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1
Fernández Masiá, Enrique. "España ante el arbitraje internacional por los recortes a las energías renovables: una representación en tres actos, por ahora = Spain before the international arbitration for the cut to renewable energies: a representation in three acts, for now." CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 9, no. 2 (October 5, 2017): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2017.3895.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Resumen: El 4 de mayo de 2017 se hizo público el tercer laudo en relación con la saga de arbitrajes contra España por las medidas en el ámbito energético. Después de dos victorias de España, el tercer laudo en el caso Eiser, ha sido el primero donde el tribunal arbitral ha concedido una indemnización a los demandantes en relación con las medidas aplicadas que suponen un recorte de los incentivos y beneficios ofrecidos para promover la inversión en el sector de energía solar fotovoltaica. La interpretación del tratamiento justo y equitativo en estos casos y, especialmente en el caso Eiser, puede tener un gran impacto en los arbitrajes que todavía están pendientes contra España por las mismas medidas.Palabras clave: arbitraje de inversiones, energías renovables, medidas legislativas, expropiación indirecta, tratamiento justo y equitativo.Abstract: On May 4, 2017 the third final award on the Spanish energy arbitration saga was unveiled. After two wins for Spain, the recent award in Eiser case has been the first where the arbitral tribunal has granted damages for the claimants, in relation to the measures applied to cut the incentives and benefits offered to promote investment in the photovoltaic solar power sector. The intepretation of the fair and equitable treatment in these cases, specially in the Eiser case, can have a great impact in the remaining arbitrations against Spain for the same measures.Keywords: investment arbitration, renewable energies, legislative measures, indirect expropriation, fair and equitable treatment.
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Giostra, Simone, Gabriele Masera, and Rafaella Monteiro. "Solar Typologies: A Comparative Analysis of Urban Form and Solar Potential." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (July 22, 2022): 9023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Efficient use of energy in the construction sector is a pillar of the European Union’s 2050 climate protection goals, yet legislation makes no explicit reference to urban morphology or building form, which are recognized as key to energy performance in buildings. Rapidly changing energy standards and new requirements for on-site energy production demand a vigorous scrutiny of established urban typologies that are largely the product of an older energy regime. The research explores a set of 312 building shapes with floor-to-area ratio (FAR) of 3 within a given plot to identify emerging trends, ranges, and correlations between geometric variables, visual comfort, and energy indicators. Cases are grouped and evaluated in relation to three main urban typologies to highlight unique features related to each typology. The paper also compares two groups of results related to passive and active solar potential, respectively, to identify formal traits that are specific to each of these two design strategies. Finally, the research ranks design options based on total energy use taking into account the energy need for artificial lighting as well as contributions from both passive energy savings and active energy production. Results show that energy demand across cases varies by a factor 2 for passive strategies and a factor 5 when active potential is considered based on shape alone. Best results are clearly positioned at the two extremes of the geometric and proportional range. On the one hand, low-rise compact bar and courtyard buildings that are perhaps most prevalent in our cities today may be effectively retrofitted to meet active energy targets. On the other hand, extremely tall and slim towers appear to be the only typology in the study with the potential to achieve zero-energy status by virtue of their form alone. The work sheds light on the formal implications of EU energy mandates and offers a glimpse of how buildings may adapt to the combined selective pressures of high on-site energy fraction and low energy use to shape our future cities.
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Lau, Lin-Sea, Yuen-Onn Choong, Suet-Ling Ching, Chooi-Yi Wei, Abdelhak Senadjki, Chee-Keong Choong, and Ai-Na Seow. "Expert insights on Malaysia’s residential solar-energy policies: shortcomings and recommendations." Clean Energy 6, no. 4 (July 22, 2022): 619–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkac043.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Malaysia has a long way before achieving the 20% renewable-energy penetration by 2025. Currently, merely 2% of the country’s electricity is generated by renewable energy sources including solar power. Unlike the abundant literature about solar energy, qualitative studies that focus on experts’ opinions on the weaknesses of residential solar-energy policies have received less attention, particularly in the context of Malaysia. Understanding the flaws in the existing policies would lead to creating a better policy framework for solar-energy development. Thus, this study aims to identify the shortcomings of the current government initiatives and policies that deter solar photovoltaic adoption among households from experts’ perspectives. Experts also provide recommendations for better future policy design and implementation. This study employs a qualitative research approach (via semi-structured interviews) in collecting experts’ viewpoints. Key concerns emerging from the interviews include insufficient financial support, lack of awareness programmes and subsidized electricity tariffs. Also, interviewed experts suggest sufficient financial incentives, increased public awareness programmes and comprehensive legislation aimed at safeguarding consumer interests as a means to raising solar-energy adoption in the country. This underlines the need for policymakers to create public awareness, provide financial support and develop regulatory measures aimed at managing solar companies for the sake of solar development in Malaysia.
