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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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1

Chawla, Neha, and Meer Safa. "Sodium Batteries: A Review on Sodium-Sulfur and Sodium-Air Batteries." Electronics 8, no. 10 (October 22, 2019): 1201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8101201.

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Анотація:
Lithium-ion batteries are currently used for various applications since they are lightweight, stable, and flexible. With the increased demand for portable electronics and electric vehicles, it has become necessary to develop newer, smaller, and lighter batteries with increased cycle life, high energy density, and overall better battery performance. Since the sources of lithium are limited and also because of the high cost of the metal, it is necessary to find alternatives. Sodium batteries have shown great potential, and hence several researchers are working on improving the battery performance of the various sodium batteries. This paper is a brief review of the current research in sodium-sulfur and sodium-air batteries.
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2

Bi, Xuanxuan, Rongyue Wang, Yifei Yuan, Dongzhou Zhang, Tao Zhang, Lu Ma, Tianpin Wu, Reza Shahbazian-Yassar, Khalil Amine, and Jun Lu. "From Sodium–Oxygen to Sodium–Air Battery: Enabled by Sodium Peroxide Dihydrate." Nano Letters 20, no. 6 (May 19, 2020): 4681–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01670.

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3

McCormick, Colin. "Energy Focus: Rechargeable room-temperature sodium-air battery involves sodium superoxide." MRS Bulletin 38, no. 2 (February 2013): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2013.30.

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4

Yang, Sheng, and Donald J. Siegel. "Intrinsic Conductivity in Sodium–Air Battery Discharge Phases: Sodium Superoxide vs Sodium Peroxide." Chemistry of Materials 27, no. 11 (May 20, 2015): 3852–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b00285.

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5

Xu, Xiaolong, Kwan San Hui, Duc Anh Dinh, Kwun Nam Hui, and Hao Wang. "Recent advances in hybrid sodium–air batteries." Materials Horizons 6, no. 7 (2019): 1306–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8mh01375f.

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Анотація:
Hybrid sodium–air battery (HSAB) principles are introduced, and the synthesis and rational designs of electrocatalysts based on the oxygen reduction reaction/oxygen evolution reaction are comprehensively reviewed for the purpose of providing insight into the development of efficient air electrodes. Furthermore, research directions of anodes, electrolytes, and air electrodes toward high-performance HSABs are proposed.
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6

Kondori, Alireza, Mohammadreza Esmaeilirad, Ahmad mosen Harzandi, and Mohammad Asadi. "A Reachable Sodium-Oxygen Battery Based on Sodium Superoxide Chemistry." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 2 (October 9, 2022): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-022132mtgabs.

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Sodium-oxygen (Na-O2) batteries offer a great potential to provide high energy density storage systems needed for small-sized and inexpensive electric vehicles owing to the abundance of sodium compared with lithium. Yet, their development is hindered by the low cycle life and poor energy efficiencies due to (i) the formation of singlet oxygen, resulting in parasitic reactions with the air cathode and the organic electrolyte, (ii) the formation of unstable SEI layers and dendrites associated with the metallic sodium anode, and (iii) lack of an active, stable cathode catalyst to reduce the overpotentials and improve the cycle stability. Here, we have developed a Na-O2 battery cell composed of a highly active cathode catalyst that works well in synergy with an ether-based ionic-liquid electrolyte with specific redox mediators to act as co-catalysts to reversibly form and decompose sodium superoxide (NaO2) via surface-mediated pathway at a low polarization gap of about 40 mV at a capacity of 1000 mAh/g. Different electrochemical and physicochemical characterization techniques, i.e., Raman spectroscopy, XRD, XPS, DEMS, SEM, and TEM were used to understand the cell chemistry. Moreover, a chemically synthesized Na anode protection layer implemented in this battery cell enabled a long cycle life of 900 with all-time energy efficiencies more than 80%, exceeding state-of-art Na-O2 and Na-air batteries. The outcome of our study reveals the significance of the proper cell components design in Na-O2 battery technologies as a promising venue in energy conversion and storage systems.
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7

Adelhelm, Philipp, Pascal Hartmann, Conrad L. Bender, Martin Busche, Christine Eufinger, and Juergen Janek. "From lithium to sodium: cell chemistry of room temperature sodium–air and sodium–sulfur batteries." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 6 (April 23, 2015): 1016–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.6.105.

