Дисертації: "Solar energy Law and legislation"

1

Ricci, Kimberley Ann. "The implications of planning techniques for protecting solar access : a survey of state and local legislation." Virtual Press, 1988. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/546120.

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The purpose of this paper was to compile a nationwide survey by state, on legislation designed to protect access to solar energy. Brief summaries of the information received are included. Land use planning techniques and tools such as zoning and subdivision regulations, as well as special solar zones and planned unit developments have been discussed as they relate to protection of solar access and solar energy use. This paper has distinguished between two types of solar energy systems, active and passive, and associated problems with each.Primary concerns for the users of solar energy systems have been the availability of solar energy and its access to the collector's surface. Solar energy is environmentally safe, however, access to solar energy can be a limiting factor to its use. Solar access protection methods vary with location. The differences in needs between rural and urban areas have been discussed.Increasing solar technologies indicate the need for communities to regulate solar access through innovative legislation. This paper with brief introductions to solar energy access protection techniques, and the state-by-state survey was prepared so as to provide the reader with a basic understanding of solar access protection and act as a guide to access protection methods.
Department of Urban Planning

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2

Butler, Kirt Gordon. "Relationship of Solar Energy Installation Permits to Renewable Portfolio Standards and Insolation." Thesis, Walden University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3739574.

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Legislated renewable portfolio standards (RPSs) may not be the key to ensure forecast energy demands are met. States without a legislated RPS and with efficient permitting procedures were found to have approved and issued 28.57% more permits on average than those with a legislated RPS. Assessment models to make informed decisions about the need and effect of legislated RPSs do not exist. Decision makers and policy creators need to use empirical data and a viable model to resolve the debate over a nationally legislated RPS. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine if relationships between the independent variables of RPS and insolation levels and the dependent variable of the percentage of permits approved would prove to be a viable model. The research population was 68 cities in the United States, of which 55 were used in this study. The return on investment economic decision model provided the theoretical framework for this study and the model generated. The output of multiple regression analysis indicated a weak to medium positive relationship among the variables. None of these relationships were statistically significant at the 0.05 level. A model using site specific data might yield significant results and be useful for determining which solar energy projects to pursue and where to implement them without Federal or State mandated RPSs. A viable model would bring about efficiency gains in the permitting process and effectiveness gains in promoting installations of solar energy-based systems. Research leading to the development of a viable model would benefit society by encouraging the development of sustainable energy sources and helping to meet forecast energy demands.

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3

Dike, Samuel Chisa. "Legislating security of supply of petroleum resources in Nigeria : current practice, new direction and lessons from Brazil, Norway and the UK." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=211108.

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Security of supply of petroleum is a serious challenge in Nigeria that seems to lack any known legal remedy. It is a paradox that Nigeria is experiencing inadequate supply of petroleum resources for domestic consumption despite the abundance of oil and gas reserves in the country. Past efforts in the search for solutions through which to address this challenge have largely been political, quick fixes and episodic in nature. This research aims to address this challenge by looking for a possible solution towards the direction of the law-Petroleum Act 1969, which fundamentally regulates the industry. This is because the Act has failed to significantly contribute to the availability, reliability, affordability and sustainability of petroleum operation in Nigeria, the factors of which Elkind collectively identifies as elements of ‘energy security'.The research will undertake a critical appraisal of the 1969 Act and this is with a view to evaluating why it has failed to make any significant contribution to the security of supply of petroleum for domestic purposes. In conducting this analysis, the elements of the Petroleum Acts of Brazil, Norway and the UK will be examined. The objective of this approach is to draw specific lessons which will enrich the recommendations to be made towards the reform of the 1969 Act. The research will, in addition, analyse the new Petroleum Industry Bill (PIB) 2012, to see if there are further improvements to or significant departures from the current provisions of the Act regarding the security of supply of petroleum resources. My argument is that the Act has not sufficiently contributed to security of supply and the PIB would make only minimal improvements. Therefore, further radical reform, which needs to build upon the lessons from other jurisdictions considered in this research, is required.

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4

Chan, Ming-yee, and 陳明義. "The impact of energy efficiency regulation on building design in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253659.

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5

Miller, Janah. "Promoting sustainable development in South Africa : environmental regulation in support of renewable energy." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5662.

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6

Yeung, Chi-hung, and 楊志雄. "A survey of environmental impacts of building energy codes on energy management in building services installations." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42575424.

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7

Mkhonta, Gcebekile Tikhokhile. "A critical analysis on how policy and legislation influence the implementation of renewable energy in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/8683.

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Development in this century is facing the critical dilemma brought about by Climate Change and the misuse of natural resources which are being depleted faster than they are being reproduced. Sustainable development offers an on-going call for global action towards mitigating the impact of these changes to ensure that current generations live equitably without infringing on the needs of future generations. Ensuing from Sustainable Development are a variety of initiatives such as Renewable Energy, which are aimed at reducing the amount of greenhouse gases, the main culprits of Climate Change. Many countries around the globe have further tailored Sustainable Development principles into policy and legislation to ensure that development initiatives meet the needs of current generations without compromising those of future generations. This study embarked on a process to evaluate how such policies influence the implementation of Renewable Energy projects in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality in Port Elizabeth, South Africa.

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8

Carlsson, Lina. "Climate change and sustainable energy in Canada and the United States : positions, policy and progress." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80912.

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Canada and the United States are two of the most energy-intensive countries in the world and have an immense impact upon their surrounding environment. Both countries have committed to contributing to the stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, in accordance with the United Nations climate change regime. Their climate change-related energy policies do not, as yet, show any sign of achieving that objective, especially in light of the fact that greenhouse gas emissions are on the rise. This thesis consequently argues that not enough is being done by Canada-US to fulfill their commitments under the climate change-regime and tests that hypothesis.

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9

Moran, Susan Jane. "The influence of the 1968-1975 Congressional reforms on legislative policy-making : the development of the oil-pricing provision of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (1975)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3398b8d3-45ae-4706-b094-692a7ba0f827.

