Дисертації: "Solar cells manufacturing"

1

Samett, Amelia. "Sustainable Manufacturing of CIGS Solar Cells for Implementation on Electric Vehicles." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1591380591637557.

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2

Bryngelsson, Erik. "Manufacturing optimization and film stability analysis of PbS quantum dot solar cells." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-260053.

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Semiconductor colloidal quantum dots have an interesting potential to increase solar cell efficiency, with strong absorption in the infrared region and a tunable band gap. In this work an attempt was made to adopt a manufacturing process for PbS quantum dot solar cells, proven successful at Uppsala University. Two optimizations were investigated and the stability of the quantum dot films was analyzed with regards to three storage conditions, varying oxygen accessibility and light exposure, and measured with UV-Vis spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Functioning solar cells were obtained but with lower performance than the results from Uppsala. Optimizations were partly successful with regards to improved spreading of the EDT solution on the PbS quantum dot film using ethanol and methanol as solvents. No improved cell performance was observed by applying both QD films inside argon atmosphere, as opposed to only the first one. Clear differences in oxidization of the films and loss of iodine ligand could be identified for the different storage conditions, with best stability exhibited by films stored under argon atmosphere.
Kvantprickar av halvledande material har en intressant potential att förbättra solcellers verkningsgrad genom en stark absorption inom de infraröda spektrat och ett justerbart bandgap. I detta arbete gjordes ett försök att återskapa en tillverkningsprocess av kvantprickssolceller av PbS, som visat sig framgångsrik vid Uppsala universitet. Två optimeringar undersöktes och stabiliteten av kvantpricksfilmerna analyserades med avseende på tre förvaringsmiljöer med olika exponering för ljus och syre, och mättes med UV-visspektroskopi samt röntgenfotoelektronspektroskopi. Fullt fungerande solceller framställdes men med en lägre prestanda jämfört med resultaten i Uppsala. Optimeringarna var delvis lyckade gällande spridning av EDTlösningen på kvantpricksfilmen av PbS genom att använda etanol och metanol som lösningsmedel. Ingen förbättrad prestanda observerades hos cellerna genom att applicera båda kvantpricksfilmerna i argonatmosfär, jämfört med endast den första. Tydliga skillnader i oxidation för filmerna samt förluster av jodligand kunde identifieras för de olika förvaringsmiljöerna, med bäst stabilitet uppvisad av filmerna som förvarades i argonatmosfär.

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3

Dang, Hongmei. "Nanostructured Semiconductor Device Design in Solar Cells." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/77.

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We demonstrate the use of embedded CdS nanowires in improving spectral transmission loss and the low mechanical and electrical robustness of planar CdS window layer and thus enhancing the quantum efficiency and the reliability of the CdS-CdTe solar cells. CdS nanowire window layer enables light transmission gain at 300nm-550nm. A nearly ideal spectral response of quantum efficiency at a wide spectrum range provides an evidence for improving light transmission in the window layer and enhancing absorption and carrier generation in absorber. Nanowire CdS/CdTe solar cells with Cu/graphite/silver paste as back contacts, on SnO2/ITO-soda lime glass substrates, yield the highest efficiency of 12% in nanostructured CdS-CdTe solar cells. Reliability is improved by approximately 3 times over the cells with the traditional planar CdS counterpart. Junction transport mechanisms are delineated for advancing the basic understanding of device physics at the interface. Our results prove the efficacy of this nanowire approach for enhancing the quantum efficiency and the reliability in window-absorber type solar cells (CdS-CdTe, CdS-CIGS and CdS-CZTSSe etc) and other optoelectronic devices. We further introduce MoO3-x as a transparent, low barrier back contact. We design nanowire CdS-CdTe solar cells on flexible foils of metals in a superstrate device structure, which makes low-cost roll-to-roll manufacturing process feasible and greatly reduces the complexity of fabrication. The MoO3 layer reduces the valence band offset relative to the CdTe, and creates improved cell performance. Annealing as-deposited MoO3 in N2 reduces series resistance from 9.98 Ω/cm2 to 7.72 Ω/cm2, and hence efficiency of the nanowire solar cell is improved from 9.9% to 11%, which efficiency comparable to efficiency of planar counterparts. When the nanowire solar cell is illuminated from MoO3-x /Au side, it yields an efficiency of 8.7%. This reduction in efficiency is attributed to decrease in Jsc from 25.5mA/cm2 to 21mA/cm2 due to light transmission loss in the MoO3-x /Au electrode. Even though these nanowire solar cells, when illuminated from back side exhibit better performance than that of nanopillar CdS-CdTe solar cells, further development of transparent back contacts of CdTe could enable a low-cost roll-to-roll fabrication process for the superstrate structure-nanowire solar cells on Al foil substrate.

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4

Jayadevan, Keshavanand. "Fabrication and Characterization of Novel 2SSS CIGS Thin Film Solar Cells for Large-Scale Manufacturing." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3167.

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A novel 2SSS (2 Step Solid Selenization) CIGS (Cu, In, Ga, Se) thin film solar cell recipe was developed which can be a replacement to the conventional co-deposition process usually employed for large-scale manufacturing. The co-deposition procedure is faced with multiple problems such as selenium incorporation, effective gallium incorporation in the absorber. It is a 2-step proprietary procedure with better control over growth mechanisms and material utilization for the absorber layer for the CIGS thin film solar cells. It makes use of solid selenium source as preferred by manufacturers. Each step of the 2-step procedure was dealt with separately for stoichiometric analysis and interesting trade-offs between materials such as gallium, indium and selenium was found. Solar cells with this proprietary absorber were fabricated on soda lime glass substrates. Results of the solar cells made with the 2SSS process matched with that of the co-deposition process with the quantum efficiencies near 80% of the co-deposition cells. These experiments are going to serve as the test bed for the pilot line that is intended to be installed at USF's research campus soon. The finished solar cells were characterized. The scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were some of the important tools during the analysis of stoichiometry and structural properties. The device performances were measured with the help of current-voltage (I-V) testing and quantum efficiency (QE) measurements.

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5

Palaferri, Daniele. "Manufacturing and characterization of amorphous silicon alloys passivation layers for silicon hetero-junction solar cells." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/5940/.

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Nel presente lavoro di tesi magistrale sono stati depositati e caratterizzati film sottili (circa 10 nm) di silicio amorfo idrogenato (a-Si:H), studiando in particolare leghe a basso contenuto di ossigeno e carbonio. Tali layer andranno ad essere implementati come strati di passivazione per wafer di Si monocristallino in celle solari ad eterogiunzione HIT (heterojunctions with intrinsic thin layer), con le quali recentemente è stato raggiunto il record di efficienza pari a 24.7% . La deposizione è avvenuta mediante PECVD (plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition). Tecniche di spettroscopia ottica, come FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) e SE (spettroscopic ellipsometry) sono state utilizzate per analizzare le configurazioni di legami eteronucleari (Si-H, Si-O, Si-C) e le proprietà strutturali dei film sottili: un nuovo metodo è stato implementato per calcolare i contenuti atomici di H, O e C da misure ottiche. In tal modo è stato possibile osservare come una bassa incorporazione (< 10%) di ossigeno e carbonio sia sufficiente ad aumentare la porosità ed il grado di disordine a lungo raggio del materiale: relativamente a quest’ultimo aspetto, è stata sviluppata una nuova tecnica per determinare dagli spettri ellisometrici l’energia di Urbach, che esprime la coda esponenziale interna al gap in semiconduttori amorfi e fornisce una stima degli stati elettronici in presenza di disordine reticolare. Nella seconda parte della tesi sono stati sviluppati esperimenti di annealing isocrono, in modo da studiare i processi di cristallizzazione e di effusione dell’idrogeno, correlandoli con la degradazione delle proprietà optoelettroniche. L’analisi dei differenti risultati ottenuti studiando queste particolari leghe (a-SiOx e a-SiCy) ha permesso di concludere che solo con una bassa percentuale di ossigeno o carbonio, i.e. < 3.5 %, è possibile migliorare la risposta termica dello specifico layer, ritardando i fenomeni di degradazione di circa 50°C.

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6

Liu, Guoduan. "Fabrication and Characterization of Planar-Structure Perovskite Solar Cells." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/137.

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Currently organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is one kind of promising photovoltaic technology due to low production cost, easy fabrication method and high power conversion efficiency. Charge transport layers are found to be critical for device performance and stability. A traditional electron transport layer (ETL), such as TiO2 (Titanium dioxide), is not very efficient for charge extraction at the interface. Compared with TiO2, SnO2 (Tin (IV) Oxide) possesses several advantages such as higher mobility and better energy level alignment. In addition, PSCs with planar structure can be processed at lower temperature compared to PSCs with other structures. In this thesis, planar-structure perovskite solar cells with SnO2 as the electron transport layer are fabricated. The one-step spin-coating method is employed for the fabrication. Several issues are studied such as annealing the samples in ambient air or glovebox, different concentration of solution used for the samples, the impact of using filter for solutions on samples. Finally, a reproducible fabrication procedure for planer-structure perovskite solar cells with an average power conversion efficiency of 16.8%, and a maximum power conversion efficiency of 18.1% is provided.

