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Статті в журналах з теми "Sodium Ion Conducting Materials"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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1

Verma, Harshlata, Kuldeep Mishra, and D. K. Rai. "Sodium ion conducting nanocomposite polymer electrolyte membrane for sodium ion batteries." Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 24, no. 3 (January 8, 2020): 521–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-019-04490-4.

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2

Herczog, Andrew. "Sodium Ion Conducting Glasses for the Sodium‐Sulfur Battery." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 132, no. 7 (July 1, 1985): 1539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2114161.

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3

Wong, Lee Loong, Haomin Chen, and Stefan Adams. "Design of fast ion conducting cathode materials for grid-scale sodium-ion batteries." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 11 (2017): 7506–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp00037e.

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4

Allu, Amarnath R., Sathravada Balaji, Kavya Illath, Chaithanya Hareendran, T. G. Ajithkumar, Kaushik Biswas, and K. Annapurna. "Structural elucidation of NASICON (Na3Al2P3O12) based glass electrolyte materials: effective influence of boron and gallium." RSC Advances 8, no. 26 (2018): 14422–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra01676c.

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Анотація:

Understanding the conductivity variations induced by compositional changes in sodium super ionic conducting (NASICON) glass materials is highly relevant for applications such as solid electrolytes for sodium (Na) ion batteries.

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5

Bloom, I., and M. C. Hash. "Ceramic/Glass Electrolytes for Sodium‐Ion‐Conducting Applications." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 139, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 1115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2069349.

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6

Nogai, A. A., Zh M. Salikhodzha, A. S. Nogai, and D. E. Uskenbaev. "Conducting and dielectric properties of Na3Fe2(PO4)3 and Na2FePO4F." Eurasian Journal of Physics and Functional Materials 5, no. 3 (September 22, 2021): 222–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/ejpfm.2021050307.

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In this research, the structure parameters, conducting and dielectric properties of Na3Fe2(PO4)3 and Na2FePO4F polycrystals were studied obtained by solid-phase synthesis. The phase transition temperatures, conducting and dielectric parameters of Na3Fe2(PO4)3 and Na2FePO4F polycrystals were refined. A comparative evaluation of the conductive properties of Na3Fe2(PO4)3 and Na2FePO4F polycrystals is given in this article. The prospects of using of Na3Fe2(PO4)3 and Na2FePO4F are justified as electrode materials in sodium ion batteries.

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7

Menisha, Mithunaraj, M. A. K. L. Dissanayake, and K. Vignarooban. "Quasi-Solid State Polymer Electrolytes Based on PVdF-HFP Host Polymer for Sodium-Ion Secondary Batteries." Key Engineering Materials 950 (July 31, 2023): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-obe3dm.

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Prices of lithium raw materials keep on increasing exponentially due to their heavy consumption for lithium batteries used in portable electronic devices as well as automobiles. Also, the global lithium deposits are very limited. Hence, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been heavily investigated as cheaper alternatives to expensive lithium-ion batteries, mainly due to the abundance of sodium raw materials. However, one of the major bottlenecks faced by the material research community to commercialize SIBs is the poor ionic conductivity of sodium-ion conducting electrolytes at ambient temperature, especially in the solid-state. Very recently, quasi-solid state polymer electrolytes (QSSPEs) have been proposed to overcome this challenge. In this work, a set of QSSPEs have been synthesized by using poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) host polymer and NaBF4 ionic salt dissolved in EC/PC plasticizer/solvent mixture. The highest conducting composition; 6 PVdF-HFP: 14 NaBF4: 40 EC: 40 PC (wt.%); showed an ambient temperature ionic conductivity of 4.1x10-3 S cm-1. The activation energy is almost same for all the sample compositions studied in this work suggesting that the activation process is mainly controlled by EC/PC. DC polarization test on highest conducting electrolyte composition with a configuration of SS/QSSPE/SS revealed that the electrolyte is predominantly ionic conductor with negligible electronic conductivity; a much desired property for a good electrolyte. Linear sweep voltammetric studies confirmed that the electrochemical stability window of the highest conducting electrolyte is about 3.6 V. This highest conducting electrolyte composition is found to be highly suitable for practical applications in sodium batteries.

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8

Liu, Kewei, Yingying Xie, Zhenzhen Yang, Hong-Keun Kim, Trevor L. Dzwiniel, Jianzhong Yang, Hui Xiong, and Chen Liao. "Design of a Single-Ion Conducting Polymer Electrolyte for Sodium-Ion Batteries." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 120543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac42f2.

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A sodium bis(fluoroallyl)malonato borate salt (NaBFMB) is synthesized. Using a Click thiol-ene reaction, NaBFMB can be photo-crosslinked with a tri-thiol (trimethylolpropane tris(3-mercapto propionate), TMPT) to create a single-ion conducting electrolyte (NaSIE), with all negative charges residing on the borate moieties and anions immobilized through the 3-D crosslinked network. The NaSIE can be prepared either as a free-standing film or through a drop-cast method followed by a photo crosslinking method for an in-situ formation on top of the electrodes. The free-standing film of NaSIE has a high ionic conductivity of 2 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 30 °C, and a high transference number (tNa +) of 0.91 as measured through the Bruce-Vincent method. The electrochemical stability of NaSIE polymer electrolyte is demonstrated via cyclic voltammetry (CV) to be stable up to 5 V vs Na/Na+. When tested inside a symmetrical Na//Na cell, the NaSIE shows a critical current density (CCD) of 0.4 mA cm−2. The stability of NaSIE is further demonstrated via a long cycling of the stripping/plating test with a current density of 0.1 mA cm−2 at five-minute intervals for over 10,000 min. Using the in-situ method, NaSIE is used as the electrolyte for a sodium metal battery using P2 (Na resides at prismatic sites with with ABBAAB stacking)-cathode of Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 (NNMO) and is cycled between the cut-off voltages of 2.0–4.0 V. A high initial specific capacity (85.7 mAh g−1) with a capacity retention of 86.79% after 150 cycles is obtained.

