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Дисертації з теми "Soil remediation"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 14 вересня 2024

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1

Mewett, John University of Ballarat. "Electrokinetic remediation of arsenic contaminated soils." University of Ballarat, 2005. http://archimedes.ballarat.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/12797.

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"Arsenic is a common soil contaminant in Australia and worldwide. There is a need to find safe, effective and economic methods to deal with this problem. The soils used in this research were collected from central Victoria. They were contaminated with arsenic by historic gold mining activity or by past sheep dipping practices. This research investigated ten different leaching agents for their effects on three different arsenic contaminated soils. [...] Electrokinetic experiments were conducted on three arsenic contaminated soils. [...] The arsenic in these soils appears to be relatively stable and immobile under oxidising conditions. The soils had a high iron content which assists in the stabilisation of arsenic. This is beneficial with respect to the environmental impact of the arsenic contamination, however, it remains an obstacle to low cost electrokinetic remediation."
Masters of Applied Science

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2

Mewett, John. "Electrokinetic remediation of arsenic contaminated soils." Thesis, University of Ballarat, 2005. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/68354.

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Анотація:

"Arsenic is a common soil contaminant in Australia and worldwide. There is a need to find safe, effective and economic methods to deal with this problem. The soils used in this research were collected from central Victoria. They were contaminated with arsenic by historic gold mining activity or by past sheep dipping practices. This research investigated ten different leaching agents for their effects on three different arsenic contaminated soils. [...] Electrokinetic experiments were conducted on three arsenic contaminated soils. [...] The arsenic in these soils appears to be relatively stable and immobile under oxidising conditions. The soils had a high iron content which assists in the stabilisation of arsenic. This is beneficial with respect to the environmental impact of the arsenic contamination, however, it remains an obstacle to low cost electrokinetic remediation."
Masters of Applied Science

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3

Mewett, John. "Electrokinetic remediation of arsenic contaminated soils." University of Ballarat, 2005. http://archimedes.ballarat.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/14633.

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Анотація:

"Arsenic is a common soil contaminant in Australia and worldwide. There is a need to find safe, effective and economic methods to deal with this problem. The soils used in this research were collected from central Victoria. They were contaminated with arsenic by historic gold mining activity or by past sheep dipping practices. This research investigated ten different leaching agents for their effects on three different arsenic contaminated soils. [...] Electrokinetic experiments were conducted on three arsenic contaminated soils. [...] The arsenic in these soils appears to be relatively stable and immobile under oxidising conditions. The soils had a high iron content which assists in the stabilisation of arsenic. This is beneficial with respect to the environmental impact of the arsenic contamination, however, it remains an obstacle to low cost electrokinetic remediation."
Masters of Applied Science

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4

Eftekhari, Farzad. "Foam-surfactant technology in soil remediation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0018/MQ54314.pdf.

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5

Spracklin, Katherine Helen. "The remediation of industrially contaminated soil." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/656.

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The remediation of two contaminated soils in the Tyne and Wear Metropolitan district was examined. These were a sediment dredged from the river bed at Dunston Coal Staiths on the River Tyne (downstream from Derwenthaugh coke work site) and coke work-contaminated soil from the Derwenthaugh site, Blaydon, Nr. Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The river Tyne dredgings were of a very fine material (70% silt; 24% clay) with high water retention capacity. Levels of (EDTA available) Zn (490mg/kg), total Cd (7.5mg/kg) and total Pb (510mg/kg) were above the Department of Environment's (1987) threshold values for soil contaminants. Barley (Hordeuin vulgare L. cv Kym) sown in the drcdgings in ten outdoor plots (Irn x 0.5m), grew very poorly (yield = 2.4g dry wt. /plant, compared with that on an uncontaminatedc. ontrol soil (7.4g dry wt./ plant). The barley exhibited all the classic signs of metal phytotoxicity despite the addition of fcrtiliscr and organic waste (straw and spent mushroom compost). When lime was added to raise the pH of the dredgings in the plots to over pH 7.1, the growth rate and the yield of barley improved significantly (yield = 6.8g dry wt. /plant). Levels of available Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in the limed dredgings were now lower than in the unlimed dredgings. Copper and zinc levels in leaves of barley raised on the limed material were lower than levels in barley grown on unlimed dredgings. There was no significant difference in yield or growth rate between the different plots of dredgings in which organic supplementation parameters were varied. In conclusion, pH was the dominant factor in the remediation of the heavy metal phytotoxicity in the dredged material. Gas chromatography/mass spectrophotometry analysis showed the principal contaminants of the coke works soil to be organic. The soil was heavily contaminated with coal tars (19.0%) consisting of a complex mixture of aliphatic, polycyclic and aromatic compounds including phenols (160mg/kg). Viable counts of the soil microflora, on selective media, showed the presence of bacteria capable of degrading phenol and several of its alkylated homologues and thiocyanate, which was converted to ammonia and used as aN source. The coke works soil was treated on a laboratory scale using microbially based clean-up methods. Soil was incubated in glass jars under laboratory conditions. Nu trients (yeast extract) and microbial biomass (a mixed culture, previously isolated and enriched by growth on cresol and thiocyanate, but capable of oxidising a wide range of alkylated phenols), were inoculated into the contaminated soil. The addition of such biomass (106 organisms /g soil) led to a marked improvement in the rate of phenolic degradation in the soil (26% loss in'22 weeks, compared with 9% in the untreated control. ). Degradation rates decreased after 14 days but a repeated application of biomass (106 organisms/g soil) caused further phenolic loss (47% total loss). Cresol (100mg/kg) subsequently added to the bacterial ly-amended soil disappeared within 7 days, showing that the biomass amendment was still biochemically very active. These findings demonstrate the importance and the effectiveness of two different treatment methods in the rcmediation of contaminated soil.