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Congressional reform is the focus of my study. Congress (but primarily the House of Representatives) attempted to reform its workings from 1968 through 1975, so it might be more effective in developing comprehensive policies on national issues, and more independent of the executive branch. Reform raised expectations that the legislature would reassert its policy-making role, which had diminished during the preceding thirty years. My study examines the influence of these changes on the congressional decision-making process, including their impact on the important role played by external actors, interest groups and especially the President, who reacted to these changes. The study examines the process through an analysis of the development and passage of the most controversial provision, dealing with oil-price controls (Title IV), of Congress' major energy bill of 1975, the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (H.R. 7014). On 15 December 1975, Congress passed the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA) which President Gerald R. Ford signed into law on 22 December. The EPCA (Public Law 94-163) extended oil-price controls until 1979. The oilpricing provision had significant national and international economic and political implications. Merely to trace the tortuous chronicle of oil-pricing policy would be informative. But this study will go further by using this account to analyze congressional decision-making in the period immediately following Congress' attempts at reform. My study shows that although reforms eroded old norms and power centres, significantly altering some aspects of congressional decision-making (again primarily in the House), they did not create institutional mechanisms or distribute internal powers in such a way that Congress could independently initiate and develop comprehensive national policies. Congress remained more dependent on the President than many of its members understood. The final substance of the oil-pricing policy reflected the characteristic congressional decision-making process, which had become even more dispersed as it was democratized by reform. The committee system, without a strong executive or party control, divides issues in a way that limits decision-makers' options.

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10

Breitbarth, Maximilian. "A Brighter Future: An Integrated Strategy for Increasing Renewable Distributed Generation to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1600.

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I explore the environmental and economic value to be gained by using a greater proportion of renewable distributed generation, mainly solar, relative to centralized generation in the United States in this thesis. I explain the benefits of distributed solar, namely the reductions in environmental damage and the economic benefits for system owners. These benefits will are compared to the obstacles to renewable distributed generation adoption: the costs associated with installation, the political resistance from utilities and power producers, and the aspects of current energy infrastructure that limit wider adoption of distributed solar. I make recommendations for changes to utility strategy, as well as provide policy prescriptions at the local, state, and national level to incentivize distributed solar. These findings and suggested actions can help inform policymakers and utilities as they shape future U.S. energy infrastructure.

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11

Zhu, Feng. "EU energy policy after the Treaty of Lisbon : breakthroughs, interfaces and opportunity." Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2580185.

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12

Arnesson, Daniel. "Subsidizing Global Solar Power : A contemporary legal study of existing and potential international incentives for solar PV investments in developing countries." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-28555.

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With national cuts on solar PV subsidies and the current “oversupply” of panels, the global solar market is clearly threatened by a contraction. Yet, the need for more solar power is apparent, particularly for the world’s poor and vulnerable population. Instead of securing modern energy access for these people, trade interests have triggered a counterproductive solar trade war. This contemporary legal study addresses these issues by examining existent and potential instruments for stimulating a North-to-South solar capital flow. The research finds that recent reforms of the CDM will do little difference from previous deficiencies, as local investment barriers are not reflected in the monetary support of the clean development mechanism. Competing technologies are successfully keeping solar out of the game while baseline requirements are undermining the poor. Inspired by national renewable energy law and policy, international alternatives could address these shortcomings. While feed-in tariffs have been commonly advocated, the REC model seems far more appropriate in an international context. Its ability to be traded separately from the electricity makes it a perfect candidate as a substitute for the CDM. Entrusted with certain features it could address the geographical unbalance and provide with greater investor certainty. But the scheme(s) are under current WTO regulations required to be non-discriminatory, making it highly questionable to believe that developed countries would ever fund such incentive. It is not likely that solar capital exporters want Chinese solar PV manufacturers, who are already receiving significant production subsidies, to receive the same benefits as other producers. However, if countries adversely effected by subsidies where allowed to offset the injury by discriminating Chinese producers in international REC schemes, the Author believes that it would be easier to sell such a concept and implement it, for the benefits of climate change mitigation and adaptation as well as the world’s vulnerable and poor nations. However, this would require extensive reforms under WTO which the Author calls for.

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13

Duff, David Edwin. "A Comparative Study of Nuclear Power Risk Perceptions with Selected Technological Hazards." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27403.

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How people perceive risk or threats is important to many disciplines that seek to assist policy makers in developing policies, regulations and laws. Using the previous work of Slovic et al. (Fischhoff, Slovic, Lichtenstein, Read and Combs, 2000; Slovic P., 1992; Slovic, Fischhoff, and Lichtenstein, 2000) in development of the psychometric paradigm, a sample of residents (n=600) from a region with a large number of nuclear reactors was surveyed. The question set was expanded to include demographic questions to determine if they impact risk perception. Two aspects of risk perception were examined, perception of overall risk and perception of riskiness along specific dimensions of concern identified previously in the literature. For both risk and riskiness, respondents? perceptions of nuclear power were compared to three other perceptions of technologies including use of modern farming methods using chemicals, railroad transportation and coal-generated electricity. The recent increase in public concern about nuclear power following the meltdowns at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant led to the expectation that nuclear power would be rated higher in overall risk and riskiness than the other three technologies consistent with Slovic?s earlier work on risk perception. This expectation was generally supported although respondents tended to perceive modern farming methods using chemical as similar in overall risk and riskiness to nuclear power. The research specifically tested five hypotheses concerning the impact of five demographic factors: gender, race, income, education and political orientation on the overall perception of risk and riskiness. Subsequent analysis using analysis of variance and linear regression found that select demographics only explained 2% of the risk perception for nuclear power generation.

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14

Marei, Ibrahim Fatehi Ibrahim. "The law and policy for electricity generated by renewable energy: Greening the power in three Middle Eastern jurisdictions." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/92279/4/Ibrahim_Marei_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis examines the law and policy concerning renewable energy electricity generation in Palestine, Jordan, and Abu Dhabi. The thesis gives greater attention to the promotion of solar power owing to the abundance and viability. It appears that energy security profoundly underpins the utilisation of renewable electricity, and the motivation of climate change mitigation also pays a role in the promotion of renewable energy in these jurisdictions. However, current policies and regulations are not fully able to promote the renewables in the power sector. The thesis submits that reforms of law and policy are necessary to enhance the achievement of environmental and energy goals.

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15

Zeller-Powell, Christine Elizabeth. "Defining Biomass as a Source of Renewable Energy: The Life-Cycle Carbon Emissions of Biomass Energy and a Survey and Analysis of Biomass Definitions in States' Renewable Portfolio Standards, Federal Law, and Proposed Legislation." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11483.