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9

Irvine, J. T. S., and A. R. West. "Sodium ion-conducting solid electrolytes in the system Na3PO4Na2SO4." Journal of Solid State Chemistry 69, no. 1 (July 1987): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4596(87)90018-1.

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10

Vo, Duy Thanh, Hoang Nguyen Do, Thien Trung Nguyen, Thi Tuyet Hanh Nguyen, Van Man Tran, Shigeto Okada, and My Loan Phung Le. "Sodium ion conducting gel polymer electrolyte using poly(vinylidene fluoride hexafluoropropylene)." Materials Science and Engineering: B 241 (February 2019): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2019.02.007.

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11

Zhang, Si-Wei, Wei Lv, Dong Qiu, Tengfei Cao, Jun Zhang, Qiaowei Lin, Xiangrong Chen, Yan-Bing He, Feiyu Kang, and Quan-Hong Yang. "An ion-conducting SnS–SnS2hybrid coating for commercial activated carbons enabling their use as high performance anodes for sodium-ion batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 17 (2019): 10761–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta00599d.

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12

Dimri, Mukesh Chandra, Deepak Kumar, Shujahadeen B. Aziz, and Kuldeep Mishra. "ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles assisted ion transport behavior in a sodium ion conducting polymer electrolyte." Ionics 27, no. 3 (January 9, 2021): 1143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11581-020-03899-6.

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13

Mohapatra, Saumya R., Awalendra K. Thakur, and R. N. P. Choudhary. "Studies on PEO-based sodium ion conducting composite polymer films." Ionics 14, no. 3 (November 8, 2007): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11581-007-0171-2.

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14

Rao, R. Prasada, Xin Zhang, Kia Chai Phuah, and Stefan Adams. "Mechanochemical synthesis of fast sodium ion conductor Na11Sn2PSe12 enables first sodium–selenium all-solid-state battery." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 36 (2019): 20790–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta06279c.

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Fast-ion conducting Na₁₁Sn₂PS₁₂ prepared by ball-milling allowed us to realize the first all-solid-state Na–Se battery, which can reach 500 charge–discharge cycles at room temperature.

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15

Sadiq, Mohd, Mohammad Moeen Hasan Raza, Tahir Murtaza, Mohammad Zulfequar, and Javid Ali. "Sodium Ion-Conducting Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Blend Electrolyte Films." Journal of Electronic Materials 50, no. 2 (November 13, 2020): 403–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11664-020-08581-1.

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16

Diana, M. Infanta, P. Christopher Selvin, S. Selvasekarapandian, and M. Vengadesh Krishna. "Investigations on Na-ion conducting electrolyte based on sodium alginate biopolymer for all-solid-state sodium-ion batteries." Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 25, no. 7 (June 8, 2021): 2009–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-021-04985-z.

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17

Maresca, Giovanna, Paolo Casu, Elisabetta Simonetti, Sergio Brutti, and Giovanni Battista Appetecchi. "Sodium-Conducting Ionic Liquid Electrolytes: Electrochemical Stability Investigation." Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (April 21, 2022): 4174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094174.

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Анотація:

Sodium-conducting electrolytes, based on the EMIFSI, EMITFSI, N1114FSI, N1114TFSI, N1114IM14, PIP13TFSI and PIP14TFSI ionic liquids, were investigated in terms of electrochemical stability through voltammetry techniques with the aim of evaluating their feasibility in Na-ion devices. Both the anodic and cathodic sides were studied. The effect of contaminants, such as water and/or molecular oxygen, on the electrochemical robustness of the electrolytes was also investigated. Preliminary cyclic voltammetry and charge-discharge tests were carried out in Na/hard carbon and Na/α-NaMnO2 half cells using selected ionic liquid electrolytes. The results are presented and discussed in the present paper.

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18

Zhu, Liangzhu, та Anil V. Virkar. "Sodium, Silver and Lithium-Ion Conducting β″-Alumina + YSZ Composites, Ionic Conductivity and Stability". Crystals 11, № 3 (16 березня 2021): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11030293.

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Na-β″-alumina (Na2O.~6Al2O3) is known to be an excellent sodium ion conductor in battery and sensor applications. In this study we report fabrication of Na- β″-alumina + YSZ dual phase composite to mitigate moisture and CO2 corrosion that otherwise can lead to degradation in pure Na-β″-alumina conductor. Subsequently, we heat-treated the samples in molten AgNO3 and LiNO3 to respectively form Ag-β″-alumina + YSZ and Li-β″-alumina + YSZ to investigate their potential applications in silver- and lithium-ion solid state batteries. Ion exchange fronts were captured via SEM and EDS techniques. Their ionic conductivities were measured using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Both ion exchange rates and ionic conductivities of these composite ionic conductors were firstly reported here and measured as a function of ion exchange time and temperature.

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19

Mehrer, Helmut. "Diffusion and Ion Conduction in Cation-Conducting Oxide Glasses." Diffusion Foundations 6 (February 2016): 59–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.6.59.

