Дисертації з теми "Software construction method"

Nous avons commencé la thèse par la littérature d'enquête sur les approches SPLE et CbyC dans l'état de l'art. Sur la base de l'aperçu et des connaissances obtenues, nous avons analysé les problèmes existants et suggéré des moyens de les résoudre pour notre objectif principal. Nous avons proposé dans le chapitre 2 une méthodologie pour développer des lignes de produits afin que les produits générés soient corrects par construction. Notre intention principale est qu'un utilisateur n'a pas besoin de connaître le processus de génération de produit mais peut recevoir un produit final correct en sélectionnant une configuration de fonctionnalité. En utilisant la méthodologie, les produits finaux sont générés automatiquement et leur exactitude est garantie. À la suite de cette proposition, nous sommes passés au chapitre 3 pour définir la langue de FFML qui est utilisé pour l'écriture de modules. Le mécanisme de réutilisation et de modification, défini pour la langue et appliqué à toutes sortes d'artefacts (spécification, code et preuve de précision) réduit l'effort de programmation. Au chapitre 4, nous nous sommes concentrés sur la définition des mécanismes de composition pour la composition des modules FFML et les intégrons à l'outil FFML Product Generator. L'évaluation de notre méthodologie est réalisée par le développement de deux lignes de produits logiciels, le compte bancaire SPL et le SPL de poker, ce dernier étant un peu plus complexe que le premier. Dans l'évaluation, nous avons souligné les avantages et la limitation de notre méthodologie<br>We began the thesis by survey literature on SPLE and CbyC approaches in the State of the Art. Based on the overview and the insights obtained, we have analyzed the existing problems and suggested ways to solve them for our main goal. We have proposed in Chapter 2 a methodology to develop product lines such that the generated products are correct-by-construction. Our main intention is that a user does not need to know the product generation process but can receive a correct final product from selecting a configuration of features. Using the methodology, the final products are generated automatically and their correctness is guaranteed. Following this proposal, we have moved in Chapter 3 to define the FFML language that is used for writing modules. The reuse and modification mechanism, defined for the language and applied to all kinds of artifacts (specification, code and correctness proof), reduce the programming effort. In Chapter 4, we have focused on defining the composition mechanisms for composing FFML modules and embedded them into the FFML Product Generator tool. The evaluation of our methodology is performed through the development of two software product lines, the Bank Account SPL and the Poker SPL, the latter being a bit more complex than the former. In the evaluation, we have highlighted the advantages and the limitation of our methodology

El proceso de construir software a partir del ensamblaje e integración de soluciones de software pre-fabricadas, conocidas como componentes COTS (Comercial-Off-The-Shelf) se ha convertido en una necesidad estratégica en una amplia variedad de áreas de aplicación. En general, los componentes COTS son componentes de software que proveen una funcionalidad específica, que están disponibles en el mercado para ser adquiridos e integrados dentro de otros sistemas de software. Los beneficios potenciales de esta tecnología son principalmente la reducción de costes y el acortamiento del tiempo de desarrollo, a la vez que fomenta la calidad. Sin embargo, numerosos retos que van desde problemas técnicos y legales deben ser afrontados para adaptar las actividades tradicionales de ingeniería de software para explotar los beneficios del uso de COTS para el desarrollo de sistemas.Actualmente, existe un incrementalmente enorme mercado de componentes COTS; así, una de las actividades más críticas en el desarrollo de sistemas basados en COTS es la selección de componentes que deben ser integrados en el sistema a desarrollar. La selección está básicamente compuesta de dos procesos principales: La búsqueda de componentes candidatos en el mercado y su posterior evaluación con respecto a los requisitos del sistema. Desafortunadamente, la mayoría de los métodos existentes para seleccionar COTS, se enfocan en el proceso de evaluación, dejando de lado el problema de buscar los componentes en el mercado. La búsqueda de componentes en el mercado no es una tarea trivial, teniendo que afrontar varias características del mercado de COTS, tales como su naturaleza dispersa y siempre creciente, cambio y evolución constante; en este contexto, la obtención de información de calidad acerca de los componentes no es una tarea fácil. Como consecuencia, el proceso de selección de COTS se ve seriamente dañado. Además, las alternativas tradicionales de reuso también carecen de soluciones apropiadas para reusar componentes COTS y el conocimiento adquirido en cada proceso de selección. Esta carencia de propuestas es un problema muy serio que incrementa los riesgos de los proyectos de selección de COTS, además de hacerlos ineficientes y altamente costosos. Esta disertación presenta el método GOThIC (Goal- Oriented Taxonomy and reuse Infrastructure Construction) enfocado a la construcción de infraestructuras de reuso para facilitar la búsqueda y reuso de componentes COTS. El método está basado en el uso de objetivos para construir taxonomías abstractas, bien fundamentadas y estables para lidiar con las características del mercado de COTS. Los nodos de las taxonomías son caracterizados por objetivos, sus relaciones son declaradas como dependencias y varios artefactos son construidos y gestionados para promover la reusabilidad y lidiar con la evolución constante.El método GOThIC ha sido elaborado a través de un proceso iterativo de investigación-acción para identificar los retos reales relacionados con el proceso de búsqueda de COTS. Posteriormente, las soluciones posibles fueron evaluadas e implementadas en varios casos de estudio en el ámbito industrial y académico en diversos dominios. Los resultados más relevantes fueron registrados y articulados en el método GOThIC. La evaluación industrial preliminar del método se ha llevado a cabo en algunas compañías en Noruega.<br>The process of building software systems by assembling and integrating pre-packaged solutions in the form of Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) software components has become a strategic need in a wide variety of application areas. In general, COTS components are software components that provide a specific functionality, available in the market to be purchased, interfaced and integrated into other software systems. The potential benefits of this technology are mainly its reduced costs and shorter development time, while maintaining the quality. Nevertheless, many challenges ranging form technical to legal issues must be faced for adapting the traditional software engineering activities in order to exploit these benefits.Nowadays there is an increasingly huge marketplace of COTS components; therefore, one of the most critical activities in COTS-based development is the selection of the components to be integrated into the system under development. Selection is basically composed of two main processes, namely: searching of candidates from the marketplace and their evaluation with respect to the system requirements. Unfortunately, most of the different existing methods for COTS selection focus their efforts on evaluation, letting aside the problem of searching components in the marketplace. Searching candidate COTS is not an easy task, having to cope with some challenging marketplace characteristics related to its widespread, evolvable and growing nature; and the lack of available and well-suited information to obtain a quality-assured search. Indeed, traditional reuse approaches also lack of appropriate solutions to reuse COTS components and the knowledge gained in each selection process. This lack of proposals is a serious drawback that makes the whole selection process highly risky, and often expensive and inefficient. This dissertation introduces the GOThIC (Goal- Oriented Taxonomy and reuse Infrastructure Construction) method aimed at building a domain reuse infrastructure for facilitating COTS components searching and reuse. It is based on goal-oriented approaches for building abstract, well-founded and stable taxonomies capable of dealing with the COTS marketplace characteristics. Thus, the nodes of these taxonomies are characterized by means of goals, their relationships declared as dependencies among them and several artifacts are constructed and managed for reusability and evolution purposes. The GOThIC method has been elaborated following an iterative process based on action research premises to identify the actual challenges related to COTS components searching. Then, possible solutions were envisaged and implemented by several industrial and academic case studies in different domains. Successful results were recorded to articulate the synergic GOThIC method solution, followed by its preliminary industrial evaluation in some Norwegian companies.