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xii, 97 p.
Electricity generated from woody biomass material is generally considered renewable energy and has been considered carbon neutral. However, recent criticism from scientists argues that the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission profile of bioenergy is nuanced and the carbon neutral label is inappropriate. An initial carbon debt is created when a forest is harvested and combusted for bioenergy. Because forests re-grow over a period of years, life cycle analyses show that bioenergy generated from whole trees from forests may not reduce GHG emissions in the short term, as required to combat climate change. State renewable portfolio standards and federal laws and proposed legislation designed to incentivize renewable energy typically define eligible forms of biomass that qualify for these incentives. Most of these definitions are very broad and do not account for GHG emissions from bioenergy. Federal and state laws should incorporate life cycle analyses into definitions of eligible biomass so that these laws incentivize biomass electricity that reduces GHG emissions in the next several decades.
Committee in charge: Roberta Mann, Chairperson; Scott Bridgham, Member

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16

Castro, Perez Denis Roberto 1946. "Diretrizes solares para o planejamento urbano : o envelope solar como critério para adensamento e verticalização." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257795.

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Orientador: Edison Favero
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T20:45:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CastroPerez_DenisRoberto_D.pdf: 27090005 bytes, checksum: 21759f595f447549c7431c982a7ea267 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: O Estatuto da Cidade, Lei Federal 10.257/01 encontra-se em pleno vigor. As cidades brasileiras, porém, continuam crescendo desordenadamente, com os bairros ao redor dos grandes centros sofrendo pressões para mudanças de uso e ocupação do solo e para verticalização; e, com suas periferias crescendo ilegalmente. A morfologia atual das cidades continua sendo o reflexo do acúmulo de edificações que pouco considerou as vantagens de uma boa orientação solar e dos seus ganhos energéticos. Esta tese apresenta um estudo que propõe a aplicação do envelope solar como subsídio de determinação de formas regulatórias de adensamento e verticalização nos processos de planejamento urbano e de projeto do edifício. A escolha deste processo de utilização do envelope solar, adotado aqui, tem por finalidade verificar o potencial deste dispositivo como possível critério de diretrizes urbanísticas aplicadas no controle da ocupação do solo, buscando maior eficiência no adensamento de espaços urbanos. Como estudo de caso foram gerados desenhos nos lotes e edificações de cinco quarteirões do bairro Nova Campinas, na cidade de Campinas, SP. Adotou-se para tanto o software Rhinoceros, com os aplicativos Grasshopper e Diva, e foram introduzidos os módulos construtivos dentro dos volumes dos envelopes solares gerados, para verificação de áreas, taxas de ocupação, coeficientes de aproveitamento e altura das edificações. Conclui-se, seguramente, que o uso do envelope solar serve para recomendar diretrizes solares para o parcelamento do solo urbano, adensamento e verticalização de bairros, bem como para o projeto do edifício com garantias de direito de acesso ao Sol e qualidade ambiental
Abstract: The City Statute, Federal Law 10.257/01 is in full force. Brazilian cities, however, continue to grow wildly, with the neighborhoods around the major centers under pressure for changes of use and occupation of land and verticalization, and with their outskirts, growing illegally. The current morphology of cities reflects of the overcrowding of buildings that considered little bit the advantages of a good solar orientation and its energy gains. This thesis presents a study that proposes the application of solar envelope as subsidy determination of regulatory forms of density and vertical integration in the processes of urban planning and building design. The choice of this process of using solar envelope, adopted here, is to verify the potential of this device as a possible criterion of guidelines applied in the control of urban land use, seeking greater efficiency in the densification of urban spaces. As a case study, drawings were generated in lots and buildings of five blocks from the Nova Campinas district in Campinas, SP. In both cases the software applications Rhinoceros with Grasshopper and Diva, and the building modules were introduced within the solar envelopes volumes generated for verification of areas, occupancy rates, utilization coefficients and height of buildings. Results indicate, that the use of solar envelope serves to recommend guidelines for solar urban land subdivision, densification and verticalization of neighborhoods, as well as for the building design with guaranteed right of access to the sun and environmental quality
Doutorado
Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade
Doutor em Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade

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17

Nolte, Henriette C. "Analysis and Optimisation of a Receiver Tube for Direct Steam Generation in a Solar Parabolic Trough Collector." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/45965.

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This study focused on a numerical second law analysis and optimisation of a receiver tube op- erating in a parabolic trough solar collector for small-scale application. The receiver functioned in a Rankine cycle. The focus was on entropy generation minimisation in the receiver due to the high quality exergy losses in this component. Water functioned as the working uid and was heated from ambient conditions (liquid) to a superheated state (vapour), consequently, the receiver tube was subject to both single phase as well as two-phase ow. Entropy generation in the receiver tube was mainly due to nite temperature di erences as well as uid friction. The contribution of each of these components was investigated. Geometrical as well as operating conditions were investigated to obtain good guidelines for receiver tube and plant design. An operating pressure in the range of 1 MPa (Tsat = 180 C) to 10 MPa (Tsat = 311 C) was considered. Furthermore a mass ow range of 0:15 kg=s to 0:4 kg=s was investigated. Results showed that beyond a diameter of 20 mm, the main contributor to the entropy generation was the nite temperature di erences for most conditions. Generally, operating pressures below 3 MPa showed bad performance since the uid friction component was too large for small operating pressures. This phenomenon was due to long two-phase lengths and high pressure drops in this region. The nite temperature di erence component increased linearly when the tube diameter was increased (due to the increase in exposed area) if the focused heat ux was kept constant. However, the uid friction component increased quadratically when the diameter was reduced. In general when the concentration ratio was increased, the entropy generation was decreased. This was due to more focused heat on each section of the receiver pipe and, in general, resulted in shorter receiver lengths. Unfortunately, there is a limit to the highest concentration ratio that can be achieved and in this study, it was assumed to be 45 for two-dimensional trough technology. A Simulated Annealing (SA) optimisation algorithm was implemented to obtain certain optimum parameters. The optimisation showed that increasing the diameter could result in a decrease in entropy generation, provided that the concentration ratio is kept constant. However, beyond a certain point gains in minimising the entropy generation became negligible. Optimal operating pressure would generally increase if the mass ow rate was increased. Finally, it was seen that the highest operating pressure under consideration (10 MPa) showed the best performance when considering the minimisation of entropy in conjunction with the maximisation of the thermodynamic work output.
Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
tm2015
Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
MEng
Unrestricted

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18

Rentrop, Timm U. W. "Legal ways and means the european community law can provide for the promotion of green fuels." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211960.

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Cette thèse explore les possibilités en droit européen pour promouvoir les carburants et combustibles d'origine agricole et forestier. Ce sujet est d'intérêt pour l'Europe, parce qu'il peut à la fois offrir une source d'énergie plus propre (c'est une source d'énergie renouvelable pouvant réduire les émissions en gaz à effet de serre et des gaz polluants), un nouveau déboucher pour la surcapacité de l'agriculture européenne et réduire la dépendance énergétique de l'Europe et ainsi sa sécurité d'approvisionnement.