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In this Chapter we review knowledge about diffusion and cation conduction in oxide glasses. We first remind the reader in Section 1 of major aspects of the glassy state and recall in Section 2 the more common glass families. The diffusive motion in ion-conducting oxide glasses can be studied by several techniques – measurements of radiotracer diffusion, studies of the ionic conductivity by impedance spectroscopy, viscosity studies and pressure dependent studies of tracer diffusion and ion conduction. These methods are briefly reviewed in Section 3. Radiotracer diffusion is element-specific, whereas ionic conduction is not. A comparison of both types of experiments can throw considerable light on the question which type of ions are carriers of ionic conduction. For ionic conductors Haven ratios can be obtained from the tracer diffusivity and the ionic conductivity for those ions which dominate the conductivity.In the following sections we review the diffusive motion of cations in soda-lime silicate glass and in several alkali-oxide glasses based mainly on results from our laboratory published in detail elsewhere, but we also take into account literature data.Section 4 is devoted to two soda-lime silicate glasses, materials which are commonly used for window glass and glass containers. A comparison between ionic conductivity and tracer diffusion of Na and Ca isotopes, using the Nernst-Einstein relation to deduce charge diffusivities, reveals that sodium ions are the carriers of ionic conduction in soda-lime glasses. A comparison with viscosity data on the basis of the Stokes-Einstein relation shows that the SiO2 network is many orders of magnitude less mobile than the relatively fast diffusing modifier cations Na. The Ca ions are less mobile than the Na ions but nevertheless Ca is considerably more mobile than the network.Section 5 summarizes results of ion conduction and tracer diffusion for single Na and single Rb borate glasses. Tracer diffusion and ionic conduction have been studied in single alkali-borate glasses as functions of temperature and pressure. The smaller ion is the faster diffusing species in its own glass. This is a common feature of all alkali oxide glasses. The Haven ratio of Na in Na borate glass is temperature independent whereas the Haven ratio of Rb diffusion in Rb borate glass decreases with decreasing temperature.Section 6 reviews major facts of alkali-oxide glasses with two different alkali ions. Such glasses reveal the so-called mixed-alkali effect. Its major feature is a deep minimum of the conductivity near some middle composition for the ratio of the two alkali ions. Tracer diffusion shows a crossover of the two tracer diffusivities as functions of the relative alkali content near the conductivity minimum. The values of the tracer diffusivities also reveal in which composition range which ions dominate ionic conduction. Tracer diffusion is faster for those alkali ions which dominate the composition of the mixed glass.Section 7 considers the pressure dependence of tracer diffusion and ionic conduction. Activation volumes of tracer diffusion and of charge diffusion are reviewed. By comparison of tracer and charge diffusion the so-called Haven ratios are obtained as functions of temperature, pressure and composition. The Haven ratio of Rb in Rb borate glass decreases with temperature and pressure whereas that of Na in Na borate glass is almost constant.Section 8 summarizes additional common features of alkali-oxide glasses. Activation enthalpies of charge diffusion decrease with decreasing average ion-ion distance. The Haven ratio is unity for large ion-ion distances and decreases with increasing alkali content and hence with decreasing ion-ion distance.Conclusions about the mechanism of diffusion are discussed in Section 9. The Haven ratio near unity at low alkali concentrations can be attributed to interstitial-like diffusion similar to interstitial diffusion in crystals. At higher alkali contents collective, chain-like motions of several ions prevail and lead to a decrease of the Haven ratio. The tracer diffusivities have a pressure dependence which is stronger than that of ionic conductivity. This entails a pressure-dependent Haven ratio, which can be attributed to an increasing degree of collectivity of the ionic jump process with increasing pressure. Monte Carlo simulations showed that the number of ions which participate in collective jump events increases with increasing ion content – i.e. with decreasing average ion-ion distance. For the highest alkali contents up to four ions can be involved in collective motion. Common aspects of the motion process of ions in glasses and of atoms in glassy metals are pointed out. Diffusion in glassy metals also occurs by collective motion of several atoms.Section 10 summarizes the major features of ionic conduction and tracer diffusion and its temperature and pressure dependence of oxide glasses.

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20

Maithilee, K., P. Sathya, S. Selvasekarapandian, R. Chitra, M. Vengadesh Krishna, and S. Meyvel. "Na-ion conducting biopolymer electrolyte based on tamarind seed polysaccharide incorporated with sodium perchlorate for primary sodium-ion batteries." Ionics 28, no. 4 (January 15, 2022): 1783–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11581-022-04440-7.

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21

Li, Weihan, Minsi Li, Keegan R. Adair, Xueliang Sun, and Yan Yu. "Carbon nanofiber-based nanostructures for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 27 (2017): 13882–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta02153d.

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Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) belong to a class of one-dimensional (1D) carbonaceous materials with excellent electronic conductivity, leading to their use as conductive additives in electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (NIBs).

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22

Fusco, F. A., H. L. Tuller, and D. P. Button. "Lithium, sodium and potassium transport in fast ion conducting glasses: trends and models." Materials Science and Engineering: B 13, no. 2 (March 1992): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5107(92)90157-5.

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23

DUBBE, A., and R. MOOS. "Potentiometric hydrocarbon gas sensing characteristics of sodium ion conducting zeolite ZSM-5." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 130, no. 1 (March 14, 2008): 546–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2007.09.067.

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24

Dubey, M., A. Kumar, S. Murugavel, G. Vijaya Prakash, D. Amilan Jose, and C. R. Mariappan. "Structural and ion transport properties of sodium ion conducting Na2MTeO6 (M= MgNi and MgZn) solid electrolytes." Ceramics International 46, no. 1 (January 2020): 663–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.09.018.