El proceso de construir software a partir del ensamblaje e integración de soluciones de software pre-fabricadas, conocidas como componentes COTS (Comercial-Off-The-Shelf) se ha convertido en una necesidad estratégica en una amplia variedad de áreas de aplicación. En general, los componentes COTS son componentes de software que proveen una funcionalidad específica, que están disponibles en el mercado para ser adquiridos e integrados dentro de otros sistemas de software. Los beneficios potenciales de esta tecnología son principalmente la reducción de costes y el acortamiento del tiempo de desarrollo, a la vez que fomenta la calidad. Sin embargo, numerosos retos que van desde problemas técnicos y legales deben ser afrontados para adaptar las actividades tradicionales de ingeniería de software para explotar los beneficios del uso de COTS para el desarrollo de sistemas.<br/>Actualmente, existe un incrementalmente enorme mercado de componentes COTS; así, una de las actividades más críticas en el desarrollo de sistemas basados en COTS es la selección de componentes que deben ser integrados en el sistema a desarrollar. La selección está básicamente compuesta de dos procesos principales: La búsqueda de componentes candidatos en el mercado y su posterior evaluación con respecto a los requisitos del sistema. Desafortunadamente, la mayoría de los métodos existentes para seleccionar COTS, se enfocan en el proceso de evaluación, dejando de lado el problema de buscar los componentes en el mercado. La búsqueda de componentes en el mercado no es una tarea trivial, teniendo que afrontar varias características del mercado de COTS, tales como su naturaleza dispersa y siempre creciente, cambio y evolución constante; en este contexto, la obtención de información de calidad acerca de los componentes no es una tarea fácil. Como consecuencia, el proceso de selección de COTS se ve seriamente dañado. Además, las alternativas tradicionales de reuso también carecen de soluciones apropiadas para reusar componentes COTS y el conocimiento adquirido en cada proceso de selección. Esta carencia de propuestas es un problema muy serio que incrementa los riesgos de los proyectos de selección de COTS, además de hacerlos ineficientes y altamente costosos. <br/>Esta disertación presenta el método GOThIC (Goal- Oriented Taxonomy and reuse Infrastructure Construction) enfocado a la construcción de infraestructuras de reuso para facilitar la búsqueda y reuso de componentes COTS. El método está basado en el uso de objetivos para construir taxonomías abstractas, bien fundamentadas y estables para lidiar con las características del mercado de COTS. Los nodos de las taxonomías son caracterizados por objetivos, sus relaciones son declaradas como dependencias y varios artefactos son construidos y gestionados para promover la reusabilidad y lidiar con la evolución constante.<br/>El método GOThIC ha sido elaborado a través de un proceso iterativo de investigación-acción para identificar los retos reales relacionados con el proceso de búsqueda de COTS. Posteriormente, las soluciones posibles fueron evaluadas e implementadas en varios casos de estudio en el ámbito industrial y académico en diversos dominios. Los resultados más relevantes fueron registrados y articulados en el método GOThIC. La evaluación industrial preliminar del método se ha llevado a cabo en algunas compañías en Noruega.<br>The process of building software systems by assembling and integrating pre-packaged solutions in the form of Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) software components has become a strategic need in a wide variety of application areas. In general, COTS components are software components that provide a specific functionality, available in the market to be purchased, interfaced and integrated into other software systems. The potential benefits of this technology are mainly its reduced costs and shorter development time, while maintaining the quality. Nevertheless, many challenges ranging form technical to legal issues must be faced for adapting the traditional software engineering activities in order to exploit these benefits.<br/>Nowadays there is an increasingly huge marketplace of COTS components; therefore, one of the most critical activities in COTS-based development is the selection of the components to be integrated into the system under development. Selection is basically composed of two main processes, namely: searching of candidates from the marketplace and their evaluation with respect to the system requirements. Unfortunately, most of the different existing methods for COTS selection focus their efforts on evaluation, letting aside the problem of searching components in the marketplace. Searching candidate COTS is not an easy task, having to cope with some challenging marketplace characteristics related to its widespread, evolvable and growing nature; and the lack of available and well-suited information to obtain a quality-assured search. Indeed, traditional reuse approaches also lack of appropriate solutions to reuse COTS components and the knowledge gained in each selection process. This lack of proposals is a serious drawback that makes the whole selection process highly risky, and often expensive and inefficient. <br/>This dissertation introduces the GOThIC (Goal- Oriented Taxonomy and reuse Infrastructure Construction) method aimed at building a domain reuse infrastructure for facilitating COTS components searching and reuse. It is based on goal-oriented approaches for building abstract, well-founded and stable taxonomies capable of dealing with the COTS marketplace characteristics. Thus, the nodes of these taxonomies are characterized by means of goals, their relationships declared as dependencies among them and several artifacts are constructed and managed for reusability and evolution purposes. The GOThIC method has been elaborated following an iterative process based on action research premises to identify the actual challenges related to COTS components searching. Then, possible solutions were envisaged and implemented by several industrial and academic case studies in different domains. Successful results were recorded to articulate the synergic GOThIC method solution, followed by its preliminary industrial evaluation in some Norwegian companies.

