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1
Littleboy, M., DM Silburn, DM Freebairn, DR Woodruff, GL Hammer, and JK Leslie. "Impact of soil erosion on production in cropping systems .I. Development and validation of a simulation model." Soil Research 30, no. 5 (1992): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9920757.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A computer simulation model to analyse risks of soil erosion to long-term crop production is described. The model, called PERFECT, simulates interactions between soil type, climate, fallow management strategy and crop sequence. It contains six main modules; data input, water balance, crop growth, crop residue, erosion and model output. Modules are arranged in a framework that allows alternative modules to be used as required for the potential range of applications. The model contains dynamic crop growth models for wheat, sorghum and sunflower. Validation of PERFECT against small catchment and contour bay data collected throughout Queensland showed that PERFECT explained up to 84% of the variation in total available soil water, 89% of the variation in daily runoff, and up to 75% of the variation in grain yield. Average annual soil erosion was accurately predicted but daily erosion totals were less accurate due to the exclusion of rainfall intensity in erosion prediction. Variability in climate dominates agricultural production in the subtropical region of Australia. The validated model can be coupled with long-term climate and soils databases to simulate probabilities of production and erosion risks due to climatic variability. It provides a method to determine the impact of soil erosion on long-term productivity.
2
Kinnell, P. I. A. "Influence of surface zones with zero detachment on erosion by rain-impacted flow." Soil Research 36, no. 2 (1998): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s97047.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Zones of zero detachment occur on the soil surface when cryptogamic cover protects the soil surface from erosion by rain-impacted flow. The effect of spatial variation in the distribution of these zones was examined through a computer simulation of erosion by rain-impacted flow on small (0·5-m-long) surfaces. The results from the simulations indicate that the effect of spatial variations in cryptogam cover decreases as the susceptibility of the exposed surfaces to detachment by rain-impacted flow increases. They also indicate that when the sediment being transported is dominated by fine particles, the effect of the cover on erosion will be more closely related to the average cover than when the sediment is dominated by coarse particles.
3
Wang, Xu, Makoto Fujisawa, and Masahiko Mikawa. "Visual Simulation of Soil-Structure Destruction with Seepage Flows." Proceedings of the ACM on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques 4, no. 3 (September 22, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3480141.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper introduces a method for simulating soil-structure coupling with water, which involves a series of visual effects, including wet granular materials, seepage flows, capillary action between grains, and dam breaking simulation. We develop a seepage flow based SPH-DEM framework to handle soil and water particles interactions through a momentum exchange term. In this framework, water is seen as a seepage flow through porous media by Darcy's law; the seepage rate and the soil permeability are manipulated according to drag coefficient and soil porosity. A water saturation-based capillary model is used to capture various soil behaviors such as sandy soil and clay soil. Furthermore, the capillary model can dynamically adjust liquid bridge forces induced by surface tension between soil particles. The adhesion model describes the attraction ability between soil surfaces and water particles to achieve various visual effects for soil and water. Lastly, this framework can capture the complicated dam-breaking scenarios caused by overtopping flow or internal seepage erosion that are challenging to simulate.
4
Cao, Chendi, and Mitchell Neilsen. "Dam Breach Simulation with the Material Point Method." Computation 9, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation9020008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dam embankment breaches caused by overtopping or internal erosion can impact both life and property downstream. It is important to accurately predict the amount of erosion, peak discharge, and the resulting downstream flow. This paper presents a new model based on the material point method to simulate soil and water interaction and predict failure rate parameters. The model assumes that the dam consists of a homogeneous embankment constructed with cohesive soil, and water inflow is defined by a hydrograph using other readily available reach routing software. The model uses continuum mixture theory to describe each phase where each species individually obeys the conservation of mass and momentum. A two-grid material point method is used to discretize the governing equations. The Drucker–Prager plastic flow model, combined with a Hencky strain-based hyperelasticity model, is used to compute soil stress. Water is modeled as a weakly compressible fluid. Analysis of the model demonstrates the efficacy of our approach for existing examples of overtopping dam breach, dam failures, and collisions. Simulation results from our model are compared with a physical-based breach model, WinDAM C. The new model can capture water and soil interaction at a finer granularity than WinDAM C. The new model gradually removes the granular material during the breach process. The impact of material properties on the dam breach process is also analyzed.
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Honek, David, Zuzana Németová, Silvia Kohnová, and Monika Šulc Michalková. "Sensitivity analysis of soil parameters and their impact on runoff-erosion processes." Pollack Periodica 15, no. 1 (April 2020): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/606.2020.15.1.6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The modeling of soil erosion processes is affected by several factors that reflect the physical-geographic conditions of the study site together with the land use linkage. The soil parameters are significant in the modeling of erosion and also runoff processes. The correct determination of a soil's parameters becomes a crucial part of the model's calibration. This paper deals with a sensitivity analysis of seven soil input parameters to the physically-based Erosion 3D model. The results show the variable influence of each soil parameter. The Erosion 3D model is very sensitive to initial soil moisture, bulk density, and erodibility.
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Gonzales, Howell B., John Tatarko, Mark E. Casada, Ronaldo G. Maghirang, Lawrence J. Hagen, and Charles J. Barden. "Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Airflow through Standing Vegetation." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 6 (2019): 1713–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13449.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Maintaining vegetative cover on the soil surface is the most widely used method for control of soil loss by wind erosion. We numerically modeled airflow through artificial standing vegetation (i.e., simulated wheat plants) using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A solver (simpleFoam within the OpenFOAM software architecture) was used to simulate airflow through various three-dimensional (3D) canopy structures in a wind tunnel, which were created using another open-source CAD geometry software (Salomé ver. 7.2). This study focused on two specific objectives: (1) model airflow through standing vegetation using CFD, and (2) compare the results of a previous wind tunnel study with various artificial vegetation configurations to the results of the CFD model. Wind speeds measured in the wind tunnel experiment differed slightly from the numerical simulation using CFD, especially near positions where simulated vegetation was present. Effective drag coefficients computed using wind profiles did not differ significantly (p <0.05) between the experimental and simulated results. Results of this study will provide information for research into other types of simulated stubble or sparse vegetation during wind erosion events.HighlightsMeasured airflow through a simulated canopy was successfully modeled using CFD software.Effective drag coefficients did not differ between the experimental and simulated results.Results of this study provide 3-D simulation data of wind flow through a plant canopy. Keywords: 3-D canopy structure, OpenFOAM, Wind erosion, Wind tunnel studies.