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25

Singh, Rajkumar, C. Maheshwaran, D. K. Kanchan, Kuldeep Mishra, Pramod K. Singh, and Deepak Kumar. "Ion-transport behavior in tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether incorporated sodium ion conducting polymer gel electrolyte membranes intended for sodium battery application." Journal of Molecular Liquids 336 (August 2021): 116594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116594.

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26

Kumar, Ankit, Mohit Madaan, Anil Arya, Shweta Tanwar, and A. L. Sharma. "Ion transport, dielectric, and electrochemical properties of sodium ion-conducting polymer nanocomposite: application in EDLC." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 31, no. 13 (May 28, 2020): 10873–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-03639-6.

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27

Walkowiak, Mariusz, Monika Osińska, Teofil Jesionowski, and Katarzyna Siwińska-Stefańska. "Synthesis and characterization of a new hybrid TiO2/SiO2 filler for lithium conducting gel electrolytes." Open Chemistry 8, no. 6 (December 1, 2010): 1311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-010-0110-3.

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AbstractThis paper describes the synthesis and properties of a new type of ceramic fillers for composite polymer gel electrolytes. Hybrid TiO2-SiO2 ceramic powders have been obtained by co-precipitation from titanium(IV) sulfate solution using sodium silicate as the precipitating agent. The resulting submicron-size powders have been applied as fillers for composite polymer gel electrolytes for Li-ion batteries based on poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF/HFP) copolymeric membranes. The powders, dry membranes and gel electrolytes have been examined structurally and electrochemically, showing favorable properties in terms of electrolyte uptake and electrochemical characteristics in Li-ion cells.

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28

Prosini, Pier Paolo, Maria Carewska, Cinzia Cento, Gabriele Tarquini, Fabio Maroni, Agnese Birrozzi, and Francesco Nobili. "Tin-Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide and NaLi0.2Ni0.25Mn0.75O as Electrode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries." Materials 12, no. 7 (April 1, 2019): 1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12071074.

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A tin-decorated reduced graphene oxide, originally developed for lithium-ion batteries, has been investigated as an anode in sodium-ion batteries. The composite has been synthetized through microwave reduction of poly acrylic acid functionalized graphene oxide and a tin oxide organic precursor. The final product morphology reveals a composite in which Sn and SnO2 nanoparticles are homogenously distributed into the reduced graphene oxide matrix. The XRD confirms the initial simultaneous presence of Sn and SnO2 particles. SnRGO electrodes, prepared using Super-P carbon as conducting additive and Pattex PL50 as aqueous binder, were investigated in a sodium metal cell. The Sn-RGO showed a high irreversible first cycle capacity: only 52% of the first cycle discharge capacity was recovered in the following charge cycle. After three cycles, a stable SEI layer was developed and the cell began to work reversibly: the practical reversible capability of the material was 170 mA·h·g−1. Subsequently, a material of formula NaLi0.2Ni0.25Mn0.75O was synthesized by solid-state chemistry. It was found that the cathode showed a high degree of crystallization with hexagonal P2-structure, space group P63/mmc. The material was electrochemically characterized in sodium cell: the discharge-specific capacity increased with cycling, reaching at the end of the fifth cycle a capacity of 82 mA·h·g−1. After testing as a secondary cathode in a sodium metal cell, NaLi0.2Ni0.25Mn0.75O was coupled with SnRGO anode to form a sodium-ion cell. The electrochemical characterization allowed confirmation that the battery was able to reversibly cycle sodium ions. The cell’s power response was evaluated by discharging the SIB at different rates. At the lower discharge rate, the anode capacity approached the rated value (170 mA·h·g−1). By increasing the discharge current, the capacity decreased but the decline was not so pronounced: the anode discharged about 80% of the rated capacity at 1 C rate and more than 50% at 5 C rate.

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29

Imanaka, N., K. Okamoto, and G. Adachi. "New Type of Sodium Ion Conducting Solid Electrolyte Based on Lanthanum Oxysulfate." Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 5, no. 9 (2002): E51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1497516.

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30

Chandra, A., and S. Chandra. "Mixed-anion effect in polyethylene-oxide-based sodium-ion-conducting polymer electrolytes." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 27, no. 10 (October 14, 1994): 2171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/27/10/028.

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31

Wilmer, D., H. Feldmann, R. E. Lechner, and J. Combet. "Sodium Ion Conduction in Plastic Phases: Dynamic Coupling of Cations and Anions in the Picosecond Range." Journal of Materials Research 20, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 1973–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2005.0277.

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Results of simple computer simulations and model calculations for ion conducting rotor phases are compared to quasi-elastic neutron scattering data from solid solutions of sodium orthophosphate and sodium sulphate, xNa2SO4⋅(1 − x)Na3PO4. These materials are not only sodium fast-ion conductors in their high-temperature cubic phases but also show considerable dynamic reorientation disorder of their tetrahedral anions. At an elastic energy resolution of about 100 μeV, neutron spectrometry monitored oxygen scattering due to anion reorientation which occurs on the picosecond time scale. This thermally activated process exhibits activation energies between 0.184 eV (x = 0.0) and 0.052 eV (x = 0.5). Analysis of the quasielastic intensities as a function of scattering vector Q gives clear evidence of the involvement of cations in the anion reorientation. Increasing the elastic resolution to about 1 μeV full width at half-measure (FWHM) (thereby shifting the dynamic window to the nanosecond scale) allowed examination of sodium diffusion in xNa2SO4⋅(1 − x)Na3PO4. This process consists predominantly of thermally activated jumps between tetrahedrally coordinated sites, the activation energies ranging from 0.64 eV for x = 0.0 to 0.30 eV for x = 0.5.

