Статті в журналах: "Solar engines"

1

Luo, Haoyan. "Efficiency Improvement and Key Opportunities of Stirling Engine." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 88 (March 29, 2024): 835–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/jwd1s558.

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Amidst the backdrop of an evolving societal landscape, the impending scarcity of energy resources has intensified the quest for innovative energy solutions. The Stirling engine, conceived by the Scottish clergyman Robert Stirling in 1816, emerges as a promising avenue to address contemporary energy challenges. This external combustion engine operates on the fundamental principle of harnessing work from heat transfer coupled with the expansion and contraction of gases. Its versatility lies in its capability to transmute diverse natural energy sources, ranging from wood and solar radiation to gases, into utilizable mechanical and electrical energy. The potential applications of Stirling engines are vast, encompassing roles as propulsion systems for space exploration, contributors to nuclear power generation, efficient refrigeration devices, and solar energy electricity generators. Nonetheless, the Stirling engine's Achilles' heel remains its suboptimal efficiency. This paper investigates diverse domains to optimize the performance of Stirling engines, shedding light on potential avenues for future research and development with the overarching aim of optimizing this venerable engine's contributions to sustainable energy solutions.

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2

Badescu, Viorel. "Simulation of a Solar Stirling Engine Operating Under Various Weather Conditions on Mars." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 126, no. 2 (May 1, 2004): 812–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1687796.

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A solar stirling engine based on a horizontal selective flat-plate converter is analyzed in this work. A detailed model for the heat losses towards the atmosphere is presented. The engine’s output power is maximised numerically. The analysis is based on meteorological data measured at Viking Landers sites during clear sky and dust storm conditions. All the computations were performed for a solar collection area similar in size with that of Mars Pathfinder’s Sojourner. The efficiency of converting solar energy into mechanical work at noon is as high as 18%. The power provided by the engine is as high as 16 W during autumn and winter. These results suggest that under the Martian environment the performance of properly designed solar Stirling engines is comparable with that of PV cell power systems.

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3

Duan, Chen, Shui Ming Shu, Guo Zhong Ding, and Ji Wei Yan. "Preliminary Design and Adiabatic Analysis of a 3kW Free Piston Stirling Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 325-326 (June 2013): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.325-326.277.

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In recent years, as one kind of Stirling engines, free piston Stirling engines are attracting world attention. Free piston Stirling engines could be applied to the solar dish system, micro-CHP system and so on. The development of a free piston Stirling engine is discussed in this paper. The ideal adiabatic model is used in the preliminary design of the free piston Stirling engine. The key parameters of the designed engine and the thermodynamic analysis are described in detail. Then the performance of the engine is obtained.

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4

Dologlonyan, Andrey V., Dmitriy S. Strebkov, and Valeriy T. Matveenko. "Thermodynamic Characteristics of Hybrid Solar Microgas Turbine Plants under Tropical Climate." Elektrotekhnologii i elektrooborudovanie v APK 2, no. 43 (2021): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2658-4859-2021-68-2-20-35.

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The article presents the results obtained during the study of the characteristics of hybrid solar micro-gas turbine units with an integrated parabolocylindrical solar collector. The efficiency of a hybrid solar gas turbine plant depends both on the efficiency of the solar collector and the location of its integration, and on the efficiency of the gas turbine engine. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in studying hybrid solar gas turbine installations based on a parabolocylindrical focusing solar collector in combination with micro-gas turbine engines of various configurations to determine the most suitable match. (Materials and methods) The article considers four basic schemes of gas turbine engines running on organic fuel, their parameters and optimization results. The article presents the main climatic parameters for the study of the focusing solar collector, as well as the parameters of the collector itself and the main dependencies that determine its efficiency and losses. The place of integration of the focusing solar collector into the gas turbine plant was described and justified. (Results and discussion) Hybrid solar micro-gas turbine installations based on micro-gas turbine engines of a simple cycle, a simple cycle with heat recovery, a simple cycle with a turbocharger utilizer, a simple cycle with a turbocharger utilizer and heat recovery for tropical climate conditions were studied on the example of Abu Dhabi. (Conclusions) The most suitable configuration of micro-gas turbine engines for integrating a focusing solar collector is a combination of a simple cycle with a turbocharger utilizer and regeneration. The combination of micro-gas turbine engines of a simple cycle with a turbocharger heat recovery and heat recovery with an integrated focusing solar collector can relatively increase the average annual efficiency of fuel consumption of such installations in a tropical climate by 10-35 percent or more, while maintaining cogeneration capabilities.

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5

Adkins, Douglas R. "Design Considerations for Heat-Pipe Solar Receivers." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 112, no. 3 (August 1, 1990): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930476.

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Heat pipes are being developed to transfer solar energy from the focal point of a parabolic dish concentrator to the working fluid of Stirling engines. With these receivers, concentrated solar energy that is absorbed on the concave surface of a dome is removed by the evaporation of liquid sodium on the convex side of the dome. Vaporized sodium then condenses on an engine’s heater tubes and transfers energy to the working fluid of the engine. The condensed sodium returns to the absorber surface where it is redistributed across the dome by the capillary action of a wick. Issues concerning the flow of sodium in a heat-pipe solar receiver are investigated in this paper. A comparison is made between various wick options, and general issues concerning the design of heat-pipe receivers are also discussed.

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6

Valdès, L. C. "Competitive solar heat engines." Renewable Energy 29, no. 11 (September 2004): 1825–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2004.02.008.

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7

Reisz, Aloysius I. "To Go Beyond." Mechanical Engineering 130, no. 11 (November 1, 2008): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2008-nov-2.

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This article discusses experiments with an advanced electromagnetic engine that aims for high-speed, long-distance transportation to reach farther into space. Experimental work at Marshall Space Flight Center in Alabama is attempting to develop an electromagnetic engine designed to achieve higher velocities than current space-engine options and to last longer, too. Space engines with higher specific impulse will sense new science from deep space exploration quicker. In a way, higher specific impulse quickens our intelligence acquisition. Reisz Engineers and the University of Michigan are investigating the propulsive performances of an experimental advanced electromagnetic engine configuration. This electromagnetic propulsion configuration has a magnetic nozzle and the engine performance can be throttled. Electromagnetic propulsion systems can also be configured for operations in Earth space environment, and for lunar robotic and lunar mapping missions. Electromagnetic and fusion space engines promise fast and reliable propulsion systems, which will be needed if mankind is to pursue its exploration of the outer realms of our solar system and beyond.