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TYMOSHENKO, Kateryna. "Critical analysis of regulatory and legal support of accounting at green energy enterprises of Ukraine." Naukovi pratsi NDFI 2022, no. 1 (August 25, 2022): 122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/npndfi2022.01.122.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the current state of Ukraine's martial law, the issue of energy autonomy is becoming extremely important, and renewable energy, especially solar, is one of the key tools in achieving this goal. An important role in stimulating the creation of new solar power plants, as well as the most productive activities of existing ones, is played by the proper regulatory and methodological support of accounting at SPP. The current legislative provision of cost accounting and costing of electricity generation do not provide adequate coverage of significant industry specifics, which is the cause of distortion of accounting data and production costs. The expediency of updating the current legislation, which will be aimed at developing guidelines for accounting in this area, which in turn will ensure the unification of approaches to methodology and methods of accounting for solar power plants, promote effective and efficient management of resources of economic entities; reasonable volumes of electricity generation, which will be necessary for optimal profitability of production.
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Xu, Xiaofeng, Xiangyu Chen, Yi Xu, Tao Wang, and Yifan Zhang. "Improving the Innovative Performance of Renewable Energy Enterprises in China: Effects of Subsidy Policy and Intellectual Property Legislation." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (July 4, 2022): 8169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14138169.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Energy efficiency and emissions reductions are effective initiatives to address climate change and energy security. China has increased government subsidies and intellectual property protection (IPP) intensity to promote technological innovation in the renewable energy sector. This paper selects samples of geothermal, wind, and solar energy companies and examines whether the two initiatives mentioned above can improve company innovation, and assesses their action pathways. The results reveal that: (i) government subsidies can directly facilitate renewable energy enterprises’ innovative performance, and research and development (R&D) input served as a medium; and (ii) the intensity of IPP moderation needed for geothermal and solar enterprises to utilize the government subsidy to enhance innovation. The government should consider the differences of different sub-sectors of renewable energy when increasing subsidies. Better laws and policies are needed to strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights and stimulate innovation in renewable energy enterprises.
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Iheanetu, Kelachukwu J. "Solar Photovoltaic Power Forecasting: A Review." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 19, 2022): 17005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142417005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The recent global warming effect has brought into focus different solutions for combating climate change. The generation of climate-friendly renewable energy alternatives has been vastly improved and commercialized for power generation. As a result of this industrial revolution, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have drawn much attention as a power generation source for varying applications, including the main utility-grid power supply. There has been tremendous growth in both on- and off-grid solar PV installations in the last few years. This trend is expected to continue over the next few years as government legislation and awareness campaigns increase to encourage a shift toward using renewable energy alternatives. Despite the numerous advantages of solar PV power generation, the highly variable nature of the sun’s irradiance in different seasons of various geopolitical areas/regions can significantly affect the expected energy yield. This variation directly impacts the profitability or economic viability of the system, and cannot be neglected. To overcome this challenge, various procedures have been applied to forecast the generated solar PV energy. This study provides a comprehensive and systematic review of recent advances in solar PV power forecasting techniques with a focus on data-driven procedures. It critically analyzes recent studies on solar PV power forecasting to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the techniques or models implemented. The clarity provided will form a basis for higher accuracy in future models and applications.