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6

Niarchos, Georgios. "Electrodialytic Remediation of PFAS-Contaminated Soil." Thesis, KTH, Vatten- och miljöteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-239878.

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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a group of anthropogenic aliphatic compounds, widelyknown for their environmental persistence and toxicity to living beings. While they are ubiquitous in theenvironment, interest has been focused on contaminated soil, which can act as a primary recipient andsource of groundwater contamination. Electrokinetic technology is based on the movement of ionsunder the effect of an electric field. This could be a promising remediation solution, since PFASs areusually present in their anionic form. The contaminants can then be concentrated towards the anode,thus reducing a plume’s volume and possibly extracting the substances from soil. The preliminary aimof the present study was to evaluate the potential of using electrodialysis for the remediation of PFAScontaminatedsoil for the first time. Experiments were run with natural contaminated soil samples,originating from a fire-fighting training site at Arlanda Airport, and at Kallinge, Sweden, as well as inartificially spikedsoil. Electrodes were placed in electrolyte-filled chambers and separated by the soilwith ion-exchange membranes for pH-control. In total, five experiments were conducted. Two differentsetups were tested, a typical 3-compartment EKR cell and a 2-compartment setup, to allow for pHincrease and facilitate PFAS desorption. Two different current densities were tested; 0.19 mA cm-2 and0.38 mA cm-2. After twenty-one days, soil was cut in ten parts lengthwise and triplicate samples wereanalysed for PFAS concentrations, with HPLC-MS/MS. Sixteen out of the twenty-six screened PFASswere detected above MDL in the natural soil samples. The majority of the detected PFASs showed apositive trend of electromigration towards the anode, under both current densities, with only longerchainedcompounds (c>8) being immobile. This can be attributed to the stronger sorption potential oflong-chained PFAS molecules, as has been reported in previous sorption studies. Mass balancedistribution for a high current density (0.38 mA cm-2) experiment revealed that 73.2% of Σ26PFAS wasconcentrated towards the anode, with 59% at the soil closer to the anode, 5.7% at the anion exchangemembrane and 8.5% at the anolyte. It also showed higher mobility for short-chained molecules (c≤6),as they were the only compounds to be extracted from soil and be concentrated in the anolyte. Highercurrent densities were not directly correlated with higher electromigration rates, as to the lack of massbalance data for the low current density experiments. Regardless, electrodialysis could be a viable optionfor PFAS soil remediation and further research to encourage the understanding of the migrationmechanism, as well as combination with other treatment methods is encouraged.
Per- och polyfluoralkylsubstanser (PFAS) är en grupp av antropogena alifatiska föreningar, allmäntkända för sin miljöpåverkan och toxicitet för levande varelser. Medan de är allestädes närvarande imiljön har intresset varit inriktat på förorenad mark, som kan fungera som primär mottagare och källatill grundvattenförorening. Elektrokinetisk teknik är baserad på jonernas rörelse under effekten av ettelektriskt fält. Detta kan vara en lovande lösningsmedel, eftersom PFAS är vanligtvis närvarande i sinanjoniska form. Föroreningarna kan sedan koncentreras mot anoden, vilket reducerar en plums volymoch eventuellt extraherar ämnena från jorden. Det preliminära målet med den föreliggande studien varatt utvärdera potentialen att använda elektrodialys för sanering av PFAS-förorenad jord för förstagången. Experimenten kördes med naturliga förorenade jordprover, härrörande från enbrandbekämpningsplats vid Arlanda flygplats, och i Kallinge, Sverige, samt i konstgjort spikedsol.Elektroder placerades i elektrolytfyllda kamrar och separerades av jorden med jonbytesmembran förpH-kontroll. Totalt genomfördes fem experiment. Två olika inställningar testades, en typisk 3-facksEKR-cell och en 2-facksinställning, vilket möjliggör pH-ökning och underlättar PFAS-desorption. Tvåolika strömtätheter testades; 0,19 mA cm-2 och 0,38 mA cm-2. Efter tjugo dagar skärs jorden i tio delari längdriktningen och trippelprover analyserades för PFAS-koncentrationer, med HPLC-MS / MS.Sexton av de tjugosex screenade PFAS: erna detekterades över MDL i de naturliga markproverna.Majoriteten av de upptäckta PFAS-värdena visade en positiv trend av elektromigration mot anodenunder båda strömtätheten, varvid endast längre kedjiga föreningar (c> 8) var immobila. Detta kanhänföras till den starkare sorptionspotentialen hos långkedjiga PFAS-molekyler, vilket har rapporteratsi tidigare sorptionsstudier. Massbalansfördelning för ett experiment med hög strömtäthet (0,38 mA cm-2) visade att 73,2% av Σ26PFAS koncentrerades mot anoden, med 59% vid jorden närmare anoden, 5,7%vid anjonbytarmembranet och 8,5% vid anolyten. Det visade också högre rörlighet för kortkedjigamolekyler (c≤6), eftersom de var de enda föreningarna som skulle extraheras från jord och koncentrerasi anolyten. Högre strömtätheter var inte direkt korrelerade med högre elektromigrationshastigheter,avseende bristen på massbalansdata för experimenten med låg strömtäthet. Oavsett elektrodialys kandet vara ett lönsamt alternativ för PFAS-markrening och ytterligare forskning för att uppmuntraförståelsen för migrationsmekanismen, liksom kombinationen med andra behandlingsmetoder främjas.