Le principal probleme au niveau de la construction des ouvrages en site urbain est lie au manque de terrains disponibles, a la surface reduite des terrains, a leur cout eleve, et a la proximite d'ouvrages plus anciens a preserver. Le tassement des fondations, ou le deplacement des ouvrages de soutenement revet alors une grande importance, et peut conduire eventuellement a des tassements differentiels nefastes dans les batiments riverains. La mecanique des sols classique donne avec une bonne precision la charge limite des fondations, mais manque de precision pour determiner la deformation du sol depuis le debut de la phase constructive, jusqu'a la fin des travaux. Pour ameliorer notre connaissance des deplacements, nous sommes donc amenes a realiser des calculs numeriques, et plus particulierement a utiliser la methode des elements finis. Le concept e. S. I. (environnement de simulation intelligent) est venu repondre aux exigences de ces methodes de calcul. En effet, il englobe les phases de pre-traitement, calcul, et post-traitement. A chacune de ces phases correspond un outil moteur (progiciel). Ainsi notre etude a essaye de s'aligner sur ce concept et est traduite par la validation et la conception de gaiaef et de ses progiciels d'accompagnement mailcad et graphcad.

La situation actuelle est liee a l'extension des constructions sur sols de mediocres consistance et au besoin de rechercher les solutions les plus economiques. On a donc ete amene a etudier avec le plus de precision possible les differents facteurs entrant dans la realisation des ouvrages de genie civil. Si les caracteristiques des structures jouent un role important dans ces etudes, c'est essentiellement sur le comportement du sol que les differentes etudes sont generalement portees. Ceci bien evidement, depuis le debut de la phase constructive jusqu'a la fin des travaux. La methode dite aux elements finis qui presente l'avantage de modeliser le comportement du sol, depuis le chargement elastique initial jusqu'a la phase d'ecoulement plastique finale prend une place constamment grandissante dans ce domaine de science de l'ingenieur. C'est precisement dans ce contexte que notre travail s'est inscrit. Pour cela, nous avons construit un logiciel de calculs par elements finis quartiques, utilisant un solveur programme a partir d'un nouveau procede. Base sur une gestion dynamique de la memoire, notre procede a permis une utilisation realiste de l'outil micro-informatique pour les ouvrages calcules: mur de soutenement, fondation superficielle et essai pressiometrique. Cet apport constitue avec le modele de comportement mck implante l'aspect nouveau et original du travail. Cette rheologie type elastoplastique a deux mecanismes d'ecrouissage (un en compression et un en cisaillement) utilise des parametres de nature exclusivement physique communement connus par les praticiens geotechniciens

