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1
Giammanco, Salvatore, Sergio Gurrieri, and Mariano Valenza. "Soil CO." Bulletin of Volcanology 57, no. 1 (1995): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004450050077.
2
Li, Z., R. G. McLaren, and A. K. Metherell. "Fractionation of cobalt and manganese in New Zealand soils." Soil Research 39, no. 5 (2001): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr00081.
Анотація:
Many New Zealand soils are known to produce pastures deficient in cobalt (Co) for grazing ruminants; however, the development of an effective soil diagnostic test for Co is hindered by the lack of knowledge of the forms and distribution of Co in New Zealand soils. A sequential fractionation technique was used to determine the forms and concentrations of native and/or fertiliser derived soil Co in 18 New Zealand grassland topsoils, and the distribution and interrelationships of Co between fractions compared with those for manganese (Mn). Previous studies in other countries have indicated a strong association between Co and Mn in soils. For both Co and Mn, very small proportions were present in soluble and exchangeable forms, and the highest proportions of Co and Mn (mean 45.8% and 35.8%, respectively) were found in the residual fraction. However, there was little similarity overall in the distribution of Co and Mn between fractions. Multiple regression models, and the presence of substantial amounts of Co and Mn in iron (Fe) oxide fractions, indicate that the Fe content of the soil is much more important than Mn in influencing the distribution of Co in the soils. Exchangeable Co and Mn also appear highly sensitive to soil pH. Soil organic matter did not appear to have a major effect on the distribution of Co in soils, apart from Pumice Soils that have low concentrations of Fe and Mn.
3
Lin, Mengting, Sairu Ma, Jie Liu, Xusheng Jiang, and Demin Dai. "Remediation of Arsenic and Cadmium Co-Contaminated Soil: A Review." Sustainability 16, no. 2 (January 12, 2024): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16020687.
Анотація:
The concurrent presence of arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) contamination in soil is widespread and severe, highlighting the need for remediation. However, remediating As and Cd co-contaminated soils is more complex than remediating soils contaminated with a single heavy metal due to the opposite properties of As and Cd in soil. Thus, the different forms of As and Cd in co-contaminated soils and their transformation rules have been systematically reviewed in this paper. Simultaneously, hyperaccumulators and immobilization amendments used in the remediation of As–Cd co-contaminated soil were reviewed. Moreover, the mechanisms of phytoremediation and chemical immobilization techniques in the treatment of As and Cd co-contaminated soil and the remediation effects were expounded in detail. To promote the development of ecological civilization, this paper proposes further remediation strategies and guidance for the remediation of As–Cd co-contaminated soil.
4
Xu, Ziwen, Shiquan Lv, Shuxiang Hu, Liang Chao, Fangxu Rong, Xin Wang, Mengyang Dong, Kai Liu, Mingyue Li, and Aiju Liu. "Effect of Soil Solution Properties and Cu2+ Co-Existence on the Adsorption of Sulfadiazine onto Paddy Soil." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24 (December 19, 2021): 13383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413383.
Анотація:
Paddy soils are globally distributed and saturated with water long term, which is different from most terrestrial ecosystems. To better understand the environmental risks of antibiotics in paddy soils, this study chose sulfadiazine (SDZ) as a typical antibiotic. We investigated its adsorption behavior and the influence of soil solution properties, such as pH conditions, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ionic concentrations (IC), and the co-existence of Cu2+. The results indicated that (1) changes in soil solution pH and IC lower the adsorption of SDZ in paddy soils. (2) Increase of DOC facilitated the adsorption of SDZ in paddy soils. (3) Cu2+ co-existence increased the adsorption of SDZ on organic components, but decreased the adsorption capacity of clay soil for SDZ. (4) Further FTIR and SEM analyses indicated that complexation may not be the only form of Cu2+ and SDZ co-adsorption in paddy soils. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that soil solution properties and co-existent cations determine the sorption behavior of SDZ in paddy soils.
5
Weerasooriya, T., D. M. S. B. Dissanayake, M. Ariyaratne, U. K. Rathnayake, H. K. Kadupitiya, R. Chandrajith, and L. D. B. Suriyagoda. "Distribution of exchangeable cobalt in low-land rice cultivated soils in Sri Lanka as affected by the differences in climate, soil and water source." Ceylon Journal of Science 53, no. 1 (February 13, 2024): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjs.v53i1.8344.
Анотація:
Cobalt (Co) is considered a beneficial element for plants. However, when soils contain excessive amounts of Co, it could cause phytotoxicity. Despite this, the current status of Co in Sri Lankan rice-cultivated soils is not known. Therefore, this study was conducted to (i) determine the distribution of exchangeable Co concentration, and (ii) examine the interactive effects of climatic zone (CZ), agro-climatic zone (ACZ), soil order, water source, and their interactions in determining exchangeable Co concentration in lowland rice fields in Sri Lanka. A total of 8,292 soil samples representing six ACZs, six soil orders, and three water sources were collected using a stratified random sampling approach. Cobalt was extracted in 0.01 M CaCl2 and measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrophotometry. Exchangeable Co concentration ranged between 0.03-2,409 μg kg−1 with a mean value of 185.9 μg kg−1. Over 77.5% of the soil samples tested were Co deficient, i.e. <250 μg kg−1. Samples collected from the Intermediate zone, particularly Intermediate zone Mid country, had higher Co concentration than that reported in other ACZs (p<0.05). Among the soil orders, Histosols had higher (232 μg kg−1) and Vertisols had lower (91 μg kg−1) Co concentrations (p<0.05). Moreover, Co concentration was negatively correlated with soil pH (r=−0.3391, p<0.0001) and rice crop productivity (r=−0.1512, p<0.0001). Although exchangeable Co concentration in rice cultivated soils was low, it is important to implement strategies such as proper waste management, treatment of industrial effluents, and the use of safer and more sustainable practices in the chemical and mining industries to minimize further accumulation of Co exceeding the critical limit (i.e. 30 - 40 mg Co kg−1 rice grain), and to ensure the safety of rice production in situations where geological and anthropogenic activities can increase soil exchangeable Co concentration.
6
Koçyiğit, R. "Contribution of soil organic carbon and C3 sugar to the total CO2 efflux using 13C abundance." Plant, Soil and Environment 52, No. 5 (November 17, 2011): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3429-pse.
Анотація:
The differences in C isotope ratio of C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub> plant species have been used to determine relative contributions of carbon (C) sources to total CO<sub>2</sub> efflux. The objective of this study was to estimate the contribution of soil organic C and C<sub>3</sub> sugar to total CO<sub>2</sub> of corn and wheat monocultures during a short-term incubation. Control soils and soils amended with sugar were incubated at 25°C for 48 hours and total CO<sub>2</sub> concentration and δ<sup>13</sup>C values of evolved CO<sub>2</sub> were measured. The proportional contribution of C sources on CO<sub>2</sub> efflux was determined by using isotopic composition of soil organic C and C<sub>3</sub> sugar. δ<sup>13</sup>C values of soils are highly affected by the type of vegetation and the soil management. The C<sub>3</sub> sugar addition in soils double the CO<sub>2</sub> efflux in the corn soil, but it did not affect CO<sub>2</sub> efflux in the wheat soil. This indicated a larger turnover of microbial biomass in the corn soil. The greatest significant (P < 0.05) difference in δ<sup>13</sup>C values between the control and sugar added soils occurred at 12 hours in the corn soil (11.2‰) and at 24 hours in the wheat soil (9.4‰). The estimated relative contribution of sugar to CO<sub>2</sub>efflux was stronger at 12 hours incubation in the corn soil.
7
Collins, J. F., and T. Reeves. "Soil-geological and Soil-geomorphological relationships in Avondale Forest Park, Co. Wicklow." Irish Geography 13, no. 1 (December 24, 2016): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.55650/igj.1980.794.
Анотація:
The relationships between parent materials, geomorphic features and soil types in Avondale Forest Park are reported and discussed. The occurrence of contrasting rocks (acid tuffs, diorite, dolerite and shales) and a variety of glacial and fluvial materials are largely responsible for the heterogeneity of the soils. Soil Orders/Great Groups include Podzols, Brown Podzolics, Brown Earths, Gleys, Lithosols, Regosols and Rankers. The soils are also placed in the Subgroups of the new U.S. Soil Taxonomy. The influence of glacial, periglacial and post-glacial conditions on the soil distribution pattern is discussed with reference to subsequent pedogenetic processes.
8
King, Gary M., and M. Hungria. "Soil-Atmosphere CO Exchanges and Microbial Biogeochemistry of CO Transformations in a Brazilian Agricultural Ecosystem." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 9 (September 2002): 4480–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.9.4480-4485.2002.
Анотація:
ABSTRACT Although anthropogenic land use has major impacts on the exchange of soil and atmosphere gas in general, relatively little is known about its impacts on carbon monoxide. We compared soil-atmosphere CO exchanges as a function of land use, crop type, and tillage treatment on an experimental farm in Parãna, Brazil, that is representative of regionally important agricultural ecosystems. Our results showed that cultivated soils consumed CO at rates between 3 and 6 mg of CO m−2 day−1, with no statistically significant effect of tillage method or crop. However, CO exchange for a pasture soil was near zero, and an unmanaged woodlot emitted CO at a rate of 9 mg of CO m−2 day−1. Neither nitrite, aluminum sulfate, nor methyl fluoride additions affected CO consumption by tilled or untilled soils from soybean plots, indicating that CO oxidation did not depend on ammonia oxidizers and that CO oxidation patterns differed in part from patterns reported for forest soils. The apparent Km for CO uptake, 5 to 11 ppm, was similar to values reported for temperate forest soils; V max values, approximately 1 μg of CO g (dry weight)−1 h−1, were comparable for woodlot and cultivated soils in spite of the fact that the latter consumed CO under ambient conditions. Short-term (24-h) exposure to elevated levels of CO (10% CO) partially inhibited uptake at lower concentrations (i.e., 100 ppm), suggesting that the sensitivity to CO of microbial populations that are active in situ differs from that of known carboxydotrophs. Soil-free soybean and corn roots consumed CO when they were incubated with 100-ppm concentrations and produced CO when they were incubated with ambient concentrations. These results document for the first time a role for cultivated plant roots in the dynamics of CO in an agricultural ecosystem.
