Статті в журналах: "Solar Cells - Semiconductor Nanocrystals"

1

Milliron, Delia J., Ilan Gur, and A. Paul Alivisatos. "Hybrid Organic–Nanocrystal Solar Cells." MRS Bulletin 30, no. 1 (January 2005): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2005.8.

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AbstractRecent results have demonstrated that hybrid photovoltaic cells based on a blend of inorganic nanocrystals and polymers possess significant potential for low-cost, scalable solar power conversion. Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals, like polymers, are solution processable and chemically synthesized, but possess the advantageous properties of inorganic semiconductors such as a broad spectral absorption range and high carrier mobilities. Significant advances in hybrid solar cells have followed the development of elongated nanocrystal rods and branched nanocrystals, which enable more effective charge transport. The incorporation of these larger nanostructures into polymers has required optimization of blend morphology using solvent mixtures. Future advances will rely on new nanocrystals, such as cadmium telluride tetrapods, that have the potential to enhance light absorption and further improve charge transport. Gains can also be made by incorporating application-specific organic components, including electroactive surfactants which control the physical and electronic interactions between nanocrystals and polymer.

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2

Etgar, Lioz. "Semiconductor Nanocrystals as Light Harvesters in Solar Cells." Materials 6, no. 2 (February 4, 2013): 445–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma6020445.

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3

Govindraju, S., N. Ntholeng, K. Ranganathan, M. J. Moloto, L. M. Sikhwivhilu, and N. Moloto. "The Effect of Structural Properties of Cu2Se/Polyvinylcarbazole Nanocomposites on the Performance of Hybrid Solar Cells." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9592189.

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It has been said that substitution of fullerenes with semiconductor nanocrystals in bulk heterojunction solar cells can potentially increase the power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of these devices far beyond the 10% mark. However new semiconductor nanocrystals other than the potentially toxic CdSe and PbS are necessary. Herein we report on the synthesis of Cu2Se nanocrystals and their incorporation into polyvinylcarbazole (PVK) to form polymer nanocomposites for use as active layers in hybrid solar cells. Nearly monodispersed 4 nm Cu2Se nanocrystals were synthesized using the conventional colloidal synthesis. Varying weight % of these nanocrystals was added to PVK to form polymer nanocomposites. The 10% polymer nanocomposite showed retention of the properties of the pure polymer whilst the 50% resulted in a complete breakdown of the polymeric structure as evident from the FTIR, TGA, and SEM. The lack of transport channels in the 50% polymer nanocomposite solar cell resulted in a device with no photoresponse whilst the 10% polymer nanocomposite resulted in a device with an open circuit voltage of 0.50 V, a short circuit current of 7.34 mA/cm2, and a fill factor of 22.28% resulting in a PCE of 1.02%.

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4

Kamat, Prashant V. "Quantum Dot Solar Cells. Semiconductor Nanocrystals as Light Harvesters." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 112, no. 48 (October 18, 2008): 18737–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp806791s.

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5

Vigil, Elena. "Nanostructured Solar Cells." Key Engineering Materials 444 (July 2010): 229–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.444.229.

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Novel types of solar cells based on nanostructured materials are intensively studied because of their prospective applications and interesting new working principle – essentially due to the nanomaterials used They have evolved from dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) in the quest to improve their behavior and characteristics. Their nanocrystals (ca. 10-50 nm) do not generally show the confinement effect present in quantum dots of size ca. 1-10nm where electron wave functions are strongly confined originating changes in the band structure. Nonetheless, the nanocrystalline character of the semiconductor used determines a different working principle; which is explained, although it is not completely clear so far,. Different solid nanostructured solar cells are briefly reviewed together with research trends. Finally, the influence of the photoelectrode electron-extracting contact is analyzed.

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6

Hoang, Son, Ahsan Ashraf, Matthew D. Eisaman, Dmytro Nykypanchuk, and Chang-Yong Nam. "Enhanced photovoltaic performance of ultrathin Si solar cells via semiconductor nanocrystal sensitization: energy transfer vs. optical coupling effects." Nanoscale 8, no. 11 (2016): 5873–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nr07932b.

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7

Abulikemu, Mutalifu, Silvano Del Gobbo, Dalaver H. Anjum, Mohammad Azad Malik, and Osman M. Bakr. "Colloidal Sb2S3nanocrystals: synthesis, characterization and fabrication of solid-state semiconductor sensitized solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 18 (2016): 6809–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta09546h.

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Antimony sulfide nanocrystals of various shapes and different phases are synthesized using a colloidal hot-injection method, and the as-prepared nanocrystals are used as a light harvesting material in photovoltaic devices.

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8

Svrcek, Vladimir. "(Invited) Atmospheric Plasmas Synthesized Nanocrystals with Quantum Confinement and Quantum Hybrids in Photovoltaics." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 19 (October 9, 2022): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0219889mtgabs.

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Nanocrystals share lot of advantages of organics namely scalable and controlled synthesis, an ability to be processed in solution while additionally retaining the broadband absorption and superior transport properties of traditional photovoltaic semiconductors. Nanocrystal solar cells have the potential to considerably increase the maximum attainable thermodynamic conversion efficiency (> 50%). Nanocrystal solution-processed can be used in solar cell structure not only as an absorber but also as electron and hole transport layer where the HOMO and LUMO levels can be efficiently controlled by size and/or plasma induced surface engineering directly in colloidal solution. Solution-processed and surface engineered nanocrystals with quantum confinement can be then further used to fabricate new class of quantum hybrids when blended for instance with polymers or perovskites and serves as absorbing and/or e-h transporting material. In this presentation, we overview the atmospheric plasma-based approaches to synthesis and surface engineering of nanocrystals with quantum confinement. We will compare surface engineering by fs laser processing in liquid solutions and synthesis of nanocrystals with strong quantum confinement by atmospheric plasmas. Moreover, to understand the thermal stability of nanocrystals observed experimentally, we calculate the cohesive and the formation energies of nanocrystals by means of first-principle calculations. Finally, we overview our recent progress in integration of surface engineered nanocrystal as a quantum hybrids incorporated within perovskites solar cells.

