Статті в журналах: "Soils South Australia Lofty"

1

Fritsch, E., and RW Fitzpatrick. "Colour plates - Interpretation of soil features produced by ancient and modern processes in degraded landscapes .1. A new method for constructing conceptual soil-water-landscape models." Soil Research 32, no. 5 (1994): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940880.

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A pedo-hydrological method which involves interpreting features in soils that result from both ancient and modern processes along toposequences in a subcatchment of the Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia, is used to construct conceptual soil-water-landscape models. This method links soil-landscape features to soil-water processes with strong emphasis on: (i) soil water-flow systems and (ii) soil-forming and soil-change processes. The conceptual model illustrates the interactions between soil processes acting in soil water-flow systems. This model is able to predict future modes of soil-landscape evolution under changing environmental conditions. As well, it may be used by land and water supply managers to develop more efficient management strategies under conditions of increasing land degradation (e.g. erosion and water pollution). A typical Palexeralf-Natraqualf hydro-toposequence of soils (i.e. catena consisting of red-yellow-grey duplex soils) is used as an example to illustrate this new approach. The landscape selected is undergoing severe soil degradation (i.e. waterlogging, dryland salinity, erosion and water pollution). The constructed conceptual soil-water-landscape model is the result of detailed pedo-hydrological investigations along toposequences in a representative subcatchment in the high rainfall zone (>600 mm) of the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia. The model illustrates in graphic form interactions between three soil water-flow systems (freely drained red soil system, hydromorphic topsoil system, hydromorphic subsoil system) and eight soil processes (saprolitization, ferralitization, glaebulization, redoximorphism, eluviation/illuviation, salinization/solonization, sulfidization/sulfuricization and water erosion). The study demonstrates that this whole ecosystem has been placed into disequilibrium thereby developing severe land degradation problems as a result of rising saline sulfatic ground watertables and perched watertables due to land-clearing since European settlement. The purpose of this paper is to provide a methodology framework and overall summary for other papers in a series dealing essentially with detailed field and laboratory investigations of individual soil-water processes.

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2

Fritsch, E., and RW Fitzpatrick. "Interpretation of soil features produced by ancient and modern processes in degraded landscapes .1. A new method for constructing conceptual soil-water-landscape models." Soil Research 32, no. 5 (1994): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940889.

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A pedo-hydrological method which involves interpreting features in soils that result from both ancient and modern processes along toposequences in a subcatchment of the Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia, is used to construct conceptual soil-water-landscape models. This method links soil-landscape features to soil-water processes with strong emphasis on: (i) soil water-flow systems and (ii) soil-forming and soil-change processes. The conceptual model illustrates the interactions between soil processes acting in soil water-flow systems. This model is able to predict future modes of soil-landscape evolution under changing environmental conditions. As well, it may be used by land and water supply managers to develop more efficient management strategies under conditions of increasing land degradation (e.g. erosion and water pollution). A typical Palexeralf-Natraqualf hydro-toposequence of soils (i.e. catena consisting of red-yellow-grey duplex soils) is used as an example to illustrate this new approach. The landscape selected is undergoing severe soil degradation (i.e. waterlogging, dryland salinity, erosion and water pollution). The constructed conceptual soil-water-landscape model is the result of detailed pedo-hydrological investigations along toposequences in a representative subcatchment in the high rainfall zone (>600 mm) of the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia. The model illustrates in graphic form interactions between three soil water-flow systems (freely drained red soil system, hydromorphic topsoil system, hydromorphic subsoil system) and eight soil processes (saprolitization, ferralitization, glaebulization, redoximorphism, eluviation/illuviation, salinization/solonization, sulfidization/sulfuricization and water erosion). The study demonstrates that this whole ecosystem has been placed into disequilibrium thereby developing severe land degradation problems as a result of rising saline sulfatic ground watertables and perched watertables due to land-clearing since European settlement. The purpose of this paper is to provide a methodology framework and overall summary for other papers in a series dealing essentially with detailed field and laboratory investigations of individual soil-water processes.

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3

Merry, RH, KG Tiller, and AF Richards. "Variability in characteristics of some acidic pasture soils in South Australia and implications for lime application." Soil Research 28, no. 1 (1990): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9900027.

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The variability of soil pH (0.01 M CaCI2), aluminium and manganese (extractable in 0.01 M CaCl2), total carbon and some soil morphological factors have been investigated in the surface and subsoil at seven pasture sites in the southern Mount Lofty Ranges and Kangaroo Island, South Australia. The coefficients of variation of the factors measured were found to be of a similar order, except for soil pH which, being a logarithmic transformation, is much lower. Relationships between pH and soil aluminium, manganese and carbon are used to predict the effects of further acidification, especially with respect to the development of increased extractable aluminium, and to assess the likelihood of problems in selecting appropriate rates of lime application.

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4

Varcoe, Jon, John A. van Leeuwen, David J. Chittleborough, James W. Cox, Ronald J. Smernik, and Anna Heitz. "Changes in water quality following gypsum application to catchment soils of the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia." Organic Geochemistry 41, no. 2 (February 2010): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.09.010.

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5

Yu, B., and CJ Rosewell. "Rainfall erosivity estimation using daily rainfall amounts for South Australia." Soil Research 34, no. 5 (1996): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9960721.

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The rainfall erosivity model relating storm erosivity to daily rainfall amounts was tested for 4 sites in South Australia where seasonal rainfall erosivity is generally out of phase with seasonal rainfall because of the predominant winter rainfall. The model worked reasonably well, with the coefficient of efficiency varying from 0.54 to 0.77, and the average discrepancy between actual and estimated monthly distribution was no more than 3%. The model performance in the winter rainfall area is similar to that in the uniform and summer rainfall areas. A set of regional parameter values estimated using a combined dataset is recommended for other sites in the agricultural and viticultural areas of South Australia where the mean annual rainfall ranges from 300 to 500 mm. The R-factor and its seasonal distribution were estimated for 99 sites in South Australia using long-term daily rainfall data. The R-factor varies mostly between 250 and 500 MJ . mm/(ha . h . year). Rainfall erosivity peaks in winter in the southern part of the western agricultural area and the south-east corner of the State, while it peaks in summer in the inland area east of the South Flinders and Mount Lofty Ranges.