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7

Anunike, Chidinma. "Deployment of calcium polysulphide for the remediation of chromite ore processing residue." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=227912.

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Chromium contamination of groundwater and soils continues to pose a major environmental concern. Soils may have become contaminated with chromium through former industrial activities geochemical enrichment. The nature of the industrial activity will determine the form and concentration of the chromium as well as the presence of co-contaminants and the pH and redox of the soil. Chemical reductants have been widely used for the transformation of hexavalent chromium in the environment. Over recent decades attention focused on the chemical reductant calcium polysulphide which has performed effectively in the treatment of groundwater and soil samples contaminated with Cr(VI). Yet a detailed understanding of calcium polysulphide (CaSx) performance has not yet been established. Hexavalent chromium concentrations in aqueous and groundwater samples were significantly reduced by calcium polysulphide and CaSx:chromate molar ratio of 1.5 was sufficient to prevent partitioning of Cr(VI) into solution and to precipitate the solution phase. Calcium polysulphide was used for the remediation of solid chromite ore processing residue (COPR) samples. Prior to the application of calcium polysulphide to COPR, each of the key steps were optimized. A range-finding experiment was conducted to understand the dosage and treatment regime at which Cr(VI) immobilization within COPR was optimal. The results indicated that unsaturated deployment of CaSx into the medium outperformed that in saturated systems. A higher polysulphide amendment dose of 5% w/v concentration enhanced the final treatment of Cr(VI) within COPR. The toxicity and carcinogenicity of Cr(VI) over Cr(III) requires a technique capable of discriminating between valencies. The EPA Method 7196A specifically quantifies the concentrations of Cr(VI) in environmental samples and was used for all analysis to differentiate between Cr(VI) and Cr(III). Cr(III) was calculated as the difference between the Cr(VI) and Cr-total concentrations. In addition to the EPA 7196A, a novel ion exchange resin (IER) procedure was developed to differentiate the two species of chromium. After optimisation, Amberlite resins IRA 400 and IR-120 were used for the specific sorption and subsequent analysis of aqueous Cr(VI) and Cr(III) solutions. For the selective removal of chromate from groundwater, waste water and soil samples, Amberlite IRA 400 achieved a consistent performance of >97% removal in a range of trials. The IERs in this work were applied as analytical tools however they could be applied as remediation tools. While aqueous treatment of chromium contaminated media using CaSx was very successful, COPR treatment proved to be difficult due to the complex nature of the system. An understanding of stoichiometric responses to CaSX has been established, but the nuances of soil physicochemical interactions require more thorough investigation.

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8

Walter, David J. "Soil enhancement by fluid injection for in situ treatment of contaminated soil." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0008/NQ52695.pdf.

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9

Williamson, Derek Guthrie. "Relating release and biodegradation kinetics in soils containing aged mixtures of hydrocarbons /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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10

McNear, David H. "The plant soil interface nickel bioavailability and the mechanisms of plant hyperaccumulation /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file [ ] Mb., 234 p, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3205442.

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11

Kamari, Azlan. "Chitosans as soil amendments for the remediation of metal contaminated soil." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2011. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2595/.