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Katusiime, Juliet, and Brigitta Schütt. "Towards Legislation Responsive to Integrated Watershed Management Approaches and Land Tenure." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 25, 2023): 2221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032221.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Land tenure affects integrated watershed management approaches in various ways, such as influencing land use and investment in sustainability practices and decisions. However, some land tenure and integrated watershed management relations need more examination, including how the prevailing relevant legislation responds and the needed course of action. In this paper, we provide relevant evidence to support a shift to responsive actions and legislation through (a) examining land tenure scenarios affecting integrated watershed management, including the public–private land tenure co-existence from a watershed perspective; (b) the responsiveness of the prevailing relevant legislation to integrated watershed management and the land tenure scenarios and (c) identifying legislative remedies recommendable for responsiveness. We use qualitative methods to review secondary data sources, including four legislations, and complement them with field survey data. Field experiences are from three sub-catchments in the Lake Victoria basin, each representing a different land tenure system, as case studies. Land tenure links with integrated watershed management in various ways, such as influencing land use decisions. However, underscoring the relationship from the private and public land tenure perspective also indicates a complex and tense spatial relationship. As such, it likely limits adopting sustainable land use and management practices in watersheds as a case. Regardless, the perceptions from the study area indicate the land tenure systems and forms enabling sustainable choices and decisions, despite limitations such as tenure insecurity. The disconnect between integrated watershed management aspirations of ensuring sustainability, the land tenure abilities and the subsequent human practices is mainly institutional, with the relevant legislation indicating a low to moderate level of responsiveness to integrated watershed management approaches and land tenure, thus, abating effectiveness. Therefore, we suggest a shift towards responsive programming and legislation and the adoption of model legislation to support responsiveness replication. We also recommend further studies to assess the legal gaps and feasibility thereof.
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Song, Dongdong, Haitian Pei, Yuewen Liu, Haiyong Wei, Shengfu Yang, and Shougeng Hu. "Review on Legislative System of Photovoltaic Industry Development in China." Energies 15, no. 1 (January 3, 2022): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010306.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As one of the world’s largest energy consumers, China is facing the challenge of growing energy demand. Under this background, China is actively implementing the concept of green development and sustainable development route. As inexhaustible green energy, solar energy, has been established as an independent energy type by the Renewable Energy Law and has a broad development prospect. At present, the industrialization level of photovoltaic manufacturing in China is constantly improving, and the efficiency of photovoltaic power generation is constantly improving. However, from the perspective of the system, China’s photovoltaic industry supporting legal system is not perfect. There is a mismatch between the existing laws and industrial development needs, which restricts the future development of photovoltaic power generation in China. The legal environment is crucial to the development of a country’s relevant industries. Only with a good supporting legal system can the development and utilization of solar energy be carried out reasonably and orderly. The PV industry legislation should be adjusted and responded to in a timely manner according to the development situation of the PV industry and the PV market, so as to speed up the introduction of core laws in the PV field, continuously improve the supporting legal system, and effectively play the role of institutional protection of the law.
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Ma, Yue, Leslie Wong, Benjamin Steven Vien, Thomas Kuen, Jayantha Kodikara, and Wing Kong Chiu. "Quasi-Active Thermal Imaging of Large Floating Covers Using Ambient Solar Energy." Remote Sensing 12, no. 20 (October 21, 2020): 3455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12203455.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Melbourne Water Corporation has two large anaerobic lagoons at the Western Treatment Plant (WTP), Werribee, Victoria, Australia. The lagoons are covered using numerous sheets of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes to prevent the emission of odorous gases and to harness biogas as a source of renewable energy. Some of the content of raw sewage can accumulate and form into a solid mass (called “scum”). The development of a large body of solid scum that rises to the surface of the lagoon (called “scumbergs”) deforms the covers and may affect its structural integrity. Currently, there is no method able to effectively “see-through” the opaque covers to define the spread of the scum underneath the cover. Hence, this paper investigates a new quasi-active thermal imaging method that uses ambient solar radiation to determine the extent of the solid matter under the geomembrane. This method was devised by using infrared thermography and a pyranometer to constantly monitor the transient temperature response of the HDPE geomembrane using the time varying ambient solar radiation. Newton’s cooling law is implemented to define the resultant cooling constants. The results of laboratory-scale tests demonstrate the capability of the quasi-active thermography to identify the presence and the extent of solid matter under the cover. This paper demonstrates, experimentally, the importance of measuring the surface temperature of the cover and solar intensity profiles to obtain the cooling process when during variations in solar intensity during normal sunrise, sunset, daily transitioning from morning–afternoon–evening and cloud cover events. The timescale associated with these events are different and the results show that these daily transient temperature cycles of the geomembranes can be used to detect the extent of the accumulation of solid matter underneath the geomembrane. The conclusions from this work will be further developed for field trials to practically monitor the growth in the extent of the scum under the floating covers in WTP with the ambient solar energy.