Дана дисертація розглядає один з можливих способів автоматизації процесу кур’єрської доставки - доставку посилок кінцевому отримувачу за допомогою безпілотних апаратів, які б могли виконувати такі завдання у дуже короткий час, незалежно від завантаженості доріг та систем громадського транспорту. Така система дозволяє суттєво знизити час доставки вантажу кінцевому користувачу, зменшити обсяг інфраструктури, необхідної для підтримки її працездатності та скоротити кількість обслуговуючого персоналу. Також повна автоматизація процесу доставки дозволяє знизити вплив людського фактору на якість обслуговування. На даний момент вже реалізовано кілька таких систем, проте жодна з них не є повністю безпечною та не відповідає всім вимогам до системи автоматичної кур’єрської доставки. Також жодна з цих розробок не має архітектури, що повністю покриває функціонал екосистеми безпілотного літального апарату. Також в даній роботі була досліджена низка готових архітектурних рішень, призначених для побудови аналогічного програмного забезпечення, взятих зі схожих наукових досліджень. Проте жодна з них також не відповідає всім поставленим вимогам до даного програмного забезпечення, або має суттєві недоліки, що перешкоджає її програмній реалізації, впровадженню або застосуванню на практиці. У зв’язку з усіма вище переліченими факторами було прийняте рішення про розробку власної архітектури для реалізації програмного комплексу екосистеми вантажного безпілотного літального апарату. А для підтвердження працездатності цієї архітектури і доведення її ефективності було розроблене відповідне програмне забезпечення із застосуванням запропонованого методу розробки. Метою даного наукового дослідження є розробка методу побудови програмного забезпечення екосистеми вантажного безпілотного літального апарату, такого, що покращить та удосконалить існуючі підходи до програмування БПЛА як з точки зору процесу їх впровадження, так і з точки зору використання кінцевого продукту. Основні задачі, які були виконані під час проведення даного дослідження: ˗ вивчення і аналіз готових впроваджених програмних продуктів-аналогів з метою виявлення їх основних переваг та недоліків; ˗ вивчення і аналіз аналогічних наукових досліджень з метою дослідження шляхів вирішення основних задач побудови програмного забезпечення БПЛА; ˗ створення власного методу побудови програмного забезпечення вантажного БПЛА, враховуючи результати попереднього дослідження предметної області; ˗ написання програмного забезпечення на основі даного методу, аналіз його основних переваг та недоліків, та доведення його ефективності. Об’єктом даного наукового дослідження є архітектура програмного забезпечення екосистеми вантажного БПЛА та підходи до реалізації даної архітектури. Предметом дослідження є методи та способи побудови програмного забезпечення екосистеми вантажного БПЛА. Під час проведення даного дослідження був використаний метод systematic mapping study (систематичний огляд літератури) для вивчення і аналізу предметної області даного дослідження з текстових джерел інформації та метод case study (метод ситуативного аналізу) для аналізу розробленого методу побудови програмного забезпечення. Наукова новизна отриманого методу побудови програмного забезпечення полягає у тому, що в ньому вперше БПЛА розглядається як актор екосистеми безпілотних літальних апаратів і вперше для цієї екосистеми була розроблена архітектура програмного забезпечення. Також вперше було введене саме поняття екосистеми безпілотних літальних апаратів. Практичне значення отриманих результатів полягає у тому, що був розроблений простий, ефективний та комплексний підхід до вирішення задачі з побудови програмного забезпечення вантажного БПЛА, який досить легко може бути застосований для вирішення комерційних задач із адресної доставки малогабаритних вантажів. Результати цього дослідження були представлені на VІ Всеукраїнській науково-практичній конференції молодих вчених та студентів «Інформаційні системи та технології управління» (ІСТУ-2021). Дана дисертація складається з реферату, вступу, основної частини що поділяється на 4 розділи, висновків та додатків що включають в себе лістинг програмного коду та графічні матеріали. Основна частина даної роботи містить 105 сторінок, 28 рисунків, 18 таблиць та 19 посилань.<br>This dissertation considers one of the possible ways to automate the courier delivery process - delivery of parcels to the final recipient using unmanned aerial vehicles, which could perform such tasks in a very short time, regardless of the congestion of roads and public transport systems. This system can significantly reduce the time of delivery of goods to the end user, reduce the amount of infrastructure needed to maintain its efficiency and reduce the number of service personnel. Also, full automation of the delivery process reduces the impact of the human factor on the quality of service. Currently, several such systems have been implemented, but none of them is completely secure and does not meet all the requirements for an automatic courier system. Also, none of these developments has an architecture that fully covers the functionality of the unmanned aerial vehicle ecosystem. Also in this work, a number of ready-made architectural solutions designed to build similar software, taken from similar research. However, none of them also meets all the requirements for this software, or has significant shortcomings that prevent its software implementation, implementation or application in practice. In connection with all the above factors, it was decided to develop its own architecture for the implementation of the software package of the ecosystem of cargo unmanned aerial vehicles. And to confirm the efficiency of this architecture and prove its effectiveness, appropriate software was developed using the proposed method of development. The purpose of this research is to develop a method for building software ecosystems of unmanned aerial vehicles, one that will improve and enhance existing approaches to UAV programming both in terms of the process of their implementation and in terms of use of the final product. The main tasks that were performed during this study: ˗ study and analysis of ready-implemented software products-analogues in order to identify their main advantages and disadvantages; ˗ study and analysis of similar research to explore ways to solve the main problems of building UAV software; ˗ creation of own method of construction of the software of the cargo UAV, taking into account results of preliminary research of subject area; ˗ writing software based on this method, analyzing its main advantages and disadvantages, and proving its effectiveness. The object of this research is the software architecture of the cargo UAV ecosystem and approaches to the implementation of this architecture. The subject of the research is the methods and ways of building the software of the cargo UAV ecosystem. During this study, the method of systematic mapping study was used to study and analyze the subject area of this study from textual sources of information and the method of case study to analyze the developed method of software construction. The scientific novelty of the obtained method of software construction is that for the first time the UAV is considered as an actor in the ecosystem of unmanned aerial vehicles and for the first time a software architecture was developed for this ecosystem. Also, for the first time, the very concept of the unmanned aerial vehicle ecosystem was introduced. The practical significance of the obtained results is that a simple, effective and comprehensive approach for solving the problem of building a UAV software was developed, which can easily be used to solve commercial problems of targeted delivery of small cargo. The results of this study were presented at the VI All-Ukrainian scientificpractical conference of young scientists and students "Information Systems and Control Technologies" (ISCT-2021). This dissertation consists of an abstract, introduction, main part divided into 4 sections, conclusions and appendices that include a list of program code and graphics. The main part of this work contains 105 pages, 28 figures, 18 tables and 19 references.