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6

Wilford, J., and M. Thomas. "Predicting regolith thickness in the complex weathering setting of the central Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia." Geoderma 206 (September 2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.04.002.

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7

Biddle, DL, DJ Chittleborough, and RW Fitzpatrick. "Field-based comparison of platinum and wax impregnated graphite redox electrodes." Soil Research 33, no. 3 (1995): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9950415.

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An inert electrode was constructed using wax-impregnated graphite (WIG) as an alternative to Pt for permanent installation in the regolith. The performance of WIG electrodes has not previously been systematically evaluated by using data from field trials, although Pt and WIG measure similar Eh values in laboratory solutions. We compared the performance of the WIG electrode when installed adjacent to Pt redox electrodes in the A, B and C horizons of duplex soils in a X-eralf-Aqualf toposequence near Mount Crawford in the Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia. Lower potentials, commonly in the order of 200 mV, were measured from WIG electrodes, relative to Pt electrodes. Measurements of potential from adjacently installed WIG and Pt electrodes did not show significant correlation. Generally oxidizing redox potentials were measured in all soils in which electrodes were installed due to below average rainfall during the sampling period. Further testing of WIG electrodes in reduced regolith is needed. Interpretation of Eh trends, measured using Pt electrodes, between the A, B and C horizon are presented.

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8

Chandler, Gregory T., and Michael D. Crisp. "Contributions Towards a Revision of Daviesia (Fabaceae: Mirbelieae). IV.* D. ulicifolia sens. lat." Australian Systematic Botany 10, no. 1 (1997): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb96013.

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Following a morphometric and cladistic analysis of the Daviesia ulicifolia Andrews group (Chandler and Crisp 1997), a new species, D. sejugata, is described. It occurs disjunctly in eastern Tasmania and southern Yorke Peninsula, South Australia, and is closely related to D. arthropoda F.Muell., differing in a generally more robust habit, thicker fleshy phyllodes, and larger flowers. Even with this species removed from D. ulicifolia, the latter varies considerably over a wide geographic, edaphic and altitudinal range. Daviesia ulicifolia is divided into six subspecies based on distinct phenetic and phylogenetic groups delimited in the earlier study. These are subsp. aridicola (glaucous plants in arid regions), subsp. incarnata (reddish-flowered plants in the Mt Lofty Range, South Australia), subsp. ruscifolia (plants with ovate-acuminate leaves and orange flowers in Victoria and southern New South Wales (NSW), often at high altitude), subsp. stenophylla (a narrow-leaved form in northern NSW and Queensland), subsp. pilligensis (ovate-leaved plants on sandy soil in western NSW), and subsp. ulicifolia (a paraphyletic residual from south-eastern states).

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9

Naidu, R., DR Williamson, RW Fitzpatrick, and IO Hollingsworth. "Effect of landuse on the composition of throughflow water immediately above clayey B horizons in the Warren Catchment, South Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 2 (1993): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930239.

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The effect of landuse on composition of throughflow water immediately above the clayey B horizons in duplex soils (mostly natric and/or sodic) in the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia, was investigated using simple lysimeters. During July-November 1991, the pH of the first flow immediately after rainstorm under pines, native woodland, and pasture, respectively, was 5.7, 6.0, and 6.4. At each of the sites, average pH over 4 months during July-November was 5.8-5.9. Both the electrical conductivity (EC) and the amounts of total dissolved solids (TDS) were 2-3 times higher under pine than at other sites. The rate of change in EC with respect to TDS varied considerably among the sites, possibly due to the large differences in the concentration of dissolved organic compounds. Although the pH of water was >5.5, both aluminium and iron were recorded, especially under pine, where there were also high levels of dissolved organic compounds. High levels of suspended colloidal matter were recorded in the water flowing under pine, and these levels were related to dissolved organic carbon.

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10

Cox, J. W., D. J. Chittleborough, H. J. Brown, A. Pitman, and J. C. R. Varcoe. "Seasonal changes in hydrochemistry along a toposequence of texture-contrast soils." Soil Research 40, no. 4 (2002): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr01042.

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Ameliorative strategies are urgently required in some agricultural catchments in southern Australia to reduce the loss of potential contaminants to streams. However, a better understanding of where the contaminants are generated on hillslopes, their forms, and the pathways through which they are transported were required. Thus, seasonal changes in the quantities and forms of several chemical species were measured in both vertical and lateral flow pathways at 4 sites along a toposequence in the Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia. Instrumentation was installed to measure and quantify overland flow and throughflow, and porous-wick samplers were installed at 2 depths to study the chemistry of leachate. Neutron moisture meter access tubes were installed to measure seasonal changes in soil water content with depth as this influences chemical concentrations and mobility. In years of average to below average annual rainfall, throughflow was the most important transport pathway for contaminants. However, it was expected that overland flow will be the dominant transport pathway when annual rainfall is above about 550 mm. Changes in water content of the texture-contrast soils was caused by seasonal rainfall causing periodic saturation, by waterlogging, groundwater, or both. This affected the type and form of contaminant. For example, Na and Cl concentrations were generally only large (800 and 1500 mg/L, respectively) on the lower slopes but in the wettest seasons their concentrations increased at depth on mid-slopes due to the influence of shallow saline groundwater. These chemicals then leached when groundwater levels subsided. The results suggest that ameliorative strategies to reduce agricultural contaminants should target the transport pathways specific to each chemical species, at the point (or points) in the landscape where they are generated.

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11

Fitzpatrick, R. W., J. W. Cox, E. Fritsch, and I. D. Hollingsworth. "A soil-diagnostic key to manage saline and waterlogged catchments in the Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia." Soil Use and Management 10, no. 4 (December 1994): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1994.tb00477.x.

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12

Oliver, Danielle P., Rai S. Kookana, Jenny S. Anderson, Jim W. Cox, Nigel Fleming, Natasha Waller, and Lester Smith. "Off-site transport of pesticides from two horticultural land uses in the Mt. Lofty Ranges, South Australia." Agricultural Water Management 106 (April 2012): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2011.06.004.

