Статті в журналах з теми "Soils, Salts in Victoria"
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1
Aislabie, Jackie, James Bockheim, Malcolm Mcleod, David Hunter, Bryan Stevenson, and Gary M. Barker. "Microbial biomass and community structure changes along a soil development chronosequence near Lake Wellman, southern Victoria Land." Antarctic Science 24, no. 2 (December 15, 2011): 154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102011000873.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractFour pedons on each of four drift sheets in the Lake Wellman area of the Darwin Mountains were sampled for chemical and microbial analyses. The four drifts, Hatherton, Britannia, Danum, and Isca, ranged from early Holocene (10 ka) to mid-Quaternary (c. 900 ka). The soil properties of weathering stage, salt stage, and depths of staining, visible salts, ghosts, and coherence increase with drift age. The landforms contain primarily high-centred polygons with windblown snow in the troughs. The soils are dominantly complexes of Typic Haplorthels and Typic Haploturbels. The soils were dry and alkaline with low levels of organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. Electrical conductivity was high accompanied by high levels of water soluble anions and cations (especially calcium and sulphate in older soils). Soil microbial biomass, measured as phospholipid fatty acids, and numbers of culturable heterotrophic microbes, were low, with highest levels detected in less developed soils from the Hatherton drift. The microbial community structure of the Hatherton soil also differed from that of the Britannia, Danum and Isca soils. Ordination revealed the soil microbial community structure was influenced by soil development and organic carbon.
2
Surapaneni, A., and K. A. Olsson. "Sodification under conjunctive water use in the Shepparton Irrigation Region of northern Victoria: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 3 (2002): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00179.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Shepparton Irrigation Region Land and Water Salinity Management Plan promotes groundwater pumping and re-use for irrigation where groundwater quality and availability allow dilution with channel water (‘conjunctive water use’) to levels that produce minimal production losses from annual and perennial pastures used widely for dairying. In addition, municipal and industrial waste waters are used on a smaller scale for irrigating pastures (and crops). An upper level of irrigation water salinity (expressed as an electrical conductivity of 0.8 dS/m) is currently recommended in the plan. This recommendation is based on empirical data from experiments on unstocked, perennial pasture collected over 2 decades on red-brown earths in the region. While the strategy has, so far, achieved acceptable control of soil salinity levels, while generally maintaining pasture yields, a concern that ‘conjunctive water use’ may not be sustainable in the long term arises from the sodicity of the groundwater and waste waters. The continual addition of sodium to clay soils, initially low in both sodium and electrolytes (upper 0.5 m depth), risks the soils becoming sodified, with attendant soil physical problems should salts be leached to below threshold electrolyte concentrations, as in winter for example. We show that clay soils supporting pastures in the Shepparton Irrigation Region sodify with time under ‘conjunctive water use’. We review evidence for adverse effects of such sodification on soil physical properties affecting plant productivity and hydrologic processes important in the long-term sustainability of the strategy. On-farm management implications of the strategy are discussed and important issues for research are identified.
3
Tillman, R. W., and A. Surapaneni. "Some soil-related issues in the disposal of effluent on land." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 3 (2002): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00133.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There is increasing environmental pressure to dispose of waste effluents on land, rather than discharging them directly into surface waterways. In addition to reducing impacts on water quality, land disposal of effluents offers the possibility of beneficial recycling of water and essential plant nutrients. Frequently, however, waste water contains high concentrations of dissolved salts, particularly sodium, that can affect the levels of salinity and sodicity in soils. This, in turn, can diminish the utility of soils for productive agriculture. Astute soil management can often ameliorate these adverse affects but this may require land-use practices that reduce the commercial return from farming activities. It is therefore important to identify the main purpose of effluent disposal areas and to compensate land users appropriately when the operation of the effluent disposal scheme affects farm profitability. If farmers are forced by commercial pressures to adopt inappropriate land use practices on areas used for effluent disposal, the operation of the scheme will be compromised, and there may even be the risk of complete failure. The results of a limited number of experiments investigating the application of effluents to land in northern Victoria are used to demonstrate these risks. The effects on soil chemical properties of applying saline–sodic waste water to land are now well understood. Considerably less certain are the effects of these changes on soil chemical properties, on the physical properties of soils and the way soils behave under various land uses — such as cultivation or grazing by heavy animals. Various approaches to modelling and predicting the impacts on soil of irrigation with saline–sodic waste water are discussed. A number of simple, classification models, based on practical experience and empirical equations, currently provide valuable assistance for land managers. More complex, mechanistic models have been developed that describe successfully the movement of water and salts through soils, given appropriate soil measurements as input parameters. The major limitations now are the availability of soil data at an appropriate scale and an understanding of the ways changes in soil chemical properties affect soil physical properties and subsequent soil behaviour. In particular there is a need to investigate those critical zones at the soil surface or the top of the B horizon where water movement is impeded in sodic soils.
4
Rodriguez, D., J. Nuttall, V. O. Sadras, H. van Rees, and R. Armstrong. "Impact of subsoil constraints on wheat yield and gross margin on fine-textured soils of the southern Victorian Mallee." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, no. 3 (2006): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04133.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The APSIM-Wheat module was used to investigate our present capacity to simulate wheat yields in a semi-arid region of eastern Australia (the Victorian Mallee), where hostile subsoils associated with salinity, sodicity, and boron toxicity are known to limit grain yield. In this study we tested whether the effects of subsoil constraints on wheat growth and production could be modelled with APSIM-Wheat by assuming that either: (a) root exploration within a particular soil layer was reduced by the presence of toxic concentrations of salts, or (b) soil water uptake from a particular soil layer was reduced by high concentration of salts through osmotic effects. After evaluating the improved predictive capacity of the model we applied it to study the interactions between subsoil constraints and seasonal conditions, and to estimate the economic effect that subsoil constraints have on wheat farming in the Victorian Mallee under different climatic scenarios. Although the soils had high levels of salinity, sodicity, and boron, the observed variability in root abundance at different soil layers was mainly related to soil salinity. We concluded that: (i) whether the effect of subsoil limitations on growth and yield of wheat in the Victorian Mallee is driven by toxic, osmotic, or both effects acting simultaneously still requires further research, (ii) at present, the performance of APSIM-Wheat in the region can be improved either by assuming increased values of lower limit for soil water extraction, or by modifying the pattern of root exploration in the soil profile, both as a function of soil salinity. The effect of subsoil constraints on wheat yield and gross margin can be expected to be higher during drier than wetter seasons. In this region the interaction between climate and soil properties makes rainfall information alone, of little use for risk management and farm planning when not integrated with cropping systems models.