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9

Choi, Seong Jae, Dong Kee Yi, Jae-Young Choi, Jong-Bong Park, In-Yong Song, Eunjoo Jang, Joo In Lee, et al. "Spatial Control of Quantum Sized Nanocrystal Arrays onto Silicon Wafers." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 4285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.884.

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Monolayer arrays of monodispersed nanocrystals (<10 nm) onto three dimensional (3D) substrates have considerable potential for various engineering applications such as highly integrated memory devices, solar cells, biosensors and photo and electro luminescent displays because of their highly integrated features with nanocrystal homogeneity. However, most reports on nanocrystal arrays have focused on two dimensional (2D) flat substrates, and the production of wafer-scale monolayer arrays is still challenging. Here we address the feasibility of arraying nanocrystal monolayers in wafer-scale onto 3D substrates. We present both metal (Pd) and semiconductor (CdSe) nanocrystals arrayed in monolayer onto trenched silicon wafers (4 inch diameter) using a facile electrostatic adsorption scheme. In particular, CdSe nanocrystal arrays in the trench well showed superior luminescent efficiency compared to those onto the protruded trench flat, due to the densely arrayed CdSe nanocrystals in the vertical direction. Furthermore, the surface coverage controllability was investigated using a 2D silicon substrate. Our approach can be applied to generate highly efficient displays, memory chips and integrated sensing devices.

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10

Yalin, Brandon, Andreas C. Liapis, Matthew D. Eisaman, Dmytro Nykypanchuk, and Chang-Yong Nam. "Optical simulation of ultimate performance enhancement in ultrathin Si solar cells by semiconductor nanocrystal energy transfer sensitization." Nanoscale Advances 3, no. 4 (2021): 991–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0na00835d.

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A theoretical framework combining transfer matrix method simulation and energy transfer (ET) calculation reveals critical device design guidelines for developing efficient ultrathin Si solar cells sensitized by semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs).

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11

Kershaw, Stephen V., Lihong Jing, Xiaodan Huang, Mingyuan Gao, and Andrey L. Rogach. "Materials aspects of semiconductor nanocrystals for optoelectronic applications." Materials Horizons 4, no. 2 (2017): 155–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6mh00469e.

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Semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots have already emerged as a flat panel display technology but, driven by continuing improvements to the materials and device structures, they are ever closer to reaching commercial viability as infrared photodetectors, efficient LEDs, solar cells and photocatalysts.

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12

Wang, Ying. "Luminescent CdTe and CdSe Semiconductor Nanocrystals: Preparation, Optical Properties and Applications." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 1068–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.18156.

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The novel optical and electrical properties of luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals are appealing for ultrasensitive multiplexing and multicolor applications in a variety of fields, such as biotechnology, nanoscale electronics, and opto-electronics. Luminescent CdSe and CdTe nanocrystals are archetypes for this dynamic research area and have gained interest from diverse research communities. In this review, we first describe the advances in preparation of size- and shape-controlled CdSe and CdTe semiconductor nanocrystals with the organometallic approach. This article gives particular focus to water soluble nanocrystals due to the increasing interest of using semiconductor nanocrystals for biological applications. Post-synthetic methods to obtain water solubility, the direct synthesis routes in aqueous medium, and the strategies to improve the photoluminescence efficiency in both organic and aqueous phase are discussed. The shape evolution in aqueous medium via self-organization of preformed nanoparticles is a versatile and powerful method for production of nanocrystals with different geometries, and some recent advances in this field are presented with a qualitative discussion on the mechanism. Some examples of CdSe and CdTe nanocrystals that have been applied successfully to problems in biosensing and bioimaging are introduced, which may profoundly impact biological and biomedical research. Finally we present the research on the use of luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals for construction of light emitting diodes, solar cells, and chemical sensors, which demonstrate that they are promising building blocks for next generation electronics.

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13

Meng, Lingju, and Xihua Wang. "Doping Colloidal Quantum Dot Materials and Devices for Photovoltaics." Energies 15, no. 7 (March 27, 2022): 2458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072458.

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Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals have generated tremendous interest because of their solution processability and robust tunability. Among such nanocrystals, the colloidal quantum dot (CQD) draws the most attention for its well-known quantum size effects. In the last decade, applications of CQDs have been booming in electronics and optoelectronics, especially in photovoltaics. Electronically doped semiconductors are critical in the fabrication of solar cells, because carefully designed band structures are able to promote efficient charge extraction. Unlike conventional semiconductors, diffusion and ion implantation technologies are not suitable for doping CQDs. Therefore, researchers have creatively developed alternative doping methods for CQD materials and devices. In order to provide a state-of-the-art summary and comprehensive understanding to this research community, we focused on various doping techniques and their applications for photovoltaics and demystify them from different perspectives. By analyzing two classes of CQDs, lead chalcogenide CQDs and perovskite CQDs, we compared different working scenarios of each technique, summarized the development in this field, and raised our own future perspectives.

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14

Yu, Buyang, Chunfeng Zhang, Lan Chen, Zhengyuan Qin, Xinyu Huang, Xiaoyong Wang, and Min Xiao. "Ultrafast dynamics of photoexcited carriers in perovskite semiconductor nanocrystals." Nanophotonics 10, no. 8 (June 1, 2020): 1943–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0681.

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Abstract Perovskite semiconductor nanocrystals have emerged as a promising family of materials for optoelectronic applications including light-emitting diodes, lasers, light-to-electricity convertors and quantum light emitters. The performances of these devices are fundamentally dependent on different aspects of the excited-state dynamics in nanocrystals. Herein, we summarize the recent progress on the photoinduced carrier dynamics studied by a variety of time-resolved spectroscopic methods in perovskite nanocrystals. We review the dynamics of carrier generation, recombination and transport under different excitation densities and photon energies to show the pathways that underpin the photophysics for light-emitting diodes and solar cells. Then, we highlight the up-to-date spin dynamics and coherent exciton dynamics being manifested with the exciton fine levels in perovskite semiconductor nanocrystals which are essential for potential applications in quantum information technology. We also discuss the controversial results and the possible origins yet to be resolved. In-depth study toward a comprehensive picture of the excited-state dynamics in perovskite nanocrystals may provide the key knowledge of the device operation mechanism, enlighten the direction for device optimization and stimulate the adventure of new conceptual devices.