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13

Cox, JW, E. Fritsch, and RW Fitzpatrick. "Interpretation of soil features produced by ancient and modern processes in degraded landscapes. VII. Water duration." Soil Research 34, no. 6 (1996): 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9960803.

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Rising saline groundwater and fresh perched water have increased over 120 years (modern processes) in the Mediterranean region (>600 mm per annum) of the Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia. This was caused by replacement of native vegetation with pastures which use less water. Relationships between morphological features (mainly soil colour) and field measurements (e.g. watertable duration, salinity, and sodicity) were studied to 3 m at 12 sites down a representative toposequence of red-yellow-grey duplex soils (Palexeralfs-Natraqualfs), which are common from crest to flat in these catchments. Three soil systems were identified from groupings of soil features: (i) brown/grey topsoil system (e.g. A and E horizons), (ii) red subsoil system (e.g. Bt), and (iii) yellow/white subsoil system (e.g. Btng or Cg). A water duration index was developed to quantify water duration in the brown/grey topsoil system from perched water levels measured in 12 dipwells installed to 0.5 m. Nested piezometers were used to determine if unsaturated zones occurred within the subsoil systems. Measured water duration and levels were compared with the presence pr absence of inferred redoximorphic features. Most features in the brown/grey topsoil system and the red and yellow/white subsoil systems reflected differences in water duration. A conceptual model was constructed to match successive changes in hydrology with differences in soil morphology and thus distinguish between modern and relict (late Mesozoic) soil features that developed under past and present hydrological conditions.

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14

BAKER, G. H., V. J. BARRETT, R. GREY-GARDNER, and J. C. BUCKERFIELD. "The life history and abundance of the introduced earthworms Aporrectodea trapezoides and A. caliginosa (Annelida: Lumbricidae) in pasture soils in the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia." Austral Ecology 17, no. 2 (June 1992): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1992.tb00796.x.

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15

Granger, AR, and DRC Traeger. "Effect of different rates and timing of soil applications of paclobutrazol on the growth of sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.)." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 2 (1993): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930207.

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The response of sweet cherry trees (butt circumference, canopy volume, yield) to different rates of the growth-inhibiting chemical paclobutrazol applied at various times during each year was studied on red podsolic soils in the Mount Lofty Ranges of South Australia Two experiments were conducted: one used a regression design with 16 rates of paclobutrazol; the other was a randomised block experiment with paclobutrazol treatments applied in spring, autumn, or half in autumn and half in spring. Butt circumference growth of the variety Sam grafted on Mahaleb rootstocks tended to reduce with inceased rates of paclobutrazol in the first year of application. The lowest rate of paclobutrazol to reduce butt growth sigdicantly below that of control trees was 1.2 g a.i./tree. Canopy growth showed a delayed response in measurable growth inhibition in the season after treatment; however, no significant differences were measured for rate of canopy growth in any year for any treatment in the regression experiment. Despite this, final canopy volumes of trees treated with 1.6 g paclobutrazol in spring were half those of control canopies. Variability in butt growth response to the range of rates applied was attributed largely to localised differences in soil properties which influenced paclobutrazol movement and uptake. This variability was gradually reduced over the 3-year period with continued paclobutrazol applications. In 1987, crop level ratings made before harvest showed significantly higher levels of fruit on trees treated with 1.6 g paclobutrazol in spring, indicating that fruit numbers could be increased by applications of paclobutrazol.

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16

Fitzpatrick, R. W., J. W. Cox, B. Munday, and J. F. Bourne. "Development of soil-landscape and vegetation indicators for managing waterlogged and saline catchments." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 3 (2003): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00198.

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The objectives of this study were to develop a systematic approach to identify important soil morphological and vegetation field indicators to better target land management in degraded landscapes in a specific region. The authors were able to link the soil-landscape features to the main soil and water processes operating within the landscape. This information was used to develop a set of field indicators (e.g. soil colour) within a user-friendly soil classification key that is linked to land use options to form the basis of a manual. It was shown that information written in this format helped farmers and regional advisers to identify options for remediation of waterlogged and saline areas and to improve planning at property and catchment scales. The authors identified a series of steps to be taken in producing the manual. Steps 1–5 describe the soil layers and construct them in toposequences, which are then used to map soil types in key surrounding areas. Steps 6–9 involve the local community in developing the manual.The paper provides an account of how manuals have been produced for 2 badly degraded areas in southern Australia (Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia; and western Victoria) and promotes the methodologies for other regions. Descriptive soil information is pictorially integrated along toposequences and applied to identify key soil features. Complex scientific processes and terminology are more simply communicated to local groups using coloured cross-sectional diagrams and photographs of soil and vegetation to overcome some of the perceived barriers to adoption of best management practices. We consider the approach should have generic application.

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17

Shelden, Megan, and Russell Sinclair. "Water relations of feral olive trees (Olea europaea) resprouting after severe pruning." Australian Journal of Botany 48, no. 5 (2000): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt99048.

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Water relations of feral olives (Olea europaea L.) were studied on a location in the Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia. In spring (October–November), 6 months before the study commenced, an area of trees had been cut back to stumps as part of an eradication project. The stumps resprouted vigorously over summer, similarly to regrowth seen following wildfire. The following autumn and winter, plant water potentials and soil matric potentials were measured on the cut trees and adjacent control trees, to determine whether the cut trees were better hydrated due to the pruning treatment. In autumn, before the winter rains began, the resprouting trees were more hydrated than the control trees, with a difference in predawn water potentials of between 2 and 4 MPa, and 1.5 MPa or greater throughout the day. The soil matric potential was much less negative on the cleared site, both at the surface and at 50-cm depth, indicating that soil water had been less depleted by the cut trees than by the intact trees. This improved hydration was similar to that reported for sclerophyll vegetation after defoliation by fire. Results have some significance for feral olive eradication projects.

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18

Oliver, Danielle P., Rai S. Kookana, Jenny S. Anderson, Jim Cox, Natasha Waller, and Lester Smith. "The off-site transport of pesticide loads from two land uses in relation to hydrological events in the Mt. Lofty Ranges, South Australia." Agricultural Water Management 106 (April 2012): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2011.07.012.