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Majumdar, S., S. Shukla, and A. Maiti. "OPEN AGENT BASED RUNOFF AND EROSION SIMULATION (OARES): A GENERIC CROSS PLATFORM TOOL FOR SPATIO-TEMPORAL WATERSHED MONITORING USING CLIMATE FORECAST SYSTEM REANALYSIS WEATHER DATA." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-4 (September 19, 2018): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-4-125-2018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The aim of this study is to explore the applicability of Agent Based Modelling (ABM) for the simulation of rainfall runoff and soil erosion used in a watershed monitoring activity. The study utilizes Landsat 8 imagery for Land Use Land Cover (LULC) map generation, ASTER DEM for obtaining elevation information and Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) 36 year weather data of Asan watershed, Uttarakhand, India. In the proposed model, four major agents (raindrops, soil, elevation and water amount) have been defined for estimating the soil erosion in the region. Moreover, the direct runoff has been simulated using the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) method. The analysis of the entire time series using this approach shows that there have been substantial changes in the rainfall runoff pattern primarily due to the varying environmental conditions of the study area since the late 1980s. Furthermore, a rough estimate of the soil erosion and deposition in the area have been computed which is aligned with the theory of sediment transport and deposition. In order to automate the entire model workflow, an open source cross platform tool has been developed using Python, R and NetLogo libraries. The Open Agent Based Runoff and Erosion Simulation (OARES) tool incorporates a generic interface for analysing large spatio-temporal datasets in watershed studies. The overall analysis concludes that the results obtained using ABM are comparable to that of the conventional hydrological models, and henceforth, ABM could be utilized as a future potential hydrological modelling paradigm.</p>
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WALL, G. J., W. T. DICKINSON, R. P. RUDRA, and D. R. COOTE. "SEASONAL SOIL ERODIBILITY VARIATION IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 68, no. 2 (May 1, 1988): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss88-038.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A study was conducted to evaluate the potential seasonal variation in soil erodibility (K) for selected soils of southwestern Ontario. Field-plot data, laboratory flume/rainfall-simulator studies, and a K-factor prediction equation were used to assess the potential magnitude of the seasonal variation of soil erodibility. Field-plot studies for a Guelph loam soil revealed that values were highest in the winter-spring thaw period (March) with a ratio of K seasonal to K annual (Kc) of 10. Laboratory flume and rainfall simulations with Fox sand, Haldimand silty clay, and Colwood silt loam soils were conducted with soil moisture and internal drainage varied to simulate seasonal conditions. The results corresponded with those observed in the field study, with highest K values occurring under simulated winter-spring thaw conditions (values of Kc =.4 – 4.0) and lowest values under simulated summer conditions (Kc < 1). Seasonal K values were computed with a prediction equation for 17 soil textural classes. Soil structure and permeability parameters of the prediction equation were modified to reflect seasonal variability in these properties. The predicted Kc values were highest for the winter-spring thaw period and approximately equal for the spring and summer periods. Results indicate that soil erodibility varies significantly with seasonal soil conditions and the magnitude of seasonal differences changes with soil textures. Key words: Soil erodibility, field-plot erosion data, rainfall simulation, runoff flume
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Er Nas, Sibel, and Muammer Çalık. "A CROSS-AGE COMPARISON OF SCIENCE STUDENT TEACHERS’ CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING OF SOIL EROSION." Problems of Education in the 21st Century 76, no. 5 (October 15, 2018): 601–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/18.76.601.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The relevant literature has shown that student teachers hold alternative conceptions of soil erosion. Even though Turkish science student teachers are expected to teach the concept of ‘soil erosion’ in lower secondary schools (grades 5-8), none of the earlier studies have explored their conceptual growth and/or mental models throughout a 4-year undergraduate program. Indeed, science (student) teachers, who play a pivotal role in teaching the sustainability of soil as an environmental heritage, are able to transfer their environmental knowledge and mental models to younger generations. Therefore, the aim of this research was to elicit science student teachers’ (SSTs) understanding of soil erosion. In a cross-age comparison, the sample of the research was comprised of the first-year (n=54), second-year (n=62), third-year (n=60), and fourth-year of a four-year science education program (n=65), a total of 241 SSTs, enrolled at the Department of Science Education in Karadeniz Technical University in Turkey. A questionnaire with 4 open-ended questions and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The results indicated that the majority of the SSTs confused the concept of ‘soil erosion’ with the one ‘landslide’. For this reason, the current research suggests the development of analogies and computer simulations to overcome this confusion. Keywords: conceptual understanding, cross-age, mental model, science student teacher, soil erosion.
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Jiménez-Hornero, F. J., J. V. Giráldez, A. M. Laguna, and J. E. Jiménez-Hornero. "An educational computer tool for simulating long-term soil erosion on agricultural landscapes." Computer Applications in Engineering Education 17, no. 3 (September 2009): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cae.20193.
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Strauss, P., F. Konecny, and W. E. H. Blum. "Rainfall input generation for the European Soil Erosion Model." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 3, no. 2 (June 30, 1999): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-3-213-1999.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. A procedure to generate rainfall input for the EUROpean Soil Model is presented. To develop such a procedure, first of all the influence of rainfall event amount, rainfall event duration, and time to peak intensity of event rainfall on soil losses, calculated with EUROSEM, has been tested for several rainfall stations. Results revealed that every tested rainfall parameter had highly significant influence on computed soil loss. Therefore, distributions for each station of the dataset and for each of these rainfall parameters were calculated. To simulate rainfall event amounts, a mixed exponential distribution was applied. After transformation of rainfall event durations, their distribution could be simulated using a normal distribution. The location of the peak intensity was estimated using a kernel estimator, because no specific distribution characteristics could be identified. According to the respective distribution functions, parameter values for each of the tested rainfall event characteristic were then generated. These values were used to select rainfall events with identical parameter values out of the rainfall station-specific dataset. Computed soil losses for events selected this way were compared with soil losses calculated with available station specific rainfall event data. Comparisons for the respective means and medians generally revealed good agreement. A comparison of 75 % quartiles resulted in less good agreement, especially for test conditions with high soil losses. In general, the applied procedure was capable of simulation station-specific soil losses and of reflecting different environment conditions for the respective stations. Therefore, it seems possible to produce site specific appropriate rainfall input for EUROSEM, only with the knowledge of distributions for the investigated basic rainfall parameters. These are normally easier to obtain than long term rainfall information with high temporal resolution which would otherwise be necessary. In order to improve the procedure and make it practically useful, it will be necessary to account for seasonal changes of distributions of basic rainfall event parameters.
12
Zeng, Z. Y., J. Z. Cao, Z. J. Gu, Z. L. Zhang, W. Zheng, Y. Q. Cao, and H. Y. Peng. "Dynamic Monitoring of Plant Cover and Soil Erosion Using Remote Sensing, Mathematical Modeling, Computer Simulation and GIS Techniques." American Journal of Plant Sciences 04, no. 07 (2013): 1466–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2013.47180.