La thèse commence en présentant brièvement les différentes politiques de l'Union Européenne qui concernent les biocarburants et -combustibles et en énumérant les mesures déjà pris dans le cadre de ces politiques qui donnent du soutien à cette technologie. Ceci inclut les différentes programmes de financement de recherche ou du développement régionale, les mesures de protection de l'environnement concernés, le traitement de cette source d'énergie par les systèmes fiscales réglés au niveau européen (accises et TVA)et surtout les actions dans le cadre de la Politique Agricole Commune (PAC), avec son soutien pour les différentes secteurs agricoles qui peuvent fournir les matières premières pour ces carburants/combustibles. Ceci révèle que l'action actuelle en faveur de cette technologie n'est pas une action intégrée mais de caractère ponctuel et ancillaire. En fait avec beaucoup des mesures existantes, la promotion des biocarburants/biocombustibles n'est pas le but principal, mais un but ancillaire - comme un soutien de cette technologie peut aider à atteindre le but principal,elle est soutenue. Par exemple, dans le cadre de la PAC, le soutien aux biocarburants actuellement est du au souhait de réduire la capacité de production d'autres produits en crise.

Ma thèse par contre, propose des actions qui sont développés spécifiquement avec le but de promouvoir cette technologie, où ce résultat n'est pas le sous-produit du souhait d'atteindre un autre but. Il y a d'abord des propositions sur comment le droit européen peut agir ici sans des modifications majeures,en étendant certaines mesures existantes ou en appliquant d'autres par analogie pour inclure un soutien à cette source d'énergie.

Suit la proposition d'une action intégrée du droit communautaire pour l'intervention en faveur des biocarburants/biocombustibles moyennant un nouveau type d'organisation commune de marché:

Ceci est une application du droit tout à fait innovante dans cette domaine. Il est proposé d'organiser l'intervention moyennant des appels d'offre avant la campagne de culture. Les agriculteurs doivent alors planifier leur production en avance et essayer de trouver des débouchés pour leurs produits avant de commencer à produire.

Sur base des résultats ainsi obtenus, ils demandent du soutien pour obtenir un revenu net équitable. Cette intervention peut prendre tous les formes actuels comme l'achat, aide directe, restitutions à la production,etc.

La thèse ensuite examine la conformité de le méchanisme avec les exigences de base du droit européen,rappellant les principes fondamentaux de droit européen, comme le respect des droits de l'homme, la non-discrimination, le droit à la propriété et la proportionalité,qui doivent être respectés par toute action législative sur le niveau européen.

Puis il y a l'analyse des avantages de cette manière d'intervenir:

En obligeant les producteurs de demander du soutien avant l'ensemencement, tous les décisions sur les types de produit, prix, quantités, etc. doivent être déjà prises et, par conséquent, l'organisme d'intervention n'est pas confronté avec des faits accompli après la récolte.

Au contraire, il connaît à l'avance la production et son niveau envisagée. Ceci offre la possibilité d'éviter des problèmes: l'intervention a le moyen avec l'outil du appel d'offre et le soutien accordé par conséquence, de diriger cette production envisagée en provoquant des changements avant que la production est entamé. De cette manière on peut éviter des surproductions - en refusant des demandes de soutien au delà d'un certain seuil(obligeant les producteurs à chercher des alternatives)ou - en demandant une réduction de la productivité spécifique(exigeant une agriculture plus extensive) si on préfère du soutien spécifique (par unité produite)plus élevé pour combler l'écart entre le revenu de la production et un revenu considéré comme équitable. Cette manière d'intervenir permet aussi de cibler avec plus de précision le soutien aux producteurs qui en ont vraiment besoin en donnant de la priorité aux demandes des producteurs les plus désavantagés, p.ex. les exploitations familiales ou ceux avec une production écologique etc. Alternativement, en offrant plus de possibilités d'obtenir du soutien dans une certaine catégorie de production, ce système peut permettre de inciter d'autres à se convertir pour un type d'agriculture souhaité. Ceci peut donner une direction à l'évolution structurelle de l'agriculture. Actuellement ce souhait de diriger le type d'exploitation se fait par un soutien plus élevé, avec du gaspillage de ressources budgétaires. Le système des appels d'offre (de demandes de soutien)proposé individualise l'intervention pour mieux cibler le soutien à ceux qui en ont besoin sans la rigidité de quotas.

En plus, comme la décision sur le soutien est seulement prise après la formation de contrats de vente des produits (et par conséquence après fixation de leurs prix effectifs), ce système d'intervention en fait laisse plus de liberté au marché que les systèmes actuels, à l'exception des situations où l'évolution de la production (envisagée)risque de provoquer des problèmes et l'intervention par conséquence incite un changement des décisions prises. Normalement ces décisions commerciales ne sont pas influencés par le niveau de soutien accordé après. C'est un type de "deficiency payments" avec la possibilité d'intervenir de manière 'dirigiste' si des problèmes s'annoncent.
Doctorat en droit
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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19

Lai, Hung-kit, and 黎鴻傑. "Energy conservation in building services in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252862.

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20

Knězů, Kristýna. "Legislativní a ekonomické problémy solární energie v ČR." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-71966.

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This work discusses the development of solar energy exploitation in Czech republic and partially in Germany. It contains basic definitions of terms in the area of renewable energy sources, such as solar energy, fotovoltaic powrplants etc. In next part it describes development of solar systems in Czech republic and birth of legislation that regulates it. The main part of the work analyzes status quo of solar systems in Czech republic, especially in relation to continuous development of legislative environment. Equal attention is paid to solar energy evolution in Germany and its simmilarities with Czech environment. Based on these findings potential trends are outlined.

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21

Fischer, Felix Friedrich. "The regulation of Section 17 (2a) of the German Energy Economy Act against the background of current developments of the German and European offshore wind industry." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5750.