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19

Guo, JM, and R. Sinclair. "Comparative Leaf Water Potentiais of Plants in Burnt and Unburnt Dry Sclerophyll Vegetation." Australian Journal of Botany 41, no. 6 (1993): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9930661.

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Leaf (xylem) water potentials were measured in summer and autumn on four species, Eucalyptus fasciculosa, Pultenaea daphnoides, Platylobium obtusangulum and Acacia myrtifolia growing in the understorey of sclerophyll stringybark vegetation in the Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia. Plants regenerating in an area burnt by bushfire 2 years previously were compared with plants in an adjacent unburnt area. The Acacia was killed by fire and subsequently regenerated from seed. The other three species survived and resprouted from basal or epicormic buds. It was expected that shrubs regenerating from basal buds would be better hydrated in summer, as a large intact root system would supply a reduced canopy, and that seedlings, with smaller root systems than unburnt adults, would be more stressed. The Acacia was indeed significantly more stressed during summer in the burnt area. However the Platylobium was also more stressed than the controls, while the Pultenaea showed no significant differences between burnt and control areas. The Eucalyptus showed no differences between sites, nor between any of the three sampling times. The more negative water potentials of some of the regenerating plants are explained by greater exposure of surface soil on the burnt site, leading to more rapid drying of the surface soil in summer.

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20

Williams, CMJ, NA Maier, MJ Potter, and GG Collins. "Effect of nitrogen and potassium on the yield and quality of irrigated Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera) cvv. Roger and Oliver grown in South Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 7 (1996): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960877.

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This study was conducted to assess the effects of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) on the yield and size distribution of Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera) grown with sprinkler irrigation in the Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia. The cultivars grown were Oliver and Roger which are early and mid season types, respectively. Yields of swollen axillary buds or Brussels sprouts were assessed over 4-7 harvests. Five rates of N (0, 125, 250, 375, 600 kg/ha) with 3 rates of K (0, 150, 300 kg/ha) were applied over 8 side-dressings during the 7-8-month cropping period in randomised block experiments. Four experiments were conducted during 1992-93 (sites 1 and 2) and 1993-94 (sites 3 and 4) on silty loam, loam and sandy loam soils. The effect of N and K on sprout colour was determined at sites 3 and 4. Thiocyanate concentrations in sprouts and the bitterness of sprouts, from the nil and highest K treatment, and from plants in the crop adjacent to the experimental area, were determined for sites 1 and 2. In 3 of the 4 experiments, applied N significantly (P<0.001) increased total yield of sprouts harvested. Yield increases due to applied N ranged from 51 to 78%. At site 1 (cv. Oliver), there was no yield response to applied N but at sites 2 and 4 (cv. Roger) and site 3 (cv. Oliver), 319, 377 and 383 kg N/ha, respectively were required for 95% maximum yield. At responsive sites, application of N significantly increased both yield of sprouts at all harvests except harvest 1, and yield of 20-<30 and 30-<40 g sprouts, which are the preferred size ranges. Increasing rates of N significantly (P<0.05) increased yield of 240 g or large sprouts at all 3 responsive sites. The effect of applied N on sprout colour was inconsistent. At site 4, application of N significantly (P<0.001) increased the mean colour rating of sprouts, in contrast, at site 3 the effect was not significant (P>0.05). At both sites, mean colour ratings decreased during the harvest period irrespective of N applied. Total yield, size and colour of sprouts were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by rate of applied K at any site. It was concluded that extractable K concentrations of 140-260 mg/kg in the surface (0-15 cm) soils were adequate and not limiting yield. At site 1, thiocyanate concentration in sprouts and sprout bitterness increased significantly (P<0.001) when the highest rate of K2SO4 was applied. At site 2, which had received higher rates of sulfate-based fertilisers in previous years, the effect was not significant (P>0.05). This finding suggests that application of high rates of K2SO4 to Brussels sprouts should be avoided to ensure bitterness does not adversely affect the marketability of sprouts.

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21

Maier, NA, G. Barth, and M. Bennell. "Effect of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus on the yield, growth and nutrient status of ixodia daisy (Ixodia achillaeioides ssp. alata)." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 5 (1994): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940681.

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The effect of annual applications of nitrogen (N), potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) on the yield, growth and nutrient status of Ixodia daisy (Ixodia achillaeioides ssp. alata) grown on a silty loam, was investigated in field experiments conducted during 1989-91 in the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia. The experimental design was a randomised block with 3 replications. The N and K treatments, at annual rates up to 200 kg N/ha and 150 kg K/ha, were applied as 2 equal side-dressings. The P treatments, at rates up to 200 kg/ha, were broadcast as 1 annual application. To assess plant nutrient status we sampled the fifth leaf below the growing terminal of 50 stems in October and whole stems at harvest. As rate of applied N increased, there was a significant (P<0.05) increase in total biomass harvested, number of 3040 and 41-50 cm stems, total number of marketable stems, plant height and width. Annual N application rates of 75-110 kg/ha were required for 95% of maximum biomass yield and number of marketable stems. The application of K did not significantly (P>0.05) affect yield or plant growth. First and second order interactions between N, K and year were not significant. Plant growth and yield responses to P applied as superphosphate were inconsistent and the interaction between P and year was not significant (P>0.05). Coefficients of determination (r2) for relationships between N, K and P concentrations in the fifth leaf samples v. total biomass yield and total stem number, were in the range 0.13-0.52 for the combined 1990 and 1991 data. Based on sensitivity, reproducibility and occurrence of the Piper-Steenbjerg effect, we concluded that N, K or P concentrations in the fifth leaf sampled in October, or in whole stems at harvest, were not reliable indicators of the nutrient status of Ixodia daisy. The application of N and P did not affect the concentration of minor or micronutrients in the fifth leaf. In contrast, the application of K increased calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S) concentrations by 14.3, 33.3 and 12.2%, respectively. For a high density planting (13,000 plants) we estimated that for N, P and K, 69.4, 6.2 and 83.2 kg/ha, respectively, are removed in marketable stems. The application of P increased extractable-P concentrations in the surface (0-15 cm) soil from 22 to 73 mg/kg. We suggest that for surface (0-15 cm) soils, extractable-P and extractable-K concentrations in the ranges 15-95 and 210-260 mg/kg, respectively, are adequate and indicate that a yield response to the application of these nutrients in fertiliser may not occur.