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Анотація:
Research devoted to room temperature lithium–sulfur (Li/S8) and lithium–oxygen (Li/O2) batteries has significantly increased over the past ten years. The race to develop such cell systems is mainly motivated by the very high theoretical energy density and the abundance of sulfur and oxygen. The cell chemistry, however, is complex, and progress toward practical device development remains hampered by some fundamental key issues, which are currently being tackled by numerous approaches. Quite surprisingly, not much is known about the analogous sodium-based battery systems, although the already commercialized, high-temperature Na/S8 and Na/NiCl2 batteries suggest that a rechargeable battery based on sodium is feasible on a large scale. Moreover, the natural abundance of sodium is an attractive benefit for the development of batteries based on low cost components. This review provides a summary of the state-of-the-art knowledge on lithium–sulfur and lithium–oxygen batteries and a direct comparison with the analogous sodium systems. The general properties, major benefits and challenges, recent strategies for performance improvements and general guidelines for further development are summarized and critically discussed. In general, the substitution of lithium for sodium has a strong impact on the overall properties of the cell reaction and differences in ion transport, phase stability, electrode potential, energy density, etc. can be thus expected. Whether these differences will benefit a more reversible cell chemistry is still an open question, but some of the first reports on room temperature Na/S8 and Na/O2 cells already show some exciting differences as compared to the established Li/S8 and Li/O2 systems.
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8

Ranmode, Vaibhav, and Jishnu Bhattacharya. "Macroscopic modelling of the discharge behaviour of sodium air flow battery." Journal of Energy Storage 25 (October 2019): 100827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2019.100827.

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9

Sun, Qian, Hossein Yadegari, Mohammad N. Banis, Jian Liu, Biwei Xiao, Xia Li, Craig Langford, Ruying Li, and Xueliang Sun. "Toward a Sodium–“Air” Battery: Revealing the Critical Role of Humidity." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 119, no. 24 (June 5, 2015): 13433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b02673.

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10

Li, Yaqiong, Jingling Ma, Guangxin Wang, Fengzhang Ren, Yujie Zhu, and Yongfa Song. "Investigation of Sodium Phosphate and Sodium Dodecylbenzenesulfonate as Electrolyte Additives for AZ91 Magnesium-Air Battery." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 165, no. 9 (2018): A1713—A1717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0581809jes.

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11

Baek, Myung-Jin, Jieun Choi, Tae-Ung Wi, Hyeong Yong Lim, Min Hoon Myung, Chanoong Lim, Jinsu Sung, et al. "Strong interfacial energetics between catalysts and current collectors in aqueous sodium–air batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 10, no. 9 (2022): 4601–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ta00329e.

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A mussel-inspired aqueous polymer binder for an aqueous sodium–air battery has been developed. The developed polymer binder exhibited enhanced adhesion strength and electrolyte wettability, preventing catalyst detachment and carbon corrosion.
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12

Senthilkumar, Baskar, Ahamed Irshad, and Prabeer Barpanda. "Cobalt and Nickel Phosphates as Multifunctional Air-Cathodes for Rechargeable Hybrid Sodium-Air Battery Applications." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 11, no. 37 (August 20, 2019): 33811–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b09090.

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13

Wang, Lei, Chenglong Yang, Shuo Dou, Shuangyin Wang, Jintao Zhang, Xian Gao, Jianmin Ma, and Yan Yu. "Nitrogen-doped hierarchically porous carbon networks: synthesis and applications in lithium-ion battery, sodium-ion battery and zinc-air battery." Electrochimica Acta 219 (November 2016): 592–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.10.050.

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14

Yang, Qingyun, Yanjin Liu, Hong Ou, Xueyi Li, Xiaoming Lin, Akif Zeb, and Lei Hu. "Fe-Based metal–organic frameworks as functional materials for battery applications." Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 9, no. 5 (2022): 827–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1qi01396c.

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Анотація:
This review presents a comprehensive discussion on the development and application of pristine Fe-MOFs in lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries, metal–air batteries and lithium–sulfur batteries.
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15

Jia, Shipeng, Jonathan Counsell, Michel Adamič, Antranik Jonderian, and Eric McCalla. "High-throughput design of Na–Fe–Mn–O cathodes for Na-ion batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 10, no. 1 (2022): 251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta07940a.

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Анотація:
Over 448 compositions of Na–Fe–Mn–O sodium-ion battery cathodes were made and characterized to determine structure, electrochemical performance, and air stability. Two materials (P2 and P3) are found to have particularly significant improvements.
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16

Peled, E., D. Golodnitsky, H. Mazor, M. Goor, and S. Avshalomov. "Parameter analysis of a practical lithium- and sodium-air electric vehicle battery." Journal of Power Sources 196, no. 16 (August 2011): 6835–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.09.104.

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17

Liu, Wen, Qian Sun, Yin Yang, Jing-Ying Xie, and Zheng-Wen Fu. "An enhanced electrochemical performance of a sodium–air battery with graphene nanosheets as air electrode catalysts." Chemical Communications 49, no. 19 (2013): 1951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cc00085k.