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8

Tailer, Peter. "Stirling Machines." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 7, no. 4 (August 1989): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878900700405.

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The operation of a basic Stirling engine is explained along with the theoretical advantages of these engines compared to other energy conversion devices. Some recent research and development programs are briefly described which have produced or evaluated Stirling engines for automobiles, submarines, space vehicles, and solar thermal electricity generation. Smaller engines include one designed to power an artificial human heart. Stirling coolers, heat pumps, and other devices may contribute to more efficient energy use.

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9

Topgül, Tolga. "Design, Manufacturing, and Thermodynamic Analysis of a Gamma-type Stirling Engine Powered by Solar Energy." Strojniški vestnik - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 68, no. 12 (January 4, 2023): 757–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2022.368.

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Stirling engines are external combustion engines. This feature eliminates the possible dependency of the engine on a specific energy resource and allows it to work with diverse energy sources, especially solar and other renewable energy sources. Also, Stirling engines could be built in different configurations that have a significant impact on the engine performance. With these aspects, Stirling engines have attracted the attention of researchers. In this study, firstly, a double-cylinder V-type air compressor has been converted to a gamma-type Stirling engine. The block, cylinders, connecting rods, and the crank mechanism of the compressor have been used in the converted engine. For this reason, the air compressor has determined some features of the Stirling engine, such as phase angle, strokes, and cylinder diameter. Other parts of the engine, such as piston, cylinder head, displacer, and displacer cylinder have been manufactured. Secondly, the optimum operating parameters to provide maximum thermal efficiency have been investigated using the nodal thermodynamic analysis considering that the engine is powered by solar energy. In the analysis, helium as the working fluid is used due to its suitable thermodynamic features and safety usage. The optimum working fluid mass and engine speed have been determined as 0.15 g and 100 rad/s for all temperatures (750, 800, and 850 K). Also, the optimum displacer height has been preferred as 190 mm since there is no significant improvement in the thermal efficiency after this dimension. The maximum thermal efficiency has been obtained as 46.5%.

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10

Geok Pheng, Liaw, Rosnani Affandi, Mohd Ruddin Ab Ghani, Chin Kim Gan, and Jano Zanariah. "Stirling Engine Technology for Parabolic Dish-Stirling System Based on Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 785 (August 2015): 576–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.785.576.

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Solar energy is one of the more attractive renewable energy sources that can be used as an input energy source for heat engines. In fact, any heat energy sources can be used with the Stirling engine. Stirling engines are mechanical devices working theoretically on the Stirling cycle, or its modifications, in which compressible fluids, such as air, hydrogen, helium, nitrogen or even vapors, are used as working fluids. When comparing with the internal combustion engine, the Stirling engine offers possibility for having high efficiency engine with less exhaust emissions. However, this paper analyzes the basic background of Stirling engine and reviews its existing literature pertaining to dynamic model and control system for parabolic dish-stirling (PD) system.

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11

Schwalbe, Karsten, and Karl Heinz Hoffmann. "Stochastic Novikov Engine with Fourier Heat Transport." Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics 44, no. 4 (October 25, 2019): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jnet-2019-0063.

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Abstract The Stochastic Novikov engine is an endoreversible model for heat engines where the heat supply takes place at a fluctuating temperature. These fluctuations can be observed for example at solar thermal power plants. While recently the influence of the temperature fluctuations on the engine’s performance has been studied for Newtonian heat transport, the relation between the used heat transport type and the performance measures remained open. Therefore, we here consider a Stochastic Novikov engine with Fourier heat transport. Based on a short summary of the concept of a Stochastic Novikov engine and the corresponding different control types, the maximum work output and the corresponding efficiency are derived. In particular, we discuss the influence of the distribution’s parameters on the engine’s performance assuming a uniform temperature distribution. We find that the heat transport type has a significant effect on some of the engine’s fundamental properties.

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12

Li, Zhengting, Dinghonglun Lou, and Junhao Pan. "Stirling engines for solar thermal energy and residential purposes." Applied and Computational Engineering 11, no. 1 (September 25, 2023): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/11/20230219.

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The comparison and advantages with other engines and other aspects of Stirling engine in household appliances, to solve the problems caused by existing household appliances, realize the optimization of energy resources and achieve sustainability. A Stirling engine can work in reverse as a heat pump for heating or cooling if supplied with mechanical power. The ultra-low temperature refrigerator using the Stirling engine breaks through the traditional compressor refrigeration method in the noise, efficiency, energy consumption, stability, and other aspects of the long-term dilemma, creating a new situation of technological refrigeration. In the late 1930s, the Philips Corporation of the Netherlands successfully used the Stirling cycle in cryogenic applications. Experiments have been conducted using wind power driving a Stirling cycle heat pump for domestic heating and air conditioning. This paper mainly describes the application of the Stirling engine in household appliances and its advantages. The paper will explore the basic principle and efficiency of the Stirling engine and the use of household appliances.

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13

Thakur, Sejal, and Satya Sandeep Chaganti. "A Study on the Implementation of Nanotechnology in Enhancing the Environmental Changes." Scientific Bulletin 24, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsaft-2019-0021.

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Abstract The report takes a survey of five crucial areas where nanotechnology is implied. It includes areas of economy through hydrogen, electricity generation with the help of solar cells, fuel additives, batteries, and super capacitors, and insulators. In concern with fuel additives, with the help of nanoparticle, the efficiency of fuel of diesel engines was increased by up to 5 %, which produced about three-million metric tons of CO2 in the UK per year. The study also cautions that this efficiency of fuel additives also led to the release of toxic nanoparticles openly in the environment. Due to small in size, no control could be applied to the restriction of the emission of nanoparticles. Thus, this exhaust gas proves to be harmful to humans. Although a diesel engine, if properly maintained can last up to 300,000-600,000 miles. In comparison with diesel engines, electric engines produce very little efficiency. Solar cells are still a promising area in nanotechnology since they have shown the results of a decrease in the cost while solar cells were produced and have enabled more cell production.