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22

Paull, D. "The distribution of the southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus obesulus) in South Australia." Wildlife Research 22, no. 5 (1995): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9950585.

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This paper describes the South Australian distribution of the southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus obesulus) on the basis of records of its past occurrence and field surveys undertaken to determine its present distribution. Since European settlement I. o. obesulus has been recorded from four separate regions of the state: the Mount Lofty Ranges, the South East, Kangaroo Island and Eyre Peninsula. Subfossil remains show that I. o. obesulus also once occurred on Yorke Peninsula but there is no evidence that it has existed there in modem times. Field surveys conducted between 1986 and 1993 confirmed that I. o. obesulus still exists in the Mount Lofty Ranges, the South East and on Kangaroo Island. Its status on Eyre Peninsula is uncertain. Isoodon o. obesulus is vulnerable in the South East and Mount Lofty Ranges because of habitat fragmentation and predation by feral carnivores. The Kangaroo Island population is less threatened as large areas of habitat have been preserved and the fox (Vulpes vulpes) has not been introduced. The area of potential bandicoot habitat remaining in these three regions totals approximately 190 000 ha, most of which is already managed for nature conservation. This habitat is highly fragmented, occurring as small remnant patches of native vegetation separated by extensive tracts of cleared and modified land cover. The implications of this habitat configuration for the long-term survival of I. o. obesulus are discussed.

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23

Speight, Natasha, Daniel Colella, Wayne Boardman, David A. Taggart, Julie I. Haynes, and William G. Breed. "Seasonal variation in occurrence of oxalate nephrosis in South Australian koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus)." Australian Mammalogy 41, no. 1 (2019): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am17038.

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Many koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) in the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia, are affected by oxalate nephrosis, in which renal calcium oxalate deposition occurs. In other species, suboptimal water intake increases the risk of urinary calcium oxalate crystal formation. Koalas principally rely on eucalypt leaf moisture content to maintain hydration but the Mount Lofty Ranges region has hot, dry summers. This study investigates the association between temperature, rainfall and eucalypt leaf moisture and the occurrence of oxalate nephrosis in this population of koalas. Koalas from the Mount Lofty Ranges population that had died or were euthanased between 2008 and 2016 were necropsied and oxalate nephrosis was determined by histopathology (n=50). Leaf moisture content of Mount Lofty eucalypts was determined seasonally. It was found that increased numbers of koalas with oxalate nephrosis died in the months following high mean maximal temperature and in the months following low rainfall. Eucalypt leaf moisture content was not significantly associated with koala deaths. These findings suggest that hot and dry summer/autumn periods contribute to an increased incidence of koala deaths due to oxalate nephrosis. This is probably due to the effects of evaporative water loss and/or lack of access to supplementary drinking water at this time.

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24

Twidale, C. Rowland. "Charles Fenner and Early Landform Studies in South Australia." Historical Records of Australian Science 21, no. 2 (2010): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr10001.

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Charles Albert Edward Fenner (1884?1955) was educated in Melbourne but spent the major part of his working life in South Australia, first as Superintendent of Technical Education and later as Director of Education, holding the latter post during the difficult years of the Second World War. He is best remembered for his role in the establishment of Geography as a university discipline and for his landform studies. He brought together earlier work on the tectonics of the Gulfs region of South Australia and introduced the term ?shatter belt' to describe the complex of horsts and sunken blocks. He noted evidence pointing to recent and continuing earth movements, and suggested that such earth movements were responsible for the westerly diversion of the River Murray at Chucka Bend. He also conceived a hypothesis of ?double planation' in explanation of the morphology of the Mt Lofty Ranges.

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Speight, K. N., W. G. Breed, W. Boardman, D. A. Taggart, C. Leigh, B. Rich, and J. I. Haynes. "Leaf oxalate content of Eucalyptus spp. and its implications for koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) with oxalate nephrosis." Australian Journal of Zoology 61, no. 5 (2013): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo13049.

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Oxalate nephrosis is a leading disease of the Mount Lofty Ranges koala population in South Australia, but the cause is unclear. In other herbivorous species, a common cause is high dietary oxalate; therefore this study aimed to determine the oxalate content of eucalypt leaves. Juvenile, semimature and mature leaves were collected during spring from eucalypt species eaten by koalas in the Mount Lofty Ranges and compared with those from Moggill, Queensland, where oxalate nephrosis has lower prevalence. Total oxalate was measured as oxalic acid by high-performance liquid chromatography. The oxalate content of eucalypts was low (<1% dry weight), but occasional Mount Lofty leaf samples had oxalate levels of 4.68–7.51% dry weight. Mount Lofty eucalypts were found to be higher in oxalate than those from Queensland (P < 0.001). In conclusion, dietary oxalate in eucalypt leaves is unlikely to be the primary cause of oxalate nephrosis in the Mount Lofty koala population. However, occasional higher oxalate levels could cause oxalate nephrosis in individual koalas or worsen disease in those already affected. Further studies on the seasonal variation of eucalypt leaf oxalate are needed to determine its role in the pathogenesis of oxalate nephrosis in koalas.

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26

Naidu, R., RH Merry, GJ Churchman, MJ Wright, RS Murray, RW Fitzpatrick, and BA Zarcinas. "Sodicity in South Australia - a review." Soil Research 31, no. 6 (1993): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930911.