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7

Sarvari, Hojjatollah. "FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC-INORGANIC HYBRID PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/123.

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Solar energy as the most abundant source of energy is clean, non-pollutant, and completely renewable, which provides energy security, independence, and reliability. Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) revolutionized the photovoltaics field not only by showing high efficiency of above 22% in just a few years but also by providing cheap and facile fabrication methods. In this dissertation, fabrication of PSCs in both ambient air conditions and environmentally controlled N2-filled glove-box are studied. Several characterization methods such as SEM, XRD, EDS, Profilometry, four-point probe measurement, EQE, and current-voltage measurements were employed to examine the quality of thin films and the performance of the PSCs. A few issues with the use of equipment for the fabrication of thin films are addressed, and the solutions are provided. It is suggested to fabricate PSCs in ambient air conditions entirely, to reduce the production cost. So, in this part, the preparation of the solutions, the fabrication of thin films, and the storage of materials were performed in ambient air conditions regardless of their humidity sensitivity. Thus, for the first part, the fabrication of PSCs in ambient air conditions with relative humidity above ~36% with and without moisture sensitive material, i.e., Li-TFSI are provided. Perovskite materials including MAPbI3 and mixed cation MAyFA(1-y)PbIxBr(1-x) compositions are investigated. Many solution-process parameters such as the spin-coating speed for deposition of the hole transporting layer (HTL), preparation of the HTL solution, impact of air and light on the HTL conductivity, and the effect of repetitive measurement of PSCs are investigated. The results show that the higher spin speed of PbI2 is critical for high-quality PbI2 film formation. The author also found that exposure of samples to air and light are both crucial for fabrication of solar cells with larger current density and better fill factor. The aging characteristics of the PSCs in air and vacuum environments are also investigated. Each performance parameter of air-stored samples shows a drastic change compared with that of the vacuum-stored samples, and both moisture and oxygen in air are found to influence the PSCs performances. These results are essential towards the fabrication of low-cost, high-efficiency PSCs in ambient air conditions. In the second part, the research is focused on the fabrication of high-efficiency PSCs using the glove-box. Both single-step and two-step spin-coating methods with perovskite precursors such as MAyFA(1-y)PbIxBr(1-x) and Cesium-doped mixed cation perovskite with a final formula of Cs0.07MA0.1581FA0.7719Pb1I2.49Br0.51 were considered. The effect of several materials and process parameters on the performance of PSCs are investigated. A new solution which consists of titanium dioxide (TiO2), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and anhydrous ethanol is introduced and optimized for fabrication of quick, pinhole-free, and efficient hole-blocking layer using the spin-coating method. Highly reproducible PSCs with an average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.4% are fabricated using this solution by spin-coating method compared to the conventional solution utilizing both spin-coating with an average PCE of 10.6% and spray pyrolysis with an average PCE of 13.78%. Moreover, a thin layer of silver is introduced as an interlayer between the HTL and the back contact. Interestingly, it improved the current density and, finally the PCEs of devices by improving the adhesion of the back electrode onto the organic HTL and increasing the light reflection in the PSC. Finally, a highly reproducible fabrication procedure for cesium-doped PSCs using the anti-solvent method with an average PCE of 16.5%, and a maximum PCE of ~17.5% is provided.

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8

Torabi, Naseem M. "Materials Selection and Processing Techniques for Small Spacecraft Solar Cell Arrays." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/22.

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Body mounted germanium substrate solar cell arrays form the faces of many small satellite designs to provide the primary power source on orbit. High efficiency solar cells are made affordable for university satellite programs as triangular devices trimmed from wafer scale solar cells. The smaller cells allow array designs to pack tightly around antenna mounts and payload instruments, giving the board design flexibility. One objective of this work is to investigate the reliability of solar cells attached to FR-4 printed circuit boards. FR-4 circuit boards have significantly higher thermal expansion coefficients and lower thermal conductivities than germanium. This thermal expansion coefficient mismatch between the FR-4 board and the components causes concern for the power system in terms of failures seen by the solar cells. These failures are most likely to occur with a longer orbital lifetime and an extended exposure to harsh environments. This work compares various methods of attaching solar cells to printed circuit boards, using solder paste alone and with a silicone adhesive, and considering the application of these adhesives by comparing the solder joints when printed by screen versus a stencil. An environmental test plan was used to compare the survivability and performance of the solar arrays.

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9

Berrada, Sounni Amine. "Low cost manufacturing of light trapping features on multi-crystalline silicon solar cells : jet etching method and cost analysis." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/61522.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; and, (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2010.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 127-128).
An experimental study was conducted in order to determine low cost methods to improve the light trapping ability of multi-crystalline solar cells. We focused our work on improving current wet etching methods to achieve the desired light trapping features which consists in micro-scale trenches with parabolic cross-sectional profiles with a target aspect ratio of 1.0. The jet etching with a hard mask method, which consists in impinging a liquid mixture of hydrofluoric, nitric and acetic acids through the opening of hard mask, was developed. First, a computational fluid dynamics simulation was conducted to determine the desired jet velocity and angle to be used in our experiments. We find that using a jet velocity of 3 m/s and a jetting angle of 45° yields the necessary flow characteristics for etching high aspect ratio features. Second, we performed experiments to determine the effect of jet etching using a photo-resist mask and thermally grown silicon oxide mask on multiple silicon substrates : <100>, <110>, <111> and multi-crystalline silicon. Compared to a baseline of etching with no jet, we find that the jet etching process can improve the light trapping ability of the baseline features by improving their aspect ratio up to 65.2% and their light trapping ability up to 38.1%. The highest aspect ratio achieved using the jet etching process was 0.62. However, it must be noted that the repeatability of the results was not consistent: significant variations in the results of the same experiment occurred, making the jet etching process promising but difficult to control. Finally, we performed a cost analysis in order to determine the minimum efficiency that a jet etching process would have to achieve to be cost competitive and its corresponding features aspect ratio. We find that a minimum cell efficiency of 16.63% and feature aspect ratios of 0.57 are necessary for cost competitiveness with current solar cell manufacturing technology.
by Amine Berrada Sounni.
S.M.in Technology and Policy
S.M.

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10

Ganvir, Rasika. "MODELLING OF THE NANOWIRE CdS-CdTe DEVICE DESIGN FOR ENHANCED QUANTUM EFFICIENCY IN WINDOW-ABSORBER TYPE SOLAR CELLS." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/83.

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Numerical simulations of current-voltage characteristics of nanowire CdS/CdTe solar cells are performed as a function of temperature using SCAPS-1D. This research compares the experimental current-voltage (I-V) characteristics with the numerical (I-V) simulations obtained from SCAPS-1D at various temperatures. Various device parameters were studied which can affect the efficiency of the nanowire-CdS/CdTe solar cell. It was observed that the present simulated model explains the important effects of these solar cell devices, such as the crossover and the rollover effect. It was shown that the removal of defect in i-SnO2 is responsible for producing the crossover effect. In the past, the rollover effect has been explained by using back to back diode model in the literature. In this work, simulations were performed in order to validate this theory. At the back electrode, the majority carrier barrier height was varied from 0.4 to 0.5 eV, the curve corresponding to the 0.5 eV barrier showed a strong rollover effect, while this effect disappeared when the barrier was reduced to 0.4 eV. Thus, it was shown that the change of barrier height at the contact is a critical parameter in the rollover effect.

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11

Cavallari, Marco Roberto. "Desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de fabricação de transistores de filmes finos orgânicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3140/tde-03112010-120818/.