5
BORGHINI, FRANCESCA, and ROBERTO BARGAGLI. "Changes of major ion concentrations in melting snow and terrestrial waters from northern Victoria Land, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 16, no. 2 (June 2004): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410200400197x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Concentrations of major ions (Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) were measured in melting snow and water samples from streams and lakes in ice-free areas throughout northern Victoria Land. Most ions in snow and terrestrial water derive from the marine environment and their concentrations are extremely variable in space and time, especially in water systems without melting snow and ice. The distance from the sea, snow sublimation, changes in water inflow, evaporative concentrations, weathering and drainage processes in the catchment, nesting seabirds and aquatic microbiota are among factors which most influence ion composition variability. Comparisons with data from twelve years ago in the same lakes indicate that the warming trend detected at Terra Nova Bay station during this period did not affect the biogeochemistry of water systems. Waters from a lake which recently experienced a lowering of the water level showed a remarkable increase in SO42− concentrations. We hypothesized that the differential mobility of sulphate salts in the Antarctic soils, the biosynthesis of sulphur compounds in the lake, and the progressive decrease of the water volume are factors involved in the increase of SO42− concentrations.
6
Takamatsu, Nobuki, Naoyuki Kato, Genki I. Matsumoto, and Tetsuya Torii. "The origin of salts in water bodies of the McMurdo Dry Valleys." Antarctic Science 10, no. 4 (December 1998): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102098000534.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lithium distributions in lake and pond waters of the McMurdo Dry Valleys of southern Victoria Land, Antarctica were studied to elucidate the origin of dissolved salts and the evolutionary history of the lakes and ponds. The EfLi [(Li/Cl)sample/(Li/Cl)seawater] values of the bottom waters in Lakes Bonney and Fryxell were higher than unity (EfLi=4–7), indicating that the salts originated from sea salts (probably relict seawater) and have been subsequently modified by the contribution of meltwaters containing atmospheric fallout and/or rock and soil weathering products. In contrast, extremely high Li concentrations with high EfLi values in the Don Juan Pond water (EfLi = 180) and the bottom waters of Lake Vanda (EfLi = 40) suggest that the salts originated from deep groundwaters influenced mainly by saline water-rock interactions, as supported by the dissolution experiments of granite in NaCl solution. The low Li concentrations of pond waters with high EfLi values in the Labyrinth indicate that the salts are derived from atmospheric fallout. The decrease of the EfLi values with the increase of Cl concentrations can be explained by the repeated cycles of the migration of Li into the ice phase and subsequent ablation of surface ice, as indicated by seawater freezing experiments.
7
Healy, M., J. G. Webster-Brown, K. L. Brown, and V. Lane. "Chemistry and stratification of Antarctic meltwater ponds II: Inland ponds in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Victoria Land." Antarctic Science 18, no. 4 (November 14, 2006): 525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102006000575.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Meltwater ponds in the Victoria Valley and in the Labyrinth at the head of the Wright Valley of Victoria Land were sampled in January (summer) and October (late winter) of 2004 to establish their geochemistry and stratification, and to compare this with that of coastal meltwater ponds at a similar latitude near Bratina Island. In summer, vertical profiles were measured in 14 ponds; 10 were thermally stratified (maximum ΔT = 11.5°C) and 12 demonstrated a conductivity increase (∼25x) in the lowest 10–20 cm of the water column. When 11 of these ponds were resampled in October, the ice columns were stratified with respect to conductivity and five ponds had highly saline (up to 148 mS cm−1), oxygenated basal brines present under the ice. Basal brines and summer melt waters were Na-Cl dominated, and Victoria Valley pond meltwaters were enriched in Ca relative to the Labyrinth ponds. Early gypsum precipitation directs the chemical evolution of residual brine during freezing. These ponds were enriched in NO3 relative to the coastal ponds at Bratina Island, due to dissolution of nitrate-bearing soil salts, and the reduced influence of marine aerosols and biological productivity on pond chemistry.
8
Heuperman, AF, AP Repsys, and AH Mehanni. "Salinity control by pumping and re-using groundwater: its effect on watertable levels, soil salinity and farm productivity on a dairy property in the Goulburn Valley, Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, no. 6 (1986): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9860669.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The introduction of watertable control by groundwater pumping on a salt-affected dairy farm in the Goulburn Valley resulted in large increases in butter fat production. Since intensive pumping started, in 1981, watertable levels showed an overall downward trend but were still subject to major fluctuations caused by irrigation and rainfall. During this period butterfat production increased from about 300 to 390 kg/ha (of productive land) and yearly pasture production rose from about 560 to 650 t/ha DM. These productivity increases are attributed to both a reduction in average soil salinity in the top 60 cm of the profile from 2400 to 1200 mg total dissolved salts per kg dry soil and an increase in irrigation water use from less than 10 M litre/ha before to nearly 12 M litre/ha after pumping started.
9
Bargagli, R., R. I. L. Smith, L. Martella, F. Monaci, J. C. Sanchez-Hernandez, and F. C. Ugolini. "Solution geochemistry and behaviour of major and trace elements during summer in a moss community at Edmonson Point, Victoria Land, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 11, no. 1 (March 1999): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102099000024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Physical and chemical characteristics and solution geochemistry of major and trace elements were investigated in an area of volcanic soil colonized by mosses at Edmonson Point (central Victoria Land) during the international BIOTAS (Biological Investigations of Terrestrial Antarctic Systems) expedition (BIOTEX) in the 1995–96 summer. The broad objective was to study the environmental factors involved in plant colonisation and survival in terrestrial continental Antarctic ecosystems. The results showed that moss distribution and survival throughout the summer was closely dependent on water supply. In Antarctic coastal ecosystems the environmental biogeochemistry is largely dominated by ions of marine origin. At the drier end of a hydrological gradient the dry cushions of Hennediella heimii were encrusted with salts and showed much higher concentrations of soluble ions (Na+, Cl−, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42−, NO3−) than those in adhering soil particles or in other moss species from wetter parts of the transect. Although salt encrustations may partly derive from sublimation of surface snow, comparisons between concentrations of soluble ions in the dry moss and those in the < 2 mm fraction of surface and deep soil showed an upward migration along the soil profile of soluble ions as the substratum dried out, between December and January, and their accumulation mostly on mosses. At the wet end of the transect messes were less affected by salt encrustations and there was evidence of Ca2+ uptake and an active cycling of nutrients.