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The current knowledge of the nature and distribution of sodic soils in South Australia is reviewed. The agriculturally developed area of South Australia lies south of latitude 32-degrees-S. and is mainly used for low intensity grazing and dry land cereal/sheep production. A high proportion of the State, including much of the high rainfall area, has soils which are sodic (>6% ESP) through a significant proportion of the profile but information on the precise nature of sodicity in these soils is limited. Where exchangeable cation data axe available, the analytical techniques used often did not precisely delineate between soluble salts in the soil and ions on exchange sites. Therefore, many of the datasets have major weaknesses and may be unreliable. Since many soils with ESP <6 also show dispersive characteristics typical of sodic soils, there is an urgent need for new sodicity studies relating to distribution and the criteria (ESP) used to identify dispersive soils. Information on the effect of sodicity on nutrient requirements of plants, especially the modern varieties, is scarce both locally and internationally, making development of management strategies for economically sustainable crop production difficult. Further, many different grades of gypsum are available in South Australia. Preliminary studies show the presence of impurities drastically influences gypsum dissolution characteristics. More effort is needed to assess the quality and reactivity of South Australian gypsum. Some effort has been directed by land managers towards reclamation and management of sodic soils by using both gypsum and lime either separately or as mixtures. However, there is neither a scientific basis for the application of gypsum-lime mixtures nor crop production data to support such management strategies.

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27

Mogoutnov, Alena, and Jackie Venning. "Remnant tree decline in agricultural regions of South Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 20, no. 4 (2014): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc140366.

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Agricultural landscapes in southern Australia were once dominated by temperate eucalypt woodlands of which only fragmented patches and scattered trees in paddocks remain. This study focuses on the decline of scattered trees in the Mount Lofty Ranges and South East agricultural regions of South Australia. A combination of digitized aerial photography and satellite imagery was used to extend a previous assessment of decline undertaken in the early 1980s and increase the period over which decline was assessed to 58–72 years. A total of 17 049 scattered trees were counted from the earliest time period assessed over 11 sites of which 6 185 trees were lost by 2008 — a 36 % decline. Recruitment of 2 179 trees during this period was evident. Imagery indicates that clearing for agricultural intensification is the primary cause of the decline. A range of management options and policy settings are required to reverse the decline notwithstanding the challenges of implementation at a landscape scale across privately owned land.

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28

Speight, KN, P. Hicks, C. Graham, W. Boardman, WG Breed, E. Manthorpe, O. Funnell, and L. Woolford. "Necropsy findings of koalas from the Mount Lofty Ranges population in South Australia." Australian Veterinary Journal 96, no. 5 (April 24, 2018): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/avj.12690.

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29

Szabo, Judit K., Peter A. Vesk, Peter W. J. Baxter, and Hugh P. Possingham. "Paying the extinction debt: woodland birds in the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia." Emu - Austral Ornithology 111, no. 1 (March 2011): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu09114.

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30

Main, BY. "Further Studies on Australian Diplurinae: A Review of the Genera of the Teylni ( Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Dipluridae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 33, no. 5 (1985): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9850743.

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The tribe Teylini is diagnosed. It comprises Teyl Main, Namea Raven (newly placed) and two new monotypic genera, Teyloides and Pseudoteyl. The two new genera and their type-species, T. bakeri and P. vancouveri from Mt Lofty, South Australia, and West Cape Howe, Western Australia, respectively, are described. Affinities within the Teylini and relationships to other diplurine genera are discussed. It is suggested that the spur on the first tibia, a significant diagnostic character of Australian male diplurines, has evolved at least three times.

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31

Bourman, R. P., D. Banerjee, C. V. Murray-Wallace, S. Buckman, D. K. Panda, A. P. Belperio, and C. L. Jayawardena. "Luminescence dating of Quaternary alluvial successions, Sellicks Creek, South Mount Lofty Ranges, southern Australia." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 67, no. 5 (February 24, 2020): 627–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2020.1722967.

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32

Bardsley, D. K., D. Weber, G. M. Robinson, E. Moskwa, and A. M. Bardsley. "Wildfire risk, biodiversity and peri-urban planning in the Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia." Applied Geography 63 (September 2015): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.06.012.

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33

Nelson, PN, E. Cotsaris, JM Oades, and DB Bursill. "Influence of soil clay content on dissolved organic matter in stream waters." Marine and Freshwater Research 41, no. 6 (1990): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9900761.

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Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is of major importance for freshwater ecology and water treatment, particularly in Australia. Work comparing two small catchments, one yielding water with high DOC concentrations (Lawless) and the other yielding water with low DOC concentrations (Retreat Valley), is described. Differences between stream DOC concentrations in the two catchments were related to differences between the properties of the catchment soils. The Retreat Valley soils had higher C contents than the Lawless soils, but the C was less soluble, resulting in lower DOC concentrations in soil core leachates. The lower solubility of C in the Retreat Valley soils was the result of a higher clay content and hence a higher surface area for adsorption reactions. The Retreat Valley soils had a higher adsorption capacity for organic matter than did the Lawless soils. The clay contents of soils was found to be an important factor influencing stream DOC concentrations throughout the Mt Lofty Ranges, and the prediction of DOC concentrations in streams on a broad scale is discussed.

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34

Li, You, Melanie L. Lancaster, Susan M. Carthew, Jasmin G. Packer, and Steven J. B. Cooper. "Delineation of conservation units in an endangered marsupial, the southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus obesulus), in South Australia/western Victoria, Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 62, no. 5 (2014): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo14038.

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Conservation programs for threatened species are greatly benefiting from genetic data, for their power in providing knowledge of dispersal/gene flow across fragmented landscapes and for identifying populations of high conservation value. The endangered southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus obesulus) has a disjunct distribution range in South Australia, raising the possibility that populations of the subspecies may represent distinct conservation units. In the current study, we used a combination of 14 microsatellite and two mitochondrial sequence markers to investigate the phylogeography and population structure of I. o. obesulus in South Australia and south-western Victoria, with the aim of identifying any potential evolutionarily significant units and management units relevant to conservation management. Our phylogenetic/population analyses supported the presence of two distinct evolutionary lineages of I. o. obesulus. The first lineage comprised individuals from the Mount Lofty Ranges, Fleurieu Peninsula and Kangaroo Island. A second lineage comprised individuals from the south-east of South Australia and south-western Victoria. We propose that these two lineages represent distinct evolutionarily significant units and should be managed separately for conservation purposes. The findings also raise significant issues for the national conservation status of I. o. obesulus and suggest that the current subspecies classification needs further investigation.

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35

Cochrane, HR, G. Scholz, and AME Vanvreswyk. "Sodic soils in Western Australia." Soil Research 32, no. 3 (1994): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940359.