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15

Li, Xiaoming, Yufang Li, and Haibo Zeng. "Multiexciton Generation in Semiconductor Nanocrystals: A Potential Avenue Toward Efficient Solar Cells." Science of Advanced Materials 5, no. 11 (November 1, 2013): 1585–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2013.1614.

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16

Gur, Ilan, Neil A. Fromer, Chih-Ping Chen, Antonios G. Kanaras, and A. Paul Alivisatos. "Hybrid Solar Cells with Prescribed Nanoscale Morphologies Based on Hyperbranched Semiconductor Nanocrystals." Nano Letters 7, no. 2 (February 2007): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl062660t.

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17

Boudjemila L., Aleshin A. N., Malyshkin V. M., Aleshin P. A., Shcherbakov I. P., Petrov V. N., and Terukov E. I. "Electrical and Optical Characteristics of CsPbI-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=- and CsPbBr-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=- Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystal Films Deposited on c-Si Solar Cells for Photovoltaic Applications." Physics of the Solid State 64, no. 11 (2022): 1670. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pss.2022.11.54189.418.

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The deposition of an additional layer of nanoparticles is a widely used method for improving the optical and electrical characteristics of semiconductor solar cells (SCs). In this work, films of nanocrystals (NC) of inorganic perovskites of lead halides CsPbI3 and CsPbBr3 are deposited on the surface of a solar cell based on crystalline silicon (c-Si). It is shown that the optical properties of such NC films are in good agreement with the optical properties of c-Si. It has been found that the absorption coefficient of solar cells with NC layers of inorganic perovskites is much higher in the visible region of the spectrum, which increases the photocurrent generation in the SC in the range of 370-900 nm. A significant effect of surface roughness on the photoelectric properties of solar cells has been found. CsPbI3 NC films have a textured surface and higher photocurrent than CsPbBr3 NC films, which are rougher. Enhanced photovoltaic properties of photoelectric structures with a CsPbI3 NC layer compared to CsPbBr3 NC films due to their lower degree of roughness were observed. Keywords: perovskite nanocrystals, silicon solar cells, reflection spectra, photoluminescence, electrical conductivity.

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18

Xie, Sihang, Xueqi Li, Yasi Jiang, Rourou Yang, Muyi Fu, Wanwan Li, Yiyang Pan, Donghuan Qin, Wei Xu, and Lintao Hou. "Recent Progress in Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Solution-Processed Organic and Semiconductor Nanocrystal: Perspectives on Device Design." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (June 22, 2020): 4285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124285.

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Solution-processed hybrid solar cells have been well developed in the last twenty years due to the advantages of low cost, low material-consuming and simple fabricating technology. However, the performance, stability and film quality of hybrid solar cells need to be further improved for future commercial application (with a lifetime up to 20 years and power conversion efficiency higher than 15%). By combining the merits of organic polymers and nanocrystals (NC), the reasonable design of interface engineering and device architecture, the performance coupled with stability of hybrid solar cells can be significantly improved. This review gives a brief conclusive introduction to the progress on solution-processed organic/inorganic semiconductor hybrid solar cells, including a summary of the development of hybrid solar cells in recent years, the strategy of hybrid solar cells with different structures and the incorporation of new organic hole transport materials with new insight into device processing for high efficiency. This paper also puts forward some suggestions and guidance for the future development of high-performance NC-based photovoltaics.

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19

Antunez, Priscilla D., Jannise J. Buckley, and Richard L. Brutchey. "Tin and germanium monochalcogenide IV–VI semiconductor nanocrystals for use in solar cells." Nanoscale 3, no. 6 (2011): 2399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1nr10084j.

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20

Gangadhar, Lekshmi, Anusha Kannan, and P. K. Praseetha. "Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells via Integrated Experimental and Modeling Study." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 16, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 436–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2019.7746.

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The solar energy is one of the potential renewable green energy source considering the availability of sunlight in abundance and the need for clean and renewable source of energy. Quantum dots are semiconductor nanocrystals having considerable interest in photovoltaic research areas. Cadmium sulfide-sensitized solar cells are synthesized by Chemical bath deposition and titanium nanowires were fabricated by hydrothermal method. The synthesized CdS quantum dots are sensitized to nanoporous TiO2 films to form quantum dots-sensitized solar cell applications. The introduction of TNWs enables the electrolyte to penetrate easily inside the film which increases the interfacial contact between the nanowires, the quantum dots and the electrolyte results in improvement in efficiency of solar cell. The goal of our research is to understand the fundamental physics and performance of quantum dot-sensitized solar cells with improved photoconversion efficiency at the low cost based on selection of TiO2 nanostructures, sensitizers and electrodes through an integrated experimental and modeling study.

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21

Kovalenko, Maksym V., Loredana Protesescu, and Maryna I. Bodnarchuk. "Properties and potential optoelectronic applications of lead halide perovskite nanocrystals." Science 358, no. 6364 (November 9, 2017): 745–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aam7093.

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Semiconducting lead halide perovskites (LHPs) have not only become prominent thin-film absorber materials in photovoltaics but have also proven to be disruptive in the field of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs). The most important feature of LHP NCs is their so-called defect-tolerance—the apparently benign nature of structural defects, highly abundant in these compounds, with respect to optical and electronic properties. Here, we review the important differences that exist in the chemistry and physics of LHP NCs as compared with more conventional, tetrahedrally bonded, elemental, and binary semiconductor NCs (such as silicon, germanium, cadmium selenide, gallium arsenide, and indium phosphide). We survey the prospects of LHP NCs for optoelectronic applications such as in television displays, light-emitting devices, and solar cells, emphasizing the practical hurdles that remain to be overcome.

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22

Bang, Jin Ho, and Prashant V. Kamat. "Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells. A Tale of Two Semiconductor Nanocrystals: CdSe and CdTe." ACS Nano 3, no. 6 (May 12, 2009): 1467–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn900324q.