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Schreiber, Markus. "Regulation of Energy Storage Systems in the DACH Countries." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 29, Issue 5 (October 1, 2020): 168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2020041.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the mid – to long-term, energy storage systems may be necessary to balance the stochastic electricity production of renewable energies such as wind and solar. Many different storage solutions are either already technologically mature or on the brink of market introduction. However, regulatory barriers may hinder investments in storage capacity. Energy law in European countries typically defines very specific roles for different market participants, such as producers, grid operators or final customers. Storage systems often do not fit into these categories, or may simultaneously fall under several different rule sets. This raises many legal questions which have yet to be addressed by the courts. Especially problematic is the question of whether storage systems have to pay grid usage fees, which is closely related to their possible classification as final customers and may restrict many potential business models. This article compares the corresponding regulation in the main German-speaking (DACH) countries; Germany, Austria and Switzerland while also taking into account relevant EU legislation. Energy Storage, Renewable Energy, Grid Tariffs, Final Customer, Electricity Internal Market Directive, Unbundling
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Cristea, Ciprian, Maria Cristea, Dan Doru Micu, Andrei Ceclan, Radu-Adrian Tîrnovan, and Florica Mioara Șerban. "Tridimensional Sustainability and Feasibility Assessment of Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaic Systems Applied for the Technical University of Cluj-Napoca." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (August 31, 2022): 10892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710892.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nowadays, as the technology behind solar photovoltaic systems has been significantly improved, along with a significant decrease in costs, grid-connected photovoltaic systems are becoming an important option to reach a low-carbon energy transition. The high cost of electricity consumed at the Technical University of Cluj-Napoca represented a good reason for the university to increase its energy efficiency by adopting and increasing energy consumption from renewable energy sources. This paper assesses the technical, economic, and environmental feasibility of deploying four photovoltaic systems at the aforementioned university situated in the Northwestern part of Romania, according to the Romanian renewable energy legislation. PVSOL software has been used to estimate the performance of photovoltaic installations. The results indicated that the most viable distributed generation system is the one with a capacity of 100 kW, meeting approximately 23 percent of university electricity needs, and at the same time, reducing carbon dioxide emissions by approximately 460 tons. A sensitivity analysis has been performed to evaluate the effect of several critical parameters on the PV system’s economic feasibility. The results provide valuable decision-making information regarding the buildings’ solar potential for other universities, supporting the transition to solar energy.
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Al-Akhmmadi, Saer, and Larysa Shuldan. "KEY PRINCIPLES OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS INTEGRATION IN THE BUILDINGS OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE." Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 14, no. 2021 (2021): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2020.14.006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The problem of photovoltaics integration into the building of architectural heritage is in the zone of compromise between aspects of preservation and long-term use. The quality and success of such energy modernization are based on the principles of preserving and extending the term of the utilitarian use of buildings. It is crucial in this situation to determine the key principles of solar cell integration into buildings that form the historic environment. The constituent values of historic buildings form the basis for their definition. Domestic researchers have previously focused on some issues of "inconsistency" in the domestic monument protection legislation, which occur not only without formal violations of the law but on the contrary, based on its rules. The article continues the research of problems, methods, rules, and limitations of photovoltaic systems integration into the architecture of historical buildings initiated by the authors. The purpose of this article is to consider issues related to the cultural value preservation of the historic buildings in the integration of solar systems, as well as to determine the priorities, value characteristics defined by legislative and regulatory documents of Ukraine, value components of the historic buildings. The purpose is also to measure the value components` interaction and to form the principles of solar cell integration based on it. The basic priority in making decisions on energy modernization, switching to new energy types, and introducing solar generation, is to promote the preservation and long-term operation of cultural heritage buildings. In total, the components form a broader definition of the value of historic buildings and environment, which goes beyond what is defined by law. Decisions on energy measures for cultural heritage buildings require a search for a balance of priorities between different value components. Based on the value components, nine principles of solar cells integration into historic buildings have been formed.