9
Zhou, Wenxiang, Guilin Han, Man Liu, Chao Song, Xiaoqiang Li, and Fairda Malem. "Vertical Distribution and Controlling Factors Exploration of Sc, V, Co, Ni, Mo and Ba in Six Soil Profiles of The Mun River Basin, Northeast Thailand." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5 (March 7, 2020): 1745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051745.
Анотація:
Exploring the enrichment and controlling factors of heavy metals in soils is essential because heavy metals can cause severe soil contamination and threaten human health when they are excessively enriched in soils. Soil samples (total 103) from six soil profiles (T1 to T6) in the Mun River Basin, Northeast Thailand, were collected for the analyses of the content of heavy metals, including Sc, V, Co, Ni, Mo, Ba. The average contents of soil heavy metals decrease in the following order: Ba, V, Ni, Sc, Co, and Mo (T1, T3, T4 and T5); Ni, V, Ba, Co, Sc, Mo, and Ba (T2); Ba, V, Sc, Ni, Mo, and Co (T6). An enrichment factor (EF) and geoaccumulation index were calculated to assess the degree of heavy metal contamination in the soils. The EFs of these heavy metals in most samples range from 0 to 1.5, which reveals that most heavy metals are slightly enriched. Geoaccumulation indexes show that only the topsoil of T1 and T2 is slightly contaminated by Ba, Sc, Ni, and V. Soil organic carbon (SOC), soil pH and soil texture are significantly positively correlated with most heavy metals, except for a negative correlation between soil pH and Mo content. In conclusion, the influence of heavy metals on soils in the study area is slight and SOC, soil pH, soil texture dominate the behavior of heavy metals.
10
Amir, Hamid, and René Pineau. "Release of Ni and Co by microbial activity in New Caledonian ultramafic soils." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 49, no. 4 (March 1, 2003): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w03-039.
Анотація:
A high positive correlation was found between extractable Ni and Co contents and microbial activity of 40 ultramafic soil samples from New Caledonia, suggesting a possible role of microorganisms in the release of these two metals. A saprolite (ultramafic subsoil) and a hypermagnesian brown soil were incubated 9 months in different conditions. Ni and Co release, measured by their extractability, occurred without reduction of soil pH but did not occur when the native microflora was eliminated by heat treatment. However, when autoclaved soil was re-inoculated with a pinch of the same nonheated soil, the release of metals was recorded. The concentrations of extractable Ni and Co were much higher in soils amended with organic compounds in which microbial activity was enhanced, but only if the soil was not heat treated. The presence of Grevillea exul, a metal-tolerant plant, stimulated the metal release process, but the stimulation was less effective than it was in the compost-amended soil without plant. The influence of the plant in extractable Ni and Co contents in this amended soil was not significant. The release of the two metals therefore seemed to be induced by the activity of specialized organotrophic microorganisms.Key words: Co, Ni, metal release, microbial activity, ultramafic soils.
11
KING, GARY M., and HEIDI CROSBY. "Impacts of plant roots on soil CO cycling and soil-atmosphere CO exchange." Global Change Biology 8, no. 11 (September 30, 2002): 1085–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00545.x.
12
Papatheodorou, Effimia M., Spiros Papakostas, and George P. Stamou. "Fire and Rhizosphere Effects on Bacterial Co-Occurrence Patterns." Microorganisms 11, no. 3 (March 19, 2023): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030790.
Анотація:
Fires are common in Mediterranean soils and constitute an important driver of their evolution. Although fire effects on vegetation dynamics are widely studied, their influence on the assembly rules of soil prokaryotes in a small-scale environment has attracted limited attention. In the present study, we reanalyzed the data from Aponte et al. (2022) to test whether the direct and/or indirect effects of fire are reflected in the network of relationships among soil prokaryotes in a Chilean sclerophyllous ecosystem. We focused on bacterial (genus and species level) co-occurrence patterns in the rhizospheres and bulk soils in burned and unburned plots. Four soils were considered: bulk-burnt (BB), bulk-unburnt (BU), rhizosphere-burnt (RB), and rhizosphere-unburnt (RU). The largest differences in network parameters were recorded between RU and BB soils, while RB and BU networks exhibited similar values. The network in the BB soil was the most compact and centralized, while the RU network was the least connected, with no central nodes. The robustness of bacterial communities was enhanced in burnt soils, but this was more pronounced in BB soil. The mechanisms mainly responsible for bacterial community structure were stochastic in all soils, whether burnt or unburnt; however, communities in RB were much more stochastic than in RU.
13
McCabe, F., and J. F. Collins. "Soil type, soil slope and topsoil depth relationships on a Co. Cavan Drumlin." Irish Geography 10, no. 1 (December 26, 2016): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.55650/igj.1977.850.
Анотація:
The soils of a 100 ac (40 ha) drumlin in Co. Cavan were accurately mapped with respect to soil type, soil slope and topsoil depth. The results show that at least 5 contrasting soil Orders/Great Groups occur in close proximity to one another and that representatives of nearly all conventional units of soil slope and soil drainage classes were encountered. The relationships between soil type, soil slope and topsoil depth are discussed and the problem of showing intricate soil patterns on published maps is highlighted.
14
Akinyede, Rachael, Martin Taubert, Marion Schrumpf, Susan Trumbore, and Kirsten Küsel. "Temperature sensitivity of dark CO2 fixation in temperate forest soils." Biogeosciences 19, no. 17 (September 1, 2022): 4011–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4011-2022.
Анотація:
Abstract. Globally, soil temperature to 1 m depth is predicted to be up to 4 ∘C warmer by the end of this century, with pronounced effects expected in temperate forest regions. Increased soil temperatures will potentially increase the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) from temperate forest soils, resulting in important positive feedback on climate change. Dark CO2 fixation by microbes can recycle some of the released soil CO2, and CO2 fixation rates are reported to increase under higher temperatures. However, research on the influence of temperature on dark CO2 fixation rates, particularly in comparison to the temperature sensitivity of respiration in soils of temperate forest regions, is missing. To determine the temperature sensitivity (Q10) of dark CO2 fixation and respiration rates, we investigated soil profiles to 1 m depth from beech (deciduous) and spruce (coniferous) forest plots of the Hummelshain forest, Germany. We used 13C-CO2 labelling and incubations of soils at 4 and 14 ∘C to determine CO2 fixation and net soil respiration rates and derived the Q10 values for both processes with depth. The average Q10 for dark CO2 fixation rates normalized to soil dry weight was 2.07 for beech and spruce profiles, and this was lower than the measured average Q10 of net soil respiration rates with ∼2.98. Assuming these Q10 values, we extrapolated that net soil respiration might increase 1.16 times more than CO2 fixation under a projected 4 ∘C warming. In the beech soil, a proportionally larger fraction of the label CO2 was fixed into soil organic carbon than into microbial biomass compared to the spruce soil. This suggests a primarily higher rate of microbial residue formation (i.e. turnover as necromass or release of extracellular products). Despite a similar abundance of the total bacterial community in the beech and spruce soils, the beech soil also had a lower abundance of autotrophs, implying a higher proportion of heterotrophs when compared to the spruce soil; hence this might partly explain the higher rate of microbial residue formation in the beech soil. Furthermore, higher temperatures in general lead to higher microbial residues formed in both soils. Our findings suggest that in temperate forest soils, CO2 fixation might be less responsive to future warming than net soil respiration and could likely recycle less CO2 respired from temperate forest soils in the future than it does now.
15
Kama, Rakhwe, Qaiser Javed, Yuan Liu, Zhongyang Li, Babar Iqbal, Sekouna Diatta, and Jianfan Sun. "Effect of Soil Type on Native Pterocypsela laciniata Performance under Single Invasion and Co-Invasion." Life 12, no. 11 (November 15, 2022): 1898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12111898.
Анотація:
Native and invasive plant competition is usually controlled by the soil properties and the soil type underlying interspecific interactions. However, many uncertainties exist regarding the impact of soil type on native plant growth under single invasion and co-invasion despite the significant number of previous studies that focused on plant invasion. This study aims to elucidate the effects of soil type on the response of the native plant Pterocypsela laciniata under single invasion and co-invasion. Three different soils were used: natural soil, nutrient soil, and nutrient sterilized soil. The native P. laciniata was grown in monoculture and under single invasion and co-invasion with Solidago canadensis and Aster subulatus Michx. The results show that the native plant height and total biomass were 75% and 93.33% higher, respectively, in nutrient sterilized soil in monoculture than in natural and nutrient soil. In contrast, the native P. laciniata presents its best competitive ability in nutrient sterilized soil, being about 100% higher than in natural and nutrient soil under single invasion and co-invasion. However, no significant increase was observed in its growth parameters under co-invasion compared to single invasion. Conclusively, this study shows that nutrient soil sterilization positively affects native plant growth in monoculture and under single invasion, contrasting co-invasion in which more pronounced negative effects were observed on the native plant response.