10
Hofstee, Erica H., Dave I. Campbell, Megan R. Balks, and Jackie Aislabie. "Groundwater characteristics at Seabee Hook, Cape Hallett, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 18, no. 4 (November 14, 2006): 487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102006000538.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Seabee Hook is a low lying gravel spit adjacent to Cape Hallett, northern Victoria Land, in the Ross Sea region of Antarctica and hosts an Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) rookery. Dipwells were inserted to monitor changes in depth to, and volume of, groundwater and tracer tests were conducted to estimate aquifer hydraulic conductivity and groundwater velocity. During summer (November–February), meltwater forms a shallow, unconfined, aquifer perched on impermeable ice cemented soil. Groundwater extent and volume depends on the amount of snowfall as meltwater is primarily sourced from melting snow drifts. Groundwater velocity through the permeable gravel and sand was up to 7.8 m day−1, and hydraulic conductivities of 4.7 × 10−4 m s−1 to 3.7 × 10−5 m s−1 were measured. The presence of the penguin rookery, and the proximity of the sea, affects groundwater chemistry with elevated concentrations of salts (1205 mg L−1 sodium, 332 mg L−1 potassium) and nutrients (193 mg L−1 nitrate, 833 mg L−1 ammonia, 10 mg L−1 total phosphorus) compared with groundwater sourced away from the rookery, and with other terrestrial waters in Antarctica.
11
Ford, GW, JJ Martin, P. Rengasamy, SC Boucher, and A. Ellington. "Soil sodicity in Victoria." Soil Research 31, no. 6 (1993): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930869.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper gives a broad overview of the distribution and agricultural importance of sodic soils in Victoria. Sodic soils are estimated to occupy at least 13.4 Mha, representing at least 73% of Victoria's agricultural land. Most of this land is used for dryland farming; about 85% of the cropped land and 66% of the land sown to dryland pastures occurs on sodic soils. The largest sodicity class is 'alkaline sodic', dominated by a diverse range of soils (red duplex, yellow duplex, calcareous earths and self-mulching cracking clays). Alkaline sodic soils comprise half of the total agricultural land area, or about 24% of the area of land currently used for dryland cropping and 21% of the land under sown pasture. Land degradation problems are recognized as affecting most agricultural land in Victoria, and to be substantially limiting its productivity. The nature, extent and severity of the various forms of land degradation are a consequence of both intrinsic soil properties and of management practices. There is an urgent need to improve current farming practices to prevent further deterioration of the soil resource. Existing knowledge of the behaviour of sodic soils under both dryland and irrigated agriculture is reviewed. It is concluded that substantial gains in productivity are possible, but will require effective collaboration between soil scientists, agronomists, and land managers. Collation and integration of current knowledge on the properties and management of sodic soils in Victoria, and the acquisition of additional relevant information by targeted long-term research is required. Key issues for future research are identified.
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Opanasenko, N. Ye, A. P. Yevtushenko, and A. P. Grishina. "Magnesian alkalinity of trenching soils of Prichernomorskaya lowland." Fundamental and Applied Soil Science 15, no. 1-2 (March 18, 2014): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/041403.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The data of scientists about spreading, genesis, composition and properties of low natrium soils with high content of magnesium in soil sorption complex, and its influence on plants have been considered. The aim was to determine the absorbed ability of soils and the level of saturation by bases; to determine the dependence of density of foundation, quantity of silt from the content of absorbed magnesium from magnesium water soluble salts in them; to determine kation-anion and salt composition of irrigation waters. The trenching low natrium remaining alkolinic south black soils, dark-chestnut, turf-steppe black soils of Prichernomorskaya lowland with content 20–73 % Mg2+ in soil sorption complex and also irrigation waters have been studied. Physical clay, silt, volumetric mass, general porosity, air-volume, water-permeability, micro-aggregate composition, absorbed base, kation-anion composition of easy soluble salts and hypothetic salts have been determined in soils. Kation-anion composition and hypothetic salts have been determined in irrigation waters. The sum of absorbed bases in studied soils corresponded to the content of fraction of physical clay and silt, and also to the provision of soils with organic substances. The humus reserves in trenching layer 0–60 cm of black south soils were 200–240 t/ha, dark-chestnut soils – 150–180 t/ha, turf-steppe light suglinic – soils 80–130 t/ha/ That’s quite normal that south black soils (30 mg-eq./100 gr.) have the best absorbed ability, and the turf-steppe susand soils have the worst absorbed ability (9 mg-eq./100 gr.). Accordance of absorptive ability of soils to the content of fraction of physical clay, silt, humus has been determined. The largest content and variation of absorbed magnesium in soil sorption complex of trenching layers of light suglinic and susand turf-steppe soils of high river terraces and the lowest content in black south soils and dark-chestnut soils have been established. It has been established that for genetically different soils with high content of exchanged magnesium the high density of formation, low general porosity, air-volume, water-irrigation, micro-aggregation and also clods, cracks and dust in dry condition, absence of illuviration are typical. Kation-anion composition of easy soluble salts in soils and in irrigation waters has been analyzed in details. The sum of all toxic water soluble salts in black south soils was 0.31 mg-eq./100 gr., magnesium salts (MgCO3, Mg(HCO3)2, MgCl2, MgSO4) – 0.18 mg-eq./100 gr. or 58 % from the sum of toxic salts. In dark-chestnut soils these indexes were 0.16 and 0.11 mg-eq./100 gr. and 69 %; in turf-steppe light suglinic soils – 0.32 and 0.18 mg-eq./100 gr. and 56 %; and for turf-steppe susand soils they were 0.26 and 0.15 mg-eq./100 gr. and 58 %. In all soils chlorides magnesium prevailed over toxic salts (NaCl+MgCl2+CaCl2). In south black soils and turf-steppe soils in layer 0–60 cm there were both toxic and magnesium salts. Dark-chestnut soils in comparison with above said ones have less toxic salts and less magnesium salts, but their part in the sum of all salts was the highest – 69 %. The less content of toxic salts in dark-chestnut soils in comparison with others is attributed to their location to good drained height in Ochakov region. Probability of irrigation magnesium solonetzation of soils under long watering of orchards and vineyards by water from artesian well, Ingulets canal and from pond has been studied. In fresh and weakly mineral waters among toxic salts the magnesium salts (67-88%) as also in soils, chloride of magnesium are prevailed. Prevailing of magnesium over calcium in irrigated waters reduces quality of water and leads to accumulation of Mg2+ in soil sorption complex and negatively influences on soils. The following conclusions have been done: Genetically different low natrium remaining alkolinic with high content of exchanged magnesium in soil absorption complex trenching soils are characterized by high density, low porosity, air-volume, water-permeability, micro-aggregation and also clods, cracks and dust in dry condition, absence of illuviration. In soils and irrigation waters magnesium salts prevail over toxic easy soluble salts (67–88 % and 56–69 %). There are the probable sources of large accumulation of magnesium in soil absorption complex, magnesium solonetziration and the reason of unfavourable soil conditions.