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dos Santos Castilho, Carolina, João Paulo N. Torres, Carlos A. Ferreira Fernandes, and Ricardo A. Marques Lameirinhas. "Study on the Implementation of a Solar Photovoltaic System with Self-Consumption in an Educational Building." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 15, 2021): 2214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082214.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this work, the study of different remuneration schemes for the implementation of a solar energy system on a building was performed. The photovoltaic system was implemented on a public educational building, and four different schemes are compared to understand the economic feasibility of self-consuming solar energy with and without a battery system, versus selling to the electricity grid. The system performance is compared to the building’s needs, and the different consumption and grid-injection shares are analyzed. Three of the schemes are applied according to the conditions and requirements of the Portuguese Law, while the remaining one is not yet allowed, and so the legislation from another chosen country is considered. Lastly, a financial analysis was performed to evaluate and compare the feasibility of each project implementation. The results of this analysis show that both the non-legislated and legislated self-consumption schemes make for an attractive investment, and that savings resulting from the consumption of solar energy are much higher than the revenues from selling to the grid, which presents as the least attractive scheme. Finally, the battery implementation also does not show feasibility because the cost of technology is still too high, despite the reduction witnessed in recent years.
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GEIßLER, GESA. "STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT — COMPARING THE UNITED STATES AND GERMANY." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 15, no. 02 (June 2013): 1340003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333213400036.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Germany and the United States are amongst the leading countries regarding installed renewable energy capacity and are steadily adding new facilities. As balancing the strive for a low carbon energy supply with other environmental interests, such as biodiversity conservation, becomes more prevalent with increasing numbers of wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, and hydro-power facilities, the call for a strategic-level consideration of environmental impacts (SEA) becomes louder. The paper compares the practice of SEAs for renewable energy plans, programmes, and policies in terms of discussion of alternatives, consideration of cumulative effects, and public involvement. A case study analysis compares SEAs from Germany and the United States and evaluates their performance.Results indicate large differences between both countries, with Germany performing less well on average. Therefore, a strong need for improvement becomes obvious. A general conclusion is that both countries need to become more open to strategic assessment of environmental impacts from renewable energy policies, strategies, and legislation (policy SEA), in order to allow for meaningful assessment of alternatives and achieve an environmentally sound low carbon future.
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Coronas, Sergio, Jordi de la Hoz, Àlex Alonso, and Helena Martín. "23 Years of Development of the Solar Power Generation Sector in Spain: A Comprehensive Review of the Period 1998–2020 from a Regulatory Perspective." Energies 15, no. 4 (February 21, 2022): 1593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041593.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Spain has become one of the leading countries in the world in promoting electricity generation from renewable energy sources (RES), due to their positive socioeconomic and environmental impacts, through highly favorable regulatory frameworks and public incentives set by Spanish governments mainly during the first decade of 2000s, i.e., Royal Decree (RD) 2818/1998, RD 436/2004 and RD 661/2007. Conversely, the highly favorable regime applicable to RES, and specifically to solar power plants during the 1998–2008 promotion period turned into an extremely unfavorable scenario during the 2008–2020 cost-containment stage, characterized by the dismantling of the previous promotion schemes so as to reduce the skyrocketing electricity system tariff deficit, in which regulations such as RD 1578/2008, Royal Decree Law (RDL) 6/2009, RDL 14/2010, RDL 1/2012, Law 15/2012, RDL 9/2013, Law 24/2013 and RD 413/2014 stood out. Nonetheless, the Spanish renewable sector, and especially the solar power sector, has shown great dynamism in its energy policy in the period 1998–2020. This academic contribution provides a comprehensive review of the energy policy evolution for the whole solar power sector in Spain, specifically both solar photovoltaic (PV) and concentrating solar power (CSP) plants, over the last 23 years. Thus, considering both the boom in the solar power sector as well as the solar sector’s bust, a survey of the different legislation in force during the 1998–2020 period, as well as of the existing academic literature dealing with this issue, is conducted to first contextualize and describe, and then carefully assess, the last 23 years of solar energy policy in Spain. In brief, the decisive role of the Spanish government in developing the RES sector, and especially the solar power sector, in recent years has been noted. In this vein, a good planning of the energy development model, the regulatory stability, the simplicity and agility of the corresponding administrative process, the appropriate design of support mechanisms, as well as security and predictability of support levels in the mid and long term, play an important role in providing certainty to all the stakeholders. During the 1998–2008 promotion stage, even with a stable, quite favorable and easily predictable RES support mechanism in place, the Spanish solar system behaved as an open-loop system without any control structure detecting and reacting to problematic situations. The fact that the Spanish government was compelled to implement ex-post measures during the period 2008–2020, seriously jeopardizing the viability of the power plants in operation, as well as compromising the legal–economic stability of the renewable energy sector, clearly indicated a malfunctioning of the energy policy control mechanism. In essence, it is hoped that the lessons extracted from this 23-year comprehensive review of the Spanish solar power sector pathway could be quite useful for other countries either in the initial development stage or fully immersed in the promotion of solar power sector or any other renewable technology.