16
Hardy, Kathleen R., and Gary M. King. "Enrichment of High-Affinity CO Oxidizers in Maine Forest Soil." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 3671–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.8.3671-3676.2001.
Анотація:
ABSTRACT Carboxydotrophic activity in forest soils was enriched by incubation in a flowthrough system with elevated concentrations of headspace CO (40 to 400 ppm). CO uptake increased substantially over time, while the apparent Km (app Km ) for uptake remained similar to that of unenriched soils (<10 to 20 ppm). Carboxydotrophic activity was transferred to and further enriched in sterile sand and forest soil. The app Km s for secondary and tertiary enrichments remained similar to values for unenriched soils. CO uptake by enriched soil and freshly collected forest soil was inhibited at headspace CO concentrations greater than about 1%. A novel isolate, COX1, obtained from the enrichments was inhibited similarly. However, in contrast to extant carboxydotrophs, COX1 consumed CO with an app Km of about 15 ppm, a value comparable to that of fresh soils. Phylogenetic analysis based on approximately 1,200 bp of its 16S rRNA gene sequence suggested that the isolate is an α-proteobacterium most closely related to the genera Pseudaminobacter, Aminobacter, andChelatobacter (98.1 to 98.3% sequence identity).
17
Wang, Tianwei, Zhaoxia Li, Xueping Chen, and Xi-En Long. "Effects of nickel and cobalt on methane production and methanogen abundance and diversity in paddy soil." PeerJ 7 (January 17, 2019): e6274. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6274.
Анотація:
BackgroundPaddies are an important anthropogenic source of methane emissions to the atmosphere, and they are impacted by heavy metal pollution. Nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) pollution might either enhance or mitigate CH4emission from paddy soils due to the total amounts of metals, bioavailability and functional microbial activity and composition.MethodsAn incubation experiment was conducted, and different Ni and Co concentrations were added to test the effects of trace metals on methane production in paddy soil. The archaea community structure and the abundance of methanogen functional groups in the paddy soil with added Ni and Co were detected using high-throughput sequencing and quantitative PCR based on the 16S rRNA and mcrA (methyl coenzyme M reductase) genes, respectively.ResultsThe highest methane production rate was 561 mg CH4kg−1dry soil d−1with the addition of 50 mg kg−1Ni and 684 mg CH4kg−1dry soil d−1with the addition of 25 mg kg−1Co. Accordingly, themcrA gene was most abundant in the 50 mg kg−1Ni addition (3.1 × 106 ± 0.5 × 106copies g−1dry soil). The lowestmcrA gene abundance was detected in the 500 mg kg−1Co addition (9.2× 105 ± 0.4 × 105copies g−1dry soil). The dominant methanogens were Methanobacterium, Methanosarcina, Methanocella, Methanomassiliicoccus, Bathyarchaeota, and Rice Cluster I (RC-I), and the relative abundances of these groups were higher than 1% in the Ni and Co treatments. Additionally, the archaeal compositions differed significantly in the soils with various Ni and Co additions. The most abundant Methanococcus spp. represented 51.3% of the composition in the 50 mg kg−1Ni addition, which was significantly higher than that of the control (12.9% to 17.5%).DiscussionOur results indicated that the contamination of soil by Ni and Co significantly affected total methanogens abundance and specific methanogen functional groups. Ni and Co additions to paddy soil promoted methanogenic activity at low concentrations, while they had inhibitory effects at high concentrations. Because paddy soils largely contribute to methane emissions and are increasingly exposed to heavy metal pollution, our results show that future assessments of greenhouse gas flux from paddy soils should take into account the effects of pollution by Ni and Co.
18
Thomas, Andrew D. "Impact of grazing intensity on seasonal variations in soil organic carbon and soil CO 2 efflux in two semiarid grasslands in southern Botswana." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1606 (November 19, 2012): 3076–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0102.
Анотація:
Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are an important source of organic carbon, and affect a range of ecosystem functions in arid and semiarid environments. Yet the impact of grazing disturbance on crust properties and soil CO 2 efflux remain poorly studied, particularly in African ecosystems. The effects of burial under wind-blown sand, disaggregation and removal of BSCs on seasonal variations in soil CO 2 efflux, soil organic carbon, chlorophyll a and scytonemin were investigated at two sites in the Kalahari of southern Botswana. Field experiments were employed to isolate CO 2 efflux originating from BSCs in order to estimate the C exchange within the crust. Organic carbon was not evenly distributed through the soil profile but concentrated in the BSC. Soil CO 2 efflux was higher in Kalahari Sand than in calcrete soils, but rates varied significantly with seasonal changes in moisture and temperature. BSCs at both sites were a small net sink of C to the soil. Soil CO 2 efflux was significantly higher in sand soils where the BSC was removed, and on calcrete where the BSC was buried under sand. The BSC removal and burial under sand also significantly reduced chlorophyll a , organic carbon and scytonemin . Disaggregation of the soil crust, however, led to increases in chlorophyll a and organic carbon. The data confirm the importance of BSCs for C cycling in drylands and indicate intensive grazing, which destroys BSCs through trampling and burial, will adversely affect C sequestration and storage. Managed grazing, where soil surfaces are only lightly disturbed, would help maintain a positive carbon balance in African drylands.
19
Wei, Yang, Risheng Li, Nan Lu, and Baoqiang Zhang. "Stabilization of Soil Co-Contaminated with Mercury and Arsenic by Different Types of Biochar." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 21, 2022): 13637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013637.
Анотація:
Mercury (Hg) and arsenic (As) are toxic and harmful heavy metals, with exceedance rates of 1.6% and 2.7%, respectively, in soils across China. Compared to soils contaminated with Hg or As alone, co-contaminated soils pose complex environmental risks and are difficult to remediate. Biochar is widely used as a soil amendment to adsorb and immobilize pollutants such as heavy metals. However, only a few studies have explored the efficiency of biochars produced from different crop straws to reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals in co-contaminated soils, and the effects on soil biological properties are often overlooked. The aim of this study was to investigate changes to the physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, and heavy metal bioavailability of an industrial soil co-contaminated with Hg and As upon the addition of different biochars from reed, cassava, and rice straws (REB, CAB, and RIB, respectively). The soil was amended with 1% biochar and planted with spinach in pots for 30 days. RIB was more effective than REB and CAB in increasing the soil pH, organic matter content, and cation exchange capacity. RIB and CAB exhibited similar positive effects on the soil dehydrogenase, catalase, invertase, and urease activities, which were higher than those of REB. The exchangeable fraction of both metals decreased upon biochar addition, and the residual fraction showed the opposite trend. All biochar amendments reduced the bioconcentration factors of heavy metals (especially Hg) in plants and decreased the metal bioavailability in soil. RIB is the optimal amendment for the stabilization of soil co-contaminated with Hg and As.
20
Taylor, Lyla L., David J. Beerling, Shaun Quegan, and Steven A. Banwart. "Simulating carbon capture by enhanced weathering with croplands: an overview of key processes highlighting areas of future model development." Biology Letters 13, no. 4 (April 2017): 20160868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0868.
Анотація:
Enhanced weathering (EW) aims to amplify a natural sink for CO 2 by incorporating powdered silicate rock with high reactive surface area into agricultural soils. The goal is to achieve rapid dissolution of minerals and release of alkalinity with accompanying dissolution of CO 2 into soils and drainage waters. EW could counteract phosphorus limitation and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in tropical soils, and soil acidification, a common agricultural problem studied with numerical process models over several decades. Here, we review the processes leading to soil acidification in croplands and how the soil weathering CO 2 sink is represented in models. Mathematical models capturing the dominant processes and human interventions governing cropland soil chemistry and GHG emissions neglect weathering, while most weathering models neglect agricultural processes. We discuss current approaches to modelling EW and highlight several classes of model having the potential to simulate EW in croplands. Finally, we argue for further integration of process knowledge in mathematical models to capture feedbacks affecting both longer-term CO 2 consumption and crop growth and yields.
21
Li, Yan, Yan Kong, Dexiong Teng, Xueni Zhang, Xuemin He, Yang Zhang, and Guanghui Lv. "Rhizobacterial communities of five co-occurring desert halophytes." PeerJ 6 (August 30, 2018): e5508. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5508.
Анотація:
BackgroundRecently, researches have begun to investigate the microbial communities associated with halophytes. Both rhizobacterial community composition and the environmental drivers of community assembly have been addressed. However, few studies have explored the structure of rhizobacterial communities associated with halophytic plants that are co-occurring in arid, salinized areas.MethodsFive halophytes were selected for study: these co-occurred in saline soils in the Ebinur Lake Nature Reserve, located at the western margin of the Gurbantunggut Desert of Northwestern China. Halophyte-associated bacterial communities were sampled, and the bacterial 16S rDNA V3–V4 region amplified and sequenced using the Illumina Miseq platform. The bacterial community diversity and structure were compared between the rhizosphere and bulk soils, as well as among the rhizosphere samples. The effects of plant species identity and soil properties on the bacterial communities were also analyzed.ResultsSignificant differences were observed between the rhizosphere and bulk soil bacterial communities. Diversity was higher in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soils. Abundant taxonomic groups (from phylum to genus) in the rhizosphere were much more diverse than in bulk soils. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Planctomycetes were the most abundant phyla in the rhizosphere, while Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were common in bulk soils. Overall, the bacterial community composition were not significantly differentiated between the bulk soils of the five plants, but community diversity and structure differed significantly in the rhizosphere. The diversity ofHalostachys caspica,Halocnemum strobilaceumandKalidium foliatumassociated bacterial communities was lower than that ofLimonium gmeliniiandLycium ruthenicumcommunities. Furthermore, the composition of the bacterial communities ofHalostachys caspicaandHalocnemum strobilaceumwas very different from those ofLimonium gmeliniiandLycium ruthenicum. The diversity and community structure were influenced by soil EC, pH and nutrient content (TOC, SOM, TON and AP); of these, the effects of EC on bacterial community composition were less important than those of soil nutrients.DiscussionHalophytic plant species played an important role in shaping associated rhizosphere bacterial communities. When salinity levels were constant, soil nutrients emerged as key factors structuring bacterial communities, while EC played only a minor role. Pairwise differences among the rhizobacterial communities associated with different plant species were not significant, despite some evidence of differentiation. Further studies involving more halophyte species, and individuals per species, are necessary to elucidate plant species identity effects on the rhizosphere for co-occurring halophytes.