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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: With the introduction of Section 17 of the EnWG (German Energy Economy Act), the legislator created a new situation for the complex relationships in the German offshore wind industry. The transmission system operators are now obliged not only to provide the connection for offshore wind farms, but also to reimburse the developers of such plants for the costs they incurred in the course of planning the cable connection between the wind farm and the onshore grid. Forecasts had predicted that by 2007 numerous offshore wind farms would be operational. But no development company in the entire sector had moved beyond the planning phase. However, the rapid development of the offshore wind industry is important in order to achieve the German goal to generate 20% of all energy from renewable energy sources by 2020 and thus contribute to the prevention of grave climate changes. It is also important for the domestic labour market and the initiation of further exports of energy technologies. Early domestic growth will eventually payoff as offshore wind energy is implemented by more countries, which will then rely on the experience of German companies. Under these circumstances, Section 17 (2a) S.3 of the EnWG induces a positive impulse for offshore development. Under the financial constraints that dampened the expectations of developers of offshore wind farms, the suggested reimbursement will offer welcome relief. However a broad interpretation of Section 17 (2a) S.3 of the EnWG must be applied in order to reach the goal of actually enhancing offshore development, as is the legislator's intent. Such a broad interpretation of the reimbursement claim will lead to rapid implementation of the new law, as this will be in the interest of the developers and transmission system operators. The developers will have a large interest in beginning with the actual construction of the wind farm, and the transmission system operators will need to proceed with the planning of the cable connection. Even though improvements remain necessary the introduction of Section 17 (2a) S.3 EnWG can be considered a success.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met die inwerkingstelling van afdeling 17 van die EnGW (Duitse Energie Ekonomie Wet), het die regering 'n nuwe situasie geskep vir die komplekse verhouding in die Duitse see-gebonde wind-energie industrie. Die transmissie stelsel operateurs word nou verplig om nie net die verbinding met die wind-plaas te verskaf nie, maar moet ook die ontwikkelaar van die aanleg vergoed vir enige kostes wat hulle aangegaan het met die beplanning van die verbinding tussen die windplaas en die elektrisiteits-netwerk. Vooruitskattings het voorspel dat verskeie see-gebonde windplase operasioneel sou wees teen 2007. Geen ontwikkelingsmaatskappy het egter al tot dusver verder as die beplanningstadium gevorder nie. Desnieteenstaande, die spoedige ontwikkeling van die see-gebonde wind industrie is onontbeerlik in die Duitse mikpunt om 20% van energiebehoeftes op te wek vanuit hernubare bronne teen 2020 en om dus klimaatsverandering teen te werk. Dit is ook belangrik vir werkskepping in Duitsland en vir die uitvoer van energie tegnologie. Spoedige groei in die industrie sal uiteindelik dividende lewer soos seegebonde wind-energie deur ander lande ontwikkel word en gevolglik op Duitse ervaring moet staatmaak. Onder hierdie omstandighede het afdeling 17 (2a) 5.3 van die EnGW 'n positiewe effek op seegebonde ontwikkeling. As gevolg van die dempende effek wat finansiele beperkinge het op die verwagtinge van ontwikkelaars sal die terugbetalings welkome verligting bied. Dit is egter nodig om 'n bree interpretasie van afdeling 17 (2a) 5.3 van die EnGW te gebruik om die mikpunt van werklike bevordering van seegebonde ontwikkeling te bewerkstellig soos die wetgewer beoog. So 'n bree interpretasie sal lei tot spoedige implimentasie van die nuwe wet omdat dit in die belang van ontwikkelaars en transmissie-netwerk eienaars sal wees. Die ontwikkelaars sal baat daarby om spoedig met ontwikkeling te begin, terwyl die netwerk operateurs vordering sal moet maak met die beplanning van die kabel-verbinding. Ten spyte daarvan dat verdere verbeteringe nodig is kan die inwerkingstelling van afdeling 17 (2a) 5.3 van die EnGW as 'n sukses gereken word.

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22

Ševčíková, Kateřina. "Zpracování projektu fotovoltaického systému." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216786.

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The diploma thesis deals with elaboration of project solar thermal and photovoltaic solar systems for all-season service. The theoretical part focuses on the general description of the solar thermal and photovoltaic systems, legislation of renewable sources in the Czech Republic and the status of photovoltaics in the Czech Republic. The experimental part deals with the design of measures for energy saving by using solar energy systems. These measures are proposed for construction of houses in Podolí u Brna, especially on extra-family house. The aim of the work is to make a proportioning, choosing the right parts and calculating the economic and ecologic balance. Finally, thesis gives recommendations for further action in saving energy in houses in Podolí u Brna.

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23

Голик, О. П., O. Holyk, С. Г. Стеценко, S. Stetsenko, П. А. Цирфа та P. Tsyrfa. "Дослідження енергетичного потенціалу сонячної енергії в Кіровоградському регіоні". Thesis, Черкаський державний технічний університет, Черкаси, 2016. http://dspace.kntu.kr.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/5842.

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Наведено результаті аналізу та обробки статистичних даних з інтенсивності сонячного випромінювання в Кіровоградському регіоні за 2009-2015 рр. Визначено імовірнісний закон розподілу інтенсивності сонячного випромінювання, який відповідає експериментальних даних та має аналітичний вигляд. Завдяки програмному пакету Matlab вдалось отримати аналітичний вираз імовірнісного закону розподілу інтенсивності сонячного випромінювання, який відповідає експериментальним даним. Отримані результати в подальшому можна використовувати при проектуванні систем енергозабезпечення з альтернативними джерелами енергії The results of the analysis and processing of statistical data on the intensity of solar radiation in the Kirovohrad region during 2009-2015. Probabilistic distribution law determined intensity of solar radiation, which corresponds to experimental data and is an analytical view. Thanks to the software package Matlab retrieve probabilistic analytical expression of the distribution of the intensity of solar radiation, which corresponds to experimental data. The results can be used later in the design of energy from alternative energy sources

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Pradel, Nicolas. "La politique énergétique extérieure de l'Union Européenne et le droit." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1074.

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Depuis 2006, la politique énergétique extérieure de l’Union européenne a été significativement renforcée. Cette politique très ambitieuse vise à assurer la sécurité des approvisionnements énergétiques dans l’Union et à contribuer à une utilisation plus durable de l’énergie à l’échelle universelle. Si le dialogue politique et les aides économiques sont essentiels à ces égards, l’Union fait principalement appel au droit pour libéraliser les marchés énergétiques des États tiers se trouvant à sa périphérie et pour diffuser sa vision de l’utilisation durable de l’énergie sur la scène internationale. Pour quelles raisons l’Union a-t-elle essentiellement recours au droit dans le cadre de cette politique ? S’agit-il d’un instrument efficace ? C’est à ces deux grandes questions que cette étude est consacrée
Since 2006, the European Union’s external energy policy has been strengthening significantly. This ambitious EU policy is aimed at ensuring the security of energy supply in the EU and to contribute to more sustainable use of energy around the world. If political dialogue and economic aid are essential, the EU resorts principally to the law in order to liberalise energy markets of the third States in its periphery and to spread its vision of sustainable energy on the international stage. For which reasons does the EU use primarily the law in this policy? Is this instrument efficient? It is these two majors questions that this study addresses

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25

Деревянко, Богдан Володимирович, та Bogdan Derevyanko. "Питання законодавчого забезпечення енерго- та ресурсозбереження в Україні". Thesis, Сумський національний аграрний університет, 2015. http://dspace.puet.edu.ua/handle/123456789/6664.