Afin de satisfaire les besoins industriels en calcul et optimisation des structures, des méthodes de l'optimisation de section et de topologie de structures de poutre ont été étudiées et des logiciels pertinents basés sur ces méthodes ont été développés en utilisant les logiciels MSC/Patran-Nastran comme plate-forme. En combinant la méthode de critère d'optimalité et la méthode de programmation mathématique, différentes méthodes sont utilisées pour traiter les limitations avec différentes propriétés. Le modèle original de l'optimisation de section est transformé en un problème dual selon la théorie duale pour améliorer l'efficacité de résolution. La méthode de "Approximate Scaling Step" et la méthode d'Elimination des Limitations Négatives permettent d'accélérer la procédure d'optimisation. Basé sur la méthode ICM (Independent Continuous Mapping), un modèle de l'optimisation topologique utilisant les variables continues (entre 0 et 1 au lieu de 0 ou 1) est établi. Trois critères de convergence sont introduits pour obtenir rapidement et précisément la topologie optimale d'une structure. Pour ne pas éliminer les éléments ayant leur variable topologique nulle au cours de l'optimisation, la méthode de faible matériau est utilisée et comparée à la méthode de section minime. L'optimisation de topologie dans plusieurs cas de chargement est étudiée sous trois types de limitations : les limitations locales de contraintes, les limitations globales de déplacements et leur combinaison. Les méthodes ci-dessus ont été implantées dans les logiciels MSC/Patran&amp;Nastran. Des exemples ont montré une amélioration importante de l'efficacité et de la précision dans l'optimisation de section et de topologie<br>To satisfy the requirement on computation and optimization of frame structures in the engineering field, some sectional and topological optimization methods of frame structures are studied and a relevant software based on the present study is developed using the MSC/Patran&amp;Nastran software as platform. Combining the optimality criteria method and the mathematical programming method, several methods are adopted to deal with the constraints with different properties. The original sectional optimization model is transformed into a dual problem according to the dual theory in order to reduce the number of the design variables so speed up the resolution. The methods of Approximate Scaling Step and Deletion of Negative Constraints also largely improve the efficiency. Based on the ICM (Independent Continuous Mapping) method, a topological optimization model with continuous topological variables (between 0 and 1 instead of 0 or 1) is built. In order to quickly and accurately obtain the optimum topological structures, three criteria are introduced and a self-adaptive algorithm is proposed. To deal with the elements with their null topological variable, the weak material method is proposed and compared with the tiny section method. The topological optimization for multi-loading cases is studied with three conditions: the local stress constraints, the global displacement constraints and their combination. According to the above methods, the MSC/Patran&amp;Nastran software is secondly developed. The examples clearly show the notable improvement of the efficiency and accuracy

Conception de cette structure par le laboratoire central des ponts et chaussées afin d'étudier expérimentalement le comportement de ce type d'ouvrage. Détermination des efforts internes dans le mur à l'aide de capteurs intégrés à la structure et étude du mécanisme de leur fonctionnement par des calculs aux éléments finis tridimensionnels, puis par photoélasticimétrie. On passe des mesures de déformation aux efforts internes dans la structure par des formules de régression linéaire qui résultent de l'analyse statistique d'un grand nombre de cas d'étalonnage sous sollicitations contrôlés. Détermination théorique des dimensions optimales à donner au remblai pour que les efforts dans le mur soient représentatifs d'un massif d'extension semi-infinie. L'étude est effectuée par un modèle numérique bidimensionnel aux éléments finis et également par des calculs bidimensionnels à l'aide d'un logiciel, utilisant également les éléments finis. Analyse des premiers essais réalisés à la station.