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Hofstee, Erica H., Megan R. Balks, Fiona Petchey, and David I. Campbell. "Soils of Seabee Hook, Cape Hallett, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 18, no. 4 (November 14, 2006): 473–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102006000526.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The soils of the Seabee Hook area of Cape Hallett in northern Victoria Land, Antarctica, were mapped and characterized. Seabee Hook is a low-lying gravel spit of beach deposits built up by coastal currents carrying basalt material from nearby cliffs. Seabee Hook is the location of an Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) colony which influences the soils with additions of guano, dead birds, eggshells and feathers. A soil-landscape model was developed and a soil association was identified between the soils formed on mounds (relict beach ridges) favoured by penguins for nests (Typic Haplorthel) and the soils in the areas between the mounds (Typic Haplorthel/Typic Aquorthel). Soils formed on the mounds inhabited by penguins contained guano in the upper 50 cm, overlying sub-rounded beach-deposited gravel and sand. Soils between mounds had a thin veneer (< 5 cm) of guano overlying basaltic gravelly sand similar to that in the lower parts of the mound soils. The soils had high concentrations of nitrogen, organic carbon, phosphorus, cadmium, zinc, copper, and increased electrical conductivity, within horizons influenced by penguin guano. Five buried penguin bones were collected from the base of soil profiles and radiocarbon dated. The dates indicate that Seabee Hook has been colonized by penguins for at least 1000 years.
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Z.R., Gurbanova, and Ibragimov S.K. "The reclamation of included in the crop rotation of solonetz soils by sulfuric acid situated waste in the Caspian lowland." Ekologiya i stroitelstvo 4 (2018): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35688/2413-8452-2018-04-004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper concerns the problems of making healthy salinized soils of pre-Caspian lowland in Azerbaijan Republic by chemical melioration. As a result of carried out experiments it has been determined that washing soils by water results in gyps leaching in the soils and formation alkaline salts. It leads to soda formation, salinization of soils and alkalıne formation. Though washing by drywall does not result in new formation of precipitated gyps, its application as meliorant presents formation of alkaline salts and salinization of solis. Gypsing of soils significantly optimizes leaching of salts, especially release of chlorine and sulphatization. However desalinization of soils till the toxicity border is achieved neither in the layer 0...50 cm, nor 0...100 cm. It has been determined that use of weak solution of sulphuric acid brought to desalination of upper 0...50 cm layer till the limit of salt toxicity deep desalinization of soils (to 150 cm) and high content of residue of non toxic salts lowering harmful influence of excludes possibility of restoration of soil salinization after washing. High content of non-toxic salts in residue after washing salinization with the reduce of toxic salts to 22...36 % allows to increase limit of salts toxicity after washing till 0.8...1.0 % on density residue.
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Kakuturu, Sai, and Shirley E. Clark. "Deicing Salts' Effects on Engineered Bioretention Soils." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2012, no. 5 (January 1, 2012): 568–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864712811699294.
Повний текст джерела
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Smettan, U., and H. P. Blume. "Salts in sandy desert soils, southwestern Egypt." CATENA 14, no. 4 (August 1987): 333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(87)90025-7.
Повний текст джерела
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Manimel Wadu, Mihiri C. W., Tee Boon Goh, and Olalekan O. Akinremi. "Response of Manitoba soils to banding phosphorus with sulfate or carbonate salts." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 96, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 447–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2015-0083.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Applications of sulfate and carbonate salts have been shown to improve the solubility of phosphorus (P) in model calcareous soils. It is unclear how these treatments will influence P solubility in real soils. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of sulfate or carbonate salts on P solubility in selected Manitoba soils. We hypothesized that the application of carbonate or sulfate salts in a fertilizer band could enhance the solubility of P in Manitoba soils. Different salt mixtures were prepared by mixing either monopotassium phosphate (MPP) or monoammonium phosphate (MAP) with K2SO4, (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4, or (NH4)2CO3. After the 2 wk of incubation of salt-treated soils, both P sources decreased soil pH significantly. The addition of salts did not significantly affect pH in most of the soils. There was a significant treatment effect (P < 0.0001), a significant soil effect (P < 0.0001), and a significant soil by treatment interaction (P < 0.0001) on water-extractable P. Coapplication of either sulfates or (NH4)2CO3salt increased soluble P in some soils by 6%–44% or 11%–14%, respectively. Application of carbonate or sulfate salts increased P solubility only in soils with a smaller ratio of HCl-extractable Ca to ammonium acetate-extractable Ca.
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Pessoa, Luiz Guilherme Medeiros, Maria Betânia Galvão dos Santos Freire, José Coelho de Araújo Filho, Patrícia Ribeiros dos Santos, Márcio Fléquisson Alves Miranda, and Fernando José Freire. "Characterization and Classification of Halomorphic Soils in the Semiarid Region of Northeastern Brazil." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 4 (March 15, 2019): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n4p405.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The properties of halomorphic soils are controlled by the presence of either soluble salts, exchangeable sodium or both, and it is important to know and understand these properties in order to reforest and/or recover the soils. The objective of this study was to characterize and classify halomorphic soils from the semiarid region of Northeast Brazil. Four profiles of halomorphic soils were studied, which were described morphologically and the samples were collected from all soil horizons. Physical and chemical analyzes of the soils were carried out for classification purposes, as well as geochemical speciation of the soluble salts. According to the results, P1 and P3 were classified as Fluvisols, and P2 and P4 as Cambisols. It was observed that the studied soil profiles have the predominance of fine particles, which prevents the leaching and subsequent removal of salts from the soil profile. Soils presented high levels of exchangeable sodium, characterizing them as sodium solids throughout the profile. Ionic speciation analysis indicated the predominance of free forms of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+, HCO3-, Cl- and SO42- and combinations of calcium, magnesium and sodium chloride and sulfate salts. Thus, it was possible to conclude that the studied halomorphic soils presented high levels of degradation by salts and sodium and that these types of soils are strongly related to the Fluvisols and Cambisols.
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Montes de Oca, Paulina, Rafael Mata, and Marco A. Chaves. "Estudios de salinidad en la provincia de Guanacaste (Costa Rica) y caracterización de algunos suelos con influencia salina." Agronomía Mesoamericana 7, no. 2 (June 2, 2016): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/am.v7i2.24766.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The soils wich are affected by salts are developing preferently in regions where the precipitation is limited, the temperature is high and the conditions of drainage are restricted like in some soils of Guanacaste's area. A bibliography review about some soils with high salts contents was made in Ing. Taboga, Guanacaste's area. Two soils samples was taking classified in Typic hapluster and Fluventic ustropept. There are analized with methods that caracterize the salinity of soils jour with the technics of rutinary analysis.