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18

Oh, Jin An Sam, Zhihan Zeng, and Li Lu. "Thin Nasicon Sodium-Ions Solid State Electrolyte By Tape Casting Method." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 3 (July 7, 2022): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-013499mtgabs.

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Анотація:
In recent years, sodium ion batteries have shown its potential to compliment lithium ion batteries, especially in stationary energy storage system. Additionally, all-solid-state battery is perceived as the holy-grail battery. While numerous research efforts have been devoted to the search of solid-state materials with high ionic conductivity, it is paramount to reduce the thickness of the electrolyte to achieve a high energy density. In this study, the NASICON electrolyte is prepared by tape casting method and its thickness is controlled by the scrapper height during casting. It is realised that the areal specific resistance of the electrolyte is proportional to the thickness of the electrolyte and the 60 μm thick electrolyte shows an extremely low resistance of 42.7 Ω cm2. More importantly, such process is highly repeatable for large-scale production of thin freestanding solid-state electrolyte, which can be used in conventional bulk battery, redox-flow batteries, or metal-air batteries.
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19

Vaghefinazari, Bahram, Darya Snihirova, Cheng Wang, Linqian Wang, Min Deng, Daniel Höche, Sviatlana Lamaka, and Mikhail Zheludkevich. "Boosting Mg-Air Primary Battery Performance Via Addition of Complexing Agents in the Electrolyte: A Mechanistic View on the Effect of EDTA." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 1 (October 9, 2022): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0213mtgabs.

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Анотація:
Diverse novel energy conversion and storage systems have developed rapidly in the last few decades to address the growing demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly energy sources. In this respect, aqueous Mg-air batteries have drawn much attention for their high energy density, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. A primary Mg-air battery can theoretically provide a relatively high voltage and specific energy density of 3.1 V and 6.8 kW.h.kg-1, respectively [1]. However, the high wasteful self-corrosion rate of Mg alloys during discharge in aqueous electrolytes and fouling of the anode surface with corrosion products significantly reduce the delivered voltage and the specific energy of the Mg-air battery. These drawbacks are exacerbated by the anodic polarization due to the well-known phenomenon called Negative Difference Effect (NDE). Recently, pioneered by Höche et al. [2], the use of Mg complexing agents in the battery electrolyte has revolutionized the performance of Mg-air batteries by mitigating the mentioned shortcomings. However, the understanding of the enhancement mechanism, which may differ for different complexing agents, is at its nascent stage. In this work, sodium salt of ethylendiaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is used as the additive for the electrolyte of a primary Mg-air battery with a commercially pure Mg anode [3]. The electrolyte pH was taken as the main parameter to explore the effect of EDTA on the discharge performance of the Mg anode. The battery voltage was improved at all tested electrolyte pH values, which ranged from 7.0 to 11.0. The utilization efficiency (UE) of the discharged Mg anode is also enhanced by the presence of EDTA in the electrolyte at pH of 11, resulting in a 10-fold increase in the full-cell battery discharge time as compared to the reference battery in NaCl electrolyte without EDTA. Different methods, including EIS, local pH and dissolved O2 measurements, and H2 evolution tests were employed to study the interaction of EDTA with the Mg anode surface during discharge. Several mechanisms of enhancement in the UE have been concluded, including suppressing the chunk effect, weakening the detrimental NDE, and promoting the formation of a more protective layer on the Mg anode surface. The findings of this study provides an improved understanding of the interaction of the complexing agents with the Mg anode in Mg-air batteries, which further helps finding the tuning parameters to optimize its performance. [1] T. Zhang, Z. Tao, J. Chen, Magnesium-air batteries: From principle to application, Materials Horizons, 1 (2014) 196-206. [2] D. Höche, S.V. Lamaka, B. Vaghefinazari, T. Braun, R.P. Petrauskas, M. Fichtner, M.L. Zheludkevich, Performance boost for primary magnesium cells using iron complexing agents as electrolyte additives, Sci Rep, 8 (2018) 7578. [3] B. Vaghefinazari, D. Snihirova, C. Wang, L. Wang, M. Deng, D. Höche, S.V. Lamaka, M.L. Zheludkevich, Exploring the effect of sodium salt of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as an electrolyte additive on electrochemical behavior of a commercially pure Mg in primary Mg-air batteries, Journal of Power Sources, 527 (2022) 231176.
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20

Ma, Jingling, Guangxin Wang, Yaqiong Li, Wuhui Li, and Fengzhang Ren. "Influence of Sodium Silicate/Sodium Alginate Additives on Discharge Performance of Mg–Air Battery Based on AZ61 Alloy." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 27, no. 5 (April 2, 2018): 2247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-018-3327-5.