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32

Shetty, Supriya K., Ismayil, Shreedatta Hegde, V. Ravindrachary, Ganesh Sanjeev, Rajashekhar F. Bhajantri, and Saraswati P. Masti. "Dielectric relaxations and ion transport study of NaCMC:NaNO3 solid polymer electrolyte films." Ionics 27, no. 6 (April 13, 2021): 2509–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11581-021-04023-y.

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AbstractNa+ ion-conducting solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) of sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) doped with sodium nitrate (NaNO3) was developed by solution casting method. FTIR technique confirmed the formation of hydrogen bonding between $$ {NO}_3^{-} $$ NO 3 − anion and functional groups of NaCMC. XRD study revealed the low degree of crystallinity that reduced upon doping. Impedance spectroscopy was adapted in order to analyze the conductivity and dielectric relaxation phenomena of the polymer-salt complex. FTIR deconvolution technique was employed to understand the factor that influences the ionic conductivity in SPE; concentration of mobile ions and ionic mobility both play a vital role. Ion transference number has been found out to be > 0.97 for all samples indicating that the conducting species are primarily ions. The highest ionic conductivity of ̴ 3 × 10−3 Scm−1 with the mechanical strength of 30.12 MPa was achieved for a host containing 30 wt.% NaNO3 at ambient temperature.

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Jayamaha, J. H. T. Bandara, V. Jathushan, K. Vignarooban, G. Sashikesh, K. Velauthamurty, and M. A. K. L. Dissanayake. "Novel Gel-Polymer Electrolytes for Sodium-Ion Secondary Batteries - An Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopic Studies." Materials Science Forum 1053 (February 17, 2022): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-j882uu.

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Global lithium deposits have been consumed a lot because of the heavy usage of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in almost all portable electronic devices and in automobiles. Due to the very limited global lithium resources, the so-called ‘batteries beyond lithium-ion’ such as sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are becoming popular, particularly in the R&D level. One of the common problems in the commercial level production of SIBs is the synthesis of suitable electrolytes with sufficient ambient temperature ionic conductivities. In this work, a set of novel gel-polymer electrolytes (GPEs) based on poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) host polymer have been synthesized and characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS), DC polarization and cyclic voltammetric (CV) techniques. The optimized PMMA-NaClO4-EC-DMC GPE composition (10:14:38:38 wt.%) showed an ambient temperature ionic conductivity of 8.4 mS cm-1. Ionic conductivity vs inverse temperature showed Arrhenius behavior with almost same activation energies of 0.16 eV for all the compositions studied. DC polarization test on SS/GPE/SS configuration showed that the best conducting composition is dominantly an ionic conductor (tion ~ 0.998) with negligible electronic conductivity, which is highly desirable to avoid short circuits within the cell. The CV test on best conducting composition revealed that the electrochemical stability window (ESW) of these GPEs is about 4 volts (- 2 to + 2 volts). This optimized composition with highest ambient temperature ionic conductivity and negligible electronic conductivity seems to be a promising candidate for practical applications in sodium-ion secondary batteries.

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Dwibedi, Debasmita, and Prabeer Barpanda. "Sodium Metal Sulphate Alluaudite Class of High Voltage Battery Insertion Materials." MRS Advances 3, no. 22 (2018): 1209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.132.

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ABSTRACTElectrochemical energy storage has recently seen an exponential demand in the large-scale (power) grid storage sector. Earth abundant sodium-ion batteries are competent to enable this goal with economic viability. In a recent report in sodium-ion battery research, alluaudite framework Na2Fe2(SO4)3 has been reported with the highest Fe3+/Fe2+ redox potential (ca. 3.8 V, P. Barpanda, G. Oyama, S. Nishimura, S. C. Chung, and A. Yamada., Nature Commun. 5: 4358, 2014) with energy density comparable to the state-of-the-art Li-ion batteries. Material discovery is as essential as optimization of the existing materials to yield better performance for efficient energy storage. In a goal to optimize the synthesis of the reported alluaudite, this work first time reports the aqueous based Pechini synthesis for sodium metal sulphate alluaudite. It is a two-step method, where complexing agent plays a crucial role in holding the metal ions reserving their oxidation states. In the 2nd step, this complexing agent leaves the product with porous morphology. Taking advantage of its porous as well as 3D conductive framework, the complex attains fast electron/ion transport and sodium intercalation. Moreover, the single-phase reaction mechanism during sodium intercalation is reflected in its cycling property. It performs as a desirable cathode with operating potential as high as 3.7 V. While pursuing the synthesis, we observed an excess amount of sodium sulphate in the precursor mixture is needed to reduce the amount of impurities. To optimize the composition of the alluaudite phase and to explore novel compounds, we have carefully surveyed the Na2SO4-FeSO4 binary system. This work explores the possible compositional and structural flexibility in the Pechini synthesized alluaudites. A comparative study between compositional and redox activity in these samples will further inspire improvement of the alluaudite-type sodium metal sulphates for advanced sodium-ion batteries.

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35

Do, Minh Phuong, Nicolas Bucher, Arun Nagasubramanian, Iulius Markovits, Tian Bingbing, Pauline J. Fischer, Kian Ping Loh, Fritz E. Kühn, and Madhavi Srinivasan. "Effect of Conducting Salts in Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for Enhanced Cyclability of Sodium-Ion Batteries." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 11, no. 27 (June 18, 2019): 23972–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b03279.

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36

Vahini, M., and M. Muthuvinayagam. "Synthesis and electrochemical studies on sodium ion conducting PVP based solid polymer electrolytes." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 30, no. 6 (February 14, 2019): 5609–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-019-00854-8.