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14

García, David, María-José Suárez, Eduardo Blanco, and Jesús-Ignacio Prieto. "Experimental and Numerical Characterisation of a Non-Tubular Stirling Engine Heater for Biomass Applications." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 16488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416488.

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In the current context of environmental deterioration and rising energy costs, systems based on Stirling engines are interesting not only because of their proven efficiency and very low noise level, but also because of their ability to use renewable energies. Micro-CHP units based on Stirling engines fuelled by both solar energy and biomass can reduce CO2 emissions on a household scale, but the second option avoids problems usually related to the intermittency of solar energy. This paper describes the geometry and experimental characterisation of a new non-tubular heater design that is potentially interesting for biomass applications, and its analysis by means of a CFD model. The CFD model provides valuable information, under engine operating conditions, on the temperature distributions in the walls and the working gas, as well as the pressure and velocity of the gas particles, which are operating variables that are almost impossible to measure in practice. The new heater can be coupled to the Stirling engine of a previously developed micro-CHP unit for solar energy conversion, which has another non-tubular heater. The heat transfer rates achieved with both non-tubular heaters are compared with each other and with the values of the SOLO V160 engine heater, which consists of a tube bundle. The results show that the micro-CHP Stirling unit would develop more indicated power with the biomass heater than with the solar heater, providing information for future improvements of the indicated efficiency.

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15

Gussoli, M. K., J. C. D. de Oliveira, and M. Higa. "INVESTIGATION ON VOLUME VARIATION FOR ALPHA STIRLING ENGINES ON ISOTHERMAL MODEL." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 19, no. 2 (December 21, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v19i2.78608.

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The usage of renewable energies is approximately 11% of the matrix energy worldwide. In countries known for its renewable sources, such as Brazil, the percentage is close to 38%. The importance to study Stirling engines and propose a prototype is that they are a feasible alternative for generation of power and electricity when considering low quality sources such as solar and waste energy. This paper will compare two different approaches of the volume variation, sinusoidal and kinematic, using an isothermal model that represents the Stirling engines. The comparison is made for an a type engine. Such approaches are capable of representing an estimative of work and power output for Stirling engines since the difference of results for these approaches are 8.07% for power output. As both approaches are a valid choice for analyzing the Stirling engine cycle, the availability of the data determines which approach is the most suitable for characterizing the engine performance.

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16

Nguyen, Tien Han, Prabhu Paramasivam, Van Huong Dong, Huu Cuong Le, and Duc Chuan Nguyen. "Harnessing a Better Future: Exploring AI and ML Applications in Renewable Energy." JOIV : International Journal on Informatics Visualization 8, no. 1 (March 16, 2024): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.62527/joiv.8.1.2637.

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Integrating machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) with renewable energy sources, including biomass, biofuels, engines, and solar power, can revolutionize the energy industry. Biomass and biofuels have benefited significantly from implementing AI and ML algorithms that optimize feedstock, enhance resource management, and facilitate biofuel production. By applying insight derived from data analysis, stakeholders can improve the entire biofuel supply chain - including biomass conversion, fuel synthesis, agricultural growth, and harvesting - to mitigate environmental impacts and accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy. Furthermore, implementing AI and ML in combustion systems and engines has yielded substantial improvements in fuel efficiency, emissions reduction, and overall performance. Enhancing engine design and control techniques with ML algorithms produces cleaner, more efficient engines with minimal environmental impact. This contributes to the sustainability of power generation and transportation. ML algorithms are employed in solar energy to analyze vast quantities of solar data to improve photovoltaic systems' design, operation, and maintenance. The ultimate goal is to increase energy output and system efficiency. Collaboration among academia, industry, and policymakers is imperative to expedite the transition to a sustainable energy future and harness the potential of AI and ML in renewable energy. By implementing these technologies, it is possible to establish a more sustainable energy ecosystem, which would benefit future generations.

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17

Gordon, J. M. "On optimized solar-driven heat engines." Solar Energy 40, no. 5 (1988): 457–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-092x(88)90100-4.

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18

Boehm, R. F. "Maximum performance of solar heat engines." Applied Energy 23, no. 4 (January 1986): 281–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-2619(86)90012-7.

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19

Eusha, Muhammad, Wolfgang Schulz, Günter Schumacher, Faraz Rasheed Mir, and Gerhard Schories. "Non-combustion non-solar deployment characterization of a free-piston Stirling engine to integrate with an exothermic reactor." Open Research Europe 1 (December 21, 2021): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.14361.1.

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Background: A small 1 kW free-piston β type Stirling engine was tested for its feasibility of integration with an exothermic reactor under the EU funded research project SOCRATCES (GA 727348). The engine’s heat receptor was minimally modified to adapt it to the reactor’s integration needs, introducing, instead of a combustion chamber, a CFD-optimized hooded enclosure. The open-loop configuration also included a small plate heat exchanger acting as a recuperator. The study attempted to investigate the performance of the Stirling engine under these non-combustion non-solar deployment conditions, focusing on conversion efficiency and thermal loss. Methods: A number of tests were run under different temperatures and flowrates to assess the engine’s response. Temperature, power, pressure and flowrate were measured at points of interest. Results: It was found that the engine is able to operate at efficiencies comparable to that of gasoline engines at much lower working fluid temperatures. It was possible to demonstrate, with the aid of a downstream recuperator, that the system in an open-loop configuration can minimize thermal loss significantly, virtually eliminating it in some cases. Conclusions: The Stirling engine appears to be a sound choice, in terms of conversion efficiency, at comparatively low temperatures, to be integrated with an exothermic reactor, at least at small-scale applications.

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20

Reisz, Aloysius I., and Stephen L. Rodgers. "Engines for the Cosmos." Mechanical Engineering 125, no. 01 (January 1, 2003): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2003-jan-4.

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This article highlights how exploration of deep space requires systems of propulsion that can go the distance. To explore the outer planets in a reasonable time, engines must generate either high exhaust velocity or high specific impulse. The United States recognized early the benefit that nuclear propulsion could provide for interplanetary exploration and ran an extensive research and development program devoted to it. Electric propulsion devices require an energy source and an electric generation method in order to operate. Engines being engineered for deep space missions are, out of necessity, fueled by clean energy from light gas atoms. The fuels are brought to certain physical states and subjected to electric or magnetic fields that accelerate and eject charged particles out of the engine, thereby giving momentum to the spacecraft. These new deep space engines will enable to send missions to the far reaches of the solar system and beyond with exploratory instruments.