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Research was conducted to evaluate the potential of chitosan, a fishery waste-based material, and its derivative cross-linked chitosans, as soil amendments for the remediation of metal contaminated land. This research comprised modification of chitosan followed by a characterisation study, a batch sorption study, two pot experiments and a biodegradation study. Chitosan was modified with three cross-linking reagents, namely glutaraldehyde (GLA), epichlorohydrin (ECH) and ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE). The characterisation study used X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) methods to investigate the effect of cross-linking treatment on the surface and physical properties of chitosan, the effect of metal interaction on the surface properties of chitosan and cross-linked chitosans, and the binding mechanism(s) of metal ions onto the chitosans. Cross-linking treatments on chitosan enhanced its chemical stability in acidic media and increased its BET surface area. Metal interaction reduced the crystallinity and changed the surface morphology of the chitosans. FTIR analysis revealed that the complexation of metal ions was through dative covalent interaction with the amino and hydroxyl groups of the chitosans. The batch sorption study evaluated the ability of chitosan and cross-linked chitosans to bind heavy metals. The effects of contact time, initial metal concentration and background electrolyte on metal binding were assessed. The binding behaviour was described by several kinetic and isotherm models. The maximum binding capacity (Q) values, estimated using the Langmuir isotherm model for the chitosans were comparable with other low-cost sorbents reported in the literature. The sorption-desorption study showed that the chitosans were able to retain metal ions on their surfaces, even at dilution factor of x11. The pot experiments evaluated the effectiveness of chitosan and chitosan-GLA in immobilising heavy metals in the contaminated soil. Their effects on plant growth and metal accumulation in plant tissue were determined using Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) and Brassica napus (rapeseed). For perennial ryegrass, the results were dependent on the rate of addition of the chitosans. Low application rates (up to 1% w/w) resulted in an increase in metal uptake, whereas 10% (w/w) addition decreased metal uptake. For rapeseed, metal uptake was decreased at all rates of application of chitosans. The ammonium acetate extractable metals in soil decreased following application of chitosan and plant growth. The biodegradation study measured microbial breakdown of the chitosans in both non-contaminated and contaminated soils. It was estimated that a longer period is required to complete the breakdown of the cross-linked chitosans (up to approximately 100 years) than unmodified chitosan (up to approximately 10 years). The influence of biodegradation on the bioavailable fraction of heavy metals in soil was studied concurrent with the biodegradation trial. It was found that the binding behaviour of chitosan for heavy metals in soils was not affected by the biodegradation process.

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12

Choi, Chung-ming. "Land contamination and its remediation methods : a case study in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14709156.

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13

Tsang, Chiu Wa. "Nonequilibrium transport of heavy metals in soils and its influence on soil remediation /." View abstract or full-text, 2006. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202006%20TSANG.

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14

Green, Russell A. "Energy-Based Evaluation and Remediation of Liquefiable Soils." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2001. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08132001-170900.

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15

Md, Som Amelia. "The impact of biochar on soil processes and its potential in soil remediation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648221.

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16

Sandhu, Harjinder. "Sorption of lead and arsenic on soil components and effectiveness of phosphates for remediating lead and arsenic contaminated soils." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1923.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 170 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

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17

Schmidt, Monica A. "Genetically-engineered Populus hybrids and metalliferous soil remediation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0019/NQ46418.pdf.

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18

Williamson, Kimberley. "Soil - vegetation based remediation studies of landfill leachate." Thesis, Bangor University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.393608.

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19

Schoen, William R. "Steam remediation of contaminated soil : a simulation study." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/26267.

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Several million underground and aboveground storage sites in the United States contain petroleum, solvents, and other hazardous chemicals. Of these storage sites, an estimated 30% are leaking their contents into the soil. While various technologies exist for the remediation of the contaminated soil, they are relatively incapable of fully cleaning the soil when the contaminant has a low water solubility or a low vapor pressure. Under these conditions, steam stripping the contaminant from the soil can be of great use. Although the petroleum industry has used this process for many years, it is just now beginning to gain recognition in the remediation industry as a valuable tool. Several proprietary models have been developed for use in the unsaturated vadose zone, with some authors claiming that oilfield simulators cannot be used in this zone.

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20

Orueetxebarria, Mikel. "Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil using bonemeal." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417229.

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21

Gidudu, Brian. "Biosurfactant Enhanced Bioelectrokinetic Remediation of Petrochemical Contaminated Soil." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/79238.