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37

Menisha, Gnanasubramaniam, J. H. T. Bandara Jayamaha, K. Vignarooban, Ganeshalingam Sashikesh, Kugamurthy Velauthamurthy, H. W. M. A. C. Wijayasinghe, and M. A. K. L. Dissanayake. "Gel-Polymer Electrolytes for Sodium Batteries - Raman and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopic Studies." Materials Science Forum 1023 (March 2021): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1023.21.

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Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) as low-cost alternatives to expensive lithium-ion batteries become a hot R&D topic in the recent days due to the natural abundancy of sodium in the Earth’s crust and also in the oceans. As far as solid electrolytes for SIBs are concerned, larger size of Na+ ions compared to that of Li+ ions hinders the ionic mobility resulting to insufficient ionic conductivity for practical applications. Development of quasi-solid state gel-polymer electrolytes (GPEs) would be a feasible solution to overcome this challenge. In this work, we developed Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) based GPEs with six different compositions dissolved in EC:PC (ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate, 1:1 wt%) mixture. Among six different GPE samples investigated by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopic and Raman Spectroscopic techniques, the best ambient temperature ionic conductivity of 4.2 mS cm-1 was obtained for 9PMMA:9NaPF6:41EC:41PC (wt%). Variation of ionic conductivity with inverse temperature showed Arrhenius behavior with almost constant activation energies. The best conducting GPE showed an activation energy of 0.14 eV. In the Raman spectra, very sharp crystalline peaks (400-850 cm-1 wave number range) of NaPF6 disappear in the gel state of the electrolytes confirming the non-crystalline nature of the GPEs. Boson modes remain almost constant in intensity for all the six different compositions. The best conducting GPE seems to be highly suitable for practical applications in SIBs as it has sufficient ambient temperature ionic conductivity.

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Umesh, Shilpa, Vinoth Kumar Jayaraman, Venkatesan Dhanasekaran, and Prakash Annigere S. "Enhanced sodium ion conduction in Al-substituted Na2ZrO3." Materials Letters 304 (December 2021): 130713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2021.130713.

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39

Kumar, Ankit, Mohit Madaan, Anil Arya, Shweta Tanwar, and A. L. Sharma. "Correction to: Ion transport, dielectric and electrochemical properties of sodium ion-conducting polymer nanocomposite: application in EDLC." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 32, no. 5 (February 3, 2021): 6702–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-05356-0.

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40

Schilm, Jochen, Rafael Anton, Dörte Wagner, Juliane Huettl, Mihails Kusnezoff, Mathias Herrmann, Hong Ki Kim, and Chang Woo Lee. "Influence of R=Y, Gd, Sm on Crystallization and Sodium Ion Conductivity of Na5RSi4O12 Phase." Materials 15, no. 3 (January 30, 2022): 1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15031104.

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New sodium-based battery concepts require solid electrolytes as ion conducting separators. Besides NaSICON and β-Al2O3 in the Na2O-R2O3-SiO2 system (R = rare earth), a rarely noticed glass-ceramic solid electrolyte with the composition Na5RSi4O12 (N5-type) exists. The present study addresses the investigation of the ionic conductivity of Na5RSi4O12 solid electrolytes sintered from pre-crystallized glass-ceramic powders. The sintering behavior (optical dilatometry), the microstructure (SEM/EDX), and phase composition (XRD), as well as electrochemical properties (impedance spectroscopy), were investigated. To evaluate the effect of the ionic radii, Y, Sm and Gd rare elements were chosen. All compositions were successfully synthesized to fully densified compacts having the corresponding conducting N5-type phase as the main component. The densification behavior was in agreement with the melting point, which decreased with increasing ionic radii and specific cell volume. Alternatively, the ionic conductivities of N5-phases decreased from Y to Gd and Sm containing samples. The highest ionic conductivity of 1.82 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 20 °C was obtained for Na5YSi4O12 composition. The impact of grain boundaries and bulk conductivity on measured values is discussed. A powder-based synthesis method of this glass-ceramic solid electrolyte using different rare earth elements opens possibilities for optimizing ionic conductivity and scalable technological processing by tape casting.

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41

Gonzalez Malabet, Hernando, Megan Flannagin, Joseah Amai, Alex L'Antigua, and George J. Nelson. "(Invited, Digital Presentation) Phase Interactions and Degradation in Battery Composite Electrodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 38 (July 7, 2022): 1661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01381661mtgabs.