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21

Jiang, Wei Jiang. "The Study of Heat-Engines Based on Refrigerant Phase-Change Circulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 66-68 (July 2011): 649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.66-68.649.

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This paper firstly introduces the principles of Stirling heat engines based on refrigerant phase-change circulation. This heat engines use two external heat reservoire. When the refrigerant in an engine cylinder absorbs heat from high-temperature heat sources, refrigerant is transformed from liquid to gas and the volume of the refrigerant expands to drive the piston apply work. When the refrigerant releases heat to low-temperature sources, the volume of the refrigerant shrinks. Therefore, phase change thermal engine technology using solar energy, industrial waste heat and heat produced by combustion of any fuel to work, no gas emissions, high thermal efficiency and environmental advantages. Thermal phase transition and thus the engine technology will be in the field of energy and power of a cutting-edge technology, great development potential and prospects.

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22

Kussul, Ernst, Oleksandr Makeyev, Tatiana Baidyk, and Omar Olvera. "Design of Ericsson Heat Engine with Micro Channel Recuperator." ISRN Renewable Energy 2012 (November 14, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/613642.

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Stirling cycle and Rankine cycle heat engines are used to transform the heat energy of solar concentrators to mechanical and electrical energy. The Rankine cycle is used for large-scale solar power plants. The Stirling cycle can be used for small-scale solar power plants. The Stirling cycle heat engine has many advantages such as high efficiencyand long service life. However, the Stirling cycle is good for high-temperature difference. It demands the use of expensive materials. Its efficiency depends on the efficiency of the heat regenerator. The design and manufacture of a heat regenerator are not a trivial problem because the regenerator has to be placed in the internal space of the engine. It is possible to avoid this problem if we place the regenerator out of the internal engine space. To realize this idea it is necessary to develop the Ericsson cycle heat engine. We propose theoretical model and design of this engine.

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23

Setiyawan, A., A. Novianto, N. B. A. Afkar, F. Chabib, F. R. Amelia, and I. Pratiwi. "Diesel engine performance test using solar-dex and biodiesel (B30) on power and torque." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 969, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/969/1/012034.

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Abstract Biodiesel as renewable alternative energy produced from vegetable and animal oils can be used to fuel diesel engines. Pertamina has officially release Biodiesel B30, which sells on fuel stations in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to investigate the diesel engine performance on Solar-Dex and Biodiesel blend. Testing the performance of a diesel engine by mixing Solar-Dex and Biodiesel on power and torque produces different data and can be concluded: (1) Pure Solar-Dex without the addition of Biodiesel gives the lowest power yield of 49.55 kW, while the data fluctuates when adding Biodiesel and it is known that the most considerable average power occurs when a mixture of Biodiesel is 30% with 70 Solar-Dex and 40% biodiesel with 60% Solar-Dex which is 54 kW. (2) Pure Solar-Dex without the addition of bio-diesel gives the lowest torque yield of 120.45 Nm, while the data fluctuates when adding Biodiesel and it is known that the most considerable average torque occurs when a mixture of 20% bio-diesel with 80 Solar-Dex is 122, 8 Nm.

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24

Hoegel, Benedikt, Dirk Pons, Michael Gschwendtner, Alan Tucker, and Mathieu Sellier. "Thermodynamic peculiarities of alpha-type Stirling engines for low-temperature difference power generation: Optimisation of operating parameters and heat exchangers using a third-order model." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 228, no. 11 (November 20, 2013): 1936–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406213512120.

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Low-temperature heat sources such as waste heat and geothermal energy in the range from 100 ℃ to 200 ℃ are widely available and their potential is largely untapped. Stirling engines are one possibility to convert this heat to a usable power output. Much work has been done to optimise Stirling engines for high-temperature heat sources such as external combustion or concentrated solar energy but only little is known about suitable engine layouts at lower temperature differences. With the reduced temperature difference, changes become necessary not only in the heat exchangers and the regenerator but also in the operating parameters such as frequency and phase angle. This paper shows results obtained from a third-order simulation model that help to identify beneficial parameter combinations, and explains the differences of low and high-temperature engines.

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25

Syarifudin, Syarifudin, and Syaiful Syaiful. "PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN ENERGI TERBARUKAN BUTANOL TERHADAP PENURUNAN EMISI JELAGA MESIN DIESEL INJEKSI LANGSUNG BERBAHAN BAKAR BIODIESEL CAMPURAN SOLAR DAN JATROPA." Infotekmesin 10, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35970/infotekmesin.v10i1.20.

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Diesel engines are widely used as driving forces in vehicles and industry due to fuel efficiency and high output power. The wide use of diesel engines triggers an increase in fuel consumption and exhaust emissions that are harmful to health. Jatropha is a renewable fuel as a solution to increase fuel consumption. However, the high viscosity and low calorific value result in reduced performance and increased exhaust emissions. Butanol has a high oxygen content and cetane number and low viscosity compared to diesel and jatropha. Addition of butanol is possible to reduce the decrease in performance and exhaust emissions of diesel engines. this study evaluates the effect of butanol on reducing Isuzu 4JB1 diesel engine direct injection emissions. Percentage of blend used 70/30/0, 65/30/5, 60/30/10, and 55/40/15 based on volume. Tests are carried out at 2500 constant turns with a loading of 25% to 100% using the EGR system. The experimental results showed the presence of butanol caused a decrease in soot emissions produced by diesel engines

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26

Asnaghi, A., S. M. Ladjevardi, P. Saleh Izadkhast, and A. H. Kashani. "Thermodynamics Performance Analysis of Solar Stirling Engines." ISRN Renewable Energy 2012 (July 5, 2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/321923.