22
Azadi, Nahid, and Fayez Raiesi. "Biochar alleviates metal toxicity and improves microbial community functions in a soil co-contaminated with cadmium and lead." Biochar 3, no. 4 (October 6, 2021): 485–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42773-021-00123-0.
Анотація:
AbstractSoil amendment with biochar alleviates the toxic effects of heavy metals on microbial functions in single-metal contaminated soils. Yet, it is unclear how biochar application would improve microbial activity and enzymatic activity in soils co-polluted with toxic metals. The present research aimed at determining the response of microbial and biochemical attributes to addition of sugarcane bagasse biochar (SCB) in cadmium (Cd)-lead (Pb) co-contaminated soils. SCBs (400 and 600 °C) decreased the available concentrations of Cd and Pb, increased organic carbon (OC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contents in soil. The decrease of metal availability was greater with 600 °C SCB than with 400 °C SCB, and metal immobilization was greater for Cd (16%) than for Pb (12%) in co-spiked soils amended with low-temperature SCB. Biochar application improved microbial activity and biomass, and enzymatic activity in the soils co-spiked with metals, but these positive impacts of SCB were less pronounced in the co-spiked soils than in the single-spiked soils. SCB decreased the adverse impacts of heavy metals on soil properties largely through the enhanced labile C for microbial assimilation and partly through the immobilization of metals. Redundancy analysis further confirmed that soil OC was overwhelmingly the dominant driver of changes in the properties and quality of contaminated soils amended with SCB. The promotion of soil microbial quality by the low-temperature SCB was greater than by high-temperature SCB, due to its higher labile C fraction. Our findings showed that SCB at lower temperatures could be applied to metal co-polluted soils to mitigate the combined effects of metal stresses on microbial and biochemical functions.
23
Prager, Katrin, and Annie McKee. "Co-production of knowledge in soils governance." International Journal of Rural Law and Policy, no. 1 (June 29, 2015): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ijrlp.i1.2015.4352.
Анотація:
The co-production of knowledge between different actor groups has the potential to generate ‘more socially robust knowledge’ and better decisions, therefore improving governance processes. This paper explores knowledge co-production between different types of actors involved in soils governance in Scotland: policy makers, agency staff, scientists, local authorities, land managers and other stakeholders. In a setting characterised by network governance, we investigate knowledge co-production in three arenas that aimed to implement the Scottish Soil Framework and progress several activities such as a Soil Monitoring Action Plan and the Scotland’s Soils website. Adopting an action research, case study approach, we collected data through document analysis, observation, personal communication with policy actors involved, and semi-structured interviews with soil data users (local authorities, farmers, estate managers). The findings show different levels of interaction in the different arenas, ranging from major interaction and two-way communication to no interaction. The interaction levels indicate the extent to which knowledge exchange has taken place. Analysis highlights the divergence in problem framing between the actor groups, their diverse soil data needs and, therefore, a variation in perceptions of solutions. The combination of co-production in the different arenas enhanced policy actors’ knowledge and allowed them to reconsider policy implementation efforts. However, the delineation of knowledge types remains challenging since the same actor can hold different types of knowledge. We conclude that the concept of knowledge co-production is useful as a frame for developing polycentric, interactive and multi-party processes in soils governance, as well as to identify where interaction requires facilitation and/or improvement, but the concept does not provide a consistent theory.
24
Akintola, O. O., I. O. Abiola, E. K. Abodunrin, O. S. Olokeogun, A. A. Ekaun, A. T. Ademigbuji, and K. O. Babatunde. "Potential of Ricinus communis L. For Removal of Heavy Metal in Contaminated Soil." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 25, no. 3 (April 27, 2021): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i3.10.
Анотація:
Heavy metal contamination has become a serious ecological problem due to its toxic effects on soils, plants and human. Experimental study was conducted on dumpsite soil to assess the potential of Ricinus communis to accumulate heavy metals from the soil using bioconcentration (BCF) and tanslocation factors (TF). Heavy metals concentration (mg/kg) in dumpsite and control soil before planting were Mn (50.68- 220.08); Zn(29.01- 135.56); Cu (8.92- 86.88), Pb (5.88-48.86), Ni (3.01-7.99) and Co (1.78-6.88) while the concentration in soils after planting were Mn(29.89- 135.21); Zn (15.11-88.21); Cu (3.89-50.22), pb (3.68-31.56), Ni (1.22-3.56) and Co (0.67-2.68) in Mg/kg. Ricinus communis showed BCF greater than 1 for Ni and Co and less than 1 for Mn, Cu, Zn and Pb while TF is greater than 1 for all the determined heavy metals. The dumpsite soils have higher heavy metal concentration than the control soil. The levels of heavy metals concentration in soils and plants are in the order of Mn> Zn> Cu> Pb> Ni. Significant reduction (P<0.05) was observed in the heavy metal concentrations in the soils before and after planting indicating their accumulation in the plants. Results of this study indicate the accumulation of heavy metals in Ricinus communis plants and its potential for effective removal of Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Co and Mn from the dumpsite soils.
Keywords: Heavy metal accumulation, Ricinus communis, Dumpsite soil, Translocation factor, Remediation
25
Johan, Prisca Divra, Osumanu Haruna Ahmed, Latifah Omar, and Nur Aainaa Hasbullah. "Phosphorus Transformation in Soils Following Co-Application of Charcoal and Wood Ash." Agronomy 11, no. 10 (October 4, 2021): 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11102010.
Анотація:
Phosphorus (P) is a vital soil macronutrient required by plants for optimum growth and development. However, its availability is limited because of fixation. The phosphorus fixation reaction is pH dependent. In acid soils, the predominance of aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe) oxides in both crystalline and amorphous forms reduces the solubility of soil inorganic P through fixation on positively charged surfaces and formation of insoluble Al and Fe precipitates. In alkaline soils, P readily reacts with calcium (Ca) to form sparingly soluble calcium phosphates. As a result, a large proportion of applied P may become chemically bound, whereas only a small fraction of soil P remains in the soil solution and available for plant uptake. To date, there is little information available on the use of charcoal with a highly negative charge and wood ash with high alkalinity to minimise P fixation in acid soils. Thus, this study examined the potential of the combined use of charcoal and wood ash to unlock P fixation in acid soils. Numerous studies have been conducted to identify effective approaches to improve P availability through the use of different types of soil amendments, regardless of whether P is organically or inorganically present. For example, to mitigate P fixation in acid soils, amendments such as compost and zeolite are used to reduce P sorption sites. These amendments have also been used to increase P uptake and crop productivity in P deficient acid soils by reducing soil acidity and the toxicity of Al and Fe. It is believed that long-term application of charcoal and sago bark ash can positively change the physical and chemical properties of soils. These improvements do not only reduce P fixation in acid soils, but they also promote an effective utilisation of nutrients through timely release of nutrients for maximum crop production.
26
Schon, N. L., A. D. Mackay, and M. A. Minor. "Effects of dairy cow treading pressures and food resources on invertebrates in two contrasting and co-occurring soils." Soil Research 49, no. 8 (2011): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr11119.
Анотація:
It is often difficult to compare the effects of land use on soil invertebrates across different soil types, as management practices are often adjusted to compensate for soil differences. A mosaic of two contrasting and co-occurring soils offered a unique opportunity to examine the influence of common management practices on soil invertebrates (macrofauna, mesofauna, and nematodes). Treatments established on a well-structured Andosol soil and co-occurring poorly structured Gleysol included a legume-based pasture grazed at 2.3 cows/ha and nitrogen (N) fertilised pastures grazed at 3 and 3.8 cows/ha, with the 3.8 cows/ha treatment also receiving maize supplementation. Low abundance (<13 000 individuals/m2) and diversity (four species) of Oribatida was a feature of both soils, reflecting the low porosity of the two contrasting, co-occurring pastoral soils, despite the Gleysol soil being more susceptible to treading than the Andosol. The lack of difference might reflect the ongoing disturbance from livestock treading on both soils. Nematode trophic groups behaved most predictably across both soils, with plant-feeding and bacterial-feeding nematodes increasing with the use of N fertiliser. Despite potentially more organic material available for incorporation into the soil profile with increasing inputs of N fertiliser and use of feed supplement, lower abundances of anecic earthworms, Collembola, and Oribatida are reported. Both direct and indirect effects of livestock treading on the decomposer community in intensive systems might be factors limiting the incorporation of organic matter from the soil surface into the profile to sustain soil carbon.
27
Liu, Licheng, Qianlai Zhuang, Qing Zhu, Shaoqing Liu, Hella van Asperen, and Mari Pihlatie. "Global soil consumption of atmospheric carbon monoxide: an analysis using a process-based biogeochemistry model." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 11 (June 6, 2018): 7913–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7913-2018.