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Neste trabalho, é apresentada uma metodologia de fabricação de transistores de filmes finos orgânicos. Foram fabricadas células solares de heterojunção de poli(3- hexiltiofeno) (P3HT) e [6,6]-fenil-C61-butirato de metila (PCBM) por apresentarem máxima conversão de potência (PCE) de cerca 5 %. Partindo de rendimentos de 10-6 até atingir 1,7 %, são mostradas as dificuldades no processamento de filmes orgânicos e na caracterização destes dispositivos. Destacam-se dentre outros, a importância da geometria dos eletrodos, da preparação da solução de blendas orgânicas e dos cuidados na utilização de substratos flexíveis (e.g. polietileno tereftalato PET). A estrutura empregada é composta por vidro, óxido de índio dopado com estanho (ITO), poli(3,4- etilenodioxitiofeno) complexado com poli(ácido estireno-sulfônico) (PEDOT:PSS), P3HT:PCBM, fluoreto de lítio (LiF) e alumínio. PET coberto por In2O3/Au/Ag em substituição ao vidro-ITO é utilizado devido à busca da indústria eletrônica por materiais alternativos de baixo custo. Estrutura semelhante é empregada para caracterização da mobilidade dos portadores de carga em filmes orgânicos. Técnicas tais como Time of Flight (ToF), Charge Extraction in Linearly Increasing Voltage (CELIV), além da interpretação de curvas estacionárias de densidade de corrente por tensão (JxV) foram empregadas para estudo de derivados de poli(para-fenileno vinileno) (PPV). Foram obtidas mobilidades de 10-810-6 cm2/Vs para modelos de corrente limitada por carga espacial (SCLC) com armadilhas rasas e profundas. Mobilidades de efeito de campo caracterizadas em TFTs bottom gate bottom contact com porta comum são pelo menos duas ordens de grandeza superiores às obtidas através das técnicas anteriormente citadas. Foram utilizados diversos substratos (e.g. silício monocristalino e vidro-ITO), dielétricos (e.g. oxinitreto de silício (SiOxNy) por PECVD e SiO2 térmico), tratamentos de superfície (e.g. vapor de hexametildissilazana HMDS), semicondutores (derivados de PPV, P3HT, pentaceno) e eletrodos (e.g. camada de aderência de titânio). Definiu-se assim uma metodologia de seleção de novos semicondutores orgânicos para a indústria eletrônica.
In this work, it is presented a methodology for organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) fabrication. Poly(3-hexylthyophene) (P3HT):[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acidmethyl ester (PCBM) bulk heterojunction solar cells were studied for their maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) around 5 %. Efficiencies evolution in time from 10-6 to 1.7 % show the difficulties involved in organic thin-film processing and device characterization. It is of remarkable importance the electrodes geometry, the organic blend solution preparation and the extra-care while processing on flexible substrates (e.g. polyethylene terephthalate PET). Devices are composed of indium tin oxide covered glass, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS), P3HT:PCBM active layer, lithium fluoride (LiF) and aluminum. PET covered with In2O3/Au/Ag substituting glass-ITO was employed due to the electronic industry research for low cost alternative materials. Similar structure is used for charge carrier mobility characterization. Techniques such as Time of Flight (ToF), Charge Extraction in Linearly Increasing Voltage (CELIV), and charge transport modeling of current density vs. voltage (JxV) stationary curves were applied on semiconductors like poly(para-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) derivatives. Mobilities around 10-810-6 cm2/Vs for space charge limited current (SCLC) with shallow and deep traps were obtained. Field effect mobilities characterized in bottom gate bottom contact TFTs with common gate are at least two orders higher than previous values. During this work, it was tested different substrates (e.g. monocrystalline silicon and glass-ITO), insulators (e.g. PECVD silicon oxynitride and thermal SiO2), surface treatments (e.g. hexamethyldisilazane vapor), semiconductors (PPV derivatives, P3HT, pentacene) and electrodes (e.g. titanium adhesion layer). It was defined that way a methodology of new semiconducting material selection for the electronic industry.

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12

Awadallah, Osama. "Synthesis, Processing, and Fundamental Phase Formation Study of CZTS Films for Solar Cell Applications." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3725.

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Copper zinc tin sulfide (Cu2ZnSnS4 or CZTS) kesterite compound has attracted much attention in the last years as a new abundant, low cost, and environmentally benign material with desirable optoelectronic properties for Photovoltaic (PV) thin film solar cell applications. Among various synthesis routes for CZTS thin films, sol-gel processing is one of the most attractive routes to obtain CZTS films with superior quality and low cost. In this study, sol-gel sulfurization process parameters for CZTS thin films were systematically investigated to identify the proper process window. In addition, temperature dependent Raman spectroscopy was employed to monitor the CZTS sulfurization process in real time and gain fundamental information about the phase formation and degradation mechanisms of CZTS under the relevant processing conditions. It was found that CZTS thin films with different Cu stoichiometry can be prepared using parts-per-million (ppm) level of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas as opposed to high percentage level of H2S (e.g., ≥ 5%) in all previous studies. Samples sulfurized at lower temperatures of ~350°C and 125°C revealed the formation of CZTS phase as confirmed by XRD, Raman micro-spectroscopy, and sheet resistance measurement. Local EDS analysis indicates that CZTS films prepared at those low temperatures have a near-stoichiometric composition and are sometimes accompanied by the formation of Cu2-xS phase(s). Also, stoichiometric and Cu-rich precursor solutions tend to yield CZTS samples with better crystallinity and superior optical properties compared with the Cu-deficient solution. Moreover, in situ Raman monitoring of phase formation of CZTS material was carried out from room temperature up to 350°C in a 100 ppm H2S+4%H2+N2 gas mixture. The results showed that CZTS phase formed in about 30 min via a direct reaction between the metal oxide precursor film and the H2S-H2 gas mixture at an intermediate temperature of 350°C and remained stable upon extended exposure. In comparison, at a lower temperature (170°C), the oxide precursor film had to be reduced first (e.g., in 4% H2/N2 forming gas) and then the CZTS phase emerged. However, continued sulfurization at a lower temperature (e.g., 170°C) led to the disintegration of CZTS and the formation of CuS impurity, which remains stable upon cooling the sample down to room temperature. Furthermore, results of in situ Raman monitoring of CZTS films in an oxygen-rich atmosphere at elevated temperatures up to 600°C suggested that CZTS oxidizes first at ~400°C to form tin oxide (SnO2) and binary sulfides of mainly copper sulfide (Cu2-xS) and zinc sulfide (ZnS). Then, at temperatures higher than 400°C, the remaining sulfides oxidize to form zinc oxide (ZnO). The outcomes of the current study set the directions for optimizing the CZTS film structure and stoichiometry toward developing low cost and high-performance CZTS solar cells in future.

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13

Ristow, Alan Hugo. "Numerical modeling of uncertainty and variability in the technology, manufacturing, and economics of crystalline silicon photovoltaics." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24643.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.
Committee Chair: Rohatgi, Ajeet; Committee Co-Chair: Begovic, Miroslav; Committee Member: Gaylord, Thomas; Committee Member: Harley, Ronald; Committee Member: Jarrett, Christopher; Committee Member: Kippelen, Bernard

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14

Vabbina, Phani Kiran. "Sonochemical Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanostructures for Sensing and Energy Harvesting." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2534.

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Semiconductor nanostructures have attracted considerable research interest due to their unique physical and chemical properties at nanoscale which open new frontiers for applications in electronics and sensing. Zinc oxide nanostructures with a wide range of applications, especially in optoelectronic devices and bio sensing, have been the focus of research over the past few decades. However ZnO nanostructures have failed to penetrate the market as they were expected to, a few years ago. The two main reasons widely recognized as bottleneck for ZnO nanostructures are (1) Synthesis technique which is fast, economical, and environmentally benign which would allow the growth on arbitrary substrates and (2) Difficulty in producing stable p-type doping. The main objective of this research work is to address these two bottlenecks and find a solution that is inexpensive, environmentally benign and CMOS compatible. To achieve this, we developed a Sonochemical method to synthesize 1D ZnO Nanorods, core-shell nanorods, 2D nanowalls and nanoflakes on arbitrary substrates which is a rapid, inexpensive, CMOS compatible and environmentally benign method and allows us to grow ZnO nanostructures on any arbitrary substrate at ambient conditions while most other popular methods used are either very slow or involve extreme conditions such as high temperatures and low pressure. A stable, reproducible p-type doping in ZnO is one of the most sought out application in the field of optoelectronics. Here in this project, we doped ZnO nanostructures using sonochemical method to achieve a stable and reproducible doping in ZnO. We have fabricated a homogeneous ZnO radial p-n junction by growing a p-type shell around an n-type core in a controlled way using the sonochemical synthesis method to realize ZnO homogeneous core-shell radial p-n junction for UV detection. ZnO has a wide range of applications from sensing to energy harvesting. In this work, we demonstrate the successful fabrication of an electrochemical immunosensor using ZnO nanoflakes to detect Cortisol and compare their performance with that of ZnO nanorods. We have explored the use of ZnO nanorods in energy harvesting in the form of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) and Perovskite Solar Cells.

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15

Alberola, Borràs Jaume Adrià. "Environmental Evaluation for the Development of Photovoltaic Devices Based on Halide Perovskite through Life Cycle Assessment." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/14107.2021.209673.