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This paper provides numerical simulation and thermodynamic analysis of SOLO 161 Solar Stirling engine. Some imperfect working conditions, pistons' dead volumes, and work losses are considered in the simulation process. Considering an imperfect regeneration, an isothermal model is developed to calculate heat transfer. Hot and cold pistons dead volumes are accounted in the work diagram calculations. Regenerator effectiveness, heater and cooler temperatures, working gas, phase difference, average engine pressure, and dead volumes are considered as effective parameters. By variations in the effective parameters, Stirling engine performance is estimated. Results of this study indicate that the increase in the heater and cooler temperature difference and the decrease in the dead volumes will lead to an increase in thermal efficiency. Moreover, net work has its maximum value when the angle between two pistons shaft equal to 90 degrees while efficiency is maximum in 110 degrees.

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27

Chen, Lingen, Fengrui Sun, and Chih Wu. "Optimum collector temperature for solar heat engines." International Journal of Ambient Energy 17, no. 2 (April 1996): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01430750.1996.9675221.

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28

Rugescu, Radu D., Alina Bogoi, and Radu Cirligeanu. "Intricacy of the Transit Manifold Concept Paid-off by Computational Accuracy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 325-326 (June 2013): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.325-326.142.

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Despite its intricacy the numerical method applied within the TRANSIT code proved successful in describing discontinuous, non-isentropic flows in rocket engines and solar-gravitational towers for green energy. A number of 0-D approaches are known to render some results in demonstrating the feasibility of the solar tower concept, or in unsteady simulation of transient phases in rocket engines. Computational efficiency is demonstrated by CFD simulation of the starting transients in ADDA solid rocket engines and in the SEATTLER solar mirror tower. The code is exclusively directed to unsteady flow simulations in slender channels. The wave front model scheme covers the dual behavior of fully non-isentropic flow with mass addition and mixing in the thrust chamber or blunt heat addition in a heater and fully isentropic through the exhaust nozzle or gravity draught in a tall tower. Along the tower of the solar-gravity draught power plants small perturbation discontinuous flows are covered. Code robustness is demonstrated during runs on the PC.

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Wen, Junming. "Frontier Solar Stirling Engines: Technical Optimization and Wide Application." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 88 (March 29, 2024): 865–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/aqsy2h65.

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As an external gas turbine, the solar Stirling engine uses an external heat source to expand the gas in the inner cylinder to generate power. It can effectively transform solar energy into various kinds of energy and has a broad range of application prospects in the field of sustainable energy since its theoretical foundation is the Stirling cycle, which has the same thermodynamic efficiency as the Carnot cycle. This article elucidates the fundamental principles underlying the Stirling engine, provides an exposition on its three basic types, delves into potential constituent elements, explores avenues for optimization, showcases multiple exemplars of cutting-edge solar Stirling engine applications, and ultimately conducts a comparative assessment of the benefits and drawbacks inherent in solar power generation versus conventional thermal power generation methodologies. It is hoped that after understanding the innovative technology and application prospects of the solar Stirling engine, readers can better understand its importance and potential in the field of sustainable energy and optimize its structure or materials so as to promote the further development of solar Stirling engine.

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Ramachandran, Siddharth, Naveen Kumar, and Venkata Timmaraju Mallina. "A Comprehensive Perspective of Waste Heat Recovery Potential from Solar Stirling Engines." E3S Web of Conferences 313 (2021): 06001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131306001.

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Despite the higher efficiency advantage, the cost reduction of PV technology has been more successful compared to the dish Stirling engine (DSE) due to the large market volume and sturdy competition. Irrespective of the types of source, there exists a potential of waste heat recovery from Stirling engines operating at higher temperature regime. Accordingly, to make DSE commercially viable and efficient, innovative ways such as hybridization (combing a bottoming cycle), Co-generation, Tri-generation etc. need to be explored. In this paper, the techno-economic feasibility of hybridization of a typical solar DSE with a bottoming organic Rankine cycle (ORC) via. a heat recovery vapour generator (HRVG) is explored. The overall energetic and exergetic efficiency of the DSE has been improved by 5.79% and 5.64% while recovering the waste heat through a bottoming ORC. The design and effective incorporation of the HRVG with cooler side of the Stirling engine is identified to be crucial for the overall exergetic performance of solar Stirling-ORC. Further, the economic feasibility of a solar String-ORC combination is evaluated in terms of levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) and payback period. Both LCOE and payback period are found to be in comparable range with the PV technology.

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31

Kongtragool, Bancha, and Somchai Wongwises. "A review of solar-powered Stirling engines and low temperature differential Stirling engines." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 7, no. 2 (April 2003): 131–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1364-0321(02)00053-9.

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32

Липко, Юрий, Yuriy Lipko, Александр Пашинин, Aleksandr Pashinin, Равиль Рахматулин, Ravil Rakhmatulin, Виталий Хахинов, and Vitaliy Khakhinov. "Geomagnetic effects caused by rocket exhaust jets." Solar-Terrestrial Physics 2, no. 3 (October 27, 2016): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/22284.

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In the space experiment Radar–Progress, we have made 33 series of measurements of geomagnetic variations during ignitions of engines of Progress cargo spacecraft in low Earth orbit. We used magneto-measuring complexes, installed at observatories of the Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and magnetotelluric equipment of a mobile complex. We assumed that engine running can cause geomagnetic disturbances in field tubes crossed by the spacecraft. When analyzing experimental data, we took into account the following space weather factors: solar wind parameters, total daily mid-latitude geomagnetic activity index Kр, geomagnetic auroral electrojet index AE, global geomagnetic activity.

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Yusuf, Bakharuddin, Seno Darmanto, Sri Utami Handayani, and Susastro Susastro. "KAJIAN EKSPERIMEN PENGGUNAAN SOLAR CELL SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PENGISIAN AKUMULATOR 200Ah 12 Volt MESIN DIESEL PLTD." Jurnal Mekanova : Mekanikal, Inovasi dan Teknologi 8, no. 2 (November 12, 2022): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/jmkn.v8i2.6413.

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PLTD (Diesel Engine Power Plant) is one generator used by several companies, especially electricity providers. It’s just that PLTD requires a large enough cost to produce electrical energy. Therefore it is necessary to make efforts to reduce operational costs, one of which is by making an alternative to charging the accumulator on the diesel engine. The alternatif is a prototype solar cell that can charge the 200 Ah 12 Volt accumulator so that the accumulator can be used for the starting process diesel engine (PLTD). So, at this writing the author tries to make an experimental study of the use of solar cells as an alternative to charging a 200 Ah 12 Volt accumulator which in this experimental study proceduces a 2 x 80 Wp mobile solar cell prototype that can be used for charging the accumulator of PLTD machines. In addition, from this experimental study, the results of accumulator charging of 1,444.92 Wh are sufficient to be used for the dynamo starter process on diesel diesel engines and the annual savings value is obtained.