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13
Chapuis, Robert P., and Louis Sabourin. "Effects of installation of piezometers and wells on groundwater characteristics and measurements." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 26, no. 4 (November 1, 1989): 604–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t89-073.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The results of a variable-head permeability test can be used to check whether a piezometer or sampling well has been successfully sealed in the soil and to detect hydraulic short circuits and possible cross-contamination between aquifers. An improper seal is a well-known cause of hydraulic short circuit. In some instances, also, although the tubing has been sealed over its full length, the water level in the pipe is not representative of the actual piezometric head. An example shows that the values of hydraulic conductivity determined using several test methods varied in a 1:6 ratio before detection of a piezometric error. The resulting correction reduced the variation in k to ± 12%. The causes of hydraulic short circuits have been investigated using computer simulations. It has been concluded that large errors recorded in the field are due to internal erosion of natural soils around the casing during drilling operations or development. The hydraulic damage to soils is documented. An analytical solution has been written for a simple case of hydraulic short circuit. Its theoretical predictions confirm the validity of the computer simulation. In light of experience, recommendations are proposed to reduce hydraulic damage, therefore improving the reliability of piezometric measurements and representativeness of groundwater samples. Key words: permeability, field test, piezometer, sealing, drilling, water level.
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Polovina, Siniša, Boris Radić, Ratko Ristić, Jovan Kovačević, Vukašin Milčanović, and Nikola Živanović. "Soil Erosion Assessment and Prediction in Urban Landscapes: A New G2 Model Approach." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (May 1, 2021): 4154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11094154.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Soil erosion is a global problem that negatively affects the quality of the environment, the availability of natural resources, as well as the safety of inhabitants. Soil erosion threatens the functioning of urban areas, which was the reason for choosing the territory of the Master Plan of Belgrade (Serbia) as the research area. The calculation of soil erosion loss was analyzed using the G2 erosion model. The model belongs to a group of empirical models and is based on the synthesis of the equation from the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and the Erosion Potential Method (EPM). The estimation of soil degradation was analyzed in two time periods (2001 and 2019), which represent the time boundaries of the management of the Master Plan of Belgrade. The novel approach used in this research is based on using the land cover inventory as a dynamic indicator of the urbanization process. Land cover was identified using remote sensing, machine learning techniques, and the random forest algorithm applied to multispectral satellite images of the Landsat mission in combination with spectral indices. Climatic parameters were analyzed on the basis of data from meteorological stations (first scenario, i.e., 2001), as well as on simulations of changes based on climate scenario RCP8.5 (representative concentration pathways) concerning the current condition of the land cover (second scenario). A comparative analysis of the two time periods identified a slight reduction in total soil loss. For the first period, the average soil loss value is 4.11 t·ha−1·y−1. The analysis of the second period revealed an average value of 3.63 t·ha−1·y−1. However, the increase in non-porous surfaces has led to a change in the focus of soil degradation. Increased average soil loss as one of the catalysts of torrential flood frequencies registered on natural and semi-natural areas were 43.29% and 16.14%, respectively. These results are a significant contribution to the study of soil erosion in urban conditions under the impact of climate change.
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Angulo-Martínez, M., M. López-Vicente, S. M. Vicente-Serrano, and S. Beguería. "Mapping rainfall erosivity at a regional scale: a comparison of interpolation methods in the Ebro Basin (NE Spain)." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 10 (October 19, 2009): 1907–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-1907-2009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Rainfall erosivity is a major causal factor of soil erosion, and it is included in many prediction models. Maps of rainfall erosivity indices are required for assessing soil erosion at the regional scale. In this study a comparison is made between several techniques for mapping the rainfall erosivity indices: i) the RUSLE R factor and ii) the average EI30 index of the erosive events over the Ebro basin (NE Spain). A spatially dense precipitation data base with a high temporal resolution (15 min) was used. Global, local and geostatistical interpolation techniques were employed to produce maps of the rainfall erosivity indices, as well as mixed methods. To determine the reliability of the maps several goodness-of-fit and error statistics were computed, using a cross-validation scheme, as well as the uncertainty of the predictions, modeled by Gaussian geostatistical simulation. All methods were able to capture the general spatial pattern of both erosivity indices. The semivariogram analysis revealed that spatial autocorrelation only affected at distances of ~15 km around the observatories. Therefore, local interpolation techniques tended to be better overall considering the validation statistics. All models showed high uncertainty, caused by the high variability of rainfall erosivity indices both in time and space, what stresses the importance of having long data series with a dense spatial coverage.
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Hataf, N., and M. Javahery. "Numerical Study on Uniaxial Compression Behavior of Geobags." Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction 8, no. 4 (November 15, 2019): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/jcec.2019.8.4.137.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Geobags have been used as coastal erosion control and flood preventing measures during the last decades. More recently engineers have used geobags to improve the bearing capacity of soft soils. In this paper, a study was performed to investigate the behavior of geobags under compression loadings utilizing a finite element computer software. The numerical modeling was verified by simulating reported laboratory compression test results. The effects of various parameters such as geobag’s dimensions, mechanical characteristics of filling soil and bag material properties on the ultimate bearing capacity of geobags were investigated. It was shown that increasing the friction angle of filling soil and the tensile strength of textile lead to an increase in the geobag ultimate compressive load capacity. On the other hand, an increase in dilation angle of filling soil, Poisson's ratio and the height of geobag lead to a decrease in the ultimate compressive load capacity of geobags.
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Verma, S. K., A. D. Prasad, and M. K. Verma. "An Assessment of Ongoing Developments in Water Resources Management Incorporating SWAT Model: Overview and Perspectives." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 1963–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2022.v21i04.051.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Land and water are the most necessary natural resources because the entire life system depends on them. It requires proper management to achieve maximum utilization. When used in conjunction with Arc GIS, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a promising model for simulating the agricultural watershed since it can forecast runoff, sediment and nutrient transport, and erosion under various management scenarios. Furthermore, the model is better at evaluating both the spatial and non-spatial variation of hydrological methods under a very large watershed. This study uses the methodology employed by the SWAT model for the estimation of surface runoff and sediment yield and discusses in detail the setup of the model computer file needed by the model sensitivity analysis parameter and validation area unit. SWAT is a well-known hydrological modeling method used in many hydrologic and environmental simulations. Over 17 years (2005-2021), 212 studies were found from various peer-reviewed scientific publications listed on the SWAT online database (CARD). Applicability studies were divided into five categories: water resources, streamflow, erosion, land-use planning and agricultural settings, climate change scenarios, and model parameterization. Hydrologic phenomena and adaptations in various river basins have been investigated. They mostly examined environmental impacts and preventive techniques to ensure an understanding of effective environmental regulation. Streamflow susceptibility to climatic changes was shown in climate change studies. Modeling streamflow parameters, model modifications, and basin-scale calibrations were investigated. Future simulation aspects such as data sharing and the opportunity for improved future analysis are also discussed. A multimodal approach to future simulations, as well as more efforts to make local data available, are both very good ideas.
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Németová, Zuzana, David Honek, Tamara Látková, Monika Šulc Michalková, and Silvia Kohnová. "An assessment of soil water erosion in the Myjava hill land: The application of a physically-based erosion model." Pollack Periodica 13, no. 3 (December 2018): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/606.2018.13.3.19.