An interactive software shell has been developed which integrates several packaging simulation tools developed at the University of Arizona which are used to analyze electro-magnetic coupling between interconnects in an integrated circuit. This software shell uses experimental frames to manage this simulation process. Through the experimental frames, the model descriptions and the model inputs are separated, and input data is verified for correctness. This model/input separation allows several model variations to be tested based on several input variations. The results of these simulations are then analyzed and displayed graphically. Further work for the software shell is discussed. This tool provides a user-friendly, efficient method for performing coupled-line analyses in interconnect systems.

Business goals of manufacturing systems are typically in a state of constant change and greater rates of change are predicted in the future. Whereas contemporary approaches to the design and construction of these systems often results in inflexible enterprises that cannot readily be tuned to changing business goals. This study has specified and prototyped the use of a new model-driven approach to the design and (re)configuration of"change capable" manufacturing cells. Manufacturing cells represent a typical domain of manufacturing systems in which the existence of inflexible links between tasks and resources can result in sub-optimal performance and an inability to cope with change. The approach is based on a) the use of a semi-generic model of manufacturing cells, that structures and targets the use of CIMOSA modelling constructs (as implemented by the SEWOSA tool) towards producing a requirements specification and conceptual design in the form of a graphical and computer executable model of a particular manufacturing cell, and b) the complementary use of new computer executable modelling constructs and tools, that structure and support the detailed design and runtime operation of a particular cell in the form of an explicit, model-based configuration of cell resources and software components that realise the control processes required in a particular cell. Part of the semi-generic model comprises descriptions of common tasks found in a given domain of manufacturing cells. That part of the model has been captured and formalised by using CIMOSA modelling constructs. A new development of this modelling structure allows pre- modelled tasks to be selected, detailed and organised and suitable resources and reusable control system components (or building blocks) assigned to groups of tasks. Thereby this new approached to designing and building manufacturing cells can facilitate rapid and effective design and reconfiguration of manufacturing cell control systems. General information requirements found during the modelling and real world application of target cells, have also been formally defined and are met by using a suitable modelling structure and specially developed tools. Furthermore, the research has shown how modelled sets of software component building blocks can be specified and implemented as modular, reusable elements of manufacturing cell control systems. New modelling structures have been conceived and fonnalised and examples of their use evaluated under laboratory conditions. The research has also deployed and developed pre-existing enterprise modelling concepts and integration tools, including CIMOSA, STEP, EXPRESS, CIMBIOSYS infrastructure services and component-based software design concepts. This has enable the creation of a prototype tool-set that demonstrates how the concepts can be beneficially applied. The main contributions made by this research are that: a) It proposes and develops an approach to the design of manufacturing cell systems that successfully bridges a previous gap between top-down modelling concepts, methods and tools (that typically support formal modelling of system requirements, tasks and resources) and bottom-up detailed design and build techniques that lead to the operation, control and monitoring of real cells, b) It provides a modelling and implementation structure that 'integrates' the use of a classical enterprise modelling approach (namely CIMOSA), design primarily to support the designers of manufacturing systems, to the emerging component-based design and build concepts, that are becoming popular with software and system vendors.

Le respect de la vie privée par construction est de plus en plus mentionné comme une étape essentielle vers une meilleure protection de la vie privée. Les nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication donnent naissance à de nouveaux modèles d'affaires et de services. Ces services reposent souvent sur l'exploitation de données personnelles à des fins de personnalisation. Alors que les exigences de respect de la vie privée sont de plus en plus sous tension, il apparaît que les technologies elles-mêmes devraient être utilisées pour proposer des solutions davantage satisfaisantes. Les technologies améliorant le respect de la vie privée ont fait l'objet de recherches approfondies et diverses techniques ont été développées telles que des anonymiseurs ou des mécanismes de chiffrement évolués. Cependant, le respect de la vie privée par construction va plus loin que les technologies améliorant simplement son respect. En effet, les exigences en terme de protection des données à caractère personnel doivent être prises en compte au plus tôt lors du développement d’un système car elles peuvent avoir un impact important sur l'ensemble de l'architecture de la solution. Cette approche peut donc être résumée comme « prévenir plutôt que guérir ». Des principes généraux ont été proposés pour définir des critères réglementaires de respect de la vie privée. Ils impliquent des notions telles que la minimisation des données, le contrôle par le sujet des données personnelles, la transparence des traitements ou encore la redevabilité. Ces principes ne sont cependant pas suffisamment précis pour être directement traduits en fonctionnalités techniques. De plus, aucune méthode n’a été proposée jusqu’ici pour aider à la conception et à la vérification de systèmes respectueux de la vie privée. Cette thèse propose une démarche de spécification, de conception et de vérification au niveau architectural. Cette démarche aide les concepteurs à explorer l'espace de conception d'un système de manière systématique. Elle est complétée par un cadre formel prenant en compte les exigences de confidentialité et d’intégrité des données. Enfin, un outil d’aide à la conception permet aux concepteurs non-experts de vérifier formellement les architectures. Une étude de cas illustre l’ensemble de la démarche et montre comment ces différentes contributions se complètent pour être utilisées en pratique<br>Privacy by Design (PbD) is increasingly praised as a key approach to improving privacy protection. New information and communication technologies give rise to new business models and services. These services often rely on the exploitation of personal data for the purpose of customization. While privacy is more and more at risk, the growing view is that technologies themselves should be used to propose more privacy-friendly solutions. Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PETs) have been extensively studied, and many techniques have been proposed such as anonymizers or encryption mechanisms. However, PbD goes beyond the use of PETs. Indeed, the privacy requirements of a system should be taken into account from the early stages of the design because they can have a large impact on the overall architecture of the solution. The PbD approach can be summed up as ``prevent rather than cure''. A number of principles related to the protection of personal data and privacy have been enshrined in law and soft regulations. They involve notions such as data minimization, control of personal data by the subject, transparency of the data processing, or accountability. However, it is not clear how to translate these principles into technical features, and no method exists so far to support the design and verification of privacy compliant systems. This thesis proposes a systematic process to specify, design, and verify system architectures. This process helps designers to explore the design space in a systematic way. It is complemented by a formal framework in which confidentiality and integrity requirements can be expressed. Finally, a computer-aided engineering tool enables non-expert designers to perform formal verifications of the architectures. A case study illustrates the whole approach showing how these contributions complement each other and can be used in practice