Анотація:
Abstract. Carbon monoxide (CO) plays an important role in controlling the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere by reacting with OH radicals that affect atmospheric methane (CH4) dynamics. We develop a process-based biogeochemistry model to quantify the CO exchange between soils and the atmosphere with a 5 min internal time step at the global scale. The model is parameterized using the CO flux data from the field and laboratory experiments for 11 representative ecosystem types. The model is then extrapolated to global terrestrial ecosystems using monthly climate forcing data. Global soil gross consumption, gross production, and net flux of the atmospheric CO are estimated to be from −197 to −180, 34 to 36, and −163 to −145 Tg CO yr−1 (1 Tg = 1012 g), respectively, when the model is driven with satellite-based atmospheric CO concentration data during 2000–2013. Tropical evergreen forest, savanna and deciduous forest areas are the largest sinks at 123 Tg CO yr−1. The soil CO gross consumption is sensitive to air temperature and atmospheric CO concentration, while the gross production is sensitive to soil organic carbon (SOC) stock and air temperature. By assuming that the spatially distributed atmospheric CO concentrations (∼ 128 ppbv) are not changing over time, the global mean CO net deposition velocity is estimated to be 0.16–0.19 mm s−1 during the 20th century. Under the future climate scenarios, the CO deposition velocity will increase at a rate of 0.0002–0.0013 mm s−1 yr−1 during 2014–2100, reaching 0.20–0.30 mm s−1 by the end of the 21st century, primarily due to the increasing temperature. Areas near the Equator, the eastern US, Europe and eastern Asia will be the largest sinks due to optimum soil moisture and high temperature. The annual global soil net flux of atmospheric CO is primarily controlled by air temperature, soil temperature, SOC and atmospheric CO concentrations, while its monthly variation is mainly determined by air temperature, precipitation, soil temperature and soil moisture.
28
Mróz, Lucyna. "Between-population variation in plant performance traits and elemental composition of Colchicum autumnale L. and its relation to edaphic environments." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 77, no. 3 (2011): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2008.029.
Анотація:
Variation in vegetative and reproductive performance and leaf mineral composition among 25 populations of <em>Colchicum autumnale</em> (meadow saffron) from soils derived from six parent materials (limestone, marl, sandstone, greenstone, melaphyre and serpentine) in southwestern Poland has been investigated. The plant size (PS), total le-af area (TLA), leaf shape (LS), number of fruits per plant (NFP), number of seeds per plant (NFP), total weight seed per plant (TWSP) were estimated, and concentrations of seventeen elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Cr, Mo) were analyzed in leaf and soil samples. In soil samples, also soil pH, organic matter content and sand, silt and clay content were determined. All soils (except melaphyre soil) contained elevated levels of Cr. Concentrations of soil Ni and Zn, Pb, Cd in serpentinite soil and polluted marl soils (respectively) were significantly higher than those of other examined soils. Meadow saffron leaves from all sites (except marl sites) contained elevated levels of Cr, Co and Ni. Statistical analysis, carried out with principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that a good correlation exists between the element content in leaves and plant performance traits and soil environment. The leaf Ca content and NFP were correlated and were much higher in populations from metal (except Cr) and nutrient-poor marl soils than in those from metal (except Ni in serpentine soil)and nutrient moderate rich soils derived from melaphyre, greenstones, serpentinite, limestones and sandstones and in those from metal-rich and nutrient-poor polluted marl soils. Meadow saffron plants tended to take up higher amounts of N, P, K, Mn, Cu and Na and lower amounts of S and had much higher TLA in populations from sandstone soils than those in populations from serpentinite, melaphyre, greenstone, marl and limestone soils. The leaf Co, Ni, Cr, Mg concentrations were correlated and were much higher in populations from serpentinite, melaphyre, greenstone, polluted marl and limestone soils than those from marl and sandstone soils. The pattern of variation in NFP and TLA across the different soil types was the opposite of that for leaf N, Cu, Na, Ni, Mg and S concentrations. Redundancy analysis (RDA) enables identification of the soil variables that best explain the variance pattern of plant response. The variation explained by the soil variables (15 soil elements and soil pH) was high (79%). The forward selection of soil variables identified soil Co, Mo, Ni, Ca and Zn concentrations as significantly influencing the ordination plant traits. The variation explained by these selected variables was 55%. Thus the five soil variables appeared to be the main factors determining the pattern variation of vegetative, reproductive and nutrient traits of <em>Colchicum autumnale</em>.
29
Sun, Xiang Yang, Xiao Bing Liu, and Cheng Da Gao. "CO2 Concentration at the Soil Surface and CO2 Flux between Soil and Atmosphere in Temperate-Arid Regions in Northern Hemisphere." Advanced Materials Research 1010-1012 (August 2014): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1010-1012.409.
Анотація:
Carbon dioxide plays important role in various spheres of the Earth system (lithosphere, soil, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere) for material of storage, transformation, transfer and interaction. In the research, two approached to measure CO2flux at soil surface and in profiles was carried out in situ in arid area. The background CO2concentration was 323.49 ± 21.36 × 10-6(volume fraction) in the surface of the atmosphere, and there are seasonal and diurnal change in the carbon dioxide concentration. For CO2flux between soil and atmosphere, the average CO2flux was 230.05 μmol·m-2·h-1 from the four kind soils, and CO2flux exhibited seasonal and diurnal variations too. For CO2flux from soil (the chestnut soil, sierozem soil, fragmental soil, and gray-cinnamon soil) that was exposed to air, CO2flux increased when soil from 0–60 cm depth was exposed but decreased when soil at 61–70 cm depth was exposed. The results show that 1) vegetation characteristics and temperature greatly affect CO2concentrationat the soil surface; 2) CO2may be released from the soil into the atmosphere at 254.6 t·km-2·yr-1if the soil at 0–70 cm depth is exposed to the air because of a change in land use or land cover; 3) the soil may absorbed CO2when plants were not growing in northern hemisphere; 4) The differences in the distribution of heat energy on the Earth's surface indicate a mechanism by which soil can regulate the concentration of CO2in the atmosphere of temperate-arid regions in northern hemisphere.
30
Yalçın, Mehmet, and Kerim Mesut Çimrin. "Determination of Molybdenum Contents and Relation of Some Heavy Metals in the Soil of Meadow-Pasture Terraces Between Kırıkhan-Reyhanlı." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, no. 1 (January 12, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i1.13-21.1997.
Анотація:
This study was aimed to determine the molybdenum content of meadow - pasture soil between Kırıkhan and Reyhanlı in Hatay province and to determine the relations of the molybdenum content with some heavy metals in the soil. For this purpose, two different depths (0-20 and 20-40 cm) representing grassland pasture lands and 80 soil samples from 40 different points were taken. Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), and Molybdenum (Mo) contents were determined in the soil samples. The contents of the available Cd, Co, Pb, Cu, Fe, Ni and Mo of the soil were determined by reading the 0.005 M DTPA + 0.01 M CaCl2 + 0.1 M TEA extracts in the ICP instrument. The results of the research shows that the Cd contents of the soils are between 0.01-0.32 ppm; Co contents are from 0.01 to 4.97 ppm; Ni contents 0.00 to 20.00 ppm; Pb contents 3.00-67.00 ppm; Cu contents 0.26-7.48 ppm; The Fe contents are between 4.00 and 61.00 and the Mo contents are between 0.001 and 0.064 ppm. It was determined that there are significant positive relationships between Co, Ni, Pb, Cu and Fe contents of Mo in the soil. It was also determined that there are significant positive significant relationships between Cd and Co; Co with Ni, Pb, Fe and Pb and Cu, Fe and Cu and Fe. No heavy metal pollution was found when the heavy metal contents of the regional soils were compared with the limit values.
31
Masto, R. E., S. Sheik, G. Nehru, V. A. Selvi, J. George, and L. C. Ram. "Environmental soil quality index and indicators for a coal mining soil." Solid Earth Discussions 7, no. 1 (February 10, 2015): 617–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-7-617-2015.
Анотація:
Abstract. Assessment of soil quality is one of the key parameters for evaluation of environmental contamination in the mining ecosystem. To investigate the effect of coal mining on soil quality, opencast and underground mining sites were selected in the Raniganj Coafield area, India. The physical, chemical, biological parameters, heavy metals, and PAHs contents of the soils were evaluated. Soil dehydrogenase (+79%) and fluorescein (+32%) activities were significantly higher in underground mine (UGM) soil, whereas peroxidase activity (+57%) was higher in opencast mine (OCM) soil. Content of As, Be, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Pb was significantly higher in OCM soil, whereas, Cd was higher in UGM. In general, the PAHs contents were higher in UGM soils probably due to the natural coal burning in these sites. The observed values for the above properties were converted into a unit less score (0–1.00) and the scores were integrated into environmental soil quality index (ESQI). In the unscreened index (ESQI-1) all the soil parameters were included and the results showed that the quality of the soil was better for UGM (0.539) than the OCM (0.511) soils. Principal component analysis was employed to derive ESQI-2 and accordingly, total PAHs, loss on ignition, bulk density, Be, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, and microbial quotient (respiration: microbial biomass ratio) were found to be the most critical properties. The ESQI-2 was also higher for soils near UGM (+10.1%). The proposed ESQI may be employed to monitor soil quality changes due to anthropogenic interventions.
32
Huang, Zhan Bin, Xiao Qing Zhang, Li Cheng Peng, Chen Shen, and Zhen Huang. "Evaluation of the Effects of Environmental Materials on Pb and Cd Immobilization." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.229.