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Підняти Україну до провідних за рівнем розвитку економіки країн світу можливо шляхом розроблення й одночасного введення в дію норм господарського, цивільного, адміністративного і кримінального законодавства, спрямованих на одночасне стимулювання громадян та суб’єктів господарювання до економного користування енергетичними та іншими природними ресурсами і посилення відповідальності за їх надмірне споживання й застосування застарілих технологій і обладнання громадянами у побуті й суб’єктами господарювання в економіці, а також за порушення посадовими особами суб’єктів господарювання та громадянами України й іноземцями адміністративного і кримінального законодавства, більш суворого за чинне. Поднять Украину на уровень экономически развитых государств возможно путем разработки и одновременного введения в действие норм хозяйственного, гражданского, административного и уголовного законодательства, направленных на одновременное стимулирование граждан и субъектов хозяйствования к экономному использованию энергетических и других природных ресурсов и усиления ответственности за их чрезмерное потребление и применение устаревших технологий и оборудования гражданами в быту и субъектами хозяйствования в экономике, а также за нарушение должностными лицами субъектов хозяйствования и гражданами Украины и иностранцами административного и уголовного законодательства. Raise Ukraine's to the leading countries possible through the development and implementation the norms of economical, civil, administrative and criminal legislation designed to stimulate citizens and economic entities to economical use of energy and other natural resources and increased responsibility for their excessive consumption and use outdated technology.

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Деревянко, Богдан Володимирович, Богдан Владимирович Деревянко та Bohdan Volodymyrovych Derevianko. "Питання законодавчого забезпечення енерго- та ресурсозбереження в Україні". Thesis, Сумський національний аграрний університет, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/48707.

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Анотація:

Підняти Україну до провідних за рівнем розвитку економіки країн світу можливо шляхом розроблення й одночасного введення в дію норм господарського, цивільного, адміністративного і кримінального законодавства, спрямованих на одночасне стимулювання громадян та суб’єктів господарювання до економного користування енергетичними та іншими природними ресурсами і посилення відповідальності за їх надмірне споживання й застосування застарілих технологій і обладнання громадянами у побуті й суб’єктами господарювання в економіці, а також за порушення посадовими особами суб’єктів господарювання та громадянами України й іноземцями адміністративного і кримінального законодавства, більш суворого за чинне.
Поднять Украину на уровень экономически развитых государств возможно путем разработки и одновременного введения в действие норм хозяйственного, гражданского, административного и уголовного законодательства, направленных на одновременное стимулирование граждан и субъектов хозяйствования к экономному использованию энергетических и других природных ресурсов и усиления ответственности за их чрезмерное потребление и применение устаревших технологий и оборудования гражданами в быту и субъектами хозяйствования в экономике, а также за нарушение должностными лицами субъектов хозяйствования и гражданами Украины и иностранцами административного и уголовного законодательства.
Raise Ukraine's to the leading countries possible through the development and implementation the norms of economical, civil, administrative and criminal legislation designed to stimulate citizens and economic entities to economical use of energy and other natural resources and increased responsibility for their excessive consumption and use outdated technology.

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Деревянко, Богдан Володимирович, Богдан Владимирович Деревянко та Bogdan Derevyanko. "Нові види господарської діяльності як резерв розширення предмета регулювання господарським законодавством". Thesis, Вінниця: Донецький національний університет імені Василя Стуса, 2019. http://dspace.puet.edu.ua/handle/123456789/7462.

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Наведено лише чотири відносно нових видів господарської діяльності, які найближчим часом можуть бути легалізовані (як у випадку із видобутком криптовалюти чи діяльністю у сфері грального бізнесу), запроваджені (як генерування енергії та використання у господарській діяльності засобів виробництва, що використовують енергію води та світла; а також видобуток корисних копалин на інших планетах). Можливість здійснення цих видів діяльність має бути законодавчо забезпечена господарським законодавством України. На першому етапі може бути застосовано правило аналогії закону. Проте пізніше у будь-якому разі має бути розширене різнорівневе та різногалузеве господарське законодавство. Сьогодні не на часі говорити про декодифікацію господарського законодавства. Прогресом буде його рекодифікація у бік підвищення якості регулювання і збільшення обсягів та змісту. Приведены лишь четыре относительно новых видов хозяйственной деятельности, которые в ближайшее время могут быть легализованы (как в случае с добычей криптовалюты или деятельностью в сфере игорного бизнеса), введены (как генерирование энергии и использования в хозяйственной деятельности средств производства, использующих энергию воды и света; а также добыча полезных ископаемых на других планетах). Возможность осуществления этих видов деятельности должна быть законодательно обеспечена хозяйственным законодательством Украины. На первом этапе может быть применено правило аналогии закона. Однако позже в любом случае должно быть расширено разноуровневое и разноотраслевое хозяйственное законодательство. Сегодня не время говорить о декодификации законодательства. Прогрессом будет его рекодификация в сторону повышения качества регулирования и увеличения объемов и содержания.
Four relatively new types of economic activities were introduced, which in the near future can be legalized (as is the case with cryptocurrency mining or gambling business), introduced (such as generating energy and using economic means of production using energy from water and light; as well as mining on other planets). The possibility of carrying out these types of activities should be legally provided by the economic legislation of Ukraine. At the first stage, the rule of law analogy can be applied. However, later in any case, diversified economic legislation should be expanded. Today is not the time to talk about the decodification of economic legislation. Progress will be its recodification in the direction of improving the quality of regulation and increasing volumes and content.

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Деревянко, Богдан Володимирович, Богдан Владимирович Деревянко та Bogdan Volodymyrovych Derevyanko. "Нові види господарської діяльності як резерв розширення предмета регулювання господарським законодавством". Thesis, Донецький національний університет імені Василя Стуса, 2019. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/75016.