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Niederberger, Thomas D., Ian R. McDonald, Amy L. Hacker, Rochelle M. Soo, John E. Barrett, Diana H. Wall, and S. Craig Cary. "Microbial community composition in soils of Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica." Environmental Microbiology 10, no. 7 (July 2008): 1713–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01593.x.
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MaCartney, Leisa, and T. V. Price. "Bromide residues in glasshouse soils in victoria following bromomethane fumigation." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 20, no. 3 (January 1988): 393–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(88)90021-1.
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Borghini, Francesca, Joan O. Grimalt, Juan C. Sanchez-Hernandez, and Roberto Bargagli. "Organochlorine pollutants in soils and mosses from Victoria Land (Antarctica)." Chemosphere 58, no. 3 (January 2005): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.07.025.
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Riffkin, Penny A., Paul E. Quigley, Gavin A. Kearney, Fiona J. Cameron, Robert R. Gault, Mark B. Peoples, and Janice E. Thies. "Factors associated with biological nitrogen fixation in dairy pastures in south-western Victoria." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, no. 2 (1999): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a98035.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A survey of 71 sites was conducted in the dairying districts of south-western Victoria in October 1994 to determine factors associated with nitrogen (N) fixation in white clover based pastures. Twenty-eight factors (environmental, microbiological, management, soil, and pasture) were considered in relation to 2 indicators of N fixation by white clover, %Ndfa (percentage of total plant N derived from the atmosphere, as determined by the 15N natural abundance method) and kg of N fixed per tonne herbage dry matter (legume and non-legume). On light-textured soils (sandy loams), soil potassium, rhizobia numbers, total soil N, and density of the nematode Pratylenchus sp. accounted for 72% of variation in %Ndfa. On medium-textured soils (clay loams), crude protein of perennial ryegrass and plant-available phosphorus in the soil accounted for 30% of variation in %Ndfa. The amount of N fixed was influenced by different factors, again depending on soil texture. Soil chemical properties accounted for 31% variation on the medium-textured soils with nematode density, pasture quality, and soil chemical properties accounting for 77% of variation on light-textured soils. Amounts of N fixed per tonne herbage dry matter produced averaged 8.2 kg on the light-textured soils and 7.3 kg on the medium-textured soils. Average %Ndfa values were 67% and 60% on light- and medium-textured soils, respectively. Effects of soil texture on N fixation were attributed to the different cation exchange and water-holding capacities of the soils and highlight the importance of considering soil type in N fixation studies.
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Tu, S., G. J. Racz, and C. M. Cho. "Extraction of Manganese from Soils with Potassium Salts." Soil Science Society of America Journal 59, no. 5 (September 1995): 1280–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1995.03615995005900050011x.
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Nedriga, V. P., and �. A. Dem'yanova. "Construction of dams on soils containing soluble salts." Hydrotechnical Construction 20, no. 2 (February 1986): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01427164.
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Pochernyaeva, E. P., V. O. Okata, O. V. Kotovych, and V. M. Yakovenko. "Influence of irrigated mineralized waters on properties of ordinary chernozem in the conditions of Prysamaria Dniprovske." Ecology and Noospherology 31, no. 2 (October 25, 2020): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/032015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Irrigation of lands in arid climates helps to solve the problem of water deficit of soils in order to increase their fertility. However, under the influence of mineralized waters used for irrigation, there is a degradation of chemical, physico-chemical, water-physical and physical properties of soils. Soil monitoring is one of the effective mechanisms that allowsassessing the current state of soils and predicting the negative consequences of economic activity in the future. The area where the research was conducted is in the zone of insufficient moisture where there is an annual deficit of water balance of soils. Irrigation in the studied areas began in the mid-70s of the last century and lasted until 1992. The waters of the Samara River were used for this purpose. The total mineralization of water during the growing season reaches 3515 mg/dm3. It is possible to estimate the degree of transformation of soils that have been under the influence of irrigation waters for a long time in relation to the indicators of virgin soils. The zonal soils of the research area are CalcicChernozems. The analysis of macromorphological indicators showed that irrigation soils differ from the reference ones by the thickness of the organogenic horizon, density and structure. The results of the analysis of the aqueous extract of the reference soils show the absence of salinization with water-soluble salts. Their content varies in the range from 0.051 to 0.078 %. A maximum of one salt is observed in the soil profile, namely in the transitional horizon at a depth of 45–63 cm. Below this depth, the content of water-soluble salts progressively decreases. The total content and distribution of water-soluble salts in the soil profile of irrigated soils has some differences from the reference soils. In the upper part of the humus horizon, the total amount of water-soluble salts is smaller, which can be attributed to the effects of machining and better aeration, as well as the intensive removal of their vegetation. Below these horizons, the amount of water-soluble salts progressively increases and reaches a maximum in the soil-forming rock. The nature of the distribution in the soil profile and the total amount of salts isnot typical for Calcic Chernozems and ismore similar to those of Gleyic Calcic Chernozems. The maximum amount of water-soluble salts is concentrated in the parent rock. Their percentage indicates the absence of salinity in both studied soils. But guided by the method of calculating the content of toxic water-soluble salts in the soil, in the reference soils, this figure reaches 0.21 t/ha in a meter layer of soil, and in irrigation 0.42 t/ha. The results of studies of physicochemical parameters show that a higher content of metabolic calcium is characteristic of the reference soils, and its distribution in the soils along the profile of both options is relatively similar. In contrast, the distribution of exchangeable magnesium in the soil profile varies greatly, especially in the reference soils. In irrigated soils, the ratio of exchangeable calcium to magnesium is more stable and varies in the range from 4.2 to 7.9, which may be the result of prolonged irrigation. According to the obtained physicochemical parameters, irrigation soils have weak salinity in the lower part of the transition horizon. This indicator, together with the ratio of exchangeable calcium to magnesium, indicates eluvial-illuvial processes that for some time contributed to the redistribution in the soil profile of both water-soluble salts and exchangeable cations. Evaluation of the degree of salinity of soils showed the absence of salinization in the reference soils, as well as in the upper part of the humus horizons of irrigated soils. Given the buffering of irrigated soils, weak salinity is present only in the upper part of the transition horizon.
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Smykla, Jerzy, Nataliia Iakovenko, Miloslav Devetter, and Łukasz Kaczmarek. "Diversity and distribution of tardigrades in soils of Edmonson Point (Northern Victoria Land, continental Antarctica)." Czech Polar Reports 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpr2012-2-6.
