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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 18 травня 2024

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Harrison, Ian, and Jennifer J. W. Higgo. "The preparation of 125I-labelled sodium polystyrene sulphonate." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 45, no. 3 (March 1994): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-8043(94)90049-3.

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Dalvi, Anant G., Sridevi Allu, Massoma Niazi, and Gilda Diaz-Fuentes. "SODIUM POLYSTYRENE SULPHONATE (KAYEXALATE) ASPIRATION: AN INCIDENTAL NECROPSY FINDING." Chest 130, no. 4 (October 2006): 309S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.130.4_meetingabstracts.309s-a.

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Ghazouani, Anis, Sondes Boughammoura, and Jalel M'Halla. "Studies of Electrolytic Conductivity of Some Polyelectrolyte Solutions: Importance of the Dielectric Friction Effect at High Dilution." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/852752.

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We present a general description of conductivity behavior of highly charged strong polyelectrolytes in dilute aqueous solutions taking into account the translational dielectric friction on the moving polyions modeled as chains of charged spheres successively bounded and surrounded by solvent molecules. A general formal limiting expression of the equivalent conductivity of these polyelectrolytes is presented in order to distinguish between two concentration regimes and to evaluate the relative interdependence between the ionic condensation effect and the dielectric friction effect, in the range of very dilute solutions for which the stretched conformation is favored. This approach is illustrated by the limiting behaviors of three polyelectrolytes (sodium heparinate, sodium chondroitin sulfate, and sodium polystyrene sulphonate) characterized by different chain lengths and by different discontinuous charge distributions.

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Gardiner, Geoffrey W. "Kayexalate (Sodium Polystyrene Sulphonate) in Sorbitol Associated with Intestinal Necrosis in Uremic Patients." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 11, no. 7 (1997): 573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1997/370814.

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BACKGROUND:Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulphonate) in sorbitol is commonly used to treat hyperkalemia in patients with renal insufficiency. Isolated case reports and one recent large series have documented intestinal necrosis following administration of kayexalate in sorbitol.METHODS:Two patients with luminal kayexalate crystals associated with intestinal pathology were first identified in the pathology department, and clinicopathological correlation was carried out.RESULTS:Both patients were seriously ill, had prior cardiac surgery and were in renal failure (uremic). Examination of autopsy and colonic resection showed luminal kayexalate crystals associated with underlying mucosal necrosis, submucosal edema and transmural inflammation.CONCLUSION:Although occurring in complex clinical settings, the pathological findings provide additional evidence that kayexalate in sorbitol may be associated with intestinal necrosis and inflammation in uremic patients and that this may be a clinically and pathologically under-recognized iatrogenic bowel injury.

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Bianchi, Stefano, and Giuseppe Regolisti. "Pivotal clinical trials, meta-analyses and current guidelines in the treatment of hyperkalemia." Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 34, Supplement_3 (December 1, 2019): iii51—iii61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfz213.

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Abstract Hyperkalemia (HK) is the most common electrolyte disturbance observed in patients with advanced stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), is a potentially life-threatening clinical condition due to an increased risk of fatal arrhythmias, and strongly impacts the quality of life and prognosis of CKD patients. Moreover, while renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASIs) represent the most cardio-nephro-protective drugs used in clinical practice, the treatment with these drugs per se increases serum potassium (sK) values, particularly when heart failure and diabetes mellitus coexist. In fact, the onset or recurrence of HK is frequently associated with not starting, down-titrating or withdrawing RAASIs, and is an indication to begin renal replacement treatment in end-stage renal disease. Current strategies aimed at preventing and treating chronic HK are still unsatisfactory, as evidenced by the relatively high prevalence of HK also in patients under stable nephrology care, and even in the ideal setting of randomized clinical trials. Indeed, dietary potassium restriction, the use of sodium bicarbonate or diuretics, the withdrawal or down-titration of RAASIs, or the administration of old potassium binders, namely sodium polystyrene sulphonate and calcium polystyrene sulphonate, have limited efficacy and are poorly tolerated; therefore, these strategies are not suitable for long-term control of sK. As such, there is an important unmet need for novel therapeutic options for the chronic management of patients at risk for HK. The development of new potassium binders may change the treatment landscape in the near future. This review summarizes the current evidence on the treatment of chronic HK in cardio-renal patients.