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Sodic soils are common throughout Western Australia, particularly in the south-west agricultural area where they occur mainly as duplex or gradational profiles. Soils with sodic properties are dominant in 26% of the state; saline-sodic sediments and soils in intermittent streams, lakes and estuarine plains occupy a further 5%. Sodic soils are moderately common throughout the south and western portion of the rangeland areas (38% of the state). The south-west coastal sands and the desert and rangeland soils to the north and east of the state are rarely sodic. Although sodicity has been recognized as a discrete problem in W.A. soils since the 1920s, the extent and severity of sodicity has been satisfactorily described only for small areas of the state and most land managers are unaware of the role sodicity plays in limiting the productivity of their soils. Sodicity is implicated in a diversity of problems for both agricultural and non-agricultural uses of Western Australian soils. Subsoil impermeability is probably the most widespread of these, but no comprehensive, quantitative assessment of the influence of exchangeable sodium on subsoil properties has been undertaken. Topsoil sodicity is much less extensive but can severely restrict land productivity, particularly on sandy loam and finer textured soils which set hard when dry. The physical behaviour of Western Australian topsoils cannot usefully be predicted from measurements of exchangeable sodium alone because soils differ so greatly in their response to changing exchangeable sodium. Some remain structurally stable at ESP values >15 while others are so 'sodium-sensitive' that they exhibit highly dispersive behaviour at ESP values as low as 2%. Land values over much of the dryland farming and pastoral areas of W.A. do not justify sustained use of amendments which would reduce soil exchangeable sodium contents. Efficient management of sodic soils in these areas must rely on the prevention of degradation and the use of biological and physical means to maintain adequate soil physical properties. Effective restoration of degraded sodic soils, however, often does require application of inorganic amendments in combination with tillage to initiate structural recovery. Sodicity is currently not considered to be a problem at any of the three main irrigation areas in W.A., but all have sodic soil within their potentially irrigable lands, which may limit their future expansion.

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36

Guan, Huade, Craig T. Simmons, and Andrew J. Love. "Orographic controls on rain water isotope distribution in the Mount Lofty Ranges of South Australia." Journal of Hydrology 374, no. 3-4 (August 2009): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.06.018.

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37

Taylor, G. S. "THE GALL FORMING PSYLLOIDEA OF EUCALYPTUS OBLIQUA IN THE MOUNT LOFTY RANGES OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA." Australian Journal of Entomology 26, no. 3 (August 1987): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1987.tb00290.x.

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38

VÖRÖS, JUDIT, SKYE WASSENS, LUKE PRICE, DAVID HUNTER, STEVEN MYERS, KYLE ARMSTRONG, MICHAEL J. MAHONY, and STEPHEN DONNELLAN. "Molecular systematic analysis demonstrates that the threatened southern bell frog, Litoria raniformis (Anura: Pelodryadidae) of eastern Australia, comprises two sub-species." Zootaxa 5228, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5228.1.1.

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In south-eastern Australia, the pelodryadid Litoria aurea Group (sensu Tyler & Davies 1978) comprises three species: Litoria aurea (Lesson, 1829), Litoria raniformis (Keferstein, 1867), and Litoria castanea (Steindachner, 1867). All three species have been subject to declines over recent decades and taxonomic uncertainty persists among populations on the tablelands in New South Wales. We address the systematics of the Group by analysing mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences to assess divergence in the Litoria raniformis from across its current range in New South Wales (NSW), Victoria, South Australia (SA) and Tasmania. We also included samples of Litoria castanea from a recently rediscovered population in the southern tablelands of NSW. Our phylogenetic and population genetic analyses show that Litoria raniformis comprises northern and southern lineages, showing deep mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence (7% net average sequence divergence) and can be diagnosed by fixed allelic differences at more than 4,000 SNP loci. Samples of the northern lineage were collected from the Murray-Darling Basin while those of the southern lineage were collected from south-eastern South Australia, southern and south-eastern Victoria and Tasmania. Analysis of the morphology and bioacoustics did not unequivocally delineate the two lineages. The presence of a hybrid backcross individual in western Victoria at the northern margin of the southern lineage, leads us to assign sub-species status to the two lineages, L. r. raniformis for the northern lineage and L. r. major for the southern lineage. Our data do not unequivocally resolve the taxonomic status of L. castanea which will require molecular genetic analyses of museum vouchers from those parts of the range where L. castanea and L. raniformis are no longer extant. Our data also suggest that human mediated movement of frogs may have occurred over the past 50 years. Our genotyping of vouchers collected in the 1970s from the Mount Lofty Ranges in South Australia detected mitochondrial haplotypes of both sub-species and SNP analysis showed that a single Tasmanian specimen was a backcross with L. r. raniformis ancestry. Movement of L. r. raniformis into Tasmania and both sub-species into the Mount Lofty Ranges are not likely due to passive movements of animals through agricultural commerce, but due to the attractiveness of the species as pets and subsequent escapes or releases, potentially of the larval life stage.

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39

Cock, GJ. "Moisture characteristics of irrigated Mallee soils in South Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 1 (1985): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850209.

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The soil moisture characteristics of undisturbed samples of Mallee soils, taken from typical profiles of the Riverland district neat Berri in South Australia, were determined. Samples were grouped according to texture and bulk density and, for each group, the moisture storage between matric potentials was derived. Over the usual range of soil moisture tensions (-0 to 40kPa) these showed only small variation between soil groups since, while moisture storage at field capacity and at wilting point does vary with texture; 50 to 60 mm/m is available between field capacity (-7 kPa) and the re-irrigation point (-30 to 40kPa) in all soils.

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40

Gardner, WK, RG Fawcett, GR Steed, JE Pratley, DM Whitfield, Hvan Rees, and Rees H. Van. "Crop production on duplex soils in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 7 (1992): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920915.