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This work contributes to the knowledge on distribution, diversity and ecology of the Antarctic soil biota. Different soil habitats from several ice-free coastal sites were sampled along the Victoria Land across 7° of latitude from 71° to 78°S during five austral summer seasons between 2003/04 and 2011/12. In this paper we report preliminary data on soil tardigrades (water bears) from Edmondson Point, Northern Victoria Land. Tardigrades were found to be present in 23 of the 41 examined soil samples (56%). Their presence was associated exclusively with soil samples collected from bryophytes communities and under cyanobacterial mats, whereas they were completely absent in fellfield and ornithogenic soils. Tardigrades were least numerous among all soil micrometazoans, their abundance in the positive samples was very variable and ranged from 3 to 1824 individuals per 100 g of soil DW. High water content seemed to be the major factor determining occurrence of tardigrades in the soils investigated. On the other hand low water content and toxic compounds from penguin guano seemed to act as a strong constraint on their existence in the Antarctic soils. Taxonomic evaluation of the extracted tardigrades revealed presence of only two species belonging to class Eutardigrada: Acutuncus antarcticus (Richters, 1904) and Milnesium antarcticum Tumanov, 2006. While A. antarcticus has already been reported previously as the most widespread and abundant tardigrade across the Victoria Land, the information on M. antarcticum is novel, both for Victoria Land and the continental Antarctica.
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McDonald, G. K., E. Tavakkoli, D. Cozzolino, K. Banas, M. Derrien, and P. Rengasamy. "A survey of total and dissolved organic carbon in alkaline soils of southern Australia." Soil Research 55, no. 7 (2017): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr16237.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is important to microbial activity and nutrient cycling, and its concentration is sensitive to pH. Despite the importance of alkaline soils to agricultural production in southern Australia, few studies have documented the concentrations of soil organic carbon (C) and DOC or described the effects of soil properties and management practices on DOC in these soils. A survey of 33 paddocks from the Eyre Peninsula and mid-North regions of South Australia and north-western Victoria demonstrated significant variation in pH, soil organic C and DOC. Carbon stocks in the surface 30cm were 40–55tC/ha and were lowest in paddocks from Victoria. Soils from South Australia had higher DOC concentrations in the top 20cm than soils from Victoria. Principal component analysis suggested variation in DOC was increased by high pH, electric conductivity and the concentration of exchangeable Na, and was reduced by the concentration of exchangeable Ca and clay content. Mid-infrared Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy identified regional differences in the composition of soil organic C, with high amounts of charcoal in Eyre Peninsula soils. Farm management practices had little effect on soil organic C but influenced DOC. Grain yield and DOC concentration were inversely related across and within regions which appeared to be related to the intensity of cropping having opposite influences on yield and DOC. Compared with international data, DOC concentrations were high relative to the amount of soil organic C and, in contrast to many previous studies, DOC in all regions increased with depth.
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Gulledge, Jay, and Joshua P. Schimel. "Low-Concentration Kinetics of Atmospheric CH4 Oxidation in Soil and Mechanism of NH4+ Inhibition." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 11 (November 1, 1998): 4291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.11.4291-4298.1998.
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ABSTRACT NH4 + inhibition kinetics for CH4 oxidation were examined at near-atmospheric CH4 concentrations in three upland forest soils. Whether NH4 +-independent salt effects could be neutralized by adding nonammoniacal salts to control samples in lieu of deionized water was also investigated. Because the levels of exchangeable endogenous NH4 + were very low in the three soils, desorption of endogenous NH4 +was not a significant factor in this study. TheKm(app) values for water-treated controls were 9.8, 22, and 57 nM for temperate pine, temperate hardwood, and birch taiga soils, respectively. At CH4 concentrations of ≤15 μl liter−1, oxidation followed first-order kinetics in the fine-textured taiga soil, whereas the coarse-textured temperate soils exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Compared to water controls, the Km(app) values in the temperate soils increased in the presence of NH4 + salts, whereas the V max(app) values decreased substantially, indicating that there was a mixture of competitive and noncompetitive inhibition mechanisms for whole NH4 + salts. Compared to the corresponding K+ salt controls, the Km(app) values for NH4 + salts increased substantially, whereas the V max(app) values remained virtually unchanged, indicating that NH4 + acted by competitive inhibition. Nonammoniacal salts caused inhibition to increase with increasing CH4 concentrations in all three soils. In the birch taiga soil, this trend occurred with both NH4 + and K+ salts, and the slope of the increase was not affected by the addition of NH4 +. Hence, the increase in inhibition resulted from an NH4 +-independent mechanism. These results show that NH4 +inhibition of atmospheric CH4 oxidation resulted from enzymatic substrate competition and that additional inhibition that was not competitive resulted from a general salt effect that was independent of NH4 +.
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McFarlane, DJ, and JW Cox. "Management of excess water in duplex soils." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 7 (1992): 857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920857.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Excess water in duplex soils can be removed by drains. In soils in which drainage is impractical, some success has been obtained by deep ripping and by gypsum amendment. These practices can increase profile storage or drainage. Interceptor drains are suitable for duplex soils with slopes of more than about 1.5%. On more gentle slopes, relief drains are used to remove excess water. Subsurface tube and mole drains have been used successfully to drain cereal crops in Victoria, but in Western Australia open drains are preferred because they can carry storm runoff as well as seepage waters. The greatest cost of open drains is the land removed from production. Over 35% of the rain falling during the growing season has been removed by drains in Victoria and Western Australia in wet years. Drainage was almost entirely downslope of monitored interceptor drains in Western Australia, which is not predicted from the theory. Simulation of water levels between drains and of drain flows using the DRAINMOD model indicated significant, preferred pathways for water flow to drains. The pathways explain the predominantly downslope effect of interceptor drains and the wide drain spacings which can be used. Deep ripping and the incorporation of gypsum can reduce waterlogging in some soils, but has had no effect in several others. The effect of deep ripping on recharge is unclear. Drains may decrease groundwater recharge, water and wind erosion, and soil structure decline. Their effect on phosphate export from catchments is unclear.
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Lolicato, S. J., and M. E. Rogers. "Adaptation of pasture legumes to acid, shallow soils in central Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 7 (1997): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea94163.
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Summary. From spring 1990 to autumn 1994, 87 species, cultivars and lines of legumes, including 274 lines of birdsfoot trefoil (L. corniculatus), were evaluated for production and persistence at 6 sites on acid soils in the hills of central Victoria. The aim was to identify productive and persistent perennial genotypes that show high levels of adaptation to this environment. Despite its recognised susceptibility to acid soils, lucerne consistently had the highest number of surviving plants and produced more dry matter than all other accessions included in the study. Initially several lines of birdsfoot trefoil (especially cv. San Gabriel) were as productive as lucerne, however, they failed to persist over the dry summer period. Several other plant species, including representatives of Lespedeza, Astragalus and the native perennial legume Glycine were persistent but less productive than lucerne. We conclude that no legume species proved to be superior to lucerne in this environment and that more research is necessary to accurately define this species’ tolerance and performance in the acid, sedimentary soils of central Victoria.