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Fister, Wolfgang, Nina Goldman, Marius Mayer, Manuel Suter, and Nikolaus J. Kuhn. "Testing of photogrammetry for differentiation of soil organic carbon and biochar in sandy substrates." Geographica Helvetica 74, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-74-81-2019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Landforms in different environmental ecosystems are formed through selective erosion and transport mechanisms by wind and water. To understand their development, biochemical composition, and effect on neighbouring ecosystems, it is essential to better understand the forming processes and to be able to monitor the behaviour and transport of particles through the landscape. Conventional methods to track and differentiate between organic and inorganic particles usually involve extensive sampling campaigns that disturb the processes themselves. Therefore, this study aimed to prove that the method of photogrammetry, which is non-contact and non-invasive, is able to quantify erosion rates and can also be used to differentiate between organic and inorganic material. To prove this concept, a bottom-up experimental rainfall simulation set-up was conducted with sieved sand substrates of very narrow particle size distribution and biochar under highly controlled conditions. By using two-dimensional index and reflectance maps of the surface computed with the software Pix4D, the erosion of biochar was estimated and compared to the actual erosion amount that was transported along the plot. The results show that photogrammetry has the potential to distinguish between a sandy substrate and biochar. An approximate decrease of 5 % in biochar on the plot surfaces was detected in three out of four rainfall experiments within the first 30 s. After these 30 s, the quality of detection was significantly reduced due to shadow effects, which were falsely classified as biochar as well. For future investigations on this topic, it will be necessary to improve the lighting of the plot and the post-processing of the images to reduce the error caused by shadows. Additional approaches that should be taken into account for further test experiments are the full exclusion of external light, which means working in the dark, and the use of hyperspectral cameras to detect different carbon types.
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Smith, Alistair, and Vladimir Nikora. "The Effect of Spatial Heterogeneity in Soil Properties on Erosion Pattern: A Conceptual Model and Computer Simulations." Mathematical Geology 38, no. 8 (February 28, 2007): 1011–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11004-006-9060-x.
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Drebot, O., D. Dobriak, P. Melnyk, and L. Sakharnatska. "The US experience in assessment of soils by productivity." Balanced nature using, no. 3 (July 4, 2022): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2310-4678.3.2022.266554.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article has highlighted the experience of the United States in crediting land based on productivity. In Ukraine soil classification was carried out in the section of soil groups according to their main natural properties, which have a stable nature and significantly affect the yield of agricultural crops grown in specific soil and climatic conditions. Complete work on soil grading on agricultural lands in Ukraine was carried out in 1993 within the boundaries of natural-agricultural districts and regions. Integral natural properties of soils reflect the credit score. These properties are divided into basic and modified. The main ones include the following: humus content, capacity of the humus horizon, the content of physical clay (particles up to 0.01 mm). The modified are mainly salinity, erosion, etc. Credit assessment of soil quality is presented in relative values — points on a closed 100-point scale. In contrast to Ukraine, in the United States land credit rating is carried out according to their productivity. Quantitative characterization of land productivity was carried out using two methodological approaches: inductive and deductive. The inductive assessment of productivity is given solely based on the estimated impact of different lands and soil properties on the potential yield. Deductive assessment, on the contrary, is based only on yield data on different soils. Most land valuations combine both approaches. It should be noted that thanks to the improvement of modern computer technology, it became possible to collect and process a large amount of information about land resources, which makes it possible to create mathematical simulation models, search programs, and computerized data banks. This is greatly facilitated by the development of remote sensing, new measuring devices, and map printing systems. This experience will contribute to the improvement of land resource assessment methods in Ukraine as well, despite the serious challenges that exist in the country.
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Tajudin, Noraisyah, Norsuzila Ya'acob, Darmawaty Mohd Ali, and Nor Aizam Adnan. "Soil moisture index estimation from landsat 8 images for prediction and monitoring landslide occurrences in Ulu Kelang, Selangor, Malaysia." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 2101. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i3.pp2101-2108.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Soil moisture is one of the contributing factors that accelerates soil erosion and landslide events due to the increase in pore pressure which eventually reduces the soil strength. For landslide prediction and monitoring purposes, large-scale measurement involves estimating the soil moisture. However, estimation of soil moisture usually involves point-based measurements at a particular site and time, which is difficult to capture the spatial and temporal soil moisture dynamics. This paper presents the estimation of the SMI using Landsat 8 images for prediction and monitoring of landslide events in Ulu Kelang, Selangor. The selected SMI map for dry, moist, and wet seasons are obtained from climatology rainfall analysis over 20-year periods (1998-2017). SMI is assessed based on remote sensing data which are land surface temperature (LST) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) using GIS software. Overall results indicated that rainfall distribution is high during inter-monsoon (IM), followed by northeast monsoon (NEM) and southwest monsoon (SWM) season. High rainfall distribution is a direct contributor towards SMI condition. Results from simulation show that April 2017 is known to have the highest SMI estimation season and selected to be the best SMI mapping parameter to be applied for prediction and monitoring of landslide events.
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Liu, Qi, Dianwu Wang, Yulong Zhang, and Li Wang. "Flood Simulation Analysis of the Biliu River Basin Based on the MIKE Model." Complexity 2021 (January 31, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8827046.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Biliu River is the largest river in Dalian. The occurrence of floods and droughts in this basin has extremely important impacts on local industry, agriculture, and urban development. For a long time, the annual distribution of precipitation in the Biliu River Basin is extremely uneven, the river runoff varies greatly from year to year and season to year, floods and droughts occur frequently, and serious soil erosion results in fragile ecological environment and severe shortage of water resources. In this paper, the spatial and temporal changes of rainfall and runoff in the Biliu River Basin are studied through the coupling of the MIKE 11 model and the MIKE SHE model. The hydrological changes in the Biliu River Basin are simulated. The coupled model is verified by monthly runoff data from 1996 to 2015, and the simulation values are found to be true. The values match well. Based on the cyclical pattern of precipitation and runoff in the Biliu River Basin, the rainfall and runoff data in the Biliu River Basin from 2016 to 2030 are derived. The MIKE SHE/MIKE 11 coupling model is used to predict the Biliu River from 2016 to 2030. The results show that flood disasters are expected to occur in August 2020, July 2025, and July 2030, which can provide a basis for hydrological management in the Biliu River Basin.