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Lezhneva, Elena, and Katerina Vakulenko. "Combined noise shield with integrated solar panels." Bulletin of Kharkov National Automobile and Highway University, no. 93 (May 27, 2021): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/bul.2219-5548.2021.93.0.47.

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The article is devoted to the assessment of the noise load of road transport on the environment of large cities. Goal. The goal is to develop engineering structures to neutralize harmful substances from internal combustion engines, display and absorb sound waves, ensure road safety and improve energy efficiency. Methodology. The experience of European countries on the use of noise protection screens with integrated solar batteries is presented. The types and design features of solar panels are presented. Results. A model of a combined noise protection barrier with integrated solar batteries is proposed. This screen can be used to protect the urban environment from noise, sound waves and chemical compounds of internal combustion engines. Originality. The combined noise barrier with integrated solar panels is an engineering structure consisting of a foundation, sound-absorbing, sound-reflecting modules and solar cells, which differs in that it has a Y-shaped profile equipped with metal perforated modules filled with sound-absorbing material (polymers of organic origin , composite materials, mineral fibers, etc.) and sound-reflecting transparent or translucent modules, installed on a foundation made of photocatalytic concrete, and the energy obtained from the solar panels is transferred to street lights, which are installed on the foundation of the screen. Practical value. The invention can be used to protect against noise, sound waves and chemical compounds of exhaust gases of internal combustion engines of urban environment, residential buildings and pedestrian areas.

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35

Kropiwnicki, Jacek, and Mariusz Furmanek. "Application of Stirling engine for recovery energy from exhaust gas." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, no. 9 (September 30, 2018): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.290.

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Stirling engine is device generating mechanical energy without combustion fuel inside cylinder. This fact allows to supply engine from any power source. Example of such energy source can be solar radiation, combustion low-calorie carbon in outside combustion chamber or waste heat from other device like combustion engine mounted in bus or lorry. Use that kind of device in car allows to reduce fuel consumption through increase of efficiency of utilization thermal energy produced in combustion engine. The paper presents commercial solution of Stirling engines powered by waste energy and project of conceptual Stirling engine type alpha powered by flue gases from truck. The initial analysis results of hydraulic resistance in that engine have been also included.

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36

Boretti, Alberto. "α-Stirling hydrogen engines for concentrated solar power". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46, № 29 (квітень 2021): 16241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.02.036.

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37

Sahin, Ahmet Z. "Optimum operating conditions of solar driven heat engines." Energy Conversion and Management 41, no. 13 (September 2000): 1335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-8904(99)00192-2.

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38

Göktun, Selahatti̇n. "On optimized solar-pond-driven irreversible heat engines." Renewable Energy 7, no. 1 (January 1996): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-1481(95)00112-3.

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Ranieri, Salvatore, Gilberto Prado, and Brendan MacDonald. "Efficiency Reduction in Stirling Engines Resulting from Sinusoidal Motion." Energies 11, no. 11 (October 24, 2018): 2887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11112887.

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Stirling engines have a high potential to produce renewable energy due to their ability to use a wide range of sustainable heat sources, such as concentrated solar thermal power and biomass, and also due to their high theoretical efficiencies. They have not yet achieved widespread use and commercial Stirling engines have had reduced efficiencies compared to their ideal values. In this work we show that a substantial amount of the reduction in efficiency is due to the operation of Stirling engines using sinusoidal motion and quantify this reduction. A discrete model was developed to perform an isothermal analysis of a 100cc alpha-type Stirling engine with a 90 ∘ phase angle offset, to demonstrate the impact of sinusoidal motion on the net work and thermal efficiency in comparison to the ideal cycle. For the specific engine analyzed, the maximum thermal efficiency of the sinusoidal cycle was found to have a limit of 34.4%, which is a reduction of 27.1% from Carnot efficiency. The net work of the sinusoidal cycle was found to be 65.9% of the net work from the ideal cycle. The model was adapted to analyze beta and gamma-type Stirling configurations, and the analysis revealed similar reductions due to sinusoidal motion.

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40

Aidi Sharif, Montassar, Kaesar Sabah Khalaf, and Musa Anwar Omer. "A Simulation Model of a System-based Concentrated Solar Power System (CSP) for Maximum Solar Energy Harvesting Applications." NTU Journal of Renewable Energy 4, no. 1 (February 10, 2023): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.56286/ntujre.v4i1.410.

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Solar energy has piqued people's curiosity since the dawn of civilization, and the technology for harvesting it has advanced at a rapid pace. The development of technology to increase the efficiency of the solar system is of critical relevance due to the energy difficulties that civilization has been facing. Scientists have used the solar concentrated system for several years since it allows for the concentration of solar energy into a concentrate, allowing for a significant increase in energy efficiency. A parabolic dish setup is described in this article as a dish-shaped concentrating collector that reflects solar energy onto a receiver located at the focal point. This concentrator is set atop a framework with assumption of a two-axis tracking system to track the sunlight. Typically, the acquired heat is utilized directly by a heat engine constructed on the receiver that travels with the dish. Typically, the acquired heat is utilized directly by a heat engine constructed on the receiver that travels with the dish. The suggested dish could achieve very high temperatures and might be utilized in solar reactors to generate high-temperature solar fuels. Even though dishes are seldom utilized commercially for power production, engines are now favored for power conversion. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to explain the benefits of this technology in a world where fossil fuel usage is a genuine issue that society must address.

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41

Saksono, Puji, and Pandu Prastiyo Utomo. "ANALISIS PENGARUH PEMBEBANAN ENGINE TERHADAP EMISI GAS BUANG DAN FUEL CONSUMPTION MENGGUNAKAN BAHAN BAKAR SOLAR DAN BIODIESEL B10 PADA ENGINE CUMMINS QSK 45 C." POROS 15, no. 2 (January 6, 2018): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/poros.v15i2.1276.