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Pietrzak, Ursula, and D. C. McPhail. "Copper accumulation, distribution and fractionation in vineyard soils of Victoria, Australia." Geoderma 122, no. 2-4 (October 2004): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.01.005.
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Yu, Xin, Yuhong Wang, and Yingtao Li. "Stabilization of Pavement Subgrade Soils Containing Rich Chloride Salts." Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part B: Pavements 144, no. 3 (September 2018): 04018025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/jpeodx.0000049.
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Kim, Jae Gon, Joe B. Dixon, and H. S. Moon. "Amendment of drilling fluid-affected soils with calcium salts." Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 48, no. 3 (June 2002): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2002.10409208.
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Tanton, T. W., A. S. B. Armstrong, and D. W. Rycroft. "The leaching of salts from restructured saline clay soils." Soil Use and Management 4, no. 4 (December 1988): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00751.x.
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Landis, Thomas D. "Management of forest nursery soils dominated by calcium salts." New Forests 2, no. 3 (1988): 173–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00029987.
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Chartres, CJ. "Sodic soils - an introduction to their formation and distribution in Australia." Soil Research 31, no. 6 (1993): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930751.
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This paper briefly summarizes existing Australian data about causes of sodicity and the distribution of sodic soils in Australia. Sources of salts and sodium include atmospheric accession, salts released by weathering processes and saline groundwaters. A traditional model of sodic soil pedogenesis is contrasted with more recent data demonstrating the role of several factors including mineralogy, EC/ESP relationships and exchangeable magnesium percentage on development and behaviour of sodic soils. Limited data about the national distribution of sodic soils are presented. There has been very little recent innovative research in Australia to increase understanding of soils affected by sodicity. A number of research needs are indicated.
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Gardner, WK, RG Fawcett, GR Steed, JE Pratley, DM Whitfield, Hvan Rees, and Rees H. Van. "Crop production on duplex soils in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 7 (1992): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920915.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The environment, duplex soil types and trends in crop production in South Australia, southern New South Wales, north-eastern and north-central Victoria, the southern Wimmera and the Victorian Western District are reviewed. In the latter 2 regions, pastoral industries dominate and crop production is curtailed by regular and severe soil waterlogging, except for limited areas of lower rainfall. Subsurface drainage can eliminate waterlogging, but is feasible only for the Western District where subsoils are sufficiently stable. The other regions all have a long history of soil degradation due to cropping practices, but these effects can now be minimised with the use of direct drilling and stubble retention cropping methods. A vigorous pasture ley phase is still considered necessary to maintain nitrogen levels and to restore soil structure to adequate levels for sustainable farming. Future productivity improvements will require increased root growth in the subsoils. Deep ripping, 'slotting' of gypsum, and crop species capable of opening up subsoils are techniques which may hold promise in this regard. The inclusion of lucerne, a perennial species, in annual pastures and intercropping at intervals is a technique being pioneered in north-central and western Victoria and may provide the best opportunity to crop duplex soils successfully without associated land degradation.
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Bertrand, I., R. E. Holloway, R. D. Armstrong, and M. J. McLaughlin. "Chemical characteristics of phosphorus in alkaline soils from southern Australia." Soil Research 41, no. 1 (2003): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study was performed to better understand the chemical behaviour of P in a variety of alkaline soils from southern Australia. To do so, surface soil samples of 47 alkaline cropping soils from Upper Eyre Peninsula in South Australia and from western Victoria were collected. The 22 soils collected from Eyre Peninsula were Calcarosols, and those from western Victoria were Vertosols, Alkaline Duplex soils, Sodosols, and Red Brown Calcareous soils. Parameters included total and amorphous Al and Fe, organic C, organic P, CaCO3 content, P sorption characteristics, phosphorus buffer capacity, calcium lactate (Ca-Lac) extractable P, bicarbonate-extractable (Colwell) P, water-extractable P, anion exchange membrane extractable P (AEM-P), and isotopically exchangeable P (labile P). Concentrations of micronutrients in the Calcarosols were relatively low, considered to be a function of low clay contents. Given very low background Cd concentrations in the soils, it was estimated from Cd measurements that the majority of total P in the soils was derived from previous fertiliser applications. Phosphorus buffer capacities (PBCs) were relatively high in the Calcarosols and moderately high in the other alkaline soils. P sorption behaviour in the Calcarosols was a direct function of CaCO3 content, although in the other alkaline soils, amorphous Al and Fe oxides were the principal determinants of the P sorption behaviour. Both Colwell and Ca-Lac extractants dissolved non-labile P in the highly calcareous soils, whereas AEM appeared to only remove surface-adsorbed P. In addition, Colwell P values were positively related to PBC and to the slope term in the Freundlich model (Kf) when Kf > 10. It is suggested that AEM-P may be a better predictor of P availability in highly calcareous soils compared with the other extractants.
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Ridley, AM, KR Helyar, and WJ Slattery. "Soil acidification under subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) pastures in north-eastern Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 2 (1990): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900195.
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Eleven paired soil samples to 60 cm depth were collected from grazing properties in north-eastern Victoria. Soils were naturally acid and most were red or yellow podsolics. At each site unfertilised soils (unimproved) and soils which had received regular superphosphate applications (improved) were sampled from either side of a fenceline. The percentage of organic carbon was higher on improved sites but pH was usually lower. Using pH and pH buffering capacity data, the rate of soil acidification under improved pasture, relative to unimproved pasture, was estimated. The improved pastures, on average, required 39 kg CaCO3ka.year to balance the net acid accumulated. The estimated rates of acidification are much lower than those reported previously for similar environments and soil types in New South Wales. There was a relationship between initial profile pH and net acid addition, lower measured net acid addition being associated with low initial soil pH. This paper demonstrates the need for both standardisation of soil pH buffer capacity measurements, and more direct assessment of the role of soil mineral dissolution processes in buffering the pH of strongly acid soils. Until such data exists it will be very difficult to provide convincing information to primary producers regarding the long term alkali input requirements needed for sustainable farming systems.