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Bilașco, Ștefan, Sanda Roșca, Iuliu Vescan, Ioan Fodorean, Vasile Dohotar, and Paul Sestras. "A GIS-Based Spatial Analysis Model Approach for Identification of Optimal Hydrotechnical Solutions for Gully Erosion Stabilization. Case Study." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (May 25, 2021): 4847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11114847.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The accentuated degradation of agricultural lands as a result of deep erosion processes is the main problem identified in abandoned agricultural lands under the rainfall intensities, increasing number of hot days, indirectly under the impact processes derived from them (soil erosion, vegetation drying, etc.), as well as inadequate or poor management policies implemented by local authorities. The present study aims to develop and present a methodology based on GIS spatial analysis to choose the best hydro-amelioration solution for the arrangement of a complex ravine that negatively affects the entire agroecological area in its immediate vicinity. The proposed model is developed on spatial databases obtained based on UAV flights, the simulation of flow rate values and the establishment of three hydraulic analysis models through the HEC-RAS software with the main purpose of evaluating the results and databases, in order to identify the best implementing model for the stabilization and reduction in erosion within the analysed area. The comparative analysis of the three analysed scenarios highlighted the fact that a dam-type structure with overflow represents the best hydro-ameliorative solution to be implemented in the present study. The accuracy of the obtained results highlights the usefulness of developing GIS models of transdisciplinary spatial analysis to identify optimal solutions that can be implemented in territories with similar characteristics.
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Xiaoyan, Wang, and Lin Qinhui. "Impact of critical source area on AnnAGNPS simulation." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 9 (November 1, 2011): 1767–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.641.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objective of this paper is to study the impact of critical source area (CSA) within an Annualized AGricultural Non-Point Source pollution models (AnnAGNPS) simulation at medium- large watershed scale. The impact of CSA on terrain attributes is examined by comparing six sets of CSA (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 km2). The accuracy of AnnAGNPS stimulation on runoff, sediment and nutrient loads on these sets of CSA is further suggested in this paper. The results are as followed: (1) CSA has little effect on watershed area, and terrain altitude. The number of cell and reach decreases with the increase of CSA in power function regression curve. (2) The variation of CSA will lead to the uncertainty of average slope which increase the generalization of land characteristics. At the CSA range of 0.5–1 km2, there is little impact of CSA on slope. (3) Runoff amount does not vary so much with the variation of CSA whereas soil erosion and total nitrogen (TN) load change prominently. An increase of sediment yield is observed firstly then a decrease following later. There is evident decrease of TN load, especially when CSA is bigger than 6 km2. Total phosphorus load has little variation with the change of CSA. Results for Dage watershed show that CSA of 1 km2 is desired to avoid large underestimates of loads. Increasing the CSA beyond this threshold will affect the computed runoff flux but generate prediction errors for nitrogen yields. So the appropriate CSA will control error and make simulation at acceptable level.
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Labat, Marija Mihaela, Lenka Korbeľová, Silvia Kohnová, and Kamila Hlavčová. "Design of measures for soil erosion control and assessment of their effect on the reduction of peak flows." Pollack Periodica 13, no. 3 (December 2018): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/606.2018.13.3.20.
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Cerdà, Artemi, Iván Franch-Pardo, Agata Novara, Srikanta Sannigrahi, and Jesús Rodrigo-Comino. "Examining the Effectiveness of Catch Crops as a Nature-Based Solution to Mitigate Surface Soil and Water Losses as an Environmental Regional Concern." Earth Systems and Environment 6, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41748-021-00284-9.
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AbstractThe main goal of this research was to conduct a biophysical, economic, social, and perception-based approach to foresee the solutions that could be used to mitigate the soil loss problem cost-effectively in “La Ribera del Xúquer” district (Valencia Region, Spain). To achieve these goals, a farmer perception survey was carried out, and an assessment of the biophysical impact of catch crops on soil organic matter, bulk density, steady-state infiltration rate (double-ring infiltrometer) and runoff generation, and soil erosion (rainfall simulation experiments) was carried out in 2016. For the biophysical approach, two paired plots, i.e., catch crops vs. glyphosate herbicide treatment (in advance, control plot), were selected under clementine citrus production. The results show that soil organic matter increased from 1.14 to 1.63%, and bulk density decreased from 1.47 to 1.27 g cm−3 after 10 years of treatments using catch crops. They also facilitated higher infiltration rates from 16.7 to 171 mm h−1 and a delay in runoff generation from 149 to 654 s for control and catch crop plots. Both runoff rates (from 50.6 to 3.1%) and soil erosion (from 3.9 to 0.04 Mg ha−1 h−1) were reduced once the catch crops were deployed in the field. After surveying (2018–2019), farmers stated the use of catch crops as a speck of dirt and a cause of possible loss of reputation when used. Moreover, farmers (N = 73) would accept the catch crops as an effective nature-based alternative only if a subsidy of 131.17€ ha−1 would be paid. The survey results also demonstrated that the farmers' community would see catch crop more as a benefit for the planet's health and society. Few constraints, such as ageing of the farmers’ population, lack of education and negative perception for other management factors, are the critical detrimental factors for adopting catch crops as a nature-based solution to reduce soil and water losses. There is a need for an effective agrarian extension service to change the fate of the current agriculture and achieve sustainability by adopting new management strategies in contemporary agricultural practices.
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Bai, Jizhou, Zixiang Zhou, Yufeng Zou, Bakhtiyor Pulatov, and Kadambot H. M. Siddique. "Watershed Drought and Ecosystem Services: Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Gray Relational Analysis." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10020043.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study explored the spatiotemporal characteristics of drought and ecosystem services (using soil conservation services as an example) in the YanHe Watershed, which is a typical water basin in the Loess Plateau of China, experiencing soil erosion. Herein, soil conservation was simulated using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), and the relationship between drought, soil conservation services, and meteorological, vegetation, and other factors since the implementation of the ‘Grain for Green’ Project (GFGP) in 1999, were analyzed using the gray relational analysis (GRA) method. The results showed that: (1) The vegetation cover of the Watershed has increased significantly, and evapotranspiration (ET) increased by 14.35 mm·a−1, thereby increasing water consumption by 8.997 × 108 m3·a−1 (compared to 2000). (2) Drought affected 63.86% of the watershed area, gradually worsening from south to north; it decreased in certain middle areas but increased in the humid areas on the southern edge. (3) The watershed soil conservation services, measured by the soil conservation modulus (SCM), increased steadily from 116.87 t·ha−1·a−1 in 2000 to 412.58 t·ha−1·a−1 in 2015, at a multi-year average of 235.69 t·ha−1·a−1, and indicated great spatial variations, with a large variation in the downstream and small variations in the upstream and midstream areas. (4) Integrating normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data into SWAT model improved the model simulation accuracy; during the calibration period, the coefficient of determination (R2) increased from 0.63 to 0.76 and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) from 0.46 to 0.51; and during the validation period, the R2 increased from 0.82 to 0.93 and the NSE from 0.57 to 0.61. (5) The GRA can be applied to gray control systems, such as the ecosystem; herein, vegetation cover and drought primarily affected ET and soil conservation services. The analysis results showed that vegetation restoration enhanced the soil conservation services, but increased ET and aggravated drought to a certain extent. This study analyzed the spatiotemporal variations in vegetation coverage and the response of ET to vegetation restoration in the YanHe Watershed, to verify the significant role of vegetation restoration in restraining soil erosion and evaluate the extent of water resource consumption due to ET in the semi-arid and semi-humid Loess-area basin during the GFGP period. Thus, this approach may effectively provide a scientific basis for evaluating the ecological effects of the GFGP and formulating policies to identify the impact of human ecological restoration on ecosystem services.