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Soil pollution in recent years has emerged as an issue of great environmental concern. Contamination of soil by improper disposal or spillage of petrochemicals and products containing petroleum hydrocarbons is one of such pollution cases highly reported. To remediate petroleum contaminated soil, A DC powered electrokinetic reactor was used with biosurfactants as an enhancement for the remediation process. To begin with, studies were made under voltage variations of 10 V and 30 V with an electrode spacing of 185 mm. Biosurfactant with its producing microbes and biosurfactant free cells were introduced in the soil chamber after which the reactor was left to run for 10 days under the electric field. The technology was able to achieve the highest oil recovery of 75.15 % from the soil in 96 hours at 30 V. With other factors remaining constant, the reactor was also operated under a constant voltage of 30 V with configurations of fixed electrodes spacings of 335 mm, 260 mm,185 mm and continuous approaching electrodes at 335 mm, 260 mm and 185 mm. The current in the electrolyte was highest with the least electrode distance of 185 mm. The increase in current led to a direct proportional increase in the electroosmotic flow towards the cathode leading to increased coalescence of the oil from the soil as compared to the other electrode distances. The analysis of the results showed reduction in the total carbon content in the soil with viable oil recovery rates for all the electrode distances with 185 mm being the most effective in both oil recovery and degradation. The reactor was further operated with amended biosurfactant concentrations of 28 g/L, 56 g/L and 84 g/L to enhance the recovery of oil from the soil and aid in biodegradation of the remaining oil by hydrocarbon degrading microbes. The highest oil recovery of 83.15 % was obtained with the biosurfactant concentration of 56 g/L showing that the hyper increase in concentration of the biosurfactants is not necessary to have an efficient process. In all experiments the microorganisms were able to survive under the electro-halo-thermal environment in the reactor and degraded the remaining hydrocarbons to acceptable amounts in the environment. The bacteria were however affected by the constantly changing pH in all experiments. The presence of biosurfactants was so significant in aiding oil recovery and increasing bioavailability of hydrocarbons to the microbes. Production of biosurfactants in the reactor followed up by kinetic suggestions of the processes in the bioelectrokinetic reactor should be studied in future.
Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Environmental Engineering
MEng
Unrestricted

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22

Malheiro, Catarina Correia de Lemos. "Biochar effects on the soil quality and remediation." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/17692.

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Mestrado em Toxicologia e Ecotoxicologia
A contaminação dos solos é um problema mundial que necessita de uma resolução. Várias técnicas foram e têm vindo a ser desenvolvidas para verificar a sua eficácia em remover contaminantes orgânicos e inorgânicos dos solos. O biochar é um material carbonáceo que, além de ser um produto de reestruturação de solos, pode imobilizar compostos químicos devido à sua grande área de superfície específica reativa, tornando-os não disponíveis para o biota do solo. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi testar a capacidade do biochar em imobilizar dimetoato em solos agrícolas, e, deste modo, diminuir a sua toxicidade para os organismos do solo. Para testar esta hipótese, duas taxas de biochar – 2.5% e 5% (m/m) – e dois organismos modelo – o colêmbolo Folsomia candida e a planta Brassica rapa – foram escolhidos para estudar a imobilização do pesticida pelo biochar através da avaliação das alterações na toxicidade do dimetoato aquando da inclusão do biochar no solo. Como complemento, análises químicas foram, também, realizadas ao solo e à água dos poros do solo para averiguar se a concentração química diminuiu. No teste de reprodução com colêmbolos, a produção de juvenis e a taxa de sobrevivência foram afetados positivamente com o tratamento do biochar, independentemente da sua percentagem no solo. Em relação ao teste com as plantas, parâmetros como o comprimento e o peso fresco das partes aéreas destas foram, também, afetadas positivamente com a adição do biochar; contudo, a sua influência foi menos eficiente porque houve uma curva dose-resposta para o pesticida. Com estes resultados, conclui-se que o biochar pode diminuir os efeitos induzidos pelo dimetoato, ao diminuir a sua biodisponibilidade para a fauna e flora do solo.
Soil contamination is a worldwide problem urging for resolution. Several techniques are being developed and upgraded to see their efficacy in removing organic and inorganic contaminants from soils. Biochar is a carbonaceous material that, aside from being a soil amendment, can immobilize chemical compounds due to a large and reactive specific surface area, potentially turning them unavailable for the soil biota. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the biochar’s capacity to immobilize dimethoate in agricultural soils and, therefore, decrease the toxicity to soil organisms. To test this hypothesis, two biochar rates – 2.5% and 5% (w/w) - and two standardized organisms - the collembolan Folsomia candida and the plant Brassica rapa - were chosen to assess pesticide immobilization by biochar by evaluating changes in dimethoate toxicity upon soil amendment. As a complement, chemical analyses were also performed on the soil and on the soil’s pore water to check if the chemical concentration decreased. In the reproduction test with collembolans, the offspring production and the survival rate were affected positively with the biochar treatment, independent of the percentage of biochar in soil amendment. For the germination test, endpoints such as length and fresh weight of the aerial part of the plants were also affected positively with biochar addition; however, biochar’s influence was less efficient because there was still a dose-response curve for dimethoate observed. With these results, we can conclude that biochar can alleviate dimethoate pollution, by decreasing the bioavailability to soil fauna and flora.

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23

Tejowulan, Raden Sri. "Remediation of trace metal contaminated soils." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0030/NQ64679.pdf.

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24

Zhang, Weihua. "Chemical-enhanced washing for remediation of heavy metal- and petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soils /." View abstract or full-text, 2006. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202006%20ZHANGW.