Анотація:
Environment materials (humic acid (HA), super absorbent polymers (SAP), fly ash (FM) and zeolite (FS)) were used as amendments to immobilize heavy metal Pb and Cd in artificial contaminated soils. The results showed that soil pH and EC changed after the application of single or combined and co-application amendments. The leaching Pb in the single-Pb contaminated soils amended with HA, FM, C1 (HA, SAP, FM, FS) and C2 (HA, SAP, FM) were 93%, 87%, 59% and 77% of the control without amendments, respectively. The leaching Cd in the single-Cd contaminated soils amended with SAP and C3 (HA, SAP, FS) were 64%, and 83% of the control, respectively, in four-steps leaching. The leaching Pb in the Pb-Cd co-contaminated soil amended with HA, C2 and C3 were 41%, 95% and 77% of the control, respectively. The leaching Cd in the Pb-Cd co-contaminated soil amended with HA, SAP and C3 were 85%, 72% and 55% of the control, respectively. The results indicated that C1 and SAP was the best amendments for single Pb and Cd contaminated soil, respectively. While the combined amendment, HA and C3 could prevent Pb and Cd to be leached from co-contaminated soils, respectively.
33
Verma, R. K., D. V. Yadav, C. P. Singh, A. Suman, and A. Gaur. "Effect of heavy metals on soil respiration during decomposition of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) trash in different soils." Plant, Soil and Environment 56, No. 2 (February 26, 2010): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1773-pse.
Анотація:
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of heavy metals (Cd, Cr and Pb), soil texture (sandy, loam and clay) and incubation periods (7, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days) on soil respiration (CO<sub>2</sub> evolution) during sugarcane trash decomposition in laboratory conditions of the Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, India. Surface soils (0–15 cm) were collected from agricultural fields and crop residue of sugarcane trash (<i>Saccharum officinarum</i> L.) was taken in the institute farm. Crop residue (10 t/ha) and heavy metals (10, 50, 100, 1000 μg/g) were mixed and incubated at 30°C ± 2°C in an incubator. The rate of soil respiration (CO<sub>2</sub> evolution) decreased with increasing heavy metals concentration. During the 120 days, the toxicity decreased but still remained significant. Maximum soil respiration was recorded at 7 days of incubation period; further, it decreased with increasing incubation period. The highest drop of soil respiration rate was caused by addition of 1000 μg/g Cd, Cr and Pb levels. Clay soils evolved maximum CO<sub>2</sub> followed by loam and sandy soil.
34
Barbora, Šlapáková, Jeřábková Julie, Voříšek Karel, Tejnecký Václav, and Drábek Ondřej. "The biochar effect on soil respiration and nitrification." Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 3 (March 21, 2018): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/13/2018-pse.
Анотація:
Soil microorganisms play a main role in the nutrient cycle and they also play an important role in soil health. This article studies the influence of three rates of biochar (0.5, 1 and 3%) in comparison with control (0 biochar) in two different soils (Valečov and Čistá) on soil microbiota activities. The biochar was prepared from 80% of digestate from Zea mays L. and 20% of cellulose fibres by pyrolysis (470°C, 17 min). The biochar ability to influence microbial processes in soil was determined by respiration and nitrification tests. There were no significant differences between basal respiration of control samples and biochar-amended samples. Basal respiration in the Valečov soil reached average amounts from 1.32 to 1.52 mg CO<sub>2</sub>/h/100 g. In the Čistá soil, basal respiration reached average amounts from 1.40 to 1.49 mg CO<sub>2</sub>/h/100 g. No significant differences were proved also in nitrification tests of both soils. Nitrifying potential was the highest in 3% rate of biochar amendment. There were no negative changes in the measured soil parameters. CO<sub>2</sub> efflux was not higher in biochar-amended soil.
35
Long, Andrew, Joshua Heitman, Craig Tobias, Rebecca Philips, and Bongkeun Song. "Co-Occurring Anammox, Denitrification, and Codenitrification in Agricultural Soils." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 1 (October 19, 2012): 168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02520-12.
Анотація:
ABSTRACTAnammox and denitrification mediated by bacteria are known to be the major microbial processes converting fixed N to N2gas in various ecosystems. Codenitrification and denitrification by fungi are additional pathways producing N2in soils. However, fungal codenitrification and denitrification have not been well investigated in agricultural soils. To evaluate bacterial and fungal processes contributing to N2production, molecular and15N isotope analyses were conducted with soil samples collected at six different agricultural fields in the United States. Denitrifying and anammox bacterial abundances were measured based on quantitative PCR (qPCR) of nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) and hydrazine oxidase (hzo) genes, respectively, while the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ofFusarium oxysporumwas quantified to estimate the abundance of codenitrifying and denitrifying fungi.15N tracer incubation experiments with15NO3−or15NH4+addition were conducted to measure the N2production rates from anammox, denitrification, and codenitrification. Soil incubation experiments with antibiotic treatments were also used to differentiate between fungal and bacterial N2production rates in soil samples. Denitrifying bacteria were found to be the most abundant, followed byF. oxysporumbased on the qPCR assays. The potential denitrification rates by bacteria and fungi ranged from 4.118 to 42.121 nmol N2-N g−1day−1, while the combined potential rates of anammox and codenitrification ranged from 2.796 to 147.711 nmol N2-N g−1day−1. Soil incubation experiments with antibiotics indicated that fungal codenitrification was the primary process contributing to N2production in the North Carolina soil. This study clearly demonstrates the importance of fungal processes in the agricultural N cycle.
36
A.Y., Iorliam, Opukumo A.W., and Anum B. "Carbon Capture Potential in Waste Modified Soils: A Review." International Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 5, no. 1 (August 23, 2022): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ijmce-x4j0etuu.
Анотація:
Carbonation of lime modified soil could capture carbon dioxide (CO_2) alongside strength improvement for road pavement materials. Due to large amounts of 〖CO〗_2 emissions and increasing cost of primary soil stabilizers such as lime and cement, the use of lime-based wastes have been encouraged. This paper reviews waste materials based on separate potential for 〖CO〗_2 capture and strength improvement of soils. Such wastes include cement kiln dust (CKD), saw dust ash (SDA), steel slag, basic oxygen steel (BOS) slag, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), coal fly ash (CFA) and cattle bone powder (CBP). Based on separated considerations of 〖CO〗_2 capture and strength improvement, CKD, SDA, BOS and GGBS have shown to have both high 〖CO〗_2 capture and strength improvement potential for weak soil. Future laboratory studies on lime-based waste (such as CKD and SDA) treated soil for combined 〖CO〗_2 capture and strength improvement need to be conducted.
37
Souza, Fernando Gomes de, Valdinar Ferreira Melo, Wellington Farias Araújo, and Thiago Henrique de Castro Araújo. "Losses of soil, water, organic carbon and nutrients caused by water erosion in different crops and natural savannah in the northern Amazon." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 14, no. 1 (December 18, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2126.
Анотація:
Currently in Brazil, the main form of erosion is caused by the impact of raindrops on the soil surface, triggering the process of water erosion and causing serious damage to agricultural areas. This study evaluated losses of soil, water, organic carbon and nutrients in different cultures, bare soil and savanna under natural rain. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments (bare soil - BS, cowpea bean - CB, Brachiaria brizantha - BB, corn - CO and natural savanna – SN) with three replications; The treatment of bare soil (BS), followed by the treatment cultivated with cowpea bean (CB) showed higher losses of soil, water, organic carbon and nutrients; The highest losses of soil, water, organic carbon and nutrients in the treatment of bare soil (BS) occurred during the period of greatest erosivity; but for treatments CB, BB and CO, the highest losses occurred during the establishment of the crop, in view of the lower soil cover. Soils cultivated with Brachiaria brizantha - BB, corn - CO and in the Natural Savana - SN area were more efficient in reducing soil and water losses during all months evaluated. Plant cover produced by the (SN) treatment and by the (BB) and (CO) treatments acted to reduce the harmful effects of erosion, minimizing losses of nutrients and organic carbon. The soil should be well protected during periods when rainfall presents the highest values of erosivity index.
38
Zheng, Shiwei, Ting Bian, Shuang Wang, Xiaolan Zhang, Xiao Li, Yongyong Zhang, Hongdan Fu, and Zhouping Sun. "Decoupling of P from C, N, and K Elements in Cucumber Leaves Caused by Nutrient Imbalance under a Greenhouse Continuous Cropping System." Horticulturae 7, no. 12 (November 29, 2021): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7120528.
Анотація:
There is insufficient information regarding the stoichiometric variation and coupling status of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the leaves of nutrient-enriched greenhouse agroecosystems with increasing planting time. Therefore, we assessed the variation in elemental stoichiometry ratios in soil and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) leaves, and the coupling status of elemental utilization in the leaves under continuous cropping systems using natural (only soil; i.e., control soil, CO) and artificial (soil + straw + chicken + urea; i.e., straw mixture soil, ST) soil via monitoring studies for 11 years in a solar greenhouse. Soil organic C, total N, and total P concentrations increased by 63.4%, 72.7%, and 144.3% in the CO, respectively, after 11 years of cultivation (compared to the first year), and by 18.1%, 24.3%, and 117.7% in the ST under continuous cropping conditions, respectively. Total K concentrations remained unchanged in both soils. Moreover, the availability of these soil elements increased to different degrees in both soils after 11 years of planting. Additionally, the leaf P concentration increased by 9.8% in the CO, while leaf N and K concentrations did not change, suggesting decoupling of P utilization from that of N and K in leaves under a continuous cropping system. These findings suggest that imbalanced soil nutrients under continuous cropping conditions results in decoupling of P from N and K in the utilization of leaf nutrients.