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23

Ling, Tao, Ming-Ke Wu, Kai-Yang Niu, Jing Yang, Zhi-Ming Gao, Jing Sun, and Xi-Wen Du. "Spongy structure of CdS nanocrystals decorated with dye molecules for semiconductor sensitized solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry 21, no. 9 (2011): 2883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0jm03530k.

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24

Beard, Matthew C., Justin C. Johnson, Joseph M. Luther, and Arthur J. Nozik. "Multiple exciton generation in quantum dots versus singlet fission in molecular chromophores for solar photon conversion." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2044 (June 28, 2015): 20140412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0412.

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Both multiple exciton generation (MEG) in semiconductor nanocrystals and singlet fission (SF) in molecular chromophores have the potential to greatly increase the power conversion efficiency of solar cells for the production of solar electricity (photovoltaics) and solar fuels (artificial photosynthesis) when used in solar photoconverters. MEG creates two or more excitons per absorbed photon, and SF produces two triplet states from a single singlet state. In both cases, multiple charge carriers from a single absorbed photon can be extracted from the cell and used to create higher power conversion efficiencies for a photovoltaic cell or a cell that produces solar fuels, like hydrogen from water splitting or reduced carbon fuels from carbon dioxide and water (analogous to biological photosynthesis). The similarities and differences in the mechanisms and photoconversion cell architectures between MEG and SF are discussed.

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25

Tong, Zhouyu, Mingxuan Bu, Yiqiang Zhang, Deren Yang, and Xiaodong Pi. "Hyperdoped silicon: Processing, properties, and devices." Journal of Semiconductors 43, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 093101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/43/9/093101.

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Abstract Hyperdoping that introduces impurities with concentrations exceeding their equilibrium solubility has been attracting great interest since the tuning of semiconductor properties increasingly relies on extreme measures. In this review we focus on hyperdoped silicon (Si) by introducing methods used for the hyperdoping of Si such as ion implantation and laser doping, discussing the electrical and optical properties of hyperdoped bulk Si, Si nanocrystals, Si nanowires and Si films, and presenting the use of hyperdoped Si for devices like infrared photodetectors and solar cells. The perspectives of the development of hyperdoped Si are also provided.

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26

Буджемила, Л., А. Н. Алешин, В. Г. Малышкин, П. А. Алешин, И. П. Щербаков, В. Н. Петров та Е. И. Теруков. "Электрические и оптические характеристики пленок нанокристаллов перовскитов галогенида свинца CsPbI-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=- и CsPbBr-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=-, нанесенных на c-Si солнечные элементы для фотовольтаических приложений". Физика твердого тела 64, № 11 (2022): 1695. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2022.11.53322.418.

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The deposition of an additional layer of nanoparticles is a widely used method for improving the optical and electrical characteristics of semiconductor solar cells (SCs). In this work, films of nanocrystals (NC) of inorganic perovskites of lead halides CsPbI3 and CsPbBr3 are deposited on the surface of a solar cell based on crystalline silicon (c-Si). It is shown that the optical properties of such NC films are in good agreement with the optical properties of c-Si. It has been found that the absorption coefficient of solar cells with NC layers of inorganic perovskites is much higher in the visible region of the spectrum, which increases the photocurrent generation in the SC in the range of 370–900 nm. A significant effect of surface roughness on the photoelectric properties of solar cells has been found. CsPbI3 NC films have a textured surface and higher photocurrent than CsPbBr3 NC films, which are rougher. Enhanced photovoltaic properties of FE structures with a CsPbI3 NC layer compared to CsPbBr3 NC films due to their lower degree of roughness were observed.

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27

Nematov, Dilshod. "DFT calculations of the main optical constants of the Cu2ZnSnSexS4-x system as high-efficiency potential candidates for solar cells." International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE) 11, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijape.v11.i4.pp287-293.

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In the present work, using quantum-chemical calculations in the framework of density functional theory (DFT), we study the optical properties of semiconductor nanocrystals of kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 doped with Se. Using the WIEN2k package, the concentration dependences of the optical characteristics of nanocrystals of the Cu2ZnSnSexS4-x system (x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) were calculated. It is shown that doping with Se at the S position leads to a noticeable improvement in the photo absorbing properties of these nanocrystals, as well as their photoconductivity in the IR range. The calculated absorption and extinction spectra of the materials under study, are compared with experimental data known from the literature. The data obtained will significantly enrich the existing knowledge about the materials under study and will help expand the scope of these compounds in optoelectronic devices, especially in solar cells and other devices that convert solar energy into electricity.

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28

Cortés-Villena, Alejandro, and Raquel E. Galian. "Present and Perspectives of Photoactive Porous Composites Based on Semiconductor Nanocrystals and Metal-Organic Frameworks." Molecules 26, no. 18 (September 16, 2021): 5620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185620.

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This review focuses on the recent developments in synthesis, properties, and applications of a relatively new family of photoactive porous composites, integrated by metal halide perovskite (MHP) nanocrystals and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The synergy between the two systems has led to materials (MHP@MOF composites) with new functionalities along with improved properties and phase stability, thus broadening their applications in multiple areas of research such as sensing, light-harvesting solar cells, light-emitting device technology, encryption, and photocatalysis. The state of the art, recent progress, and most promising routes for future research on these photoactive porous composites are presented in the end.

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29

van Sark, W. G. J. H. M., A. Meijerink, R. E. I. Schropp, J. A. M. van Roosmalen, and E. H. Lysen. "Modeling improvement of spectral response of solar cells by deployment of spectral converters containing semiconductor nanocrystals." Semiconductors 38, no. 8 (August 2004): 962–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1787120.

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30

Abdel-Salam, A. I., M. Mohsen Abdelaziz, A. N. Emam, A. S. Mansour, A. A. F. Zikry, M. B. Mohamed, and Y. H. Elbashar. "Anisotropic CuInSe2 nanocrystals: synthesis, optical properties and their effect on photoelectric response of dye-sensitized solar cell." Revista Mexicana de Física 66, no. 1 (December 28, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31349/revmexfis.66.14.