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25

Malgaretti, Maura. "Decabromodiphenyl ether fate in soil system : sorption in soil matrices and new perspective for soil remediation." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2016. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27554.

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used for decades as flame retardants in polymeric materials. Products containing lower brominated congeners have been banned because of concerns about their toxicity to neurological, reproductive and endocrinal systems. Restrictions on the use of the deca-BDE mixture, which contains 97% of the fully brominated congener BDE-209, have been initially delayed. Nowadays the addition of BDE-209 to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants is under evaluation. BDE-209 fate in soil, as for other hydrophobic organic compounds, is strongly related to soil organic fraction. This thesis investigates BDE-209 sorption kinetics and identifies other factors important for evaluating BDE-209 mobility, degradation and bioavailability in soil. Additionally it moves the first steps in the development of a novel bioaugmentation technique through fungi. For this purpose, HPLC analytical methods and extraction techniques commonly used for hydrophobic organic compounds (HOC) have been tested for analysis of BDE-209 in water and soil samples. The best recoveries values were obtained by evaporation and substitution of water (WES) and by pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) of soil. Regarding BDE-209 sorption in soil, the sorption kinetic profiles for two soil matrixes belonging to the mineral domain (kaolin) and organic matter domain (peat) were studied separately. Sorption on kaolin was much faster than in peat (4 hours compared to more than 10 days). This approach made it possible to identify other important factors influencing BDE-209 sorption and partitioning processes: clay minerals and dissolvable organic matter. In relation to the biodegradation aspect, this thesis investigated the tolerance of P.ostreatus (a specie of white rot fungus with documented mycoremediation ability) to BDE-209. The fungus mycelium in co-existence with a soil bacterium demonstrated the ability to colonised straw contaminated with BDE-209 up to 1 mg/kg. The results encourage further investigation on P. ostreatus ability to degrade BDE-209.

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26

Loverde, Laura Elizabeth. "Effect of rate-limited interfacial tension reductions on the displacement of residual NAPLs during surfactant flushing." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19280.

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27

Dzenitis, John M. "Soil chemistry effects and flow prediction in remediation of soils by electric fields." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10973.

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28

Welker, Andrea Louise. "In-situ remediation of contaminated soils using prefabricated vertical drains /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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29

Nardone, Marco. "Remediation of soil and groundwater by Vacuum Enhanced Recovery." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0011/MQ52619.pdf.

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30

Yuan, Tao 1968. "Remediation of a soil contaminated with polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=111845.

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Sites contaminated with polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pose serious health and safety risks to the surrounding environment due to their toxicity, persistence and accumulation in the environment. Because certain members of this class have been demonstrated to be both carcinogenic and mutagenic, PAHs are considered as environmental priority pollutants (US EPA). The studies in this thesis provide an efficient, economical and environmentally benign technique for the remediation of PAH contaminated soil/sediment by means of PAH mobilization with surfactant followed with a catalytic hydrogenation in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2).
Catalytic hydrogenation of naphthalene, acenaphthylene, ancenaphthene, anthracene, phenanthrene, chrysene and benzo[a]pyrene over alumina supported palladium (5% Pd0/gammaAl2O3) commercial catalyst were investigated in either a batch reaction mode or a continuous reaction system in H2-scCO2 (∼5% v/v). The hydrocarbon compounds were efficiently reduced to their corresponding fully saturated polycyclic hydrocarbon homologs with mild conditions of temperature (90°C) and pressure (60 psi H2 or 3000 psi H2-scCO2). The bacterial reverse mutation assay demonstrated that both the fully and partially hydrogenated products of chrysene and benzo[a]pyrene were devoid of mutagenic activity.
A laboratory study was conducted on the surfactant-assisted mobilization of PAH compounds combined with reagent regeneration and detoxification steps to generate innocuous products. Five minutes of ultrasonication of field contaminated soil with a 3% (w/v) surfactant suspension mobilized appreciable quantities of all PAH compounds. Formulating the Brij 98 surfactant in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 8.0) mobilized the largest quantities of PAH compounds and the recovery of surfactant (>90%) but soil residues exceeded permissible maxima for five- and six-ring analytes. Five successive washes were required to reduce the residual fraction to permissible levels. The mobilized PAH compounds were then detoxified at line by catalytic hydrogenation in a 5% H2-scCO2 (v/v) atmosphere.
New palladium hydrogenation catalysts were fabricated in the laboratory with specific processes on various supports. The hydrogenation of phenanthrene and benzo[a]pyrene in a fixed bed micro reactor demonstrated that the catalyst that was fabricated from organosoluble precursor loaded on aluminum oxide (2.5% Pd0/gammaAl2O3) was four times more efficient than the commercial catalyst that was used for PAH hydrogenations.

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31

Tsang, Jennifer Arr, and 曾昭雅. "Dioxin contamination in soil: remediation technology and environmental management." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255644.