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Анотація:

Наведено чотири відносно нових видів господарської діяльності, які найближчим часом можуть бути легалізовані (як у випадку із видобутком криптовалюти чи діяльністю у сфері грального бізнесу), запроваджені (як генерування енергії та використання у господарській діяльності засобів виробництва, що використовують енергію води та світла; а також видобуток корисних копалин на інших планетах). Можливість здійснення цих видів діяльність має бути законодавчо забезпечена господарським законодавством України. На першому етапі може бути застосовано правило аналогії закону. Проте пізніше у будь-якому разі має бути розширене різнорівневе та різногалузеве господарське законодавство. Сьогодні не на часі говорити про декодифікацію господарського законодавства. Прогресом буде його рекодифікація у бік підвищення якості регулювання і збільшення обсягів та змісту.
Приведены четыре относительно новых видов хозяйственной деятельности, которые в ближайшее время могут быть легализованы (как в случае с добычей криптовалюты или деятельностью в сфере игорного бизнеса), введены (как генерирование энергии и использования в хозяйственной деятельности средств производства, использующих энергию воды и света; а также добыча полезных ископаемых на других планетах). Возможность осуществления этих видов деятельности должна быть законодательно обеспечена хозяйственным законодательством Украины. На первом этапе может быть применено правило аналогии закона. Однако позже в любом случае должно быть расширено разноуровневое и разноотраслевое хозяйственное законодательство. Сегодня не время говорить о декодификации законодательства. Прогрессом будет его рекодификация в сторону повышения качества регулирования и увеличения объемов и содержания.
Four relatively new types of economic activities were introduced, which in the near future can be legalized (as is the case with cryptocurrency mining or gambling business), introduced (such as generating energy and using economic means of production using energy from water and light; as well as mining on other planets). The possibility of carrying out these types of activities should be legally provided by the economic legislation of Ukraine. At the first stage, the rule of law analogy can be applied. However, later in any case, diversified economic legislation should be expanded. Today is not the time to talk about the decodification of economic legislation. Progress will be its recodification in the direction of improving the quality of regulation and increasing volumes and content.

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Murombo, Tumai. "Law, regulation, and the promotion of renewable energy in South Africa." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/22155.

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Анотація:

thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PhD) in the School of Law at the University of the Witwatersrand
Many countries are under pressure to transition from fossil to renewable sources of energy. This pressure comes from multiple points including sustainable energy and climate change imperatives. The energy industry, especially electricity generation, is the main source of greenhouse gases, hence the significance of reductions in this industry. The purpose of this study was to conduct a legal analysis of the renewable energy law in the context of energy law generally in South Africa, to understand the regulatory function of law in promoting renewable energy. The study analysed government legal and policy positions, and the response by non-state actors to such policy positions and laws. Through a qualitative analysis of primary and secondary sources of law and public participation documents, the study found that; while South Africa is committed to renewable energy, its socio-economic, cultural, and environmental context superimposes other priorities that impede progress towards renewable energy. Several obstacles to renewable energy were identified, some internal to energy law and others external to it, coming from other areas such as environmental law, governance, economics, and behavioural sciences. Analysis at the convergence of environmental and energy law revealed misalignment and fragmentation as major obstacles to renewable energy. While barriers are common across the globe, countries cannot apply the same responses with the same results. Regulatory responses, beyond the traditional ‘command and control’ tools are context specific and tools that have worked, in other countries, may not be as effective in South Africa. Socio-economic dynamics determine the legal responses to the barriers to renewable energy or the efficacy of economic incentives to promote renewable energy. However, overall, law and regulation can, and must, play a crucial enabling role by removing barriers to renewable energy. Nevertheless, there are limits to the use law ‘as regulation.’ Renewables will not replace fossil sources yet; rather in the long-term, renewables should become a big part of the energy mix. Despite gaining price competitiveness, it is too early for renewables to displace conventional fossil sources in a context of entrenched structural and institutional obstacles. Concomitant technical, market, economic, and environmental and resource governance interventions are necessary to effectively promote an energy mix substantially composed of renewables. The study recommends that law should create an enabling regulatory environment for renewable energy. South Africa has not used law effectively enough to create this environment, thereby impeding the integration of renewable energy into its energy mix. Aligning energy and environmental law, among other incentives, can enhance this role of law. Legal reforms are necessary to remove the regulatory advantage afforded to conventional sources of electricity and level the playing field.
MT2017

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30

Rysanek, Adam M. "Second Law Performance Analysis of a Large Thermal Energy Storage Vessel using CFD." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/5178.

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This work is an example of a CFD-assisted design and characterization process for thermal energy storage vessels. A general modeling technique for future works is also proposed. The Short-Term Thermal Storage (STTS) tanks at the Drake Landing Solar Community (DLSC) were used as the principal case study. The performance characterization of the STTS tanks and the evaluation of other tank designs were made under solar charging conditions and for the STTS “Hot Tank” only. Three sets of simulations were undertaken for each tank design, each representing a different state of inlet conditions reflected in the DLSC’s operational manual. Characterization of the STTS tanks was done mainly by applying a set of 2nd Law characterization indices, both existing and new, using exergy as the primary Figure of Merit. It was evident that significant mixing occurs in the current STTS tanks due to the ineffective placement of the inlet ports and the lack of an appropriate flow diffuser to prevent mixing. For example, at the end of the simulations exhibiting constant inlet temperature and flow rate, the total exergy in the original STTS tank was only 68% of a perfectly-stratified vessel. A modified design of the STTS tanks, which only shifted the position of the inlet port and center baffle, significantly improved this value to over 90%. Additional analysis also indicated that the STTS tanks would benefit from a simple flow distributor or inlet manifold that would address stratification issues inherent to variable temperature inlet conditions. However, further analysis on this particular design configuration is needed. The characterization methods employed in this work represent an effective means to differentiate between the stratification effectiveness of various thermal storage vessel designs. This work would further benefit from a future study that compares changes to the STTS tanks’ stratification efficiency with changes to the DLSC’s overall performance, including a cost-benefit analysis.
Thesis (Master, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-09-18 05:50:58.362