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CuInSe2 I–III–VI2 ternary semiconductor considered as one of the most promising semiconductor material which considers a very efficient solar energy conversion material. An organometallic pyrolysis method is used to prepare monodisperse CuInSe2 nanoparticles using a mixture of oleylamine, and trioctylphosphine (TOP) as capping materials. Controlling the particle shape dot, rods or flowers occurs via varying the reaction temperatures (160, 200, 220°C) respectively. The obtained particles have been characterized to determine the shape and size of CuInSe2 nanoparticles using HR-TEM and XRD. The optical and the electronic properties of these particles have been investigated and discussed in details. Then the different shapes of CIS nanoparticles (nanodots, nanorods, and nanoflowers) were introduced to the DSSC to study their effect on the optical switching properties. It was found that the nanoflowers provide better photovoltaic performance than the other shapes; since it reduces the settling time to 50 milliseconds after it was more than 17 second before adding CIS nanoparticles to the cells.

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Vafaei, Saeid, Kazuhiro Manseki, Soki Horita, Masaki Matsui, and Takashi Sugiura. "Controlled Assembly of Nanorod TiO2 Crystals via a Sintering Process: Photoanode Properties in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." International Journal of Photoenergy 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7686053.

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We present for the first time a synthetic method of obtaining 1D TiO2 nanorods with sintering methods using bundle-shaped 3D rutile TiO2 particles (3D BR-TiO2) with the dimensions of around 100 nm. The purpose of this research is (i) to control crystallization of the mixture of two kinds of TiO2 semiconductor nanocrystals, that is, 3D BR-TiO2 and spherical anatase TiO2 (SA-TiO2) on FTO substrate via sintering process and (ii) to establish a new method to create photoanodes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In addition, we focus on the preparation of low-cost and environmentally friendly titania electrode by adopting the “water-based” nanofluids. Our results provide useful guidance on how to improve the photovoltaic performance by reshaping the numerous 3D TiO2 particles to 1D TiO2-based electrodes with sintering technique.

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32

Xiao, Kening, Qichuan Huang, Jia Luo, Huansong Tang, Ao Xu, Pu Wang, Hao Ren, Donghuan Qin, Wei Xu, and Dan Wang. "Efficient Nanocrystal Photovoltaics via Blade Coating Active Layer." Nanomaterials 11, no. 6 (June 9, 2021): 1522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11061522.

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CdTe semiconductor nanocrystal (NC) solar cells have attracted much attention in recent year due to their low-cost solution fabrication process. However, there are still few reports about the fabrication of large area NC solar cells under ambient conditions. Aiming to push CdTe NC solar cells one step forward to the industry, this study used a novel blade coating technique to fabricate CdTe NC solar cells with different areas (0.16, 0.3, 0.5 cm2) under ambient conditions. By optimizing the deposition parameters of the CdTe NC’s active layer, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of NC solar cells showed a large improvement. Compared to the conventional spin-coated device, a lower post-treatment temperature is required by blade coated NC solar cells. Under the optimal deposition conditions, the NC solar cells with 0.16, 0.3, and 0.5 cm2 areas exhibited PCEs of 3.58, 2.82, and 1.93%, respectively. More importantly, the NC solar cells fabricated via the blading technique showed high stability where almost no efficiency degradation appeared after keeping the devices under ambient conditions for over 18 days. This is promising for low-cost, roll-by-roll, and large area industrial fabrication.

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33

Zhang, Liang Min. "Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Nanocomposites for Photovoltaic Applications." Advanced Materials Research 571 (September 2012): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.571.120.

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Hybrid photovoltaic concepts based on a nanoscale combination of organic and inorganic semiconductors are promising way to enhance the cost efficiency of solar cells through a better use of the solar spectrum, a higher ratio of interface-to-volume, and the flexible processability of polymers. In this work, two types of thin film solar cells have been developed. In both types of solar cells, poly-N-vinylcarbazole (PVK) is used as electron donor, cadmium sulfide (CdS) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanocrystals are used as electron acceptors, respectively. Since TiO2 has a wide band gap and can only absorb UV light, in the second type of solar cell, ruthenium dye is used as photo-sensitizer. The preliminary results of photoconductive and photovoltaic characteristics of these two inorganic-organic composites are presented.

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Zheng, Xinfeng, Yufeng Liu, Yan Sun, Qianqian Li, Ruoyu Zhang, Jingshan Hou, Na Zhang, Guoying Zhao, Yongzheng Fang, and Ning Dai. "Bandgap engineering of Cu2Sn(S,Se)3 semiconductor nanocrystals and their applications in thin film solar cells." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 728 (December 2017): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.09.029.

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35

Zhao, Lei, and Zhiqun Lin. "Hybrid Solar Cells: Crafting Semiconductor Organic−Inorganic Nanocomposites via Placing Conjugated Polymers in Intimate Contact with Nanocrystals for Hybrid Solar Cells (Adv. Mater. 32/2012)." Advanced Materials 24, no. 32 (August 13, 2012): 4346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201290194.

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36

Hou, Mingyue, Zhaohua Zhou, Ao Xu, Kening Xiao, Jiakun Li, Donghuan Qin, Wei Xu, and Lintao Hou. "Synthesis of Group II-VI Semiconductor Nanocrystals via Phosphine Free Method and Their Application in Solution Processed Photovoltaic Devices." Nanomaterials 11, no. 8 (August 15, 2021): 2071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11082071.

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Solution-processed CdTe semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) have exhibited astonishing potential in fabricating low-cost, low materials consumption and highly efficient photovoltaic devices. However, most of the conventional CdTe NCs reported are synthesized through high temperature microemulsion method with high toxic trioctylphosphine tellurite (TOP-Te) or tributylphosphine tellurite (TBP-Te) as tellurium precursor. These hazardous substances used in the fabrication process of CdTe NCs are drawing them back from further application. Herein, we report a phosphine-free method for synthesizing group II-VI semiconductor NCs with alkyl amine and alkyl acid as ligands. Based on various characterizations like UV-vis absorption (UV), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), among others, the properties of the as-synthesized CdS, CdSe, and CdTe NCs are determined. High-quality semiconductor NCs with easily controlled size and morphology could be fabricated through this phosphine-free method. To further investigate its potential to industrial application, NCs solar cells with device configuration of ITO/ZnO/CdSe/CdTe/Au and ITO/ZnO/CdS/CdTe/Au are fabricated based on NCs synthesized by this method. By optimizing the device fabrication conditions, the champion device exhibited power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.28%. This research paves the way for industrial production of low-cost and environmentally friendly NCs photovoltaic devices.