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Sportelli, Maria C., Diana Hötger, Rosaria A. Picca, Kyriaki Manoli, Christine Kranz, Boris Mizaikoff, Luisa Torsi, and Nicola Cioffi. "Electrosynthesized Polystyrene Sulphonate-Capped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as Electrode Modifiers for Sensing Devices." MRS Proceedings 1675 (2014): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.847.

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ABSTRACTZnO nanoparticles were prepared by a green electrochemical synthesis method applying low current densities followed by a thermal treatment. Sodium polystyrene sulphonate (PSS) was used as stabilizer in the electrolytic aqueous medium due to its biocompatibility and stability. The as-prepared nanocolloids were then annealed to improve their stability, and then converted via hydroxide species into stoichiometric oxide. Different calcination temperatures were studied. ZnO@PSS nanomaterials were deposited onto SiO2/Si substrates, in part in combination with an organic semiconductor layer to evaluate their influence on organic field effect transistors (OFETs). All nanomaterials and composite layers were characterized by morphological and spectroscopic techniques. Promising results regarding the use of ZnO@PSS in OFETs could be demonstrated.

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Filippi, Luca, Alessandra Cecchi, Carlo Dani, Giovanna Bertini, Marco Pezzati, and Firmino F. Rubaltelli. "Hypernatraemia induced by sodium polystyrene sulphonate (KayexalateR) in two extremely low birth weight newborns." Pediatric Anesthesia 14, no. 3 (March 2004): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9592.2003.01210.x.

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Avernier, B. H., J. Vliegen, J. Mullens, and C. Van Poucke. "Study of the Desorption of Gelatin on Silver Bromide by Means of Sodium Polystyrene Sulphonate." Journal of Photographic Science 34, no. 4 (July 1986): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223638.1986.11738411.

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Abad, Concepción, Lorenzo Braco, Vicente Soria, Rosa García, and Agustín Campos. "Solution properties of polyelectrolytes. I. Exclusion chromatography of sodium polystyrene sulphonate in salt-free water as eluent." British Polymer Journal 19, no. 6 (November 1987): 489–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.4980190601.

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Laureati, Paola, Yang Xu, Marco Trevisan, Lovisa Schalin, Illaria Mariani, Rino Bellocco, Manish M. Sood, et al. "Initiation of sodium polystyrene sulphonate and the risk of gastrointestinal adverse events in advanced chronic kidney disease: a nationwide study." Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 35, no. 9 (August 4, 2019): 1518–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfz150.

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Abstract Background Despite long-standing clinical use of sodium polystyrene sulphonate (SPS) for hyperkalaemia management in chronic kidney disease (CKD), its safety profile remains poorly investigated. Methods We undertook an observational analysis of nephrology-referred adults with incident CKD Stage 4+ in Sweden during 2006–16 and with no previous SPS use. We studied patterns of use and adverse events associated to SPS initiation during follow-up. Patterns of SPS use were defined by chronicity of treatment and by prescribed dose. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) associated with SPS initiation (time-varying exposure) for the risk of severe (intestinal ischaemia, thrombosis or ulceration/perforation) and minor (de novo dispensation of laxatives or anti-diarrheal drugs) gastrointestinal (GI) events. Results Of 19 530 SPS-naïve patients with CKD, 3690 initiated SPS during follow-up. A total of 59% took SPS chronically, with an average of three dispensations/year. The majority (85%) were prescribed lower dosages than specified on the product label. During follow-up, 202 severe and 1149 minor GI events were recorded. SPS initiation was associated with a higher incidence of severe adverse events [adjusted HR 1.25 95% CI 1.05–1.49)], particularly in those receiving per label doses [1.54 (1.09–2.17)] and mainly attributed to ulcers and perforations. SPS initiation was also associated with higher incidence of minor GI events [adjusted HR 1.11 (95% CI 1.03–1.19)], regardless of dose, and mainly accounted for by de novo dispensation of laxatives. Conclusions Initiation of SPS in patients with advanced CKD is associated with a higher risk of severe GI complications as well as the initiation of GI-related medications, particularly when prescribed at per label doses.