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Lončarić, Zdenko, Vladimir Ivezić, Krunoslav Karalić, Brigita Popović, Meri Engler, Darko Kerovec, and Zoran Semialjac. "TOTAL AND PLANT AVAILABLE TOXIC TRACE ELEMENTS (Cd, Cr, Co AND Pb) AT FARMS OF EASTERN CROATIA." Radovi Šumarskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu 21, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.54652/rsf.2016.v1.i1.304.
Анотація:
UDK 631.453(497.5)
It is well known that soil properties, metal speciation and plant species, especially soil- plant interactions, determine the availability of metals in soils. Therefore, various one- step extraction methods such as EDTA and DTPA have been used to represent the available fraction. In present study we observed the total (aqua regia) and available fraction (EDTA and DTPA) of toxic trace elements (Co, Cd, Cr and Pb) from soil on two farms (Berak and Vinogradci) in eastern Croatia that have different soil properties. The study included 106 soil samples from soil depth 0-30 cm that were collected during 2013- 2014. Samples were analyzed for standard soil properties (pH, organic matter, AL-P, AL- K) as well as for total and available fractions of toxic trace elements. Analyses of main soil properties show vide variety of soils. Soil pH (in H2O) was in range 4.4-8.6 (avg: 6.5), thus sampling sites included range from very acid to alkaline soils. Farm in Berak (average pH was 7.2) had more alkaline soils while farm in Vinogradci was acidic (average pH was 5.9). Organic matter varied from 1.1-2.8% (avg: 1.9), average phosphorous was 17.4 mg/100g and potassium 20.9 mg/100g. Total concentration of trace elements extracted by aqua regia show satisfactory results as not one sample had elevated levels of toxic trace elements (Co, Cd, Cr and Pb). In that regard all sites satisfy Croatian regulation on pollutants in agricultural fields. However, EDTA and DTPA extractions show higher availability of Cr, Co and Pb for both extractions (EDTA and DTPA) at farm in Vinogradci where soils are more acidic compared to farm Berak. Only available Cd was shown to be higher in Berak than in Vinogradci.
40
Horváth, Adrienn, Péter Csáki, Renáta Szita, Péter Kalicz, Zoltán Gribovszki, András Bidló, Bernadett Bolodár-Varga, Pál Balázs, and Dániel Winkler. "A Complex Soil Ecological Approach in a Sustainable Urban Environment: Soil Properties and Soil Biological Quality." Minerals 11, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11070704.
Анотація:
The main purpose of the present study was to monitor actual contamination levels and execute a comparative assessment of results in a mid-sized Hungarian city for two different years. The first citywide soil investigations were completed in 2011. In 2018, the most prominent properties (pH, CaCO3, texture, and trace metals Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were reanalyzed and were supplemented with mesofauna on selected sites. The available trace metal elements of urban soils showed the following tendency in 2011: Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd > Cr = Ni = Co. In 2018, the previous order changed to Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Cd = Ni = Co. Cd and Pb enrichments were found, especially near the M7 motorway. The comparison between 2011 and 2018 revealed soil contamination was, on average, higher in 2011. Soil microarthropod communities were sampled and assessed using abundance data and diversity measurements. Soil biological quality was evaluated with the help of the Soil Biological Quality (QBS-ar) index. Acari and Collembola appeared to be the most abundant, ubiquitous taxa in the samples. Simultaneously, important groups like Symphyla, Protura, and Chilopoda were completely absent from the most polluted sites. For the most part, lower taxa richness, diversity, and QBS-ar index were observed with higher available Cu Zn, and Pb concentrations.
41
Chojnicki, Józef, Wojciech Kwasowski, Michał Piotrowski, Lidia Oktaba, and Marek Kondras. "Trace elements in arable Cambisols and Luvisols developed from boulder loam and fluvioglacial sands of the Skierniewicka Upland (central Poland)." Soil Science Annual 66, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ssa-2015-0037.
Анотація:
AbstractThe paper was focused on determining the content soluble in 20% HCl of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Co, Pb, and Ni in arable Cambisols and Luvisols, developed from boulder loams and fluvioglacial sands of the Middle-Polish (Riss) glacial period, Wartanian Stadial in the Skierniewicka Upland, and recognizing the relationships between these elements and selected soil properties. The mean content of Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Co, Pb, Ni, and Fe in the soils developed from boulder loam was: 288, 24, 5, 3, 12.4, 4, 9, and 6.8 mg·kg−1of soil, and 1.24%, respectively. The contents of the above mentioned elements in soils developed from fluvioglacial sands were lower and reached: 235, 16, 2.9, 6.5, 2.5, 7, 3.4 mg·kg−1of soil, and 0.71%, respectively. Statistical analysis has indicated a correlation between the total amounts of Zn, Cu, B, Co, Ni, and the contents of <0.02 mm and <0.002 mm particles and iron. The Fe content was correlated with the texture of soil, the Mn amount was correlated only with the iron content, whereas that of lead – with the organic carbon content. The soil-forming processes influenced the distribution of total contents of elements. The lessivage process influenced the distribution of Zn, Cu and B, the brunification process influenced the distribution of Fe, Ni, B and Co, the gleying process influenced the distribution of Mn, whereas Pb and Zn were bioaccumulated in most humus horizons of the studied soils. The studied arable soils had natural contents of trace elements.
42
Chen, Ji Da, Shi Guo Liao, Bin Xie, Li Wei Zhang, Tian Hui Wang, and Jian Yang. "Cement Kiln, a Universal Disposal for Cr-Contaminated Soil?" Advanced Materials Research 414 (December 2011): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.414.289.
Анотація:
Cement kiln co-processing technology is one of powerful method for disposal soild hazardous waste internationally owing to advantages of economic and environmental friend. However, It seems to be abused in brownfield remediation in Chongqing recently, for instance, it is ubiquitously recommeded or pratically applied for disposal chromium conteminated soil. To help local environmental protection departments clarify the advantages and limitations of cement kiln for Cr-contaminated soil treatment, this paper focuses on advantages and the negative effects of co-polluters in Cr-contaminated soil.
43
Khaskhoussy, K., B. Kahlaoui, B. Messoudi Nefzi, O. Jozdan, A. Dakheel, and M. Hachicha. "Effect of Treated Wastewater Irrigation on Heavy Metals Distribution in a Tunisian Soil." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 5, no. 3 (June 21, 2015): 805–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.563.
Анотація:
Treated wastewater (TWW) may contain toxic chemical constituents that pose negative environmental and health impacts. In this study, soil samples under treated wastewater irrigation were studied. For this purpose, six plots were made in an irrigated area in north of Tunisia and treated with two water qualities: fresh water (FW) and treated wastewater (TWW). Five soil depths were used: 0-30, 30-60, 60-90, 90-120 and 120-150 cm. The TWW irrigation increased significantly (P≤0.05) the soils’ EC, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, SAR, Cu, Cd and Ni and had no significant (P ≤0.05) effect on the soils’ pH, Zn, Co and Pb contents. EC, Na, Cl, SAR, Zn and Co increased significantly with soil depth. The results for K, Ca, Mg, Cd, Pb and Ni exhibited similar repartition in different layers of soil. It was also shown that the amount of different elements in soil irrigated with fresh water (FW) were less compared with the control soil.
44
Yu, Zhi, Kunnan Liang, Guihua Huang, Xianbang Wang, Mingping Lin, Yinglong Chen, and Zaizhi Zhou. "Soil Bacterial Community Shifts Are Driven by Soil Nutrient Availability along a Teak Plantation Chronosequence in Tropical Forests in China." Biology 10, no. 12 (December 15, 2021): 1329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10121329.
Анотація:
Soil bacterial communities play crucial roles in ecosystem functions and biogeochemical cycles of fundamental elements and are sensitive to environmental changes. However, the response of soil bacterial communities to chronosequence in tropical ecosystems is still poorly understood. This study characterized the structures and co-occurrence patterns of soil bacterial communities in rhizosphere and bulk soils along a chronosequence of teak plantations and adjacent native grassland as control. Stand ages significantly shifted the structure of soil bacterial communities but had no significant impact on bacterial community diversity. Bacterial community diversity in bulk soils was significantly higher than that in rhizosphere soils. The number of nodes and edges in the bacterial co-occurrence network first increased and then decreased with the chronosequence. The number of strongly positive correlations per network was much higher than negative correlations. Available potassium, total potassium, and available phosphorus were significant factors influencing the structure of the bacterial community in bulk soils. In contrast, urease, total potassium, pH, and total phosphorus were significant factors affecting the structure of the bacterial community in the rhizosphere soils. These results indicate that available nutrients in the soil are the main drivers regulating soil bacterial community variation along a teak plantation chronosequence.
45
Cheredova, T. V., S. G. Doroshkevich, and S. V. Bartanova. "BEHAVIOR OF HEAVY METALS IN SOIL-CONDENSATE-PLANTS SYSTEM IN THE ULAN-UDE LANDFILLS." Геоэкология. Инженерная геология. Гидрогеология. Геокриология, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869780923010022.