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The composite electrodes of lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries must balance complex interactions between the many physical phenomena that underpin battery operation. Active materials host electroactive species. Porous regions support the movement of ions, and secondary phases containing binders and conductive additives provide a supporting electron conducting matrix. Cycling and aggressive operating conditions drive changes in these phases and the balance between them. The alteration of these electrode phases manifests in declining performance and ultimately battery failure. Here, we present an overview of research on degradation processes observed in a diverse set of battery materials using X-ray imaging methods—nanotomography, microtomography, and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) imaging—complemented by electrochemical experiments and other materials characterization methods. Metallic anodes offer a high-capacity alternative to carbon-based anodes for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. Among these metallic anodes tin-based active materials present high-capacity and electrochemical activity in both lithium and sodium chemistries. However, high capacity comes at the price of excessive volume expansion and attendant performance degradation. Studies of Cu6Sn5 alloy anodes in lithium-ion batteries performed using X-ray tomography and nanoscale 2D XANES reveal material volume expansion, fracture, and dissolution as key failure mechanisms within the active material. However, the expansion and contraction of the metallic active material during cycling also leads to significant changes in the supporting carbon-binder domains of the electrodes. Such changes are also observed in the cycling of tin-based composite anodes in both lithium-ion and sodium-ion applications. Active material pulverization of tin due to lithiation and sodiation processes is evident in phase size distributions observed with X-ray microtomography. These changes are accompanied by alteration of the supporting carbon-binder regions. Low cobalt layered oxide cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries present an opportunity for maintaining desirable theoretical capacities while removing cobalt, a metal that presents significant humanitarian issues within its supply chain. However, removal of cobalt from these layered oxide systems removes its stabilizing influence on the electrode structure, especially when cycling at voltages above 4.0 V vs. Li/Li+. Degradation of the low cobalt cathode material Li(Ni0.8Mn0.1Co0.1)O2 has been assessed under different cut-off voltage and operating temperatures using a suite of electrochemical and materials characterization techniques. Higher cycling temperature was found to accelerate degradation mechanisms within the active material, specifically rock-salt phase formation and active material dissolution. Elevated temperature was found to cause significant changes in the supporting carbon-binder domains as well. These changes in both the active material and supporting phases manifest in degradation of electrochemical performance with respect to lost capacity and altered electrode impedances. Taken together, the above studies provide a picture of battery degradation that is driven by anticipated changes in the active material and more nuanced variations that occur in the supporting phases. These observations motivate holistic approaches for the analysis and design of battery electrodes that fit their status as heterogeneous functional materials.

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42

Doan, Kate E., M. A. Ratner, and D. F. Shriver. "Synthesis and electrical response of single-ion conducting network polymers based on sodium poly(tetraalkoxyaluminates)." Chemistry of Materials 3, no. 3 (May 1991): 418–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm00015a012.

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43

Sadan, Milan K., Hui Hun Kim, Changhyeon Kim, Gyu-Bong Cho, N. S. Reddy, Kwon-Koo Cho, Tae-Hyun Nam, Ki-Won Kim, Jou-Hyeon Ahn, and Hyo-Jun Ahn. "Free-Standing NiS2 Electrode as High-Rate Anode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 7119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.18823.

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Owing to the speculated price hike and scarcity of lithium resources, sodium-ion batteries are attracting significant research interest these days. However, sodium-ion battery anodes do not deliver good electrochemical performance, particularly rate performance. Herein, we report the facile electrospinning synthesis of a free-standing nickel disulfide (NiS2) embedded on carbon nanofiber. This electrode did not require a conducting agent, current collector, and binder, and typically delivered high capacity and rate performance. The electrode delivered a high initial capacity of 603 mAh g−1 at the current density of 500 mA g−1. Moreover, the electrode delivered the capacity of 271 mAh g−1 at the high current density of 15 A g−1. The excellent rate performance and high coulombic efficiency of the electrode were attributed to its low charge transfer resistance and unique structure.

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44

Amin, Ruhul, Marm Dixit, Anand Parejiya, Rachid Essehli, Nitin Muralidharan, and Ilias Belharouak. "Dual Ion Conducting Solid Electrolyte and Electrochemical Protocol for Interface Design." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024478mtgabs.

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The major challenges for the development of all solid-state batteries (ASSBs), that would be cheaper and can be charged and discharged faster, are stable solid electrolytes and robust interfacial design. We report the dual ion conduction capability of Na-based NASICON type super ion conductor materials using Na1+xMnx/2Zr2-x/2(PO4)3 (NMZP) as a candidate system [1]. This method enables the use of Na-based NASICON material family in both Na as well as Li all solid-state batteries (Figure 1a). The ionic conductivity NZMPs increased as the x value increased and x = 2 showed the highest room temperature conductivities. Crystallographic analysis using neutron diffraction revealed that conductivities observed in these materials are related to the variations in the Na-O bond length and the concentration of mobile sodium content. Using Galvano static plating and stripping tests, we show that these NMZPs boast good cycling stability against both Na and Li metals which also reveals dual ion conduction. Mechanistic investigations through postmortem SEM/EDS and XPS characterizations of the alkali metal and the cycled NMZPs confirm that the Na-Li ion exchange occurs readily in these materials when electrochemically cycled. ASSBs have several interfaces and the interface properties vary depending on the contact condition, energy states, type defects, and chemical/electrochemical stability. ASSB life and performance rely largely on these interfaces since dendrite formation, Li-depleted space-charge layer generation, and spatial variation in interfacial adhesion originate at the interfaces, which leads to battery failure. Stabilizing Li | SE interface is crucial for the development of high-energy-density solid-state batteries. Current approaches in Li metal stabilization employ energy and cost-intensive protocols that have a detrimental impact on the techno-economic feasibility of the ASSBs. This presentation will focus on the facile, electrochemical protocol for improving the interfacial impedance and contact at the Li | Li6.25Al0.25La3Zr2O12 (LALZO) interface. Implementation of a fraction of second short duration high voltage pulse to a poorly formed interface leads to a sustained improvement in contact impedance and lower overpotentials for electrodeposition and electro-dissolution [2] (Figure 1b). This high pulse protocol does not induce the formation of dendrites on the symmetric cells. This electrochemical protocol has direct application in battery formation cycles as well as online management systems for ASSBs. Reference [1]. A. Parejiya, R. Essehli, R. Amin, J. Liu, N. Muralidharan, H. M. Meyer, III, D. L. Wood, III, and I. Belharouak, ACS Energy Letters 6 (2021) 429. [2]. A. Parejiya, R. Amin, M.B. Dixit, R. Essehli, C. Jafta, D.L. Wood, and I. Belharouak., ACS Energy Lett. 6 (2021) 3669. Figure 1

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45

Ghadbeigi, Leila, Zixiao Liu, Taylor D. Sparks, and Anil V. Virkar. "Synthesis of Ion Conducting Sodium Zirconium Gallate + Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia by a Vapor Phase Process." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 163, no. 8 (2016): A1560—A1565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0501608jes.