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Kucuker, Derya Mumcu, and Daniela Cedano Giraldo. "Assessment of soil erosion risk using an integrated approach of GIS and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in Erzurum, Turkiye." Ecological Informatics 71 (November 2022): 101788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2022.101788.
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Somkeattikul, Kreetha, Chinnathan Areeprasert, Prysathyrd Sarabhorn, and Thanya Kiatiwat. "DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF CONCRETE-REINFORCED FLOATING PLATFORM FOR CANAL AND RIVER-SHORE PROTECTION." ASEAN Engineering Journal 11, no. 4 (October 26, 2021): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/aej.v11.17867.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Erosion of canal and river-shore causes problems on agriculture activities and soil environment. This paper devotes to develop a floating platform to protect the shores. A concrete-reinforced floating platform was designed and fabricated in this study. Mechanical simulation was performed to ensure the design viability. The concrete-reinforced floating platform consists of three main parts: (1) steel structure, (2) foam-cement material, and (3) connecting joints. The dimension of the cement foam floating platform is 1.2 m in width, 3 m in length and 0.4 m in thickness. The cement used in this research is resistant to corrosion of sulfate and chloride from saltwater. Foam with density of 12 kg/m3 is mixed with concrete matrix so that the floating platform can float 60% or 0.16 m above the water surface. The foam cement material has the maximum compression stress of 1,951 kg ± 266.59 kg for the material density of 427.30 kg/m3 ± 19.30 kg/m3. The connecting joint part has the ultimate tensile load of 1,564 kg. The assemble floating platform has the compressive stress of 543.33 kg/m2 with the maximum vertical deformation of samples of 1 mm under the distribution load of 1,571 over the samples. Finally, from simulation with data from the material testing, the designed floating platform had a safety factor 3.46 which was higher than the design criteria of 3.
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Vantas, Konstantinos, Epaminondas Sidiropoulos, and Athanasios Loukas. "Robustness Spatiotemporal Clustering and Trend Detection of Rainfall Erosivity Density in Greece." Water 11, no. 5 (May 20, 2019): 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11051050.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Soil erosion is affected by rainfall, among other factors, and it is likely to increase in the future due to climate change impacts, resulting in higher rainfall intensities. This paper evaluates the impact of the missing values ratio on the computation of the rainfall erosivity factor, R, and erosivity density, ED. The paper also investigates the temporal trends and defines regions of Greece with a similar monthly distribution of ED using an unsupervised method. Preprocessed and free from noise and errors rainfall data from 108 stations across Greece were extracted from the Greek National Bank of Hydrological and Meteorological Information. The rainfall data were analyzed and erosive rainfalls were identified, their return period was determined using intensity–duration–frequency curves and R and ED values were computed. The impact of missing data in the computation of annual values of R and ED was investigated using a Monte Carlo simulation. The findings indicated that missing rainfall data resulted in a linear underestimation of R, while ED is more robust. The trends in ED timeseries were evaluated using the Kendall’s Tau test and their autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation were computed for a small subset of stations using criteria based on the quality of data. Furthermore, cluster analysis was applied to a larger subset of stations to define regions of Greece with similar monthly distribution of ED. The findings of this study indicate that: (a) ED should be preferred for the assessment of erosivity in Greece over the direct computation of R, (b) ED timeseries are found to be stationary for the majority of the selected stations, in contrast to reported precipitation trends for the same time period, (c) Greece is divided into three clusters/areas of stations with distinct monthly distributions of ED.
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Gadzhev, Georgi, Ivelina Georgieva, Kostadin Ganev, Vladimir Ivanov, Nikolay Miloshev, Hristo Chervenkov, and Dimiter Syrakov. "Climate Applications in a Virtual Research Environment Platform." Scalable Computing: Practice and Experience 19, no. 2 (May 10, 2018): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12694/scpe.v19i2.1347.
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Previous atmospheric composition studies were based on extensive computer simulations carried out with good resolution using up-to-date modelling tools and detailed and reliable input data.
The oncoming climate changes will exert influence on the ecosystems, on the all branches of the international economy, and on the quality of life. Regional climate models (RCMs) are important instruments used for downscaling climate simulations from Global circulation models (GCMs).
The air quality (AQ) impact on human health and quality of life is an issue of great social significance. Evaluating this impact will give scientifically robust basis for elaborating efficient short term measures and long term strategies for mitigation of the harmful effects of air pollution. The AQ impact is evaluated in the terms of Air Quality Indices (AQI). Some extensive numerical simulations of the atmospheric composition fields in Bulgaria and Sofia have been recently performed. A quite extensive data base was created from simulations which were used for different studies of the atmospheric composition, including the AQ climate.
Main aims of the numerical experiment presented in this paper are: (1) Adaptation and tuning of the RegCM model for the Balkan Peninsula and Bulgaria and thus development of a methodology able to predict possible changes of the regional climate for different global climate change scenarios and their impact on spatial/temporal distribution of precipitation, hence the global water budgets, to changes of the characteristics and spatial/temporal distribution of extreme, unfavorable and catastrophic events (drought, storms, hail, floods, fires, sea waves, soil erosion, etc.); (2) Development of a methodology and performing reliable, comprehensive and detailed studies of the impact of lower atmosphere parameters and characteristics on the quality of life (QL) and health risks (HR) for the population.
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Rowan, Thomas, and Mohammed Seaid. "Efficient computational models for shallow water flows over multilayer erodible beds." Engineering Computations 37, no. 2 (August 23, 2019): 401–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-10-2018-0470.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a new numerical model for shallow water flows over heterogeneous sedimentary layers. It is already several years since the single-layered models have been used to model shallow water flows over erodible beds. Although such models present a real opportunity for shallow water flows over movable beds, this paper is the first to propose a multilayered solver for this class of flow problems. Design/methodology/approach Multilayered beds formed with different erodible soils are considered in this study. The governing equations consist of the well-established shallow water equations for the flow, a transport equation for the suspended sediments, an Exner-type equation for the bed load and a set of empirical equations for erosion and deposition terms. For the numerical solution of the coupled system, the authors consider a non-homogeneous Riemann solver equipped with interface-tracking tools to resolve discontinuous soil properties in the multilayered bed. The solver consists of a predictor stage for the discretization of gradient terms and a corrector stage for the treatment of source terms. Findings This paper reveals that modeling shallow water flows over multilayered sedimentary topography can be achieved by using a coupled system of partial differential equations governing sediment transport. The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed numerical model preserves the conservation property, and it provides accurate results, avoiding numerical oscillations and numerical dissipation in the approximated solutions. Originality/value A novel implementation of sediment handling is presented where both averaged and separate values for sediment species are used to ensure speed and precision in the simulations.
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Mitas, Lubos, and Helena Mitasova. "Distributed soil erosion simulation for effective erosion prevention." Water Resources Research 34, no. 3 (March 1998): 505–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97wr03347.