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Koval, Viktor, Piotr Olczak, Nataliia Vdovenko, Olena Boiko, Dominika Matuszewska, and Inesa Mikhno. "Ecosystem of Environmentally Sustainable Municipal Infrastructure in the Ukraine." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 13, 2021): 10223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810223.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For the Ukrainian population, there are factors surrounding the choices and preferences one must consider when changing permanent residence. Smart residential areas should be built according to Ukrainian legislation and global innovations, which would reduce administrative dislocations, the load on megalopolises, and negative anthropogenic impacts, and should be based on the increase in energy efficiency and reducing waste. We analyzed the core principles of designing smart residential areas and concluded that constructing cutting-edge residential areas should involve private investments in order to avoid shadow schemes and irrational use of funds (in the Ukraine, the share of the shadow market is more than 50%). Research shows that, as humans inhabit a three-dimensional space, it is possible to predict migration and other permanent residence/behavioral responses, the analysis of which allows controlling migration flows and improves the conditions of Ukraine’s small residential areas based on decarbonization. We conclude that energy saving systems can reduce consumption in a city by 60% and improve Ukraine’s ecosystem. Research also shows that reducing “dislocation”, in terms of population density, by creating open, innovative, eco-friendly environments based on green economy principles, can provide innovative development maps and economic, social, and cultural population growth, decreasing the load on big cities/regional economies, and encourage the restoration of sales markets and production after the COVID-19 pandemic. We developed a model to assess the innovativeness of residential areas, apply alternative methods of energy generation, and analyze the impact of the energy production and consumption market in Europe (with recommendations for the Ukraine). This article estimates energy intensity indicators of the gross domestic product in the Ukraine and in Europe, offering methods to decrease energy dependence and increase energy efficiency in the Ukraine, by adopting alternative energy sources (e.g., biohydrogen out of residues, air, and solar energy), and enhancing environmental legislation.
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Nobre, Paulo, Enio Bueno Pereira, Francinete Francis Lacerda, Marcel Bursztyn, Eduardo Amaral Haddad, and Debora Ley. "Solar smart grid as a path to economic inclusion and adaptation to climate change in the Brazilian Semiarid Northeast." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 11, no. 4 (August 19, 2019): 499–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-09-2018-0067.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose This study aims to exploit the abundance of solar energy resources for socioeconomic development in the semi -arid Northeastern Brazil as a potent adaptation tool to global climate change. It points out a set of conjuncture factors that allow us to foresee a new paradigm of sustainable development for the region by transforming the sun’s radiant energy into electricity through distributed photovoltaic generation. The new paradigm, as presented in this essay, has the transformative potential to free the region from past regional development dogma, which was dependent on the scarce water resource, and the marginal and predatory use of its Caatinga Biome. Design/methodology/approach The research uses a pre ante design, following the procedures of scenario building, as an adaptation mechanism to climate change in the sector of energy generation and socioeconomic inclusion. Findings The scenarios of socioeconomic resilience to climate change based on the abundance of solar radiation, rather than the scarcity of water, demonstrates its potential as a global adaptation paradigm to climate change. Research limitations/implications The developments proposed are dependent on federal legislation changes, allowing the small producer to be remunerated by the energy produced. Practical implications The proposed smart grid photovoltaic generation program increases the country's resiliency to the effect of droughts and climate change. Social implications As proposed, the program allows for the reversion of a pattern of long term poverty in semi-arid Northeast Brazil. Originality/value The exploitation of the characteristics of abundance of the semiarid climate, i.e. its very condition of semi-aridity with abundant solar radiation, is itself an advantage factor toward adaption to unforeseen drought events. Extensive previous research has focused on weighting and monitoring drought i.e. the paradigm of scarcity. The interplay between exploiting Northeast Brazil’s abundant factors and climate change adaptation, especially at the small farmer levels constitutes a discovery never before contemplated.