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31

Hsiao, Yu-Cheng, and 蕭堉成. "Comments on Legal Issues and Study on Legislation of Offshore Wind Energy—Lessons from the German Law." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/memb3d.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
107
Since the end of 20th century, to response for environmental change caused by greenhouse effect and climate change, the trend of sustainable development and to develop renewable energy aroused internationally. Afterward, Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster broke out in 2011, brought international society’s attentions about renewable energy again. Every country reevaluated its nuclear policy and some of country even decided to promote renewable energy more actively in order to substitute nuclear energy. Under such background, Taiwan has also been involved in renewable energy development. Especially, the new government declared the “nuclear-free homeland” target when it took office in 2016, Offshore wind energy then become an important part of energy transition in Taiwan. However, offshore wind energy policy gain attention in Taiwan society in recent years, public opinion is differently and many controversies aroused in the progress of implementing policy. This thesis observed from the policies and regulations about offshore wind energy development, gathering the critics and opinions from scholars and government, and do discover many problems of present legal scheme. The most important one is current insufficient-standardize-density foundation of law, which caused administration acts are lack of legal basis. Meanwhile, complex and complicated administrative procedure and reckless decision on sea area planning also bring issues in offshore wind energy developing process. On contrary to Taiwan, Germany has gained rich experience and development scale on offshore wind energy. Such successful situation should be contributed to sufficient legal foundation, which made the policy implemented fluently. Moreover, Germany has legislated “WindSeeG” for offshore wind energy and being effective since 2017. This law combines offshore wind farm development and grid expansion and make it benefit to each other. Such legislative experience is precisely corresponding to the present legal condition in Taiwan, which needs enriching legal foundation. Therefore, this thesis would study on German law experience to provide the aspect of comparative law for present legal issues, and take it into consideration for legalization work of offshore wind energy in Taiwan. In the opinion of this thesis, the success of WindSeeG is based on mature development on administrative plan legal scheme and plan approval process, which has been adopted in offshore wind development and grid expansion. Though the regulations about administrative plan also being regulated in Taiwan administrative procedure law, Taiwan is lack of experience and the content of such regulations are too simple in contrary. Therefore, the first step to legalize the offshore wind energy development, is to introduce the experience of administrative plan and plan approval process in German law. Secondly, it should be adopted to offshore wind development procedure through adequate legal basis. In this way, current issue about insufficient standardize density could be resolved and the aim to simplify develop procedure could be reached at same time.

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32

Bradshaw, Amanda. "Electricity Market Reforms and Renewable Energy: The Case of Wind and Solar in Brazil." Thesis, 2018. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8GB3MQT.

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This dissertation investigates the relationship between electricity market reforms and the development of renewable energy through interviews with policymakers, energy experts, and industry representatives in Brazil. Within the context of market-oriented power reforms initiated in the 1990s, policymakers have attempted to diversify the energy supply and reduce the country’s reliance on hydroelectric power. However, Brazil’s pre-existing hydropower infrastructure has hindered the diffusion of alternative options. By looking at energy auctions and net-metering regulations for wind and solar energy, this research explores the role of independent regulators in facilitating the development of non-hydro renewable sources of energy. While academic and policy debates center on designing public support schemes for renewable energy, this research argues that adaptive regulation can provide opportunities for new technologies that policy instruments alone are unable to achieve. In particular, the governance characteristics of regulatory agencies are critical to the effective articulation of renewable energy policies. Three subnational case studies further demonstrate how states and regions contribute to developing and deploying wind and solar energy technologies.

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33

Botha, Erika. "A structured approach to energy risk management for the South African financial services sector." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23560.

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Energy conservation, efficiency and renewable energy have become a vital part of everyday life and business. The increase in energy cost and the consequences of greenhouse gas emissions necessitates energy management and in particular energy risk management within organisations. Organisations need to manage the possible negative effect that the increased costs will have within the organisation. The present research investigated the introduction of a structured approach to energy risk management within the financial services sector of South Africa. The research followed a quantitative, non-experimental research design by using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was sent to managers within the financial services sector. The research investigated the criteria for the implementation of a structured approach to energy risk management such as organisational requirements (culture, corporate social responsibility, management, and finance), governance, energy strategies (energy conservation, efficiency and renewable energy), risk identification, risk management and lastly communication and review. The research found that the structured approach to energy risk management should include the context within the organisation namely organisational requirements, governance and energy strategies. Thereafter the risks within the energy strategies need to be identified, analysed and evaluated, and control measures need to be implemented. It is important to monitor the various energy strategies continuously in order to identify corrections and implement preventative actions. The strategies need to be reviewed and communicated in terms of the various strategies to all stakeholders within the organisation in order to set continual improvement plans. Risk management should form part of the energy management strategies of organisations. The research showed that energy risk management plays an important role in the overall business strategy and that the vast majority of financial services organisations have already implemented some form of energy management. There are however aspects that are still lacking within management strategies that need attention.
D. Phil. (Management Studies)
Business Management

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34

Qasaymeh, Khaled Ahmed. "South Africa’s peaceful use of nuclear energy under the nuclear non-proliferation treaty and related treaties." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13855.

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Text in English
Energy is the natural power stored in matter which can be potential and kinetic energy. This occurs in nature in various forms such as chemical energy, thermal energy, electromagnetic radiation, gravitational energy, electric energy, elastic energy, nuclear energy, and rest energy. The scientific research relating to nuclear energy has revealed that atoms are the foundation of matter. In 1905 Albert Einstein initiated the quantum revolution utilising the Newtonian mass-energy equivalence concept in order to put his famous equation: E =mc2, where energy is (E). This facilitated the nuclear research which focused on manufacturing the first atomic bomb. In 1945 the USA acquired its first two atomic bombs which were dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima, killing 200 000 people; mostly civilians. But nuclear energy research has been redirected by scientists in order to industrialise nuclear technology in order to address growing power needs. This encouraged policy makers to consider the risks posed by utilising nuclear energy for civil purposes. The shift towards peaceful nuclear energy applications has been motivated by the many valuable contributions to humankind which nuclear energy offers - for instance in the fields of energy generation, human health, agriculture and industry. The nature of nuclear energy lends itself to becoming an important component of the world energy and global economic system. Nuclear energy is a viable option for many countries including South Africa, because it offers an economic and clean source of electricity; the primary engine for socio-economic development. South Africa operates the only two nuclear power reactors in Africa, (Koeberg 1 and Koeberg 2) generating 1.8 GWe. South Africa’s energy supply infrastructure consists fundamentally of coal-fired power plants which pose serious threats to the environment. Therefore, it is assumed that the planned 9.6 GW of new nuclear capacity by 2030 will meet the requirements of South Africa’s policy regarding the diversification of available energy resources to secure energy supply, support economic growth, and contribute to environmental management. Consequently, the legal system which governs nuclear energy programme is intended to prohibit the proliferation of nuclear weapons, ensure security and maintain the safe operation of nuclear facilities.
Public, Constitutional, & International Law
LL.D.

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Дисертації з теми "Solar energy Law and legislation"

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