Анотація:
The impact of waste dumps on environmental components, i.e., soil, evaporating soil water (condensate) and plants is studied. It has been revealed that industrial and municipal waste dumps continue to affect significantly the environment after their closure. The behavior of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Co, Sb, Sn, Bi, Hg, and Cr) in soils, plants, and condensate in landfill areas and beyond them (the background) has been studied in detail. It has been found out that soils, plants and condensate at landfills are enriched in heavy metals as compared to the background sites. The degree of soil contamination at waste dumps depends on the reclamation stage of the latter. The landfill soils exceed the norms of maximum permissible concentrations for heavy metals by 1.1–90 times. Concentrations of heavy metals in plants exceed the background values from 1.1 to 104 times at all dumps. The maximum level of heavy metals in plants is exceeded for Zn, Cd, Cr. In the condensate sampled at the dumps, MPC is exceeded for Cu, Zn, and Hg. Based on the analysis results, the geochemical rows of heavy metal distribution in different landfill environments were compiled: in plants – Zn Cu Cr Ni Pb Cd Co Hg Sn Bi; in condensate – Zn Cu Ni Cr Pb Sn Co Hg Sb Cd Bi; in the soil – Zn Cr Cu Ni Pb Co Sb = Sn Cd. The distribution of heavy metals in the condensate and plants is similar. In these environments, contribution of Zn and Cu is more than 80%, contribution of Cr, Ni, Pb varies from 1 to 10%; contribution of Cd, Co, Sb, Sn, Bi, Hg is less than 1%. Heavy metals are distributed in soil according to a different pattern: the main contributors are Zn and Cr (their input is more than 50%), then go Ni, Cu, Co, and Pb (their content in soil varies from 1 to 50%), followed by Sb, Sn, and Cd (their content is less than 1%). Total pollution indices (Zc) of the soil, condensate and plants have been calculated for each landfill. Based on Zc, the landfills were grouped in a ranking series, which can form the basis for assigning the sequence of landfill reclamation measures.
46
Okorokov, Nikita S., Alexandr N. Korkishko, and Anastаsiya P. Korzhikova. "An experimental study of a forced ventilation pile." Vestnik MGSU, no. 5 (May 2020): 665–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2020.5.665-677.
Анотація:
Introduction. Thermal stabilization of foundation soils is a most widely spread method of engineering protection of structures in the cryolithic zone. Presently, as a rule, any construction is feasible if the footing temperature remains negative in the regions that have permafrost soils. In the article, the co-authors have analyzed a conceptually new method of thermal stabilization of soil, that is, the application of forced ventilation piles. The goal of the laboratory experiments is to simulate the frozen soil behaviour in case of its exposure to a ventilated and cooled pile. The co-authors have solved the problem of soil temperature reduction to ensure the soil transition from the thawed state into the frozen or plastic frozen state. Besides, the co-authors have substantiated the efficiency of this thermal stabilization method. The subject of this research is a ventilated pile, driven into sandy soil and ventilated by the cool air generated by the refrigerating unit.
Materials and methods. A laboratory study of a scaled model.
Results. According to the data provided by the temperature sensors, a forced ventilation pile kept the soil frozen in the radius of 10 cm as of the end of the second winter, which means 2 meters, given the scale factor of the experiment. This methodology can also be applied as a method of thermal stabilization and refrigeration of soils. In the course of the experiment, thawed soil froze. In summer, the seasonal active soil layer thawed, and negative temperatures remained unchanged and generated a frost table registered by the temperature fields, used in the summer period.
Conclusions. Soil remains frozen in summer; the bearing capacity of the pile remains unchanged.
Acknowledgements: The co-authors would like to express thanks to the Central research and development laboratory of permafrost research of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Tyumen Industrial University, and to anonymous reviewers.
47
Medyńska-Juraszek, Agnieszka, Irmina Ćwieląg-Piasecka, Maria Jerzykiewicz, and Justyna Trynda. "Wheat Straw Biochar as a Specific Sorbent of Cobalt in Soil." Materials 13, no. 11 (May 28, 2020): 2462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13112462.
Анотація:
There is an urgent need to search for new sorbents of pollutants presently delivered to the environment. Recently biochar has received much attention as a low-cost, highly effective heavy metal adsorbent. Biochar has been identified as an efficient material for cobalt (Co) immobilization from waters; however, little is known about the role of Co immobilization in soil. Hence, in this study, a batch experiment and a long-term incubation experiment with biochar application to multi-contaminated soil with distinct properties (sand, loam) were conducted to provide a brief explanation of the potential mechanisms of Co (II) sorption on wheat straw biochar and to describe additional processes that modify material efficiency for metal sorption in soil. The soil treatments with 5% (v/w) wheat straw biochar proved to be efficient in reducing Co mobility and bioavailability. The mechanism of these processes could be related to direct and indirect effects of biochar incorporation into soil. The FT-IR analysis confirmed that hydroxyl and carboxyl groups present on the biochar surface played a dominant role in Co (II) surface complexation. The combined effect of pH, metal complexation capacity, and the presence of Fe and Mn oxides added to wheat straw biochar resulted in an effective reduction of soluble Co (II), showing high efficiency of this material for cobalt sorption in contaminated soils.
48
Wilson, Peter. "Soil formation on coastal beach and dune sands at Magilligan Point Nature Reserve, Co. Londonderry." Irish Geography 20, no. 1 (December 20, 2016): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.55650/igj.1987.690.
Анотація:
The degree and areal extent of soil formation has been assessed on a sequence of marine beach ridges and aeolian dunes at Magilligan Point Nature Reserve, Co. Londonderry. These landforms span a period of c. 35 years and show significant pedological changes and trends. Profile morphology and chemistry classify the initial dune soils as raw sands and the beach soils as raw alluvial soils. After c. 16 years these have developed into sand-pararendzinas and rendzina-like alluvial soils respectively. Surface soil samples from successive dune ridges show a rapid build-up of organic matter to >7% after 31 years and a decline in CaC03 content from >11% to 5.5% over the same period. These data are compared with the results of previous dune soil studies and the differences considered to be due in part to differences between other soil forming factors as well as variations in sampling depths and/or the possible overestimation of dune age by earlier workers.
49
Ng, Ji Feng, Osumanu Haruna Ahmed, Mohamadu Boyie Jalloh, Latifah Omar, Yee Min Kwan, Adiza Alhassan Musah, and Ken Heong Poong. "Soil Nutrient Retention and pH Buffering Capacity Are Enhanced by Calciprill and Sodium Silicate." Agronomy 12, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12010219.
Анотація:
In the tropics, warm temperatures and high rainfall contribute to acidic soil formation because of the significant leaching of base cations (K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+), followed by the replacement of the base cations with Al3+, Fe2+, and H+ ions at the soil adsorption sites. The pH buffering capacity of highly weathered acid soils is generally low because of their low pH which negatively impacts soil and crop productivity. Thus, there is a need to amend these soils with the right amount of inorganic liming materials which have relatively high neutralizing values and reactivity to overcome the aforementioned problems. Soil leaching and the pH buffering capacity studies were conducted to determine whether the co-application or co-amendment of a calcium carbonate product (Calciprill) and sodium silicate can improve soil nutrient retention and pH buffering capacity of the Bekenu series (Typic Paleudults). A 30 day soil leaching experiment was carried out using a completely randomized design with 16 treatments and 3 replications after which the leached soil samples were used for a pH buffering capacity study. The Calciprill and sodium silicate treatments significantly improved soil pH, exchangeable NH4+, available P, exchangeable base cations, Effective Cation Exchange Capacity (ECEC), and pH buffering capacity in comparison with the untreated soil. The improvements were attributed to the alkalinity of Calciprill and sodium silicate due to their high inherent K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+ contents. The neutralizing effects of the amendments impeded the hydrolysis of Al3+ (96.5%), Fe2+ (70.4%), and Mn2+ (25.3%) ions resulting in fewer H+ ions being produced. The co-application of Calciprill and sodium silicate reduced the leaching of Ca2+ (58.7%) and NO3− (74.8%) from the amended soils. This was due to the ability of sodium silicate to reduce soil permeability and protect the Calciprill and available NO3− from being leached. This also improved the longevity of Calciprill to enhance the soil pH buffering capacity. However, the amounts of NH4+, P, and base cations leached from the amended soils were higher compared with the un-amended soils. This was due to the high solubility of sodium silicate. The most suitable combination amendment was 7.01 g Calciprill and 9.26 g sodium silicate (C2S5) per kilogram soil. It is possible for farmers to adopt the combined use Calciprill and sodium silicate to regulate soil nutrient retention and improve the soil pH buffering capacity of highly weathered acidic soils. This will enhance soil and crop productivity.
50
Fan, Shui-Sheng, Feng-Hsiang Chang, Hsin-Ta Hsueh, and Tzu-Hsing Ko. "Measurement of Total Free Iron in Soils by H2S Chemisorption and Comparison with the Citrate Bicarbonate Dithionite Method." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7213542.
Анотація:
Free iron is one of the major analytical items for soil basic properties. It is also an important indicator for understanding the genesis of soil, soil classification, and soil distribution behavior. In this study, an alternative analytical method (chemisorption) based on thermodynamic knowledge was proposed for measurement of total free iron oxides in soils. Several representative soil samples belonging to alfisols, ultisols, inceptisols, and entisols were collected from Taiwan and tested by the chemisorption, and the estimated total free iron oxides were compared with those measured from the traditional citrate bicarbonate dithionite (CBD) method. Experimental results showed that the optimal operating temperature was found to be at 773 K and the carbon monoxide (CO) is the best gaseous reagent to promote the formation of FeS. The estimated total free iron oxides for soil samples determined from the chemisorption in the presence of CO were very close to those from the CBD technique. The result of regression indicates that the estimated total free iron is strongly correlated with the CBD-Fe content (R2=0.999) in the presence of CO.