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Medhi, Swapnil, and Dr Arnab Sarma. "AN INTEGRATED STUDY USING GIS AND SWAT METHOD FOR RAINFALL RUNOFF MODELLING IN KULSI WATERSHED, ASSAM." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 7, no. 4 (August 1, 2022): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v07i04.028.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present study is based on the estimation of runoff using GIS and SWAT in the Kulsi Watershed, Assam. Soil and Water assessment tool (SWAT) is a physically based distributed parameter model which was developed to predict runoff, sediment, erosion from specific watersheds under different input conditions. For understanding the rainfall-runoff behavior of the basin, SWAT hydrological model was used and divided in 19 subwatersheds and 188 Hydrogical Response Units. The watershed comprises of four Land use classifications (River/water bodies, Open forest, dense forests and barren land) with three soil classes. The delineated area of the study is found to be 1754.39 km². The study indicates that the annual rainfall runoff relationship correlates with magnitude of total runoff. From the calibration output, the simulated stream flow hydrograph deviates slightly with the observed stream flow hydrograph. The model was auto calibrated and validated using SWAT-CUP SUFI2 for 10 year i.e. from 1988-1997 .The average Nash Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) for monthly calibration and validation was found to be 0.18 and 0.70 respectively. The coefficient of determination (R²) value for monthly calibration and validation was found to be 0.31 and 0.73 and RSR value for calibration and validation was found to be 0.91 and 0.55 respectively. The study was also carried out to perform the sensitivity analysis of different parameters responsible for stream flow generation. Based on the analysis, SCS runoff curve number (CN2.mgt), Groundwater "revap" coefficient (GW_REVAP.gw), Groundwater delay days (GW_DELAY.gw), Saturated hydraulic conductivity (SOL_AWC.sol), Base flow alpha factor (ALPHA_BF.gw), Threshold depth of water in the shallow aquifer required for return flow to occur (mm) (GWQMN.gw) were found to be the most sensitive parameters. Overall the SWAT model performance was found to be satisfactory for stream flow simulation and the calibrated model can be used for runoff generation and sustainable water resource projects and development.
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Gregory, J. M., J. Borrelli, and C. B. Fedler. "Windstorm erosion and soil deposition simulation." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 36 (January 1990): 1415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(90)90137-2.
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Shaffer, Marvin J. "Simulation Model for Soil Erosion‐Productivity Relationships." Journal of Environmental Quality 14, no. 1 (January 1985): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1985.00472425001400010029x.
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Yoo, Kyung H., and Myron Molnau. "UPLAND SOIL EROSION SIMULATION FOR AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS." Journal of the American Water Resources Association 23, no. 5 (October 1987): 819–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1987.tb02957.x.
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Yao, Zhihong, Yu Zhang, Peiqing Xiao, Lu Zhang, Bo Wang, and Jianchen Yang. "Soil Erosion Process Simulation and Factor Analysis of Jihe Basin." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (July 2, 2022): 8114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14138114.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Soil erosion is a notable contributor to carbon emissions. Distributed erosion model can be used to study erosion distribution in different land cover, identify the main influential factors, and hence guide soil and water conservation. In this study, Regional Soil Erosion model (RSEM) was used to simulate the soil erosion processes of Jihe Basin in 2015, and the Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) implementation was applied to compare the erosion regression of Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) and MGWR as well as study the impact of influential factors on sediment modulus in hillslopes. The results are as follows: (1) MGWR results indicated slope was the dominant factors affecting soil erosion at the catchment scales, where the average coefficients of slope, forest coverage, and grass coverage descended in the value of 0.90, −0.11, and −0.19, and the influences of factors operate over scales; (2) MGWR with the adoptive bandwidths performed well in the goodness of fit, t-test of variables, scales that variables operate, and interactive interpretation of soil erosion; (3) the coupling effects and scales of vegetation and topography factors are an important approach to study soil erosion at a larger scale.
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Foster, G. "Simulation of pollution by soil erosion and soil nutrient loss." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 14, no. 3-4 (December 1985): 299–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(85)90044-1.
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Goda, Takeshi. "Simulation of pollution by soil erosion and soil nutrient loss." Ecological Modelling 32, no. 4 (July 1986): 314–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(86)90097-9.
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Bhuyan, Samar J., Prasanta K. Kalita, Keith A. Janssen, and Philip L. Barnes. "Soil loss predictions with three erosion simulation models." Environmental Modelling & Software 17, no. 2 (January 2002): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1364-8152(01)00046-9.
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Huber, Thomas P., and Karen Falkenmayer. "Soil Erosion Study through Simulation: An Educational Tool." Journal of Environmental Education 18, no. 3 (April 1987): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00958964.1987.9942736.
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Chen, Q., and D. Y. Li. "Computer simulation of solid particle erosion." Wear 254, no. 3-4 (February 2003): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1648(03)00006-1.
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VOLD, T., M. W. SONDHEIM, and N. K. NAGPAL. "COMPUTER ASSISTED MAPPING OF SOIL EROSION POTENTIAL." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 65, no. 3 (August 1, 1985): 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss85-045.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Soil erosion potential maps and summary statistics can be produced from existing information with relative ease with the aid of computers. Soil maps are digitized and survey information is stored as attributes for each soil. Algorithms are then prepared which evaluate the appropriate data base attributes (e.g. texture, slope) for each interpretation. Forty surface soil erosion potential maps were produced for the Lower Fraser Valley which identify the most erosion-prone areas and indicate average potential soil losses to be expected under assumed conditions. The algorithm developed follows the universal soil loss equation. Differences across the landscape in the R, K, and S factors are taken into account whereas the L factor is considered as a constant equal to 1.0. Worst conditions of bare soil (no crop cover, i.e. C = 1.0) and no erosion control practices (i.e. P = 1.0) are assumed. The five surface soil erosion potential classes are determined by a weighted average annual soil loss value based both on the upper 20 cm of mineral soil and on the proportion of the various soils in the polygon. A unique polygon number shown on the erosion potential map provides a link to computer tables which give additional information for each individual soil within that polygon. Key words: Erosion, computer mapping, USLE
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Batista, Pedro V. G., Daniel L. Evans, Bernardo M. Cândido, and Peter Fiener. "Does soil thinning change soil erodibility? An exploration of long-term erosion feedback systems." SOIL 9, no. 1 (January 23, 2023): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-71-2023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Soil erosion rates on arable land frequently exceed the pace at which new soil is formed. This imbalance leads to soil thinning (i.e. truncation), whereby subsoil horizons and their underlying parent material become progressively closer to the land surface. As soil erosion is a selective process and subsurface horizons often have contrasting properties to the original topsoil, truncation-induced changes to soil properties might affect erosion rates and runoff formation through a soil erosion feedback system. However, the potential interactions between soil erosion and soil truncation are poorly understood due to a lack of empirical data and the neglection of long-term erodibility dynamics in erosion simulation models. Here, we present a novel model-based exploration of the soil erosion feedback system over a period of 500 years using measured soil properties from a diversified database of 265 agricultural soil profiles in the UK. For this, we adapted the Modified Morgan–Morgan–Finney model (MMMF) to perform a modelling experiment in which topography, climate, land cover, and crop management parameters were held constant throughout the simulation period. As selective soil erosion processes removed topsoil layers, the model gradually mixed subsurface soil horizons into a 0.2 m plough layer and updated soil properties using mass-balance mixing models. Further, we estimated the uncertainty in model simulations with a forward error assessment. We found that modelled erosion rates in 99 % of the soil profiles were sensitive to truncation-induced changes in soil properties. The soil losses in all except one of the truncation-sensitive profiles displayed a decelerating trend, which depicted an exponential decay in erosion rates over the simulation period. This was largely explained by decreasing silt contents in the soil surface due to selective removal of this more erodible particle size fraction and the presence of clayey or sandy substrata. Moreover, the soil profiles displayed an increased residual stone cover, which armoured the land surface and reduced soil detachment. Contrastingly, the soils with siltier subsurface horizons continuously replenished the plough layer with readily erodible material, which prevented the decline of soil loss rates over time. Although our results are limited by the edaphoclimatic conditions represented in our data, as by our modelling assumptions, we have demonstrated how modelled soil losses can be sensitive to erosion-induced changes in soil properties. These findings are likely to affect how we calculate soil lifespans and make long-term projections of land degradation.