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Dandekar, Deepak V., Guddadarangavvanahally K. Jayaprakasha, and Bhimanagouda S. Patil. "Simultaneous Extraction of Bioactive Limonoid Aglycones and Glucoside from Citrus aurantium L. Using Hydrotropy." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 63, no. 3-4 (April 1, 2008): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2008-3-403.

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Citrus limonoids were demonstrated to possess potential biological activities in reducing the risk of certain diseases. Limonoids are present in citrus fruits in the form of aglycones and glucosides. At present, limonoid aglycones and limonoid glucosides are extracted in multiple steps using different solvents. In order to understand their potential bioactivity, it may be beneficial to isolate and purify these compounds using environment friendly methods. A new method of extraction and purification of limonoids was established using a hydrotrope polystyrene adsorbent resin. Extraction of aglycones and glucosides was achieved in a single step, using an aqueous solution of sodium cumene sulphonate (NaDCuS). Sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) seed powder was extracted with 2 m NaDCuS solution at 45 °C for 6 h. The filtered extract was diluted with water and loaded on an SP 700 adsorbent column. The column was washed with distilled water to remove the hydrotrope and then eluted using water and methanol in different compositions to obtain three compounds. The structures of the isolated compounds were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy as deacetyl nomilinic acid glucoside (DNAG), deacetyl nomilin (DAN) and limonin (LIM)

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Corti, Horacio R. "Transport phenomena in concentrated aqueous solutions of sodium–caesium polystyrene sulphonates." Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 1: Physical Chemistry in Condensed Phases 83, no. 11 (1987): 3259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/f19878303259.

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"Sodium polystyrene sulphonate: risk of severe GI events." Reactions Weekly 1766, no. 1 (August 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-019-66082-3.

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Ferreira, João Pedro, Cécile Couchoud, Stéphane Edet, Philippe Brunet, and Luc Frimat. "Adverse gastrointestinal events with sodium polystyrene sulphonate and calcium polystyrene sulphonate use in dialysis patients: a nationwide registry study." Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, November 28, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfaa229.

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Abstract Introduction Sodium polystyrene sulphonate (SPS) and calcium polystyrene sulphonate (CPS) are commonly used cation-exchange resins for the treatment and control of hyperkalaemia. However, their use (particularly SPS) has been limited by reports of adverse gastrointestinal (GI) events. The safety of these compounds in patients undergoing dialysis requires larger investigation. Aims To study the occurrence of adverse GI events (occlusion, perforation, thrombosis/ischaemia) in the periods of SPS or CPS exposition versus the periods without exposition in dialysis patients. Methods Dialysis patients were extracted from the French National Registry and merged with the French hospital discharge database (between 2006 and 2017). For our primary analysis, we used patients who had any claim of SPS use (n = 43 771). Time-varying Cox models, negative binomial regression and pre- versus post-treatment average treatment effects. Results The mean age was 66 ± 15 years, 37% were female and 92% were undergoing haemodialysis. Over a 1-year follow-up, patients on periods with SPS (on-SPS) did not present an increased risk of adverse GI events versus the periods without SPS (off-SPS): incidence rate (IR) (per 1000 person years) = 7.4 (6.4–8.7) versus 9.5 (8.1–11.0); adjusted hazard ratio (HR) (95% CI) = 0.81 (0.60–1.09), P = 0.17. Patients exposed to SPS did not experience a higher rate of adverse GI events in the year after SPS initiation versus the year before SPS initiation; P-value for parallel trend = 0.87. Patients on-CPS also did not show an increased risk of adverse GI events versus off-CPS: IR (per 1000 py) = 8.6 (5.1–11.9) versus 7.8 (5.1–11.9); adjusted HR (95% CI) = 0.76 (0.31–1.80), P = 0.52. The rates of adverse GI events in the periods on and off exposure were also similar over a follow-up of 5 years. Conclusion Our large, nationwide study shows that the incidence of adverse GI events in patients undergoing dialysis was low and that neither the use of SPS nor CPS was associated with increased GI events risk.