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An increasing concentration of greenhouse gases makes necessary changing the energy model to one in which photovoltaics play an important role. This thesis aims to assist the development of a novel photovoltaic technology based on halide perovskite towards commercialisation, in terms of sustainability. Life Cycle Assessment is used as tool for this purpose. In Chapter 3, the environmental performance of the initial developments of perovskite solar cells through four different devices is assessed through life cycle assessment. Improved stability, reproducibility and efficiency is achieved by combining methylammonium with formamidinium and caesium. Four perovskites combining these cations are compared in Chapter 4 with a plain methylammonium lead iodide perovskite. Further progression of the technology entails improving perovskite photovoltaics manufacturing at pilot scale. A pilot-scale manufacturing process producing perovskite solar modules in a carbon stack configuration is evaluated in Chapter 5. Finally, the conclusions of the thesis are presented in Chapter 6.
Programa de Doctorat en Tecnologies Industrials i Materials

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16

Guo, Huairui. "Variation monitoring, diagnosis and control for complex solar cell manufacturing processes." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280704.

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Interest in photovoltaic products has expanded dramatically, but wide-scale commercial use remains limited due to the high manufacturing cost and insufficient efficiency of solar products. Therefore, it is critical to develop effective process monitoring, diagnosing, and control methods for quality and productivity improvement. This dissertation is motivated by this timely need to develop effective process control methods for variation reduction in thin film solar cell manufacturing processes. Three fundamental research issues related to process monitoring, diagnosis, and control have been studied accordingly. The major research activities and the corresponding contributions are summarized as follows: (1) Online SPC is integrated with generalized predictive control (GPC) for the first time for effective process monitoring and control. This research emphasizes on the importance of developing supervisory strategies, in which the controller parameters are adaptively changed based on the detection of different process change patterns using SPC techniques. It has been shown that the integration of SPC and GPC provides great potential for the development of effective controllers especially for a complex manufacturing process with a large time varying delay and different process change patterns. (2) A generic hierarchical ANOVA method is developed for systematic variation decomposition and diagnosis in batch manufacturing processes. Different from SPC, which focuses on variation reduction due to assignable causes, this research aims to reduce inherent normal process variation by assessing and diagnosing inherent variance components from production data. A systematic method of how to use a full factor decomposition model to systematically determine an appropriate nested model structure is investigated for the first time in this dissertation. (3) A Multiscale statistical process monitoring method is proposed for the first time to simultaneously detect mean shift and variance change for autocorrelated data. Three wavelet-based monitoring charts are developed to separately detect process variance change, measurement error variance change, and process mean shift simultaneously. Although the solar cell manufacturing process is used as an example in the dissertation, the developed methodologies are generic for process monitoring, diagnosis, and control in process variation reduction, which are expected to be applicable to various other semiconductor and chemical manufacturing processes.

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17

Heßmann, Maik [Verfasser], and Christoph J. [Akademischer Betreuer] Brabec. "Laser Welding of Silicon Foils for Thin-Film Solar Cell Manufacturing / Maik Heßmann. Gutachter: Christoph J. Brabec." Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2014. http://d-nb.info/1075833922/34.

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18

Lundin, Johan. "EROI of crystalline silicon photovoltaics : Variations under different assumptions regarding manufacturing energy inputs and energy output." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för fysik och astronomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-199639.

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Анотація:

Installed photovoltaic nameplate power have been growing rapidly around the worldin the last few years. But how much energy is returned to society (i.e. net energy) by this technology, and which factors contribute the most to the amount of energy returned? The objective of this thesis was to examine the importance of certain inputs and outputs along the solar panel production chain and their effect on the energy return on (energy) investment (EROI) for crystalline wafer-based photovoltaics. A process-chain model was built using publicly available life-cycle inventory (LCI) datasets. This model has been kept simple in order to ensure transparency. Univariate sensitivity analysis for processes and multivariate case studies was then applied to the model. The results show that photovoltaic EROI values are very sensitive to assumptions regarding location and efficiency. The ability of solar panels to deliver net energy in northern regions of the earth is questionable. Solar cell wafer thickness have a large impact on EROI, with thinner wafers requiring less silicon material. Finding an alternative route for production of solar-grade silicon is also found to be of great importance, as is introduction of kerf loss recycling. Equal system sizes have been found to yield an primary EROI between approximately 5.5-19 depending on location and assumptions. This indicates that a generalized absolute EROI for photovoltaics may be of little use for decision-makers. Using the net energy cliff concept in relation to primary EROI found in this thesis shows that primary EROI rarely decreases to less than the threshold of 8:1 in univariate cases. Crystalline photovoltaics under similar system boundaries as those in the thesis model does not necessarily constrain economic growth on an energetic basis.

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19

Chen, Jianhao. "Investigation of CdS Nanowires and Planar Films for Enhanced Performance as Window Layers in CdS-CdTe Solar Cell Devices." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/27.

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Cadmium sulfide (CdS) and cadmium telluride (CdTe) are two leading semiconductor materials used in the fabrication of thin film solar cells of relatively high power conversion efficiency and low manufacturing cost. In this work, CdS/CdTe solar cells with a varying set of processing parameters and device designs were fabricated and characterized for comparative evaluation. Studies were undertaken to elucidate the effects of (i) each step in fabrication and (ii) parameters like thickness, sheet resistance, light absorptivity solution concentration, inert gas pressure etc. Best results were obtained when the thickness of CdS planar film for the window layer was in the range of 150 nm to 200 nm. Also, CdS nanowires were fabricated for use as the window layer in CdS-CdTe solar cells. Their materials characteristics were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Spectral absorption measurements on the planar CdS films and nanowire CdS layers were performed and results compared. It was established that the nanowire CdS design was superior because its absorption of sunlight was far less than that of planar CdS film, which would lead to enhanced performance in the CdS-CdTe solar cell through higher short circuit current density and higher open circuit voltage. Diode behavior of CdS-CdTe devices on planar CdS and nanowire CdS was analyzed and compared. KEYWORDS: Thin Film Solar Cell, Nanowire, UV Absorption, Open-circuit Voltage, Close Space Sublimation

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20

Aurelius, Gustaf, and Mattias Ingvarsson. "Simulation of Production Flow : A simulation-based approach to evaluate and optimize future production scenarios." Thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254413.

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This master thesis is the last part of the master program Production Engineering and Management at the Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, in Stockholm. The thesis is conducted at Exeger Operations AB, in short Exeger. The company is in an expansion phase and wants to prepare for future production expansion. Thus, a simulation capability to test future production scenarios was desirable. The problem definition was defined by the company together with the authors and led to a literature study within simulation, TPS and Lean manufacturing. Following the literature study, a current state map was produced to achieve sufficient understanding of the production flow at the company. A simulation model was then built. The model was used to test three different ”what-if” scenarios. Buy or Optimize, Future ratio 3:1:1 and Buy or SMED. The authors’ findings in the Buy or Optimize scenario suggest that optimizing the process time in the printers is far better, from multiple perspectives, than investing in new machinery. A 3:1:1 ratio of printers, sinter 1 and assembly station was developed using the simulation model to achieve leveled production flow of these specific processes. Lastly, conducting a SMED on the sinter 1 machine, the setup-,and wait-times achieved a theoretical reduction up to 75 % by altering the SOP and allocating additional preparatory space, in accordance with Lean philosophy. This change would offer the same improvement to a full-scale production as investing in a new sinter 1 according to the simulation model. Future work may consist of Layout Planning and adopting the simulation model to new prerequisites.

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21

Ka, Oumar. "Composes 2-6 serigraphies : preparation et caracterisation de cds et cdte." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066319.

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Анотація:

Etude des proprietes fondamentales (structures cristallographiques, proprietes transport, luminescence, etc. ) des couches cdte et cds deposees par serigraphie (depot de la pate contenant le semiconducteur desire, sechage puis frittage haute temperature). Application a la fabrication de photopiles solaires en raison de son faible cout

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22

Strachala, Dávid. "Modifikace struktury křemíkových solárních článků." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221019.

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The aim of the work is to create a coherent overview of the silicon monocrystaline solar cell in terms of the physical principle of the structure and sequence of technological operations necessary for its production. The effect of individual manufacturing steps is discussed in relation to the requirement of decreasing recombination, optical and ohmic losses of the monocrystalline solar cell. Due to a theoretical assumption, one-dimensional model of solar cell was created in a PC1D software that was later optimized to achieve the highest possible efficiency. Using the available technologies, final model of the solar cell is manufactured in Solartec company and in the end of the work compared with the output of simulation.

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23

GOUTSOU, PERRAKI VASSILIKI. "Contribution a l'etude des cellules solaires epitaxiees sur si metallurgique." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077138.