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MacEwan, RJ, WK Gardner, A. Ellington, DG Hopkins, and AC Bakker. "Tile and mole drainage for control of waterlogging in duplex soils of south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 7 (1992): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920865.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Waterlogging is a major problem of dryland agriculture in many areas of Australia. Yellow duplex soils, especially those with bleached A2 horizons, are the soils most commonly associated with waterlogging. The problem is principally the development of perched watertables in the A horizons after rain, due to the restricted downward drainage of water caused by the low hydraulic conductivity of heavy clay subsoils. Pipe and mole drainage techniques are briefly reviewed, and experience with subsoil drainage in yellow duplex soils in Victoria is outlined.
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Tisdall, JM. "Earthworm activity in irrigated red-brown earths used for annual crops in Victoria." Soil Research 23, no. 2 (1985): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9850291.
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Few earthworms were found in January (15 m-2) or September (21 m-2) 1983 in surveys of irrigated soils used commercially for pastures in the Goulburn Valley, Vic.; only the introduced lumbricids were found. No earthworms were found in January 1983 in a survey of irrigated annual crops on similar soils; the soils had each supported irrigated pasture the previous year. However, in carefully managed experimental soils, i.e. with at least 10 t ha-' of cow manure added per crop with mild or no cultivation, used for double-cropping or lucerne, relatively high numbers (up to 86 m-2) of earthworms were present; these included lumbricids, the genera which are usually the most useful in terms of soil structure, and the native megascolecids. No mature lumbricids were found in January in plots without cow manure. Ample food is needed to enable relatively high numbers of lumbricids to develop in row-crops in the Goulburn Valley, and for very high numbers, the surface soil should be kept moist throughout summer. Macroporosity (20-80 mm depth), infiltration and number of biopores (50 mm depth) were each higher in the non-cultivated systems with cow manure than in the cultivated control (no cow manure added). Numbers of biopores in January 1984 were directly related to total numbers of earthworms in January 1984.
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Groenevelt, P. H., C. D. Grant, and R. S. Murray. "On water availability in saline soils." Soil Research 42, no. 7 (2004): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03054.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We present a formulation for the effect of the osmotic pressure of the soil solution on the availability of soil water for plant uptake in the extreme case that the reflection coefficient of root-cell walls is always unity. We also present a new equation to fit the water retention curve, which allows for an inflection point and is solidly anchored at both the wet end (saturated water content) and the dry end (water content at 150 m head, the permanent wilting point). By differentiating the fitting-equation one finds the differential water capacity, which is subsequently multiplied by a weighting function to account for the impediment caused by soluble salts. The weighted differential water capacity is then integrated over the entire range of the matric head from zero to infinity. This produces the integral water capacity and constitutes the total amount of water the soil can hold and release to a hypothetical plant that behaves like a perfect osmometer. We illustrate the approach using data found in the literature for a wide range of soil textures. In this paper the lower boundary of water availability in the presence of soluble salts is defined and calculated as would be registered by a perfect osmometer (reflection coefficient of unity). The upper boundary of water availability is found by setting the weighting coefficient at unity at all times, which implies a reflection coefficient of zero, and in turn that the salts in the soil solution have no influence on the availability of water (as would be registered by a tensiometer). The upper and the lower boundaries constitute the envelope within which the actual availability of water to real plants occurs, and implies a variable reflection coefficient plus the occurrence of active plant osmo-regulation. This establishes a framework within which water availability to real plants experiencing real osmo-matric conditions can be evaluated.
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Stoops, G., E. Van Ranst, and K. Verbeek. "Pedology of soils within the spray zone of the Victoria Falls (Zimbabwe)." CATENA 46, no. 1 (November 2001): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0341-8162(01)00153-9.
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Takhirova, N. B., F. I. Khudoyberdiyev, S. Bauatdinov, T. S. Bauatdinov, and M. N. Muratova. "Research of Reclamation Properties of Agricultural Glaukonite Ores on Salted Soils." Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences 36, no. 1 (June 22, 2021): 598–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/alinteri/v36i1/ajas21084.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article presents the results of studies of the agro-ore of glauconite of Karakalpakstan, its reclamation properties when used on saline soils of the Aral Sea region. The results of the studies showed that the annual application of enriched glauconite leads to a decrease in chloride and sulfate salts in the soil, and the content of harmless salts increases.
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Pukish, Arsen. "STUDY OF THE RESTORATION FEATURES OF SOILS THAT WERE INFLUENCED BY FORMATION WATERS." Scientific Bulletin Series D : Mining, Mineral Processing, Non-Ferrous Metallurgy, Geology and Environmental Engineering 31, no. 2 (2017): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37193/sbsd.2017.2.10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article presents the studies results on the restoration of saline soils affected by formation waters. Soil restoration was carried out using solutions of various water-soluble salts. The author determined that treatment of saline soils with a solution of magnesium sulfate at a concentration of 0,3 mol/dm3 helps to decrease the content of chlorides, sodium, calcium, while the content of magnesium and sulfates increases, but the total content of toxic salts in the soil decreases by 60,9%.
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Khalaf Al- Jubori, Ahmad. "Effect of Frequancy of Irrigation Water on Salts of Soils." AL-Rafdain Engineering Journal (AREJ) 17, no. 2 (April 28, 2009): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33899/rengj.2009.38906.
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Kakuturu, Sai, and Shirley E. Clark. "Deicing Salts' Effects on Engineered Soils in Stormwater Management Systems." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2012, no. 11 (January 1, 2012): 4933–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864712811709030.
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Amrhein, C., P. A. Mosher, J. E. Strong, and P. G. Pacheco. "Trace Metal Solubility in Soils and Waters Receiving Deicing Salts." Journal of Environmental Quality 23, no. 2 (March 1994): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300020001x.
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Hootman, R. G., P. D. Kelsey, R. Reid, and K. von der Heide-Spravka. "Factors Affecting Accumulation of Deicing Salts in Soils Around Trees." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 20, no. 3 (May 1, 1994): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1994.035.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Parkways, street tree planter boxes, and highway medians and roadsides are locations where soil accumulation of deicing salts is highest. Sodium chloride is the most common deicer applied in the United States. Sodium chloride and other salts accumulating in the root zone may instigate and exacerbate street tree decline. Salts affect soil aggregate stability, porosity, and water and nutrient uptake in trees. Data collected in Chicago, Illinois show much higher soil sodium (1,272 jxg/g) and chloride (348 |ig/g) in the center of newly installed, narrow, raised medians along Lake Shore Drive after one winter, compared to the center of wide medians along the roadway (236 ng/g sodium and 23 (ig/g chloride). Proximity to high speed traffic and its associated spray and splash were reasons for this. In suburban Downers Grove, Illinois, grade level street tree planter soils had extremely high levels of sodium (1,426 |ig/g to 2,277 |ig/g) compared to adjacent raised planter soils. The raised planters did not receive saltladen runoff, splash, plowed snow, or direct application from salt spreaders.