medi??o de temperaturas e de destilado obtido e obten??o de dados climatol?gicos; modelagem e simula??o do sistema; estudo de equil?brio l?quido-vapor de um efluente modelo de solu??o aquosa de p-xileno; realiza??o de an?lises f?sico-qu?micas de amostras de alimenta??o, destilado e res?duo; e um estudo climatol?gico da cidade de Natal-RN. O sistema solar foi testado, separadamente, com ?gua de abastecimento, solu??o aquosa sint?tica de NaCl e ?gua produzida de petr?leo. Foram realizadas medi??es de temperatura, a cada minuto, no reservat?rio t?rmico, na caixa d??gua e no destilador (fases l?quida e vapor). Dados de radia??o solar e precipita??o pluviom?trica foram obtidos do INPE (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais). O pr?-aquecimento solar mostrou-se eficiente para os l?quidos testados e o fluido no reservat?rio t?rmico apresentou uma temperatura m?dia de 58 ?C, o que viabilizou a alimenta??o aquecida no destilador. O perfil de temperaturas no destilador solar apresentou comportamento similar ? radia??o solar di?ria, com temperaturas m?ximas pr?ximas a 70 ?C. Esse equipamento teve rendimento m?dio de 2,52 L/d e efici?ncia m?dia de 27,2%. A modelagem matem?tica permitiu identificar as vari?veis e par?metros mais influentes no sistema solar. O estudo do equil?brio l?quido-vapor, a partir de an?lise de TOC, indicou condi??o de heteroazeotropia, com o p-xileno se concentrando na fase vapor. As an?lises f?sico-qu?micas de pH, condutividade, STD, cloretos, c?tions (incluindo metais pesados) e ?nions, do efluente destilado apresentaram resultados satisfat?rios, o que evidencia um potencial de reuso. O estudo climatol?gico indica a cidade ou a regi?o de Natal-RN como favor?vel ? opera??o de sistemas solares, mas o uso de aquecimento auxiliar nos per?odos de maior pluviosidade e nebulosidade ? recomendado

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Granqvist, Jessica, and Lily Gao. "The electricity demand andsupply in El Espino : Alternatives for diversification of renewabletechnologies." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254415.

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The use of alternative fuels, particularly renewable energy sources, has been an important strategy to achieve greenhouse gas emission reductions. In Bolivia, many rural areas struggle with an unreliable power supply. The most common electricity solution in such isolated areas is to have off-grid systems, where hybrid systems have become a feasible solution. In this study, a hybrid system in the rural village El Espino is optimized using a linear programming tool called MicroGridsPy. Currently, the village is powered by a hybrid system consisting of solar photovoltaics, a diesel generator and lead-acid batteries as a storing system. To optimize the system in a sustainable way, considering economic, environmental and social aspects, two wind turbines of the nominal capacities 5 and 10 kW are studied and introduced to the hybrid system. To find synergies between the wind and solar energy, the irradiance and wind speed of the study area are simulated using a Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The power output from the wind turbines can then be obtained by modelling the power curves and then be added to the optimization model. The optimization is performed both with and without the wind turbines to evaluate the impact of them. In the optimization model, characteristics of the components, techno-economic parameters, including investment costs, and constraints such as renewable penetration, and cost of the curtailment are set. The obtained results include that the wind speed is higher during the winter season, and that the wind power output, regardless of turbine size, is proportional to the wind speed. Furthermore, the 10 kW wind turbine is proven to be the most suitable for the system of the two compared. The economical values of the system, such as NPC and LCOE are higher, the higher the renewable penetration, but lower for the system with wind turbines. This implicates that adding wind energy to the hybrid system could be beneficial from both an environmental and economical point of view. One conclusion that can be drawn is that wind turbines are a feasible technology for rural electrification, and that the optimization tool is sensitive to cost. Furthermore, it is found that the wind and solar energy are suitable complements to each other both season wise and daily.
Användningen av alternativa bränslen, särskilt förnybara energikällor, har varit en viktig strategi för att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser. I Bolivia kämpar många landsbygdsområden med en opålitlig strömförsörjning. Den vanligaste lösningen för elektricitet i sådana områden är off-grid system, där hybridsystem har blivit en lämplig lösning. I denna studie, optimeras ett hybridsystem beläget i byn El Espino, med ett linjärt programmeringsverktyg; MicroGridsPy. För närvarande drivs byn av ett hybridsystem bestående av solceller, en dieselgenerator och blybatterier för att lagra energin. För att optimera systemet på ett hållbart sätt, utifrån ett ekonomiskt, miljömässigt och socialt perspektiv, studeras två vindturbiner med de nominella kapaciteterna 5 och 10 kW, för att sedan introduceras till hybridsystemet. För att göra detta simuleras områdets solstrålning och vindhastighet med hjälp av en WRF-modell (Weather Research and Forecast). Effekten från vindturbinerna kan då erhållas genom att modellera effektkurvorna, och kan därefter läggas till i optimeringsmodellen. Optimeringen utförs både med och utan vindturbiner för att på så sätt utvärdera deras inverkan på systemet. I optimeringsmodellen fastställs egenskaper hos komponenterna, techno-ekonomiska parametrar, inklusive investeringskostnader och begränsningar såsom förnybar penetration och kostnad för energispill. De erhållna resultaten visade bland annat att vindhastigheten är högre under vintersäsongen, och att effekten är proportionell mot vindhastigheten, oavsett storlek på vindturbin. Vidare har vindturbinen med kapacitet 10 kW visat sig vara den mest lämpade för systemet av de två jämförda. Systemets ekonomiska värden, såsom NPC och LCOE, är högre, ju högre förnybar penetration, men lägre för systemet med vindturbiner. Detta implicerar att vindenergi kan vara till nytta för hybridsystemet, både ur miljösynpunkt och ur en ekonomisk synvinkel. En slutsats som kan dras är att vindturbiner är en passande teknik för landsbygdselektrifiering, och att optimeringsverktyget som användes är känslig mot kostnader. Vidare konstateras att vind- och solenergi kompletterar varandra både säsongsvis och på daglig basis.

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