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Wang, Xiukai, Yao Tang, Bo Huang, Tiantian Hu, and Daosheng Ling. "Review on Numerical Simulation of the Internal Soil Erosion Mechanisms Using the Discrete Element Method." Water 13, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13020169.
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Internal erosion can trigger severe engineering disasters, such as the failure of embankment dams and uneven settlement of buildings and sinkholes. This paper comprehensively reviewed the mechanisms of soil internal erosion studied by numerical simulation, which can facilitate uncovering the internal erosion mechanism by tracing the movement of particles. The initiation and development of internal erosion are jointly influenced by the geometric, mechanical, and hydraulic conditions, which determine the pore channels and force chains in soil. The geometric conditions are fundamental to erosion resistance, whereas the mechanical conditions can significantly change the soil erosion resistance, and the hydraulic conditions determine whether erosion occurs. The erosion process can be divided into particle detachment, transport, and clogging. The first is primarily affected by force chains, whereas the latter two are mostly affected by the pore channels. The stability of the soil is mainly determined by force chains and pore channels, whereas the hydraulic conditions act as external disturbances. The erosion process is accompanied by contact failure, force chain bending, kinetic energy burst of particles, and other processes due to multi-factor coupling.
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Dai, Q., Z. Liu, H. Shao, and Z. Yang. "Karst bare slope soil erosion and soil quality: a simulation case study." Solid Earth Discussions 7, no. 2 (June 5, 2015): 1639–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-7-1639-2015.
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Abstract. The influence on soil erosion by different bedrock bareness ratios, different rainfall intensities, different underground pore fissure degrees and rainfall duration are researched through manual simulation of microrelief characteristics of karst bare slopes and underground karst crack construction in combination with artificial simulation of rainfall experiment. The results show that firstly, when the rainfall intensity is small (30 and 50 mm h−1), no bottom load loss is produced on the surface, and surface and underground runoff and sediment production is increased with the increasing of rainfall intensity; secondly, surface runoff and sediment production reduced with increased underground pore fissure degree, while underground runoff and sediment production increased; thirdly, raindrops hit the surface, forming a crust with rainfall duration. The formation of crusts increases surface runoff erosion and reduces soil infiltration rate. Increasing of surface runoff erosion damaged crust and increased soil seepage rate. Raindrops continued to hit the surface, leading the formation of crust. Soil permeability showed volatility which were from reduction to increases and reduction, and so on. Surface and subsurface runoff were volatility with rainfall duration; fourthly, when rock bareness ratio is 50% and rainfall intensities are 30 and 50 mm h−1, runoff is not produced on the surface, and the slope runoff and sediment production presents a fluctuating change with increased rock bareness ratio; fifthly, the correlation degree between the slope runoff and sediment production and all factors are as follows: rainfall intensity > rainfall duration > underground pore fissure degree > bed rock bareness ratio.
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Dai, Q., Z. Liu, H. Shao, and Z. Yang. "Karst bare slope soil erosion and soil quality: a simulation case study." Solid Earth 6, no. 3 (July 31, 2015): 985–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-6-985-2015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The influence on soil erosion by different bedrock bareness ratios, different rainfall intensities, different underground pore fissure degrees and rainfall duration are researched through manual simulation of microrelief characteristics of karst bare slopes and underground karst crack construction in combination with artificial simulation of rainfall experiment. The results show that firstly, when the rainfall intensity is small (30 and 50 mm h−1), no bottom load loss is produced on the surface, and surface runoff, underground runoff and sediment production are increased with the increasing of rainfall intensity. Secondly, surface runoff and sediment production reduced with increased underground pore fissure degree, while underground runoff and sediment production increased. Thirdly, raindrops hit the surface, forming a crust with rainfall duration. The formation of crusts increases surface runoff erosion and reduces soil infiltration rate. This formation also increases surface-runoff-erosion-damaged crust and increased soil seepage rate. Raindrops continued to hit the surface, leading the formation of crust. Soil permeability showed volatility which was from reduction to increases, reduction, and so on. Surface and subsurface runoff were volatile with rainfall duration. Fourthly, when rock bareness ratio is 50 % and rainfall intensities are 30 and 50 mm h−1, runoff is not produced on the surface, and the slope runoff and sediment production present a fluctuating change with increased rock bareness ratio. Fifthly, the correlation degree between the slope runoff and sediment production and all factors are as follows: rainfall intensity-rainfall duration-underground pore fissure degree–bedrock bareness ratio.
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Fujii, Hiroyuki, Shintaro Hotta, and Nobuo Shuto. "Numerical Simulation of Damage to a Soil Embankment from Tsunami Overflow." Journal of Disaster Research 4, no. 6 (December 1, 2009): 469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2009.p0469.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There have been many studies on tsunami forces acting on structures, but few studies on tsunami-induced water flows that move a lot of sands or soils, resulting in damages to such structures as road embankments and seawalls. In the present study, the damage of soil embankments by tsunami overflow is discussed. Hydraulic experiments on movable beds reveal that the erosion of the downstream slope and the scouring at the rear toe are important factors in the erosion of soil embankments. An erosion rate law is experimentally established. Current velocity measured on a fixed bed verifies the application of the CADMAS-SURF to the present situation. A numerical method to simulate the erosion of soil embankments is developed using these data. It is applied to gain insight into the Shuto diagram (2001) about the damages of embankment obtained from field data for local tsunamis of short wave period in the past. Among six tests, reasonable agreements were obtained in four cases. In other two cases, the method gave the larger erosion than the expected ones from the diagram.