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Carrero, Juan Jesus, Manish M. Sood, Ailema Gonzalez-Ortiz, and Catherine M. Clase. "Pharmacological strategies to manage hyperkalemia: out with the old, in with the new? Not so fast…" Clinical Kidney Journal, April 21, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfad089.

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Abstract Since the 1950 s, sodium polystyrene sulphonate (SPS) has been the dominant cation-exchange resin prescribed for hyperkalemia. Clinicians have had plenty of time to learn of SPS's advantages and limitations. The demands of drug regulatory agencies regarding the incorporation of medications into the market were not so stringent then as they are today, and the efficacy and safety of SPS have been questioned. In recent years, two novel cation-exchangers, patiromer and sodium zirconium cyclosilicate, have received (or are in the process of receiving) regulatory approval in multiple jurisdictions globally, after scrutiny of carefully conducted trials regarding their short-term and mid-term efficacy. In this controversy debate, we defend the view that all three agents are likely to have similar efficacy. Harms are much better understood for SPS than for newer agents, but currently there are no data to suggest that novel agents are safer than SPS. Drug choices need to consider costs, access and numbers-needed-to-treat to prevent clinically important events; for potassium exchangers, we need trials directly examining clinically-important events.

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Smyrli, Maria, Pantelis A. Sarafidis, Charalampos Loutradis, Maria Korogiannou, Ioannis N. Boletis, and Smaragdi Marinaki. "Prevalence and factors associated with hyperkalaemia in stable kidney transplant recipients." Clinical Kidney Journal, July 10, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfab129.

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Abstract Background Hyperkalaemia is a frequent and potentially life-threatening condition in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Even after successful kidney transplantation (KTx), KTx recipients have mild to severe CKD. Moreover, they share comorbid conditions and frequently use medications that predispose to hyperkalaemia. This study aimed to examine the prevalence and factors associated with hyperkalaemia in this population. Methods Over a pre-specified period of 6 months (1 September 2019 to 31 March 2020), we recorded in cross-sectional fashion information on serum potassium (K+) and relevant demographics, comorbidities, medications, laboratory and transplant-associated variables in clinically stable KTx recipients attending the Transplant Outpatient Clinic of our Department. Ηyperkalaemia was classified as follows: serum K+ level >5.0 mEq/L; and further as >5.0 mEq/L with concomitant use of sodium (Na+) polystyrene sulphonate; serum K+ ≥5.2 mEq/L; serum K+ ≥5.5 mEq/L. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with serum K+ >5.0 mEq/L. Results The study population consisted of 582 stable KTx recipients, 369 (63.4%) males, aged 52.4 ± 13.5 years, with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 55.8 ± 20.1 mL/min/1.73 m2 transplanted for >1 year. The prevalence of hyperkalaemia defined as K+ >5.0 mEq/L; >5.0 mEq/L and use of Na+ polystyrene sulphonate; K+ ≥5.2; or K+ ≥5.5 mEq/L, was: 22.7, 22.7, 14.4 and 4.1% (132, 132, 84 and 24 patients), respectively. In multivariate analysis, male gender [odds ratio (OR) = 2.020, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.264–3.227] and use of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) blockers (OR = 1.628, 95% CI 1.045–2.536) were independently associated with hyperkalaemia, while higher eGFR (OR = 0.967, 95% CI 0.955–0.979) and use of non-K+-sparing diuretics (OR = 0.140, 95% CI 0.046–0.430) were associated with lower odds of the disorder. Conclusions The prevalence of mild hyperkalaemia in stable KTx recipients is relatively high but that of moderate or severe hyperkalaemia is low. Among a wide range of factors studied, only male gender and RAAS blockade were associated with increased odds of hyperkalaemia, while higher eGFR and diuretics were associated with decreased odds of hyperkalaemia.

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