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Mohabat Doost, Danial, Alessandra Buffa, Grazia Brunetta, Stefano Salata, and Guglielmina Mutani. "Mainstreaming Energetic Resilience by Morphological Assessment in Ordinary Land Use Planning. The Case Study of Moncalieri, Turin (Italy)." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (May 30, 2020): 4443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114443.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Energetic resilience is seen as one of the most prominent fields of investigation in the upcoming years. The increasing efficiency of urban systems depends on the conversion of energetic production of buildings, and therefore, from the capacity of urban systems to be more rational in the use of renewable resources. Nevertheless, the integration of the energetic regulation into the ordinary urban planning documents is far from being reached in most of planning processes. In Italy, mainstreaming energetic resilience in ordinary land use planning appears particularly challenging, even in those Local Administrations that tried to implement the national legislation into Local Building Regulation. In this work, an empirical methodology to provide an overall assessment of the solar production capacity has been applied to selected indicators of urban morphology among the different land use parcel-zones, while implementing a geographic information system-based approach to the city of Moncalieri, Turin (Italy). Results demonstrate that, without exception, the current minimum energy levels required by law are generally much lower than the effective potential solar energy production that each land use parcel-zone could effectively produce. We concluded that local planning processes should update their land use plans to reach environmental sustainability targets, while at the same time the energetic resilience should be mainstreamed in urban planning by an in-depth analysis of the effective morphological constraints. These aspects may also represent a contribution to the international debates on energetic resilience and on the progressive inclusion of energy subjects in the land use planning process.
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Eilam, Efrat, Veerendra Prasad, and Helen Widdop Quinton. "Climate Change Education: Mapping the Nature of Climate Change, the Content Knowledge and Examination of Enactment in Upper Secondary Victorian Curriculum." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020591.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Climate change (CC) is widely accepted as the major threat of our time, posing unprecedented challenges to humanity. Yet very little is known regarding the ways in which upper-secondary curricula address the need to educate about this crisis. This study contributes to the field of CC education theoretically and empirically. From the theoretical perspective, the study contributes two CC conceptualisation frameworks: a characterisation of the nature of CC, and a mapping of the scope of CC content knowledge. The empirical contribution consists of examining CC education implementation within upper-secondary curriculum in the state of Victoria, Australia. Specifically we examined the CC conceptualisation and the scope of content present in the Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) study designs. A total of 10 out of 94 study designs qualified for examination through referencing CC. The findings suggest that none of the study designs present a complete conceptualisation of the nature of CC. Common conceptualisations within the study designs perceive CC as a cause or an outcome, a problem of management, or of technological efficiency. CC content within the study designs is limited, and presents misconceptions, including the assumption that CC is a natural change caused by astronomical and solar systems. A cross-curriculum integration approach within the study designs is found to be ineffective. We conclude that CC presents a paradigm shift which brings about the new discipline of CC. There is a need for curricula reforms to address and incorporate CC as a coherent body of knowledge.
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Rachkova, Elizaveta, and Iliya Rachkov. "International investment arbitration: decisions 2017–2018 on the merits of the dispute." Meždunarodnoe pravosudie 10, no. 4 (2020): 112–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21128/2226-2059-2020-4-112-143.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the previous article, the author reviewed the decisions of international investment arbitration 2017–2018 on the jurisdiction and admissibility of claims. This article reviews the decisions of these arbitrations for the same period on the merits of the disputes. A special place among these decisions is taken by decisions on claims of foreign investors on violation by the host state of the regime (or standard) of fair and equitable treatment. This is quite natural: violation of this standard is the most common claim. In 2017–2018 in particular, many lawsuits in which such claims were made were related to the generation of electricity from renewable sources, mainly from solar energy. These claims were based on the 1994 Energy Charter Treaty. The article examines, in particular, cases of claims in which investors demanded compensation for damage caused by changes in the legislation of the host countries. The question before the arbitrators was: how strongly does the standard of fair and equitable treatment protect against legislative changes? The article also considers such aspects as: violation by the state of the national regime, the most favored nation regime and the standard of full protection and security of foreign investments; direct and indirect expropriation. The solutions in which the question arose about; the power of the arbitral tribunal to review its own preliminary decisions; the impact of environmental aspects on the behavior of the investor and the state; attempts by a party dissatisfied with the arbitration decision to have the decision annulled or overturned either by an ad hoc committee of ICSID or by national state courts. An analysis of the above decisions will reveal some trends in international investment law, which is important in the context of the fact that there cannot be truly uniform practice in investment arbitration due to the lack of a single source of law and a single dispute resolution body. Thus, only a careful analysis of the practice can tell which practice is well established and which is not.