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Des photopiles p**(+)pn**(+) ont ete fabriquees par depot epitaxique d'une couche mince de si ultrapur sur un substrat sommairement purifie (umg) p**(+), puis formation de la couche n**(+), des contacts metalliques et de la couche antireflet par serigraphie. Mesures de la longueur de diffusion ln (methode lbic) et de la reponse spectrale des cellules

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24

Dour, Gilles. "Tirage semi-continu de silicium photovoltaïque multicristallin en creuset froid inductif : expérimentation et caractérisation." Grenoble INPG, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPG0039.

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Анотація:

L'utilisation de la technique du creuset froid inductif pour le tirage de silicium multicristallin a usage photovoltaique est delicat en raison de la grande fragilite du materiau et des exigences de qualite cristalline propres a l'application recherchee. Une etude semi-analytique, completee par des mesures experimentales par rayons x, montre sur quels parametres operatoires il est possible de jouer pour eviter la fissuration des billettes et abaisser la densite de dislocation dans les grains. Des experiences de tirage font suite. Des billettes saines de fissures et des densites de dislocation de l'ordre de 10#4#- 10#5 cm#-#2 ont ete produites. Des cellules et un module photovoltaiques sont realisees, avec des rendements de 11,25 % en moyenne. Une serie de caracterisation photovoltaique du materiau brut produit est effectuee chez des partenaires. Elle montre que (1) les defauts cristallins sont nettement moins actifs electriquement que dans les materiaux moules traditionnels, (2) l'oxygene est moins concentre que dans la charge, mais (3) le materiau est pollue en impuretes metalliques (fe, cr etc) a cause du transport dans le systeme de distribution.

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25

El, Idrissi Sidi El Bachir. "Elaboration et caracterisation de materiaux destines a des applications solaires : cu::(x)o et zn::(3)p::(2)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13010.

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Анотація:

Les oxydes de cuivre cuxo formes a la surface d'une lame de cuivre sont etudies afin de preciser les mecanismes physiques de la selectivite spectrale et le role joue par chacun des deux oxydes cu2o et cuo. Influence des conditions de preparation et des methodes d'oxydation. Le phosphure de zinc (zn3p2) apparait comme un candidat potentiel pour la realisation de cellules solaires. Elaboration de couches minces a l'etat amorphe ou cristallise. Caracterisation des couches (structure cristalline, etat de surface, composition). Etude des proprietes optiques et electriques

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26

AKANI, MOHAMED. "Elaboration du silicium polycristallin par projection plasma : microstructure et proprietes electriques." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066613.

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Анотація:

Obtention de rubans autosupportes ou supportes par differents substrats par projection plasma a partir de poudre de silicium. Optimisation du procede. Mesure des caracteristiques des rubans obtenus (porosite, densite, resistivite, mobilite de hall) avant et apres recuit, et apres recristallisation par bombardement electronique. Evolution des caracteristiques electriques avec le dopage. Mesure des proprietes photoelectroniques

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27

Roca, i. Cabarrocas Pere. "Science des materiaux et techniques du reacteur dans le depot par procede plasma rf de photopiles et d'autres dispositifs en silicium amorphe hydrogene." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077146.

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Procede de fabrication de a-si:h dans un reacteur multiplasma-monochambre. Etude physicochimique du plasma de silane. Caracterisation du a-si:h produit et correlations entre les conditions de preparation et les proprietes du materiau. Production et caracterisation du materiau dope. Caracterisation des cellules solaires p-i-n fabriquees dans le reacteur arcam, avec des rendements de 8,5% pour des structures non optimisees

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28

Wang, Jia-Jiun, and 王家濬. "Manufacturing and Analysis of Hetero-Junction Solar Cells and Single-Crystalline Solar Cells." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71620896146909935590.

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Анотація:

碩士
華梵大學
機電工程學系博碩專班
96
Solar cells have the potential to be an important contributor to the global energy demand by the 21-st-century.The dominant topics for solar cell covered in this dissertation are (1) variation in the emitter dopant’s concentration,(2)variation in the wafer dopant’s concentration, (3)variation in the contact resistance,(4)the bifacial light source effects solar cells, (5)design and analysis micro Fresnel lens thin film. This work established a baseline model for silicon based solar cells and from this model the device physics relating to dopant’s concentration, contact resistance, bifacial light source was studied. The micro-Fresnel lens thin film was composed of Fresnel lens, the micro-Fresnel lens thin film has the capability to increase the light utility.

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29

Li, Hong-Ru, and 李虹儒. "Manufacturing Parameters and Performance Test of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/55898316015743962787.

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Анотація:

碩士
淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系碩士班
100
In this study the manufacture and the performance evaluation of dye sensitized solar cell(DSSC) are performed. This study focuses on how preparation parameters of titanium dioxide thin film affect the performance of DSSC. In the study, the a blackberry was used as dye and 0.5M KI ,0.05I2 in ethyl glycol was used as electrolyte. The titanium dioxide thin film was made by doctor blade method. The mesoporous titanium dioxide thin film was sintering on FTO glass. The titanium dioxide thin film electrode preparation includes the dispersant used, sintering temperature and sintering time. The film thickness and morphological properties were measured to relate various film manufacture parameters with DSSC performance. Among three dispersants of sulfuric acid, nitric acid and the acetic acid, the acetic acid was found to be adsorbed more on the surface of titanium dioxide that prohibits individual particle from aggregation as revealed in SEM measurements. Hence the acetic acid was selected as dispersants for the rest tests. An averaged 18μm film thickness was measured by 3D surface profiler. The test concludes that the optimal parameters in the titanium dioxide thin film manufacturing to obtain best DSSC performance are 0.1M concentration of acetic acid s dispersant, the sintering temperature 550℃ for 30min. The higher temperature in the sintering process is believed to burn out more organic matter in the titanium dioxide pore that enhance the exposure of the film to solar radiation, hence more optical-electro transfer improves the DSSC performance.

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30

CHANG, Yu-Ting, and 張毓庭. "Environmental friendly manufacturing process of sensitizers for dye sensitized solar cells." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6b67v4.

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Анотація:

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
有機高分子研究所
98
Transition metal compounds such as polypyridine ruthenium complex had been interested in it’s photochemistry and electrochemistry due to stable ground state and excited state. In this decade, polypyridine ruthenium complex especially4,4’-dicarboxy-2,2’-bipyridine which as bridge to connected the dye and TiO2 surface had arised attention with higher photon to current conversion efficiency. To purified 4,4’-dicarboxy-2,2’-bipyridine, it would used boiled nitric acid for four hours which needed much more awareness, and the residue solution after this process can not be disposal directly. Even more the purity of4,4’-dicarboxy-2,2’-bipyridine was not satisfied either. In our way, which was cheaper and safer, we used sodium hydroxide and the whole process can be run under room temperature. Becides, the residue solution is neutral and friendly to environment, and more, it has advantage to be recycled.

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31

SALAVEI, Andrei. "New Fabrication Approaches for High Efficiency CdS/CdTe Solar Cells." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/546551.

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Анотація:

Vedasi abstract in lingua inglese
Presented in this thesis are the results from the study of new fabrication approaches for high efficiency thin film CdS/CdTe solar cells grown in superstrate configuration. Hereinafter the phrases CdS/CdTe solar cells and thin film CdS/CdTe solar cell will imply thin film CdS/CdTe solar cell grown in superstrate configuration. This thesis contains four main parts. The first part (chapters 1 and 2) presents general information about thin film CdS/CdTe solar cells, and their place among other types of solar cells. A definition of the device is given and explained. Possible configurations of thin film CdS/CdTe solar cells are shown. A historical overview of the evolution of thin film CdS/CdTe solar cell efficiency from 1969 - advent of the first thin film CdS/CdTe solar cell – up to now is presented. A short overview of the main ongoing research and present challenges is given in the paragraph “Current research directions”. Also included in the first part is the aim of this study defined according to present-day challenges for CdTe photovoltaic. In the second part (chapter 3) the fabrication process for thin film CdS/CdTe solar cells preparation developed in our laboratory by the author is presented. All steps starting from substrate up to the finished working device are mentioned. All the required techniques and materials are specified. Moreover in the second part the experimental techniques, which were used for solar cells characterization, are presented. The operating modes for each type of characterization are also presented. The third part (from chapter 4 to chapter 7) focuses on the new fabrication approaches for thin film CdS/CdTe solar cells. Influence of alternative fabrication steps in lieu of our standard fabrication process steps on solar cells performance is presented. We examined how the performance of CdS/CdTe solar cells is influenced by: different fabrication methods of CdS window layer and different Bromine-Methanol etching. An alternative recrystallization process for low substrate temperature deposited CdTe solar cells was studied. The influence of alternative treatment on CdS/CdTe solar cells behavior and performance is presented. Results are compared with the results from the standard process. Results of this study addressed by tellurium scarcity are presented in chapter 5. Influence of CdTe thickness on structural and electrical properties of CdTe/CdS solar cells was investigated. In chapter 7 flexible solar cells production process developed in our laboratory is presented. Results and challenges addressed by the fabrication of flexible CdTe solar cells by a low temperature process on ITO/ZnO coated polymers are presented in this chapter. In the fourth part all results obtained during this study are summarized and presented. The results have already been partly published in peer-reviewed journals and conferences proceedings.