L'augmentation du niveau technologique des convertisseurs statiques d'Electronique de Puissance inhérente aux perfonnances foequentielles accrue. . . . Des semi-oenducteurs et au besoin de compacité lui aussi grandissant rend leur coaception de plus en plus délicate. L'utilisation de composants modem. Es,à fort pouvoir de commutation ne permet plus de négliger lel\. CaractériMiquel\ électrique~ de~ connexionl\ tant vi~-à-vis del\ surten~ions inadmil\sibles lors de )'ouvenure del\ semi-conducteur!\ que pour leur mise en parallèle dans le~ !\tructures de forte pui~sance. La caraetéri~ation des impédances de câblage avant la réalisation du prototype reste la voie privilégiée dans la conception des structures qui permettra de diminuer les coûts et les délais. Pour ce faire. La modélisation des connexions passe par la simulation. _ InCa. Logiciel destiné à la prédétermination des inductances de câblage en utilisant la méthode PEEC. A été développé pour ~c;urer cette étape de la conception. Une méthodologie de modélisation a été mise au point. Elle consiste à rechercher le schéma électrique équivalent des connexions en prenant en compte aussi bien l'effet de la fréquence, des connexions voisines que la présence d'un plan de masse. Le couplage automatique de InCa avec un simulateur électrique, SPICE par exemple. Permet d'intégrer les résultats de la simulation sur Inca et d'obtenir les formes en courant et tension du convertisseur. InCa. Dont la base de données, orientée objets. Est adaptée à la méthode de résolution. A pennis, de caractériser différentes technologies de câblage. Allant du circuit intégré. De la technologie hybride jusqu'à la technologie bus barn: de plus en plus utilisée dans les structures d'Electronique de Puissance<br>The augmentation of technological level of power static converters due to increasing frequency performances of semi-conductors and due to the need of redueing the sizes of the structures makes their design more and more tricky. The use of up-to-date components with high power of commutation does not allow to negleet the electrical characteristies of connections not only face to inadmissible overvoltages when semiconductors turn on but also when for their a. ~sociation in parallel in high power structures. The characterization of cabling impedances before the realization of the prototype remains the privileged way in the design of structures which allows to reduce costs and delays. For this, the simulation is necessary to model connections. InCa. Simulation 1001 dedicated 10 the characterization of cabling inductances using PEEC method' has been developped to ensure this stage of design. A method for modelling has been established. It consists in looking for the equivalent electrical circuit of connections considering not only the skin and proximity em~Cb but al~o the presence of a ground plane. The automatÎc coupling of InCa with an clectrical simulation tool such as SPICE atlows to use the results given by InCa in order to obtain the cuurent and voltage wave fonn. ~ of the converter. InCa whose database is adapted to the solving method has a110wed to characterize varioul\ cabling technologies from integrclted circuit. Hybrid technology to bus bar technology more and more used in the power electronics structures

In the context of world economies transitioning to services, telecommunications services are the primary means of communication between different economic entities and are therefore essential. The focus on the end consumer, the convergence with the Internet, the separation between the software and the hardware implementing a service, and the telecommunications market deregulation have led to a revolution and a new era in the telecommunications industry. To meet these challenges, former national telecommunications providers have to reduce the construction time, from months to days, while affecting non-negatively other parameters (e.g., cost, quality of service, quality of experience) of new telecommunications services. To tackle this broad theme, we propose a telecommunications service construction process, the software tools that are to be used in this process and a tool building process to build them. The telecommunications service construction process reflects current practices in the telecommunications industry. As such, it should be (easily) accepted by practitioners. The software tools (i.e., Domain Specific Modeling Languages designed as profiles of an Enterprise Architecture Modeling Language, graphical editors, code generators, Off the Shelf network simulators, a collaboration Design Rationale Domain Specific Modeling Language) help telecommunications providers face the challenges. The tool building process relies on models and provides a high automation degree, hence software tools can be build more rapidly. We illustrate the telecommunications service construction process and the tools using a multimedia conferencing service. Our proposals contribute to reducing the construction time of new telecommunications services, while providing the possibility of improved quality of service and increased involvement of the consumer. Faster provisioning of new telecommunications services, that better answer the consumers¿ needs, will increase the rate of development of new economic services in general, and will ultimately have a positive impact on world economic development.