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Dzhagan, Volodymyr, Olga Kapush, Nazar Mazur, Yevhenii Havryliuk, Mykola I. Danylenko, Serhiy Budzulyak, Volodymyr Yukhymchuk, Mykhailo Valakh, Alexander P. Litvinchuk, and Dietrich R. T. Zahn. "Colloidal Cu-Zn-Sn-Te Nanocrystals: Aqueous Synthesis and Raman Spectroscopy Study." Nanomaterials 11, no. 11 (October 31, 2021): 2923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11112923.

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Cu-Zn-Sn-Te (CZTTe) is an inexpensive quaternary semiconductor that has not been investigated so far, unlike its intensively studied CZTS and CZTSe counterparts, although it may potentially have desirable properties for solar energy conversion, thermoelectric, and other applications. Here, we report on the synthesis of CZTTe nanocrystals (NCs) via an original low-cost, low-temperature colloidal synthesis in water, using a small-molecule stabilizer, thioglycolic acid. The absorption edge at about 0.8–0.9 eV agrees well with the value expected for Cu2ZnSnTe4, thus suggesting CZTTe to be an affordable alternative for IR photodetectors and solar cells. As the main method of structural characterization multi-wavelength resonant Raman spectroscopy was used complemented by TEM, XRD, XPS as well as UV-vis and IR absorption spectroscopy. The experimental study is supported by first principles density functional calculations of the electronic structure and phonon spectra. Even though the composition of NCs exhibits a noticeable deviation from the Cu2ZnSnTe4 stoichiometry, a common feature of multinary NCs synthesized in water, the Raman spectra reveal very small widths of the main phonon peak and also multi-phonon scattering processes up to the fourth order. These factors imply a very good crystallinity of the NCs, which is further confirmed by high-resolution TEM.

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38

Dasgupta, Uttiya, Sudip K. Saha, and Amlan J. Pal. "Plasmonic effect in pn-junction solar cells based on layers of semiconductor nanocrystals: Where to introduce metal nanoparticles?" Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 136 (May 2015): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2015.01.004.

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39

Shao, Shuyan, Fengmin Liu, Zhiyuan Xie, and Lixiang Wang. "High-Efficiency Hybrid Polymer Solar Cells with Inorganic P- and N-Type Semiconductor Nanocrystals to Collect Photogenerated Charges." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 114, no. 19 (April 22, 2010): 9161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp1013169.

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40

Zhao, Lei, and Zhiqun Lin. "Crafting Semiconductor Organic−Inorganic Nanocomposites via Placing Conjugated Polymers in Intimate Contact with Nanocrystals for Hybrid Solar Cells." Advanced Materials 24, no. 32 (July 3, 2012): 4353–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201201196.

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41

Song, Jing, Xiaoxia Xu, Jihuai Wu, and Zhang Lan. "Low-temperature solution-processing high quality Nb-doped SnO2 nanocrystals-based electron transport layers for efficient planar perovskite solar cells." Functional Materials Letters 12, no. 01 (January 21, 2019): 1850091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604718500911.

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Low-temperature solution-processing method is a kind of low-energy-consuming and simple methodology for preparing cost-effective planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs). To achieve high-effciency planar PSCs, the quality of electron-transporting layers (ETLs) play a key role. The solvothermal-synthesized organic ligands capped semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) not only have high crystallinity but also show excellent film-formation. Nevertheless, the biggest problem is that these organic ligands will form insulating barriers around the NCs, which will seriously hinder electronic coupling and limit performance of the corresponding devices. Therefore, the stripping treatment for organic ligands, which is not only complex but also has destructive influence on the quality of films, is traditionally used for achieving good performance. Here, we select high crystalline oleic acid-capped SnO2 NCs to prepare ETLs with low-temperature solution-processed methodology without complex ligand stripping step. We use Nb[Formula: see text] doping route to further enhance photovoltaic performance of the planar PSCs. The champion PSC based on Nb-doped SnO2 NCs ETL achieves a power conversion efficiency of 20.07%.

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42

Abdu-Aguye, Mustapha, Loredana Protesescu, Dmitry N. Dirin, Maksym V. Kovalenko, and Maria Antonietta Loi. "The effect of PbS nanocrystal additives on the charge transfer state recombination in a bulk heterojunction blend." Organic Photonics and Photovoltaics 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/oph-2018-0001.

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Abstract A persistent limitation of organic semiconductors is their low dielectric constant єr, which limits the performance of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. One way to increase єr is to employ high-єr additives, such as PbS nanocrystals (QDs) to BHJ blends. In this work, we use the recombination of the interfacial charge transfer (CT) state as a means to study the effects of PbS nanocrystals on blends of a narrow bandgap copolymer: poly[2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1- b;3,4-b′]dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)] (PCPDTBT), and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). We show that at low dilution levels (0.25% - 0.75% by weight), there is a decrease in the relative weight of the CT recombination lifetime (longer decay component); suggesting that there is an increase in the local єr of the ternary blend.

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43

Wang, Xiaoqian, Wanli Liu, Jiazhen He, Yuqing Li, and Yong Liu. "Synthesis of All-Inorganic Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals for Potential Photoelectric Catalysis Applications." Catalysts 13, no. 7 (June 27, 2023): 1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13071041.