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The environment, duplex soil types and trends in crop production in South Australia, southern New South Wales, north-eastern and north-central Victoria, the southern Wimmera and the Victorian Western District are reviewed. In the latter 2 regions, pastoral industries dominate and crop production is curtailed by regular and severe soil waterlogging, except for limited areas of lower rainfall. Subsurface drainage can eliminate waterlogging, but is feasible only for the Western District where subsoils are sufficiently stable. The other regions all have a long history of soil degradation due to cropping practices, but these effects can now be minimised with the use of direct drilling and stubble retention cropping methods. A vigorous pasture ley phase is still considered necessary to maintain nitrogen levels and to restore soil structure to adequate levels for sustainable farming. Future productivity improvements will require increased root growth in the subsoils. Deep ripping, 'slotting' of gypsum, and crop species capable of opening up subsoils are techniques which may hold promise in this regard. The inclusion of lucerne, a perennial species, in annual pastures and intercropping at intervals is a technique being pioneered in north-central and western Victoria and may provide the best opportunity to crop duplex soils successfully without associated land degradation.

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41

Rajabi, Mojtaba, Mark Tingay, Oliver Heidbach, David Belton, Natalie Balfour, and Betina Bendall. "New constraints on the neotectonic stress pattern of the Flinders and Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia." Exploration Geophysics 49, no. 1 (February 2018): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg16076.

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42

Rajabi, Mojtaba, Mark Tingay, Oliver Heidbach, David Belton, Natalie Balfour, and Betina Bendall. "New constraints on the neotectonic stress pattern of the Flinders and Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia." Exploration Geophysics 49, no. 1 (February 2018): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg16076_co.

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43

Westphal, Michael I., Scott A. Field, and Hugh P. Possingham. "Optimizing landscape configuration: A case study of woodland birds in the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia." Landscape and Urban Planning 81, no. 1-2 (May 2007): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2006.10.015.

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44

Anderson, Thomas A., Erick A. Bestland, Ilka Wallis, and Huade D. Guan. "Salinity balance and historical flushing quantified in a high-rainfall catchment (Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia)." Hydrogeology Journal 27, no. 4 (January 10, 2019): 1229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-01916-7.

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45

Twidale, C. Rowland. "Paul S. Hossfeld and His Contribution to Geomorphology." Historical Records of Australian Science 23, no. 2 (2012): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr12006.

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The received wisdom was and is that landscapes cannot be more than a few millions of years old. Nevertheless, consideration of local geology and age of sediments in adjacent basins convinced Paul S. Hossfeld that the summit surface of low relief preserved on the northern Mount Lofty Ranges of South Australia resulted from long-continued planation and that it is of Cretaceous age; that is, some 70 million years old. Hossfeld's apparently intuitive suggestion that very old landscapes exist, recorded in his graduate thesis but not further pursued by him, is the earliest known statement of this idea.

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46

Funnell, Oliver, Lynley Johnson, Lucy Woolford, Wayne Boardman, Adam Polkinghorne, and David McLelland. "Conjunctivitis Associated with Chlamydia pecorum in Three Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) in the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 49, no. 4 (October 2013): 1066–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2013-03-066.

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47

Buckman, Solomon, Katherine C. Brownlie, Robert P. Bourman, Colin V. Murray-Wallace, Rowena H. Morris, Terry J. Lachlan, Richard G. Roberts, Lee J. Arnold, and John H. Cann. "Holocene palaeofire records in a high-level, proximal valley-fill (Wilson Bog), Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia." Holocene 19, no. 7 (October 23, 2009): 1017–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683609340998.

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48

Richards, Jenny, John Tibby, Cameron Barr, and Peter Goonan. "Effect of substrate type on diatom-based water quality assessments in the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia." Hydrobiologia 847, no. 14 (June 1, 2020): 3077–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-020-04316-9.

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49

Ward, P. R., and F. X. Dunin. "Growing season evapotranspiration from duplex soils in south-western Australia." Agricultural Water Management 50, no. 2 (September 2001): 141–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3774(01)00092-0.

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50

Unkovich, Murray, Therese McBeath, Rick Llewellyn, James Hall, Vadakattu VSR Gupta, and Lynne M. Macdonald. "Challenges and opportunities for grain farming on sandy soils of semi-arid south and south-eastern Australia." Soil Research 58, no. 4 (2020): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr19161.

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Sandy soils make up a substantial fraction of cropping land in low rainfall (<450 mm p.a.) south and south-eastern Australia. In this paper we review the possible soil constraints to increased production on these soils in this region. Many of these soils have a very low (<3%) clay content and suffer from severe water repellency, making crop establishment and weed control problematic. Crops which do emerge are faced with uneven soil wetting and poor access to nutrients, with crop nutrition constraints exacerbated by low fertility (soil organic matter < 1%) and low cation exchange capacity. Zones of high penetration resistance appear common and have multiple causes (natural settling, cementation and traffic induced) which restrict root growth to <40 cm. Crop water use and grain yield are therefore likely to be well below the water-limited potential. Water repellency is readily diagnosed and where apparent should be the primary management target. Repellency can be mitigated through the use of furrow and other sowing technologies, along with soil wetting agents. These techniques appear to be affected by site and soil nuances and need to be refined for local soils and conditions. Once crop establishment on water repellent soils has been optimised, attention could be turned to opportunities for improving crop rooting depth through the use of deep tillage or deep ripping techniques. The required ripping depth, and how long the effects may last, are unclear and need further research, as do the most effective and efficient machinery requirements to achieve sustained deeper root growth. Crop nutrition matched to the water-limited crop yield potential is the third pillar of crop production that needs to be addressed. Low soil organic matter, low cation exchange capacity, low biological activity and limited nutrient cycling perhaps make this a greater challenge than in higher rainfall regions with finer textured soils. Interactions between nutrients in soils and fertilisers are likely to occur and make nutrient management more difficult. While amelioration (elimination) of water repellency is possible through the addition of clay to the soil surface, the opportunities for this may be restricted to the ~30% of the sandy soils of the region where clay is readily at hand. The amounts of clay required to eliminate repellency (~5%) are insufficient to significantly improve soil fertility or soil water holding capacity. More revolutionary soil amelioration treatments, involving additions and incorporation of clay and organic matter to soils offer the possibility of a more elevated crop yield plateau. Considerable research would be required to provide predictive capacity with respect to where and when these practices are effective.

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