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46

Orchard, S. W., Y. Sato, J. ‐P Schoebrechts, and G. Mamantov. "The Use of Sodium Ion Conducting Glasses in Na/S(IV) Molten Chloroaluminate Electrochemical Cells." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 137, no. 7 (July 1, 1990): 2194–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2086910.

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47

Wu, Meile, Jongmin Shin, Yoonki Hong, Dongkyu Jang, Xiaoshi Jin, Hyuck-In Kwon, and Jong-Ho Lee. "An FET-type gas sensor with a sodium ion conducting solid electrolyte for CO2 detection." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 259 (April 2018): 1058–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.12.155.

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48

Jiang, Yuxin, Sikpaam Issaka Alhassan, Dun Wei, and Haiying Wang. "A Review of Battery Materials as CDI Electrodes for Desalination." Water 12, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 3030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113030.

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The world is suffering from chronic water shortage due to the increasing population, water pollution and industrialization. Desalinating saline water offers a rational choice to produce fresh water thus resolving the crisis. Among various kinds of desalination technologies, capacitive deionization (CDI) is of significant potential owing to the facile process, low energy consumption, mild working conditions, easy regeneration, low cost and the absence of secondary pollution. The electrode material is an essential component for desalination performance. The most used electrode material is carbon-based material, which suffers from low desalination capacity (under 15 mg·g−1). However, the desalination of saline water with the CDI method is usually the charging process of a battery or supercapacitor. The electrochemical capacity of battery electrode material is relatively high because of the larger scale of charge transfer due to the redox reaction, thus leading to a larger desalination capacity in the CDI system. A variety of battery materials have been developed due to the urgent demand for energy storage, which increases the choices of CDI electrode materials largely. Sodium-ion battery materials, lithium-ion battery materials, chloride-ion battery materials, conducting polymers, radical polymers, and flow battery electrode materials have appeared in the literature of CDI research, many of which enhanced the deionization performances of CDI, revealing a bright future of integrating battery materials with CDI technology.

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Kusnezoff, Mihails, Dörte Wagner, Jochen Schilm, Christian Heubner, Björn Matthey, and Chang Woo Lee. "Influence of microstructure and crystalline phases on impedance spectra of sodium conducting glass ceramics produced from glass powder." Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 26, no. 2 (October 20, 2021): 375–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-021-05063-0.

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AbstractCrystallization of highly ionic conductive N5 (Na5YSi4O12) phase from melted Na3+3x-1Y1-xPySi3-yO9 parent glass provides an attractive pathway for cost-effective manufacturing of Na-ion conducting thin electrolyte substrates. The temperature-dependent crystallization of parent glass results in several crystalline phases in the microstructure (N3 (Na3YSi2O7), N5 and N8 (Na8.1Y Si6O18) phases) as well as in rest glass phase with temperature dependent viscosity. The electrical properties of dense parent glass and of compositions densified and crystallized at 700 °C, 800 °C, 900 °C, 1000 °C, and 1100 °C are investigated by impedance spectroscopy and linked to their microstructure and crystalline phase content determined by Rietveld refinement. The parent glass has high isolation resistance and predominantly electrons as charge carriers. For sintering at ≥ 900 °C, sufficient N5 phase content is formed to exceed the percolation limit and form ion-conducting pathways. At the same time, the highest content of crystalline phase and the lowest grain boundary resistance are observed. Further increase of the sintering temperature leads to a decrease of the grain resistance and an increase of grain boundary resistance. The grain boundary resistance increases remarkably for samples sintered at 1100 °C due to softening of the residual glass phase and wetting of the grain boundaries. The conductivity of fully crystallized N5 phase (grain conductivity) is calculated from thorough impedance spectra analysis using its volume content estimated from Rietveld analysis, density measurements and assuming reasonable tortuosity to 2.8 10−3 S cm−1 at room temperature. The excellent conductivity and easy processing demonstrate the great potential for the use of this phase in the preparation of solid-state sodium electrolytes.

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Jia, Miao, Tong Qi, Qiong Yuan, Peizhu Zhao, and Mengqiu Jia. "Polypyrrole Modified MoS2 Nanorod Composites as Durable Pseudocapacitive Anode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries." Nanomaterials 12, no. 12 (June 10, 2022): 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12122006.

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As a typical two-dimensional layered metal sulfide, MoS2 has a high theoretical capacity and large layer spacing, which is beneficial for ion transport. Herein, a facile polymerization method is employed to synthesize polypyrrole (PPy) nanotubes, followed by a hydrothermal method to obtain flower-rod-shaped MoS2/PPy (FR-MoS2/PPy) composites. The FR-MoS2/PPy achieves outstanding electrochemical performance as a sodium-ion battery anode. After 60 cycles under 100 mA g−1, the FR-MoS2/PPy can maintain a capacity of 431.9 mAh g−1. As for rate performance, when the current densities range from 0.1 to 2 A g−1, the capacities only reduce from 489.7 to 363.2 mAh g−1. The excellent performance comes from a high specific surface area provided by the unique structure and the synergistic effect between the components. Additionally, the introduction of conductive PPy improves the conductivity of the material and the internal hollow structure relieves the volume expansion. In addition, kinetic calculations show that the composite material has a high sodium-ion transmission rate, and the external pseudocapacitance behavior can also significantly improve its electrochemical performance. This method provides a new idea for the development of advanced high-capacity anode materials for sodium-ion batteries.

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