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32

O'Brien, Peter. "Soil Function Following Remediation Using Ex Situ Thermal Desorption." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26739.

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Soils perform many functions essential to human and ecosystem health, and contamination by organic compounds diminishes the ability of the soil to perform those functions. One method for remediating contaminated soils is ex situ thermal desorption (TD). This process involves excavating contaminated soil material and heating it to encourage contaminant vaporization. Gaseous contaminants are combusted in a thermal oxidizer, while the treated soil is available for reuse. While TD is a fast, reliable way to remediate contaminated soil, the ability of the soil to function after treatment is unknown. The aim of this research was to determine the viability of using TD-treated soil for agricultural production. Laboratory, greenhouse, and field experiments were conducted to compare soil properties of TD-treated soil to non-contaminated topsoil, as well as to explore the effects of mixing TD-treated soil with topsoil. Laboratory experiments found that soil organic carbon was diminished following treatment, which corresponded with an increase in saturated hydraulic conductivity and a decrease in aggregate stability. Despite these alterations, a greenhouse study found that wheat grown in TD-treated soils matched topsoil in producing mature wheat grain, but the grain was lower quality than that grown in topsoil. Further, the soil mixtures produced less grain than either material alone. These findings suggest that microorganism interactions affected the pool of nutrients available to the wheat, especially plant-available nitrogen. Under field conditions, the surface energy balance of TD-treated soils was similar to native topsoil, although the soil heat flux was slightly elevated. These findings indicated that soil temperature dynamics and evaporative fluxes are not different between TD-treated and native topsoil. Overall, this research suggests that TD-treated soils can be viable for agricultural production, but they are unlikely to match native topsoil in either production quantity or quality. Mixing TD-treated soil may mitigate some of the negative impacts of TD-treatment by reintroducing soil organic matter and biological communities, which could further enhance the rate of recovery of soil function.

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33

Burghardt, Julie Marie. "Laboratory study evaluating thermal remediation of tetrachloroethylene impacted soil." Thesis, Kingston, Ont. : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/967.

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34

Ahmad, Mushtaque. "Persulfate activation by major soil minerals." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2008/m_ahmad_032409.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in environmental engineering)--Washington State University, December 2008.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on Apr. 17, 2009). "Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering." Includes bibliographical references (p. 15-18).

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35

Steele, Mark. "Ex-situ remediation of a metal-contaminated superfund soil using selective extractants." Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1048379.

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Extractive processes can permanently and significantly reduce the volume, toxicity and mobility of contaminated materials at affected sites. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), N-2 (acetamido)iminodiacetic acid (ADA), pyridine2,6-dicarboxylic acid (PDA), and hydrochloric acid (HC1) were evaluated in batch studies for their ability to remove lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) from a Superfund soil. The extraction of Pb as a function of time was limited and the order of Pb removal was EDTA > ADA > PDA > HC1. Repeated extractions did not treat the soil below the Pb regulatory limit (1,000 mg/kg); however, the Pb remaining occurs in an immobile form. All extractants treated the soil below the proposed Cd regulatory limit (40 mg/kg) within 1 h. Lead recovery from solution was accomplished by hydroxide precipitation in the presence of excess calcium, and recovery at pH 11 was 70%, 98%, and 97% from the EDTA, ADA, and PDA complexes, respectively.
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management

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36

Merker, Marissa C. "Persulfate transport in two low-permeability soils." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2010/M_Merker_061610.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in civil engineering)--Washington State University, August 2010.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 23, 2010). "Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering." Includes bibliographical references (p. 15-17).

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37

Kogbara, Reginald Baribor. "Process envelopes for and biodegradation within stabilised/solidified contaminated soils." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609546.

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38

Kostarelos, Konstantinos. "Surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation at neutral buoyancy /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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39

Wan, Cheung Kuen. "Composting as a bioremediation technology for remediation of PAHs contaminated soil." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2000. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/219.

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40

Miraglio, Michael Andrew. "Base-activated persulfate treatment of contaminated soils with pH drift from alkaline to circumneutral." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2009/M_Miraglio_040809.pdf.

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Анотація:

Thesis (M.S. in Environmental Engineering)--Washington State University, May 2009.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on May 21, 2009). "Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering." Includes bibliographical references (p. 14-15).

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41

Rana, Nadeem Ahmed. "A laboratory study on bioremediation of a diesel-contaminated fine-textured soil." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0001/MQ44253.pdf.

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42

Punt, Monique M. "Microwave-enhanced extraction of organic contaminants from soil." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27393.