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Abstract: The fuels for Diesel engines derived from petroleum of its existence the longer depleting. Starting from this, the use of biodiesel as a successor is an alternative solution. Conversion of diesel fuel for Diesel engines of heavy equipment to the other types, one of them should pay attention to emissions- related environmental pollution and fuel consumption. This research was conducted with the aim to find out the influence of loading engine against exhaust emissions and fuel consumption using diesel fuel and biodiesel B10 on engine Cummins QSK 45 c. Testing performed in the PT. Saptaindra Sejati workshop (SIS) MIA 3, km. 84, Adaro, Tanjung Tabalong, South Kalimantan, while the primary uses test equipment namely dynamometer (dynotest) Taylor DS4010. The results of testing using biodiesel in diesel fuel compared with B10 imposition engine 0 - 100% decline in average levels of nitrogen oxide (NOx) of 88% (g/kW-hr); carbon monoxide (CO) of 88% (g/kW-hr); and hydrocarbons (HC) by 80% (g/kW-hr), while the fuel consumption experienced a decrease in 0 - 7.14%.

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42

KIM, YOUNG MIN, DONG GIL SHIN, SANG TAE LEE, and DANIEL FAVRAT. "THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF A CLOSED BRAYTON/ERICSSON CYCLE ENGINE WITH SCROLL MACHINES." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 18, no. 04 (December 2010): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132510000277.

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Stirling and Ericsson engines have great potential for many applications, including micro-cogeneration, solar power, and biomass. However, ideal cycles of both types of engines are difficult to achieve in practice because neither isothermal compression nor isothermal expansion is practical with reciprocating piston engines or with turbomachinery. On the other hand, scroll compressor and expander can be very suitable for effective cooling and heating because of the high area-to-volume ratio of scroll geometry or the application of two-phase flow. To achieve quasi-isothermal compression, either a large amount of liquid is injected into the inlet of the compressor or the compressor is externally cooled by liquid. Similarly, for quasi-isothermal expansion, either hot liquid, such as thermal oil, is injected into the inlet of the expander or the expander is externally heated by a heat source. In this current study, we have undertaken a theoretical investigation of thermodynamic analyses of several kinds of scroll-type engines, in particular with regard to associated compression and expansion processes, adiabatic or quasi-isothermal processes, and the highest cycle temperature. We selected power density, or thermal efficiency, as an objective function, and then deduced optimal design parameters for the scroll-type engine.

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43

Kristyadi, Tarsisius, Diki Ismail Permana, Muhammad Pramuda Nugraha Sirodz, Encu Saefudin, and Istvan Farkas. "Performance and Emission of Diesel Engine Fuelled by Commercial Bio-Diesel Fuels in Indonesia." Acta Technologica Agriculturae 25, no. 4 (November 1, 2022): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ata-2022-0032.

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Abstract The performance and emission of a small diesel engine fuelled by commercial diesel fuel in Indonesia are present in this paper. Various commercial diesel fuels in Indonesia are produced and marketed by Pertamina. As the largest oil company in Indonesia, Pertamina has developed various diesel fuels, namely Solar, Biosolar (B30), Dexlite, and Pertadex. This study explains in more detail the performance, fuel consumption, and emission produced by the four types of fuels, and they were investigated experimentally using a single-cylinder diesel engine at various engine speeds, from 1,000 rpm to 4,500 rpm. The result shows the engine fuelled by Pertadex generates the highest power and torque, while the lowest is generated by the Biosolar fuelled engine. The maximum torque and power generated by the Pertadex fuelled engine are about 25.5 Nm and 7200 W, respectively. The engine fuelled by Pertadex has the lowest brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of 0.3037 kg·kW·h, compared to the engines fuelled by the Dexlite, Solar, and Biosolar fuels, with values around 0.3127, 0.3215, and 0.3338 kg·kW·h, respectively. At the same time, the measurement of gas emissions, including CO2, CO, NOx, and HC was conducted simultaneously.

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44

Липко, Юрий, Yuriy Lipko, Александр Пашинин, Aleksandr Pashinin, Равиль Рахматулин, Ravil Rakhmatulin, Виталий Хахинов, and Vitaliy Khakhinov. "Geomagnetic effects caused by rocket exhaust jets." Solnechno-Zemnaya Fizika 2, no. 3 (September 17, 2016): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/19634.

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In the space experiment Radar–Progress, we have made 33 series of measurements of geomagnetic variations during ignitions of engines of Progress cargo spacecraft in low Earth orbit. We used magneto-measuring complexes, installed at observatories of the Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and magnetotelluric equipment of a mobile complex. We assumed that engine running can cause geomagnetic disturbances in flux tubes crossed by the spacecraft. When analyzing experimental data, we took into account space weather factors: solar wind parameters, total daily mid-latitude geomagnetic activity index Kр, geomagnetic auroral electrojet index AE, global geomagnetic activity. The empirical data we obtained indicate that 18 of the 33 series showed geomagnetic variations in various time ranges.

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45

Haider, Syed Mustafa, Shafqat Hussain, Hassan Farid, Usman Shahid, Awais Ahmed, and Nazar Abbas. "Experimental Investigations on the Effects of HHO Gas Fuel Additive on Performance of a Gasoline Engine." Pakistan Journal of Engineering and Technology 4, no. 4 (December 23, 2021): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.51846/vol4iss4pp73-78.

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The hydrogen hydroxyl (HHO) gas as a fuel additive in gasoline for SI engines has a positive impact on improving the performance and reducing the consequences of the burning of fossil fuels alone which are continuously depleting and causing severe problems to the environment. In this paper, the effect of injecting HHO gas additive in the gasoline fuel of a petrol engine was experimentally explored in detail to improve the overall efficiency in terms of performance indicators such as engine fuel consumption, brake horsepower and engine’s torque developed. The engine was coupled with an electric generator to be used for the production of electricity at a relatively low cost. An experimental setup was established to measure the performance indicators and it consists of an HHO gas generator integrated with solar panels, a gasoline engine coupled with an electricity generator, a storage battery, and relevant measuring instruments. The HHO gas was produced and injected into the intake manifold of the engine whilst it was running at different load conditions. The main parameters such as engine RPM, output voltage/amperes of the electric generator were measured and performance indicators were calculated to determine the overall efficiency of the system. From the results, it was shown that the HHO additive had increased performance of the petrol engine performance at a lower HHO-fuel ratio while the engine is running at lean fuel conditions.