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Compared with conventional semiconductors, halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have a unique crystal structure and outstanding optoelectronic properties, offering wide potential for applications in optoelectronic devices such as solar cells, photodetectors, light-emitting diodes, lasers, and displays. Rational technological design is providing vital support for the development of perovskite optoelectronics. Herein, monodisperse all-inorganic halide perovskite nanocrystals with consistent morphology and cubic crystal phase were synthesized employing a modified one-pot hot injection method to independently modulate the stoichiometric ratios of three precursors involving cesium salt, lead source, and halide. In combination with an anion exchange reaction, mixing two kinds of perovskite NCs with different halogens enables a transition from violet emission to green and finally to red emission over the entire visible region. Additionally, optical and electrochemical tests suggested that the as-synthesized halide perovskite NCs are promising for photoelectric catalysis applications.

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44

Velázquez-Martínez, S., S. Silva-Martínez, A. E. Jiménez-González, and A. Maldonado Álvarez. "Synthesis of Mesoporous TiO2 Spheres via the Solvothermal Process and Its Application in the Development of DSSC." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (September 2, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9504198.

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This study examined the synthesis of the n-type nanostructured titanium dioxide semiconductor using a combined sol-gel/solvothermal method at 200°C, varying the concentrations of H2O and HCl used as a catalyst for the hydrolysis of the titanium isopropoxide precursor. A white powder of TiO2 nanoparticles was obtained via the solvothermal process. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a spherical morphology of the TiO2 nanoparticles, with their diameter ranging from 2 to 7 microns as the HCl concentration increases. High-resolution electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction showed that the spheres are mesoporous titanium oxide (TiO2m) composed of nanocrystals with an anatase crystalline phase whose crystallite diameter grows from 8 to 13 nm as the HCl concentration increases. On the contrary, optimizing the H2O concentration enabled a decrease in the crystallite size of TiO2m and increases in the surface area and the energy band gap of TiO2m. The enlarged surface area enabled an increase in the number of contact points between TiO2m and the dye of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), resulting in a better solar cell performance. The white powder was used to prepare a TiO2m film via the screen-printing technique, which was used in the development of DSSC. The performance parameters of the DSSC (ISC, VOC, FF, and η%) were correlated with the synthesis parameters of TiO2m. This correlation showed that H2O and HCl greatly influence the semiconductor properties of TiO2m, along with the short-circuit current JSC and the conversion efficiency η% of the DSSC.

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45

Kalytchuk, Sergii, Shuchi Gupta, Olga Zhovtiuk, Aleksandar Vaneski, Stephen V. Kershaw, Huiying Fu, Zhiyong Fan, et al. "Semiconductor Nanocrystals as Luminescent Down-Shifting Layers To Enhance the Efficiency of Thin-Film CdTe/CdS and Crystalline Si Solar Cells." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 118, no. 30 (January 17, 2014): 16393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp410279z.

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46

Mohamed, Walied A. A., Hala Abd El-Gawad, Saleh Mekkey, Hoda Galal, Hala Handal, Hanan Mousa, and Ammar Labib. "Quantum dots synthetization and future prospect applications." Nanotechnology Reviews 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1926–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2021-0118.

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Abstract Quantum dots (QDs) are nanocrystals of a semiconductor material that exist in a size regime less than 10 nm. QDs have become promising nanoparticles for a wide variety of different applications. However, the major drawback of QDs is their potential toxicity. This review reports on some recent methods for the synthesis of QDs and explores their properties, structures, applications, and toxicity. QDs are extraordinary because their minute size produces a physically confined electron cloud, an effect known as the quantum confinement. Certainly, because of their special properties as they had a great unique optical, electronic, and chemical properties that were not observe in other materials. These unique properties of the QD are an attractive material for a variety of scientific and commercial applications, most of them recently been realized, such as biosensors, bioimaging, photodetectors, displays, solar cells, wastewater treatment, and quantum computers. Finally, but not the end, an interesting potential QD application in future perspectives will expect as light-emitting diode products, biomedical applications, and Li-Fi.

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47

Tahara, Hirokazu, and Yoshihiko Kanemitsu. "(Invited, Digital Presentation) Photocurrent Detection of Cooperative Exciton Quantum Interference in Nanocrystal Thin Films." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 20 (October 9, 2022): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0220922mtgabs.

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Colloidal semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are excellent materials for studying the photophysics of exciton complexes such as biexcitons, triexcitons, and charged excitons (trions). Dynamics of exciton complexes usually determines the performance of optoelectronic devices [1]. For example, trions reduce the optical gain threshold in QD lasers and multiexcitons increase photon-to-current conversion efficiencies via carrier multiplication processes in QD solar cells. In addition, unconventional properties of multiexcitons emerge in coherent processes in QD systems. We recently discovered the high-frequency coherent oscillations with integer multiples of the exciton resonance frequency, which is called multiexciton harmonic quantum coherence [2,3]. The multiexciton coherent properties have been investigated using optical methods. However, to clarify their roles in optoelectronic devices, it is necessary to conduct the electrical detection of multiexciton coherence. Here, we performed photocurrent detection of exciton quantum interference signals in QD thin films. The samples used in this study were closely packed PbS QD thin films. The QD films were sandwiched between the electron and hole transport layers to extract photogenerated carriers. Multiexcitons were generated by phase-locked femtosecond laser pulses, and then their photocurrent quantum interference signals were measured by using a quantum interference technique [4]. The photocurrent interference signal in the weak excitation shows a single sinusoidal oscillation originating from single excitons, while the interference signal changes to the profile involving multiple sinusoidal oscillations with increasing excitation intensity. This means that the multiexciton quantum coherence exhibiting harmonic oscillations is successfully detected in a photocurrent technique [5]. Furthermore, the amplitudes of harmonic quantum coherent signals in coupled QDs are significantly larger than those in isolated QDs. We clarified that the enhancement of the amplitudes is caused by cooperative processes in coupled QDs, where excitons in adjacent QDs interact with each other through their inter-QD coherent coupling. This cooperative effect can provide a new way to use inter-QD coherent coupling in advanced optoelectronic applications, e.g., amplifiers of coherent signals. Part of this work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI (JP19H05465 and JP22H01990) and JST CREST (JPMJCR21B4). References [1] Kanemitsu, Y. Trion dynamics in lead halide perovskite nanocrystals. J. Chem. Phys. 151, 170902 (2019). [2] Tahara, H.; Sakamoto, M.; Teranishi, T.; Kanemitsu, Y. Harmonic Quantum Coherence of Multiple Excitons in PbS/CdS Core-Shell Nanocrystals. Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 247401 (2017). [3] Tahara, H.; Sakamoto, M.; Teranishi, T.; Kanemitsu, Y. Quantum coherence of multiple excitons governs absorption cross-sections of PbS/CdS core/shell nanocrystals. Nat. Commun. 9, 3179 (2018). [4] Tahara, H.; Kanemitsu, Y. Quantum Interference Measurements and Their Application to Analysis of Ultrafast Photocarrier Dynamics in Semiconductor Solar Cell Materials. Adv. Quantum Technol. 3, 1900098 (2020). [5] Tahara, H.; Sakamoto, M.; Teranishi, T.; Kanemitsu, Y. Collective enhancement of quantum coherence in coupled quantum dot films. Phys. Rev. B 104, L241405 (2021).