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32

Yang, Cher Zer, and 楊擇哲. "A study of manufacturing solar cells using rejected wafers from IC foundries." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84095898987544686032.

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Анотація:

碩士
元智大學
電機工程學系
94
The issues on the global energies are closely related to convenience and quality of the human livings. The fact that Taiwan has a well-functioned semiconductor industry and that the solar cells industry will be one of the important technologies of resources in the future inspiring our present study to research on the rejected wafers. The research studies on the rejected wafers from semiconductor foundries and analyzing them via different processing conditions. The results of the analyses will hopefully upgrade the utilization of wafers produced from semiconductor foundries and ultimately cut the cost on producing material of solar cells. In this way, due to the shortage of the materials of silicon, the present research is to focus the recyclings of the rejected wafers produced from semiconductor foundries, which will in the long run promote the development of the industry of the solar cells.

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33

Tsai, Li-Te, and 蔡立德. "Manufacturing and Analysis on Anti-reflection Layer of Silicon-based Solar Cells." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37216260978159204593.

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Анотація:

碩士
華梵大學
機電工程研究所
95
This thesis presents process technologies to improve the efficiency of Silicon solar cell. The main technologies include texture and anti-reflection coating (ARC). Process-wise photolithography is first used to add texture, then by putting PoCl3 in furnace to form the P-N junction, Finally with the deposition process in sputter the front and back side electrodes are made followed by the coating of anti-reflection layer. Texture helps increase the area to absorb incident light and to catch more the second order refraction light as well. The reflection rate of the solar cell without any surface treatment can be as high as 30%. Experiment results indicate that the texture and the ARC, made by photolithography and deposition respectively, indeed raise the efficiency. ARC especially improves even more the efficiency. Measurement showed the open circuit voltage and the closed circuit currency can be raised by 7% and 66 % respectively.

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34

Hu, Bing-Chuen, and 胡秉淳. "All-solution process for manufacturing dye-sensitized solar cells photoelectrodes using inkjet printing." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4nezx3.

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Анотація:

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
機械與精密工程研究所
104
In this study, the titanium dioxide (TiO2) solution was printed on a conductive fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass by inkjet printing to be used as a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) photoelectrode. The TiO2 electrode was yielded with porosity after sintering at 450 ° C. The counter electrode (CE) was yielded and compared with nano silver, graphene, platinum, and carbon. Using inkjet printing, the layer-stacked photoelectrode was obtained, while it was difficult using a doctor blade method. As compared to screen printing, inkjet printing easily generated the TiO2 photoelectrode with a mesh and grid pattern. The 3D micro structure of the photoelectrode pattern was obtained. At the same time, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe its surface morphology and cross section. Using inkjet printing, its thickness was simply controlled with 10.25µm for printing of 4 layers. Then using platinum as a CE, the DSSC was found with a power conversion efficiency of 4.4%. These experiments result show that it is possible using inkjet printing for fabricating DSSC. This way of producing the photoelectrode still requires improvement in the method. In the future, the printing parameters and materials configuration can be further studied to increase the power conversion efficiency, and to be developed in flexible applications. Keyword：inkjet printing, TiO2, dye-sensitized solar cells, photoelectrode

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35

Abdelsamie, Maged. "Solution-Processing of Organic Solar Cells: From In Situ Investigation to Scalable Manufacturing." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10754/621992.

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Анотація:

Photovoltaics provide a feasible route to fulfilling the substantial increase in demand for energy worldwide. Solution processable organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have attracted attention in the last decade because of the promise of low-cost manufacturing of sufficiently efficient devices at high throughput on large-area rigid or flexible substrates with potentially low energy and carbon footprints. In OPVs, the photoactive layer is made of a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) layer and is typically composed of a blend of an electron-donating (D) and an electron-accepting (A) materials which phase separate at the nanoscale and form a heterojunction at the D-A interface that plays a crucial role in the generation of charges. Despite the tremendous progress that has been made in increasing the efficiency of organic photovoltaics over the last few years, with power conversion efficiency increasing from 8% to 13% over the duration of this PhD dissertation, there have been numerous debates on the mechanisms of formation of the crucial BHJ layer and few clues about how to successfully transfer these lessons to scalable processes. This stems in large part from a lack of understanding of how BHJ layers form from solution. This lack of understanding makes it challenging to design BHJs and to control their formation in laboratory-based processes, such as spin-coating, let alone their successful transfer to scalable processes required for the manufacturing of organic solar cells. Consequently, the OPV community has in recent years sought out to better understand the key characteristics of state of the art lab-based organic solar cells and made efforts to shed light on how the BHJ forms in laboratory-based processes as well as in scalable processes. We take the view that understanding the formation of the solution-processed bulk heterojunction (BHJ) photoactive layer, where crucial photovoltaic processes take place, is the one of the most crucial steps to developing strategies towards the implementation of organic solar cells with high efficiency and manufacturability. In this dissertation, we investigate the mechanism of the BHJ layer formation during solution processing from common lab-based processes, such as spin-coating, with the aim of understanding the roles of materials, formulations and processing conditions and subsequently using this insight to enable the scalable manufacturing of high efficiency organic solar cells by such methods as wire-bar coating and blade-coating. To do so, we have developed state-of-the-art in situ diagnostics techniques to provide us with insight into the thin film formation process. As a first step, we have developed a modified spin-coater which allows us to perform in situ UV-visible absorption measurements during spin coating and provides key insight into the formation and evolution of polymer aggregates in solution and during the transformation to the solid state. Using this method, we have investigated the formation of organic BHJs made of a blend of poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and fullerene, reference materials in the organic solar cell field. We show that process kinetics directly influence the microstructure and morphology of the bulk heterojunction, highlighting the value of in situ measurements. We have investigated the influence of crystallization dynamics of a wide-range of small-molecule donors and their solidification pathways on the processing routes needed for attaining high-performance solar cells. The study revealed the reason behind the need of empirically-adopted processing strategies such as solvent additives or alternatively thermal or solvent vapor annealing for achieving optimal performance. The study has provided a new perspective to materials design linking the need for solvent additives or annealing to the ease of crystallization of small-molecule donors and the presence or absence of transient phases before crystallization. From there, we have extended our investigation to small-molecule (p-DTS (FBTTh2)2) fullerene blend solar cells, where we have revealed new insight into the crucial role of solvent additives. Our work has also touched upon modern polymers, such as PBDTTPD, where we have found the choice of additives impacts the formation mechanism of the BHJ. Finally, we have performed a comparative study of the BHJ film formation dynamics during spin coating versus wire-bar coating of p-DTS(FBTTh2)2: fullerene blends that has helped in curbing the performance gap between lab-based and scalable techniques. This was done by implementing a new apparatus that combines the benefits of rapid thin film drying common to spin coating with scalability of wire-bar coating. Using the new apparatus, we successfully attain similar performance of solar cell devices to the ones fabricated by spin coating with dramatically reduced material waste.

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36

Cheng, Ya-Wen, and 鄭雅雯. "The study on the post-growth manufacturing process for GaAs and InGaP solar cells." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7ey9sh.

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Анотація:

碩士
中原大學
電子工程研究所
92
In this dissertation, we would like to improve the characteristics of solar cells by changing various post-growth manufacturing processes. The post-etching succeeded to reduce dark current and series resistance with increasing open circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (FF), and efficiencies (EFF) for GaAs solar cell. We found the low specific resistance (~10-7Ω㎝2) of PdGeTiPt by using Transmission-Line Method (TLM) and realize with InGaP solar cells that can reduce the series resistance. Finally, we attempted to change the different spacing of solar cells’ grid fingers. The relationship between the series resistance and the spacing of grid fingers was proved that the near spacing of solar cell’s interdigital finger would obviously reduce the series resistance.

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37

Yang, Ji-Ren, and 楊集仁. "The Inspection and Compensation Technology for Dual Layers of Electrode Printing on the Manufacturing of Silicon Solar Cells." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87316376558350249500.