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46

Chouder, Ryma, Pascal Stouffs, and Azzedine Benabdesselam. "A variant of the Fluidyne: the liquid piston ERICSSON engine." E3S Web of Conferences 313 (2021): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131304001.

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A special configuration of Stirling liquid piston engine, known as Fluidyne, was invented fifty years ago and many works have been devoted to it since then. A variant of the Fluidyne is presented, in which the two ends of the U-tube containing the liquid piston are closed by valves, so that the system obtained belongs to the family of Ericsson engines rather than to the family of Stirling engines. This type of low-tech system is considered to be suitable for the production of low-power mechanical energy (up to 1… kW), for example for pumping or to drive an electric generator from renewable primary energy conversion (solar, biomass, hot gaseous effluents, ). In the system considered, the working fluid of the Ericsson engine is air in open cycle. Different configurations are proposed for the extraction of mechanical energy. The preliminary design of a first demonstrator is presented. Results of a dynamic “intracycle” model of this liquid piston Ericsson engine are presented in the case of the coupling with a linear generator. The model allows to determine the frequency of operation of the engine, the instantaneous liquid piston position and the instantaneous working gas properties, so that the global performance of the engine can be predicted.

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47

Suijs, Ward, and Sebastian Verhelst. "Scaling Performance Parameters of Reciprocating Engines for Sustainable Energy System Optimization Modelling." Energies 16, no. 22 (November 8, 2023): 7497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16227497.

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The increased share of variable renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power poses constraints on the stability of the grid and the security of supply due to the imbalance between electricity production and demand. Chemical storage or power-to-X technologies can provide the flexibility that is needed to overcome this issue. To quantify the needs of such storage systems, energy system optimization models (ESOMs) are used, guiding policy makers in nationwide energy planning. The key input parameters for such models are the capacity and efficiency values of the conversion devices. Gas turbines, reciprocating engines, fuel cells and Rankine engines are often mentioned here as cogeneration technologies. Their performance parameters will however need to be revised when switching from fossil to renewable fuels. This study therefore investigates the possibility of using size-based scaling laws to predict the efficiency and power values of one type of conversion technology: the reciprocating engine. The most straightforward scaling laws are the ones based on the fundamental engine performance parameters and are constructed by fitting an arithmetic function for a large set of representative engine data. Their accuracy was tested with a case study, consisting of thirty large-bore, spark-ignited gas engines. Two alternative methods were also investigated: scaling laws based on the Willans line method and scaling laws based on the similarity theory. Their use is deemed impractical for the current research problem.

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48

Aini, Zulfatri, Kunaifi, Alex Wenda, Ewi Ismaredah, and Wahyu Anjarjati. "Solar Irrigation System in Indonesia: Practical Assessment and Evaluation for Converting Fossil Fuels with Solar Energy." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 927, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/927/1/012022.

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Abstract This study proposes a sustainable solar-powered irrigation system (SPIS) for a 75-hectares rice farm in Krandegan Village, Purworejo Regency, Indonesia. The existing water pumping system uses diesel engines which cost around Rp. 200 million per year that cannot be provided by the farmers. The SPIS was designed based on water requirements calculated according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The technical design of SPIS used Lorentz Compass considering local solar energy sources and the availability of SPIS components in the local markets. The entire farm in Krandegan requires 11 SPISs with a total capacity of the solar panel of 20.8 kWp. Also, the SPISs use 11 centrifugal DC pumps; 10 surface and 1 submersible type. The SPIS in Krandegan would require a total cost of Rp. 1.29 billion. Without the financial support of the capital costs from other parties, the simple payback time (SPT) would be around 6.5 years, which is good for a solar photovoltaic (PV) project. SPIS is not only a viable solution to replace diesel engines in supplying water to the rice farm in Krandegan, but is also in line with the seventh target of Indonesia’s Village sustainable development goals (SDGs).

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49

Iskendar, Abdul Muis, Waluyo, Kunto Ismoyo, Farid Arif Binaruno, Mulyadi Agus Widodo, Dimas Aldyanto Wibowo, et al. "Comparative Analysis of Conventional and Electric Motor Propulsion Systems for “Sandek” Fishing Boats in West Sulawesi from a Sustainable Economical Aspect." E3S Web of Conferences 484 (2024): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202448403002.

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Indonesia as a tropical country has abundant potential of solar energy. The Indonesian government is very serious about implementing efforts towards net zero emissions which are continuously encouraged. Using solar energy is one of the solutions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions use of fossil fuels. One of the efforts made is to apply technology to replace the propulsion system of ships powered by fossil fuel engines to electricity from solar energy. This research takes the case of a conventional engine-powered “Sandek” fishing boat converted to a solar-powered electric motor in West Sulawesi. The aim is to compare the level of profit and return on investment before and after conventional motor ships are replaced with electric powered ships. The research method used is a descriptive method with investment parameters including NPV, IRR, and Payback Period. The results hopefully can be used as a reference for investment who will develop the transition from conventional motor boats to electric boats. The conclusions of this research can be used as a model for the sustainable use of electric fishing boats in Indonesia.

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50

Lukatela, Tom. "Renewables, gas and batteries: reliable and efficient power for industry." APPEA Journal 59, no. 2 (2019): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18069.

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Woodside believes gas-fired power and renewables are ideal partners to power industry. There are environmental and commercial reasons to integrate solar photovoltaic panels, or other intermittent renewable generation, with gas-fired power generation to support industry, especially in the Pilbara where sunlight is plentiful. This would increase energy efficiency, and reduce emissions, enabling a transformative shift towards a lower carbon future without compromising reliability or affordability. Woodside is studying a concept to integrate an industrial-scale solar farm, a battery energy storage system and reciprocating gas engines, to provide hybrid renewable, dispatchable, power generation for industry on the Burrup Peninsula. Feasibility studies have identified that a combination of solar photovoltaics, with high efficiency, fast starting, medium speed gas engines, can supply reliable power at world class energy efficiencies, while meeting local cyclonic design conditions and proposed grid stability requirements.

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