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Baeza Moyano, David, Mónica San Juan Fernández, and Roberto Alonso González Lezcano. "Towards a Sustainable Indoor Lighting Design: Effects of Artificial Light on the Emotional State of Adolescents in the Classroom." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 22, 2020): 4263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104263.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent years, articles have been published on the non-visual effects of light, specifically the light emitted by the new luminaires with light emitting diodes (LEDs) and by the screens of televisions, computer equipment, and mobile phones. Professionals from the world of optometry have raised the possibility that the blue part of the visible light from sources that emit artificial light could have pernicious effects on the retina. The aim of this work is to analyze the articles published on this subject, and to use existing information to elucidate the spectral composition and irradiance of new LED luminaires for use in the home and in public spaces such as educational centers, as well as considering the consequences of the light emitted by laptops for teenagers. The results of this research show that the amount of blue light emitted by electronic equipment is lower than that emitted by modern luminaires and thousands of times less than solar irradiance. On the other hand, the latest research warns that these small amounts of light received at night can have pernicious non-visual effects on adolescents. The creation of new LED luminaires for interior lighting, including in educational centers, where the intensity of blue light can be increased without any specific legislation for its control, makes regulatory developments imperative due to the possible repercussions on adolescents with unknown and unpredictable consequences.
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Lukianov, Mykola Oleksiiovych, Ievhen Volodymyrovych Verbytskyi, and Andii Blinov. "Solar Power Plant Storage System." Microsystems, Electronics and Acoustics 26, no. 2 (August 31, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2523-4455.mea.236748.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article analyzes changes in the legislation on the rules of electricity generation from renewable sources and the introduction of penalties for imbalances, which encourages producers to improve the forecast of electricity generation and modernization of existing power plants by installing energy storage systems. Possible connection points and charge/discharge device (CDD) converter topologies for an energy storage system are analyzed and the converter that meets technical requirements of the system are selected. As a result, the connection from the direct current side has a number of advantages: simpler CDD structure and control principle, in comparison with alternating current; no galvanic separation between input and output. Converter analysis showed, that due to a high operating voltage, usage of resonant topologies is undesirable and the absence of galvanic separation makes bridge converter usage impractical. Therefore, to solve this problem, a bidirectional converter without galvanic separation with hard switching is proposed. To reduce the level of dynamic and static losses, it is advisable to use a modular topology converter with alternating phases. The operating modes of such a converter at a given error of the weather forecast are analyzed. To improve quality of the generated electricity, it is expedient to use a power stabilization mode. Due to the higher values of charge/discharge currents, as well as higher energy density compared to acid-lead, a lithium-ion battery was chosen. According to the selected operation mode, its minimum capacity was calculated. When using a minimum battery capacity, due to the difference between the maximum discharge and charge current of the battery, a mode of partial power stabilization is possible. This mode is used only when the forecast error is more than 52% in the charging mode. A charge/discharge device were designed for a 50 kW SMA Sunny Tripower CORE1 inverter and 20*315W LP156*156-M-60 solar panels connected in series. The control principle for such CDD is described. Control algorithm can be divided into four stages: obtaining the predicted solar radiation power in the forecast interval; predicted illumination power conversion into electric power; predicted power calculation and the amount of energy that will be generated and transferred by the solar station to the regulator in the forecast interval; power setpoint stabilization on the forecast interval based on the proportional-integral (PI) control law. To verify the obtained theoretical relations, converter parameters with a typical input data were calculated. Model of the converter was created in the MATLAB® Simulink® environment and its operability was checked.