碩士<br>大漢技術學院<br>土木工程與環境資源管理研究所<br>103<br>Taiwan is located in the Circum-Pacific seismic belt, It has mountainous and geological broken characteristics via plate collision. Due to population growth year after year, the plain land area were insufficient used. Peoples are gradually to the suburbs around the city hillside development. In the same time, Taiwan is humid and has lots of typhoons. The heavy rain and earthquakes cause serious slope failure which is the one of main geological hazards in Taiwan. To avoid road and buildings which next to the slopes to be damaged by slope failure, how to analyze the slope stability to ensure the safety is important. The limit equilibrium method that often used to analysis is based on strength of materials as the main consideration. It usually assumes that failure surface is linear, circular or compound during analysis then calculate the surface safety coefficient to define the slope stability. The minimum safety coefficient is the possible failure surface. The research used the STABL program which wrote by the limit balance method concept to discuss the three possible sliding slopes in research region and analyzed by three modes: general, earthquake and the storm. Then, simulate the reinforce plan on slope stability by two analysis models anchor nail and the stiffened soil to selected most cost-effective method of reinforcement work. Key words: slope stability, safety factor, anchor nail, stiffened soil, STABL

Formal methods promise the ultimate quality of software artifacts with mathematicalproof of their correctness. Algebraic specification is one of such methods, providingformal specifications of system components suitable for verification of correctnessof all individual steps in the software development process, and hence of the entiredevelopment process and of the resulting program.In this thesis we propose a new approach to algebraic specifications of software architectures,called diagrams of construction specifications. Constructions, as introducedhere, model parameterised modules, with dependency relation captured directly onsignature symbols. They give a uniform treatment of first- and higher-order parameterisation,and are equipped with a single sum operation which subsumes the moststandard operations on parameterised modules. We introduce specifications for suchconstructions, study their compositionality properties, and define a notion of refinementfor constructor specifications. Diagrams of construction specifications capturedesign and development of modular software architecture, based on decomposition andrefinement of construction specifications.Throughout the thesis we illustrate new concepts and problems discussed by means ofsimple examples; a somewhat longer example is also added to summarize our presentation.<br>Metody formalne umożliwiają uzyskanie najwyższej jakości procesu wytwarzania oprogramowaniaprzez dostarczenie matematycznych dowodów jego poprawności. Jedną ztakich metod są specyfikacje algebraiczne, które podają sposób formalnej specyfikacjiposzczególnych komponentów systemu informatycznego oraz weryfikacji poprawnościwszystkich kroków procesu wytwarzania oprogramowania i w rezultacie dają możliwośćzapewnienia poprawności zarówno całego procesu, jak i samego wynikowego programu.W niniejszej rozprawie proponuje się nowe podejście do algebraicznych specyfikacji architekturoprogramowania zwane diagramami specyfikacji konstrukcji. Wprowadzonejest pojęcie konstrukcji, które są modelami sparametryzowanych modułów wraz z relacjązależności wyrażoną bezpośrednio na symbolach z ich sygnatur. Konstrukcjezapewniają jednolite podejście do parametryzacji pierwszego i wyższych rzędów. Jedynąoperacją na konstrukcjach jest suma, która z powodzeniem zastępuje większośćstandardowych operacji na modułach sparametryzowanych. W rozprawie przedstawianesą specyfikacje konstrukcji, przeprowadzane są badania ich kompozycjonalnościoraz definiowane jest pojęcie uściślenia (ang. refinement) specyfikacji konstrukcji. Diagramyspecyfikacji konstrukcji pozwalają modelować strukturę i rozwój modularnycharchitektur oprogramowania opartych na dekompozycji i uściślaniu specyfikacji konstrukcji.W całym tekście podawane są liczne małe przykłady wprowadzanych pojęć i dyskutowanychproblemów. Na koniec przytoczony jest nieco dłuższy przykład ilustrującykilka kroków rozwoju architektury prostego systemu informatycznego.

Three-dimensional urban wind field construction plays an important role not only in the analysis of pedestrian levels of comfort but also in the effectiveness of harnessing wind energy in an urban environment. However, it is challenging to accurately simulate urban wind flow due to the complex land use in urban environments. In this study, a three-dimensional numerical model was developed for urban wind flow construction. To obtain an accurate urban wind field, various turbulence models, including the Reynolds Stress Model (RSM), Shear-Stress Transport (SST) k-ω, realizable k-ε, and Re-Normalization Group (RNG) k-ε models were tested. Simulation results were compared with experimental data in the literature. The RSM model showed promising potential in simulating urban wind flow. The model was then adopted to simulate urban wind flow for Purdue University Northwest, which is located in the Northwest Indiana urban region. Based on the simulation results, the optimal location was identified for urban wind turbine siting and the wind comfort was analyzed in the walk sides between the buildings.