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Анотація:

碩士
國立中央大學
機械工程研究所
98
The screen printed metallization process is one of the standard manufacturing processes for the production of silicon solar cells. To enhance the efficiency of the solar cell, a technology for dual layers of electrode printing is developed, which increases the height of the electrode, while reduce its width. Traditionally, the electrode on the wafer is printed once and its width should be long enough in order to keep a certain amount of cross-sectional area. However, the misalignment of two layers of electrode is a significant problem for such a new process. The objective of this research is to develop an image-based inspection and compensation technology for dual layers of electrode printing. Several techniques are developed for the inspection and compensation of the errors, including image processing, error comparison, control and interfacing with the printing machine and integration with the inspection system. The goal of the proposed system is to reduce the error to 50 μm. Five different sets of experiments are conducted and experimental results are analyzed to verify the feasibility of the proposed system.

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38

Fell, Andreas [Verfasser]. "Modelling and simulation of laser chemical processing (LCP) for the manufacturing of silicon solar cells / vorgelegt von Andreas Fell." 2010. http://d-nb.info/1006688714/34.

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39

Liou, Yan-Jia, and 劉晏嘉. "Studies on the application of Electro-polymerization of Micro (Nano) Sized TiO2 Powder on the Air Pollution Control and the Manufacturing of Electrical Layer for Solar Cells." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43210544923403160632.

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Анотація:

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系所
97
Nano - engineering technology has become the most growing trend in the world since the 20th century. How to apply nanotechnology on the environment in order to remove the decomposition of organic pollutants is the emerging subject. During the past years a preliminary study of Nano-photocatalists confirmed that Nano-TiO2, can polymerize dissolved styrene in water. Due to the direction of the study, it was divided in two major sections: (1) we first use styrene polymerization to explore the effect of temperature and size effect on polymerization and its influence in the characteristics of the product thru analysis of characteristics. (2) As a second part of the experiment, electric layers of dye-sensitized solar cells were be derived as a material to create photovoltaic energy, with a more efficient conversion and low costs of the cells. In the first section of this experiment we used TiO2 polymerization of styrene monomer at different temperatures. From the results of gel permeation chromatography and furrier infrared spectroscopy analysis, we were able to that the average molecular weight of this product was subjected to ambient polymerization temperature effect and then to variation result. Can also be learned that in high and low temperatures, polymerization environment can proceed to react at 3000 cm-1 which is the signal of aromatic functional group, and at 1400 cm-1 which is the signal of alkaline functional enhance; this might be surmised at low and high temperature, to conduct it to environment polymerization of styrene monomer, where the addition of TiO2 can affect its polymerization reaction. Different sizes of TiO2 where exposed in to UV light, after that procedure some of the samples where activated and another part of them was not activated, after this application we proceed to polymerization process of vapor styrene monomer. In different processing times, chromatography analysis was used to measure gas concentration, the result can be known by light activation of Nano-TiO2 polymerization, where the removal of styrene gives as a result the best effect with a removal rate of 97.57%. The obtained product was in a solid-state; nuclear magnetic resonance analysis can be aware from 180 to 400 ppm of chemical shift signals of the polystyrene by carbon signal; however the chemical shift signals from 19 to 160ppm are not from polystyrene. Instead TiO2 polymerization of acetylene structure from the product is more similar. Fourier infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze the infrared spectrum of the product, showing an aromatic functional group signal at 3000 cm-1, as the same showed a methylene functional group signal at 2940 cm-1, an alkaline functional group signal at 1400 cm-1 , and a terminal vinyl functional group signal from 1000 to 500 cm-1 .If this product is compared with literature about Fourier infrared spectrum of polyacetylene, previous conjunction on this polymer can be confirmed. Using differential scanning calorimetric analysis of polymers, as a result we can obtain a product formed at 90 to 100°C , having a Tg, and a product formed at 160°C , having a Tg. From the gel permeation chromatography we can obtain the average of molecular weight, which is greater than 1000 which is a polymer compound, we can obtain too, the structure characteristics of this product, it was found that it posses polystyrene and polyacetylene of copolymers. In the second section of this experiment, synthesization of polymer made of dye-sensitized solar cells was performed, as the same the measure of photovoltaic energy conversion. As a result energy conversion rate of photovoltaic cells immersed in pure TiO2 showed to be low when compared to one half of the solar cells.

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40

Shu-MingTsai and 蔡書銘. "Test Improvements in Solar Cell Manufacturing Process." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/edmmjn.

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41

Hsueh, Jen-Hao, and 薛人豪. "Manufacturing and Properties of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48639016553467560671.

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Анотація:

碩士
淡江大學
機械與機電工程學系碩士班
96
The TiO2 solution was made by sol-gel method in this research. The mesoporous TiO2 film was grown on ITO glass by spin coater via layer-by-layer deposition. The influence of heat treatment temperature and TiO2 film thickness on conversion efficiency was discussed here. The conversion efficiency of DSSC with three-layers TiO2 film treated at 650℃ is 1.71 %. 0.1M of iodide was optimized parameter of electrolyte in this research. Furthermore, the TiO2 film gave a higher conversion efficiency than the TiO2 film nontreated by 4-tertbutylpyridine, which increased 13% by surface treatment with 4-tertbutylpyridine.

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42

Chang, Ching-Min, and 張景閔. "The Investigation for Manufacturing Process of Nano-organic Solar Cell." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37784139432862741985.

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Анотація:

碩士
南台科技大學
機械工程系
92
This research mainly focused on the fabrication of nano titanium dioxide（TiO2）thin film electrode and the infusing of electrolyte for nano-organic solar cell（NOSC）. Two kinds of organic dyes were used in NOSC to test their performance by measuring the voltage and current when exposed them under the sunlight. Furthermore, the fundamental principle, composed structure, the characteristics of organic dyes and the energy conversion efficiency of NOSC were introduced and analyzed. The feasibility and practicability about the NOSC in the future were also discussed. The fabrication method revealed in this study to produce the thin film electrode on conductive glass from nano TiO2 powders was called “Spray Vaporization Film-Growth（SVF）” method. The manufacturing procedure is to mix nano scale TiO2 powders with suitable amount of liquid, then the TiO2 mixture solution was injected from high pressure spray gun. The nebulized mixture was deposited on the heated conductive glass, and the TiO2 powders were soon sintered as thin film, when the liquid was vaporized. The method only need to heat conductive glass to 280℃ and take two minutes to form a sintered thin film electrode, compared with the other method, which need to heat conductive glass to 450℃ and take thirty minutes to form thin film. Therefore, the method used in this study may reduce the cost to fabricate TiO2 thin film electrode. On the infusing of electrolyte, this research used capillary force to fill electrolyte into the narrow space, which formed by two pieces of conductive glasses, each of them has thin film electrode on its side. The electrolyte was filled from the bottom edge to the top edge of the narrow space. However, the traditional method of infusing electrolyte needs to drill a hole on one glass surface as filling entrance. After the electrolyte was infused, the hole was sealed by UV glue. The new method does not need to drill any hole that seems to be more convenient and provide better appearance of solar cell. Besides, this research tested two kinds of organic dyes, which was extracted from plants. They were caffeine（C8H10N4O2）and chlorophyll（C55H70O6N4Mg）. The results show the chlorophyll provides better power performance for NOSC than the caffeine does.

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43

Wang, Tso Yi, and 王佐益. "Deterministic and Stochastic Production Planning Models for Solar Cell Manufacturing." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/56169066373491083776.

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44

Hsieh, Chung-Hsien, and 謝宗憲. "The Environmental Performance Indicators for Solar Cell Industry-Case Study of a CIGS Thin Film Solar Cell Manufacturing Industry." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/tmyee9.

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Анотація:

碩士
國立交通大學
工學院永續環境科技學程
102
With the energy depletion and global warming problems have become serious problems, research and development on alternative energy have attracted considerable attention all over the world. The CIGS(Copper Indium Gallium Selenide) thin-film solar cells is the most potential in photoelectric industry in recent years. This study intends to assess the EPIs (Environmental Performance Indicators) for a CIGS thin-film solar cell industry based on references of different industries. Several potential programs for improving the environmental performance of the company were suggested based on the EPIs evaluation. And the EPIs results were compared with those made by TFT-LCD (TFT-LCD，Thin Film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display) industry. Based on the data of 2012~2013 and compared with TFT-LCD industy, the nagative EPIs included energy comsumption, water comsumption, waste production greenhouse gas emission and waste recovery rate. Compared with 3.5-generation plants which was close to the EPIs. But if based on estimated full capacity index value, they could be better than those of the TFT-LCD industry. The results also showed that waste recovery rate was the best to reach high performance. The toxic substance (thiourea), ammonia nitrogen, greenhouse gas, hydrogen sulfide and ammonia showing a positive downward trend with increased capacity. The discharge ratio of total factory can be in compliance with the Science Park standard. But the system reclaim ratio of process and reclaim ratio of total factory need to be improved. While the rate of recovery of the waste water increases, the discharge ratio of total factory reduces. The scope 2 of greenhouse gas is the largest source of carbon emissions. Hence the high-energy-consuming equipment should be directed to energy saving improvements.