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48

Dilshod, Nematov, Kholmurodov Kholmirzo, Stanchik Aliona, Fayzullaev Kahramon, Gnatovskaya Viktoriya, and Kudzoev Tamerlan. "On the Optical Properties of the Cu2ZnSn[S1−xSex]4 System in the IR Range." Trends in Sciences 20, no. 2 (November 29, 2022): 4058. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2023.4058.

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Following the recent classification by the European Commission of some elements as critical raw materials (CRM), there is an increasing interest in the development of CRM-free thin film photovoltaic (PV) technologies, including kesterite materials. Moreover, starting with the performance breakthrough reported by IBM in 2010, the efficiency of kesterite-based solar cells steadily progressed in the following years achieving. Therefore, in recent years, there has been a significant research effort to develop kesterite-based devices. However, despite the large number of theoretical and experimental works, many aspects of the problem have not yet been fully studied. Therefore, the issues considered in the article, especially the behavior of the absorption and photoconductivity spectra of the Cu2ZnSn[S1−xSex]4 system, depending on the S/Se ratio, are extremely important and, at the same time, one of the topical and poorly studied problems. In this work, using quantum-chemical calculations in the framework of density functional theory (DFT), we study the optical properties of semiconductor nanocrystals of kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 doped with Se. Using the WIEN2k package, the concentration dependences of the optical characteristics of nanocrystals of the Cu2ZnSn[S1−xSex]4 system (x = 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00) were calculated. It is shown that doping with Se at the S position leads to a noticeable improvement in the photoabsorbing properties of these nanocrystals, as well as their photoconductivity in the IR range. The calculated absorption and extinction spectra, as well as the refractive indices and permittivity of the materials under study, are compared with experimental data known from the literature. The data obtained will significantly enrich the existing knowledge about the materials under study and will contribute to the expansion of the field of application of these compounds in optoelectronic devices. HIGHLIGHTS With an increase in the Se concentration, the absorbing properties and photoconductivity of the nanocrystals of the Cu2ZnSn[S1−xSex]4 system increase The optical band gap narrows with increasing Se/S ratio Curves k(ω) and α (ω) correspond to the maxima of e2 (w) Pure Cu2ZnSnSe4 has the maximum absorption in the IR range GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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49

Menezes, Shalini, Anura P. Samantilleke, Sharmila J. Menezes, Yi Mo, and David S. Albin. "Electrodeposition of poly and nanocrystalline Cu-In-Se absorbers for optoelectronic devices." MRS Advances 4, no. 37 (2019): 2043–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.319.

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ABSTRACTCoupling semiconductors with electrochemical processes can lead to unusual materials, and attractive, practical device configurations. This work examines the reaction mechanism for single-step electrodeposition approach that creates device quality copper-indium-selenide (CISe) films with either polycrystalline or nanocrystalline morphologies on Cu and steel foils, respectively. The polycrystalline CISe film grows from In3+/Se4+ solution on Cu foil as Cu→ CuxSe→ CuInSe2; it may be used in standard planar pn devices. The nanocrystalline CISe film grown from Cu+/In3+/Se4+ solution follows the CuSe(In)→ CuInSe2→ CuIn3Se5 sequence. The latter approach leads to naturally ordered, space-filling nanocrystals, comprising interconnected 3-dimensional network of sharp, abrupt, p-CISe/n-CISe bulk homojunctions with extraordinary electro-optical attributes. Sandwiching these films between band-aligned contact electrodes can lead to high performance third generation devices for solar cells, light emitting diodes or photoelectrodes for fuel cells. Both approaches produce self-stabilized CISe absorbers that avoid recrystallization steps and can be roll-to-roll processed in simple flexible thin-film form factor for easy scale-up.

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50

Chawla, Parul, Son Singh, and Shailesh Narain Sharma. "An insight into the mechanism of charge-transfer of hybrid polymer:ternary/quaternary chalcopyrite colloidal nanocrystals." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 5 (August 8, 2014): 1235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.5.137.

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In this work, we have demonstrated the structural and optoelectronic properties of the surface of ternary/quaternary (CISe/CIGSe/CZTSe) chalcopyrite nanocrystallites passivated by tri-n-octylphosphine-oxide (TOPO) and tri-n-octylphosphine (TOP) and compared their charge transfer characteristics in the respective polymer: chalcopyrite nanocomposites by dispersing them in poly(3-hexylthiophene) polymer. It has been found that CZTSe nanocrystallites due to their high crystallinity and well-ordered 3-dimensional network in its pristine form exhibit a higher steric- and photo-stability, resistance against coagulation and homogeneity compared to the CISe and CIGSe counterparts. Moreover, CZTSe nanocrystallites display efficient photoluminescence quenching as evident from the high value of the Stern–Volmer quenching constant (K SV) and eventually higher charge transfer efficiency in their respective polymer P3HT:CZTSe composites. We modelled the dependency of the charge transfer from the donor and the charge separation mechanism across the donor–acceptor interface from the extent of crystallinity of the chalcopyrite semiconductors (CISe/CIGSe/CZTSe). Quaternary CZTSe chalcopyrites with their high crystallinity and controlled morphology in conjunction with regioregular P3HT polymer is an attractive candidate for hybrid solar cells applications.

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