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The Microwave-Assisted Process (MAP$ sp{ rm TM}$) is an enhanced extraction technology patented by Environment Canada. MAP uses microwaves to rapidly transfer target compounds from one phase to another by selectively heating the phase containing the target compounds. This thesis presents the results of research performed to determine whether the MAP technique can be further developed into a large-scale soil treatment process that overcomes the limitations of conventional remediation technologies.
The dielectric properties of several mixtures of acetone and hexane over a temperature range from 25$ sp circ$C to 50$ sp circ$C were measured. The dielectric constants of these mixtures were found not to vary significantly with temperature.
A study of microwave absorption by heterogeneous mixtures showed that adding a solid material to a low dielectric constant solvent resulted in energy being preferentially absorbed by the solid.
The results of laboratory extraction tests showed that the ability of the MAP technique to extract contaminants was affected by the organic matter content of soil, particularly in the presence of water.
Use of a closed-vessel system yielded a 60% to 175% increase in the extraction of PAHs from a low organic-content soil relative to that achieved in an open-vessel system. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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43

Ogunkeyede, Akinyemi Olufemi. "Conventional and microwave pyrolysis remediation of crude oil contaminated soil." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/35190/.

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The Nigerian economy has relied heavily on crude oil production since independence in 1960. As a consequence, it has seen an influx of multinational petroleum companies with oil exploration and associated activities having significant environmental impacts, particularly oil leakage and spillage into soil and the overall degradation of the ecosystem in the Niger Delta area. This study aims to find a viable solution to the remediation of polluted soil by comparing two thermal remediation techniques, namely microwave pyrolysis and traditional pyrolysis, which has been investigated using a Gray-King retort. The polluted soil was first examined to ascertain the distribution of the soil organic carbon (SOC) with 78% found to be solvent extractable in dichloromethane/methanol, while 95 % was thermally labile and removed under hydropyrolysis (HyPy) conditions at 550 °C. The remaining 5 % of the SOC was composed of a recalcitrant residue being defined as the black or stable polyaromatic carbon fraction. The solvent extractable organic matter (EOM) was then further separated into the maltene (free phase) and asphaltene (bound phase) fractions together for comparison with a sample of Nigerian crude oil provided by the Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC), Nigeria. The Nigerian crude oil is a light crude oil with the percentage of maltene (95.2 %) was far higher than the asphaltene (4.8 %). A closer margin was observed in the percentage between the maltene (88.3 %) and asphaltene (11.7 %) in the soil EOM due to biodegradation. The biomarker profile of the EOM was compared with that of a Nigerian crude oil to confirm that the EOM contains the crude oil in the soil. Their biomarker profiles revealed that the source inputs were terrigenous from deltaic settings, of Late Upper Cretaceous age and deposited under oxic conditions. Oleanane (a pentacyclic triterpene, abundant in oils from the Niger Delta) was present in both the crude oil and EOM and the hopane and the sterane distributions (m/z 191 and m/z 217 respectively) were similar in every respect, which indicates that the probable source of the pollutant crude oil in the soil is similar in composition to the Nigerian crude oil. Accordingly, the polluted soil was treated with microwave pyrolysis and Gray-King pyrolysis to remove the crude oil pollutant. The maximum average recovered products from the thermal remediation process with Gray-King pyrolysis is 99.4 % TOC and maximum crude oil pollutant removed by Gray-King pyrolysis was 85.3 % TOC with maximum oil recovery of 70 % TOC from all the different treatment conditions, while the shortest treatment time condition gave the lowest gas yield of 10.2 % TOC. This implies that 100 % removal with respect to EOM and 89 % removal with respect to HyPy as discussed above. Furthermore, the polluted soil was also treated with microwave pyrolysis with maximum pollutant removal of 77 % TOC, which is 98.7 % removal with respect to EOM and 81 % with respect to HyPy. In conclusion, Gray-King pyrolysis removed more of the soil organic carbon than microwave pyrolysis, but the latter does have advantages regarding operability and greater output within a short treatment time.

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44

Penn, Madeleine Lisa Mary. "Electrokinetic soil remediation : effects of pH, temperature and chemical reactions." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266331.

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45

Arwidsson, Zandra. "Organic complexing agents for remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil /." Örebro : Örebro University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-7913.

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46

Fallgren, Paul Harold. "Parameter-based models estimating microbial hydrocarbon-degrading activity in a diesel-contaminated soil." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1320951271&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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47

Yu, Miao. "Effect of persulfate formulations on soil permeability." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2010/m_yu_061410.pdf.

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Анотація:

Thesis (M.S. in environmental engineering)--Washington State University, August 2010.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 30, 2010). "Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering." Includes bibliographical references (p. 13-14).

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48

Dominguez, Elena. "Phytoremediation of soils contaminated by used motor oil." Virtual Press, 2002. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1246470.

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49

Nieuwenhuis, Jenifer M. "Nitrogen and phosphorus modification within a petroleum contaminated biopile at the Oneida County Sanitary Landfill /." Link to abstract, 2004. http://epapers.uwsp.edu/abstracts/2004/Nieuwenhuis.pdf.

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50

Boxill, Lois E. C. "Foundation remediation of existing structures using ground densification methods." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21792.

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