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45

Hsu, Kuo-Hsiung, and 徐國雄. "An Analysis of the PV Solar Cell Manufacturing Industry in Taiwan." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43182704015012672096.

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Анотація:

碩士
國立臺灣大學
財務金融組
97
NAME： Kuo-Hsiung Hsu MONTH/YEAR：July, 2009 ADVISER：Chau-Chen Yang TITLE：An analysis of the PV Solar Cell Manufacturing Industry in Taiwan The goal of this study is to explore the issues and relative developing opportunities in the past, present and future of the PV solar cell manufacturing industry in Taiwan. In 2000, one after another, Motech, E-tone Solar and etc., the solar companies joined and well established the start for the solar cell industry, and surged upward within the rally of the crude oil. In addition, the whole world pays more and more attention to the global warming, greenhouse gas emissions effect, and the control plan of the Kyoto protocol. It really propelled the global governments to start their renewable energy policies, as well as European subsidy programs enabled annual compound growth of 35% within the first half of the passed ten year, furthermore, during the second half ten years, solar cell installment capacity enter into the other rapid growing period with annual 50% growth rate. In 2008 it turned out to reach a record high growth at 110%. Despite of global finance tsunami in 2008, the global economies were challenged by a significant economic declining threat, so many countries'' economic stimulus policies has brought new and broad opportunity for PV solar industry. Accumulated with abundant scientific technology in photoelectric and semiconductor industry, Taiwan owned the greatest industrial competition and might grasp the trend of renewable energy industry. Also we expect the creation of good environment for helping the entrepreneurs or corporations to build up the solar cell industry kingdom of Taiwan. After discussing and analyzing the Taiwan solar cell manufacturing industry, this research proposed the following suggestions: 1. Industrial investments should focus on essential and fundamental technologies (for exp. CIGS); 2. Expansion strategies should be value-add originated and avoid pursuing the market-share maximization; 3. Emphasizing industry integration horizontally and vertically; 4. Besides subsidies, Government policies should stress on the creation of good industry environment and propel the cooperation between the industry and the academics; 5. Focus on the cooperation between industry and government, to propel the cooperation within both of the Strait. Key words: PV solar, new energy, renewable energy, CIGS.

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46

Lin, Yi-Cheng, and 林奕成. "Applying Learning Curve of Yield on Production Scheduling of Solar Cell Manufacturing." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74097305855904280221.

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Анотація:

碩士
國立交通大學
管理學院工業工程與管理學程
100
Under the issues of environmental protection and depletion of the natural resources, developing “renewable” and “green power” gains a lot of attention in Solar PV (Photo Voltaic) industry. Solar PV industry is a highly automatic industry with huge capitals and high technology. Due to its highly automation property. Solar Cell plant generally pays less attention on the learning effect. However, the learning effect of yield is indeed existed. Moreover, the learning curve has demonstrated to be useful for accumulating production experiences, improving process, planning production scheduling, pricing tactics, and etc. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to construct a learning curve of yield using the data obtained from a Solar Cell plant and utilized it to help Solar Cell manufacturer to make proper amending policy on its production scheduling.

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47

Huang, Po-Tai, and 黃柏泰. "Study on Manufacturing of New Type Solar Cell with Nano Silicon Powder." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/rx82yz.

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Анотація:

碩士
國立勤益科技大學
電子工程系
105
In this paper, we mainly discuss a new type of solar power generation device, and use different heavy concentration of silicon-based powder into the conductive easy to manufacture solar power generation device, which contains N-type silicon, and P-type silicon, and to Acetic acid mixture as an electrolyte. In addition to a few topics to explore the new solar power plant power generation efficiency.(i) N layer, N layer distance from the power generation.(ii) the amount of silicon powder added to the amount of power for the impact.(iii) The effect of the applied electric field on the power generation.(iv) Effect of catalyst on photoelectric reaction. Among them, the experimental semiconductor material composition contains: two concentrations of N-type, three concentrations of P-type silicon and acetic acid mixture when the electrolyte. First, silicon substrate grinding, the N-type, P-type silicon added to the acetic acid mixed solution, adding a special container, and then by the two sides of the electrode measurement power generation efficiency.

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48

Lin, Keng-Yu, and 林耕宇. "Manufacturing Parameters Optimization of a Solar Cell Process Using a Revised Genetic Algorithm." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92464221250668256719.

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Анотація:

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
工業工程與管理研究所碩士班
100
The more development of human civilization and economy, the more resource consumption, the development of solar and other substitute energy become an urgent issue. Diffusion process is a core processes in the solar cell. Its physical and chemical reactions and their corresponding product characteristics are non-linear, so engineers relying on experience cannot effectively amend the process. In this study, back-propagation neural network is used to construct a prediction module for diffusion process and genetic algorithm is combined to solve the optimization of process parameters. However, genetic algorithm has a main drawback: slow convergence. Therefore, this study proposes a revised multiple objective genetic algorithm (RMOGA) and an adaptive multiple objective genetic algorithm (AMOGA). The proposed methods use the concept of elite sets and local search. Besides, TOPSIS and Pareto sets for fitness of genetic algorithm are applied to solve the multi-objective problem. RMOGA and AMOGA enhance the breadth and depth of search and speed up convergence. Experimental results show that AMOGA has the best performance. Both of the quality and quantity of solutions of AMOGA are better than those of MOGA.

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49

Lin, Ming-Ching, and 林明慶. "Wavelet transform and curvelet transform for wafer classification and recognition in solar cell manufacturing." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96799820640709044051.

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Анотація:

碩士
元智大學
工業工程與管理學系
98
This research proposes machine vision schemes for classification and recognition of polycrystalline solar wafers in solar cell manufacturing. Solar power is getting popular as an alternative of electricity energy. Polycrystalline solar cells dominate the current market share because of lower material and manufacturing costs. In solar cell manufacturing, a silicon ingot is sliced into thin wafers and then the wafers are further processed into solar cells. Conventional automatic identification systems such as bar codes, magnetic strips, OCR and RFID need a contacted identity on the object surface, They are not possible to implement for solar wafer tracking and data collection due to the thin, fragile silicon surface of a solar wafer. The surface of polycrystalline solar wafer shows crystal grains of random sizes and shapes and thus forms a unique multi-grain pattern of the surface. In this study, encoding methods based on wavelet transform, wavelet packets and curvelet transform in the spectral domain and histogram matching of gray-level and gradient angles in the spatial domain are proposed to identify solar wafers to their corresponding ingot lots. In the spectral domain methods, wavelet decomposition, wavelet packets and curvelet transform are used to extract the feature vector of a solar wafer. The similarity between two compared wafers is then caculated by the Euclidean distance of their corresponding feature vectors. Because spectral methods are computationally expensive, the histogram matching of gray-level and gradient angles in the original images is also proposed for fast classification. The experiments show that wavelet packets and curvelet transform have the best discrimination power to encode and identify solar wafers. The wavelet packets and curvelet transform can reach a 100% recognition rate for ingot lot identification. The gradient angle histogram matching arrives at 97% in correct classification. In the recognition result, the curvelet transform can recognize the slolar wafer within its two neighbors in the cutting sequence of an ingot. The computation times for a solar wafer of size 2600×2600 pixels are 0.78 seconds for the gradient angle histogram matching, 2.23 seconds for wavelet packets and 17.63 seconds for curvelet transform.

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50

YEN, CHUNG-HUNG, and 嚴中宏. "Inkjet Printing of Composite Photo-electrodes and Manufacturing of Flexible Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Modules." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/qfy645.

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Анотація:

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
機械工程系
105
In this study, we fabricated dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) in high and low temperature processes for post-treatment of titanium dioxide photoelectrode (PE) film. In high temperature process, PE was prepared on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass by inkjet printing.This TiO2 film yielded a porous structure after sintering at 450 °C. Platinum counter electrode (CE) was manufactured for TiO2 /graphene PE DSSCs and pure TiO2 DSSC modules. In low temperature process, pure TiO2 PE film was prepared on an indium tin oxide (ITO) coated PET flexible substrate by inkjet printing or spin coating. This TiO2-PET film was sintered at 100 °C and 150 °C, while compressing at 125 MPa rather than high temperature sintering at 450 °C was implemented. Finally, we compared the difference of photoelectric properties between high and low sintering temperature processes. Inkjet-printing method has many advantages including simple construction of film patterns and easy control of film thickness compared to screen printing or doctor blade method. In high temperature process TiO2/graphene PE DSSC was achieved with a conversion efficiency of 3.46 %. In low temperature process, platinum CE DSSCs were yielded with a PCE of 1.00 % and carbon CE DSSCs were yielded with a PCE of 0.36 %.

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