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21

Saini, Amit. "Investigation of the Performance of Different Battery Technologies for Electronic Devices." Mathematical Statistician and Engineering Applications 71, no. 2 (March 6, 2022): 637–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/msea.v71i2.2193.

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Анотація:
For electronics and renewable energy systems to function reliably, battery technology performance is crucial. Numerous tools, including simulation, testing, and materials science, are used to assess and enhance the functionality of battery technology. However, issues like energy density, cost, and safety make it difficult to create and optimize battery technology. Solid-state batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, sodium-ion batteries, flow batteries, and metal-air batteries are just a few examples of the recent advancements in battery technology that have the potential to revolutionize the industry and enhance the performance of electronic devices. These innovations could someday become the norm for powering electronic devices, taking the place of conventional lithium-ion batteries. A more sustainable and efficient future will be enabled by the proliferation of electronic gadgets and renewable energy sources, both of which will benefit greatly from the continuous improvement and development of battery technologies.
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22

Senthilkumar, Baskar, Ziyauddin Khan, Sangmin Park, Inseok Seo, Hyunhyub Ko, and Youngsik Kim. "Exploration of cobalt phosphate as a potential catalyst for rechargeable aqueous sodium-air battery." Journal of Power Sources 311 (April 2016): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.02.022.

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23

Zhou, Ya-Nan, Peng-Fei Wang, Xu-Dong Zhang, Lin-Bo Huang, Wen-Peng Wang, Ya-Xia Yin, Sailong Xu, and Yu-Guo Guo. "Air-Stable and High-Voltage Layered P3-Type Cathode for Sodium-Ion Full Battery." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 11, no. 27 (June 11, 2019): 24184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b07299.

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24

Diwakar, K., P. Rajkumar, R. Subadevi, P. Arjunan, and M. Sivakumar. "A study on high rate and high stable sodium vanadium phosphate electrode for sodium battery alongside air exposure treatment." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 32, no. 11 (May 18, 2021): 14186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-05969-5.

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25

Salkuti, Surender Reddy. "Electrochemical batteries for smart grid applications." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 1849. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i3.pp1849-1856.

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Анотація:
This paper presents a comprehensive review of current trends in battery energy storage systems, focusing on electrochemical storage technologies for Smart Grid applications. Some of the batteries that are in focus for improvement include Lithium-ion, metal-air, Sodium-based batteries and flow batteries. A descriptive review of these batteries and their sub-types are explained along with their suitable applications. An overview of different types and classification of storage systems has been presented in this paper. It also presents an extensive review on different electrochemical batteries, such as lead-acid battery, lithium-based, nickel-based batteries and sodium-based and flow batteries for the purpose of using in electric vehicles in future trends. This paper is going to explore each of the available storage techniques out there based on various characteristics including cost, impact, maintenance, advantages, disadvantages, and protection and potentially make a recommendation regarding an optimal storage technique.
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26

Zhao, He, Jianzhong Li, Weiping Liu, Haoyuan Xu, Xuanwen Gao, Junjie Shi, Kai Yu, and Xueyong Ding. "Integrated titanium-substituted air stable O3 sodium layered oxide electrode via a complexant assisted route for high capacity sodium-ion battery." Electrochimica Acta 388 (August 2021): 138561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138561.

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27

Wu, Xiaohan, Hui Liu, Jiaxi Zhang, Juemin Song, Jiefeng Huang, Wanli Xu, Yang Yan, and Kun Yu. "Synthesis of Ag-La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 (LSM-Ag) Composite Powder and Its Application in Magnesium Air Battery." Metals 11, no. 4 (April 13, 2021): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11040633.

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La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 (LSM) catalyst is prepared via a sol-gel method and modified via a typical silver mirror reaction. Silver ammonia solution is reduced in a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-containing solution to obtain silver nanoparticles and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is added as a surfactant. The microstructure and morphology of the LSM-Ag composite powder are characterized. According to the results, the Ag particles precipitate on the LSM surface in elemental form and the grain size is about one hundred nanometers. The analysis of electrocatalytic performance of LSM-Ag cathodes with different amounts of silver loading reveals that the number of electrons transferred during the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of the cathode with an Ag content of 14% by weight reached 3.9, which is very close to that of commercial Pt/C catalysts. Similarly, the maximum power density of the air battery made of LSM-14%Ag is 73 mW/cm2, which exceeds that of 63 mW/cm2, found for the LSM battery. Finally, increasing the amount of silver loading allows one to improve the electrochemical performance of LSM catalysts. The best effect is achieved when the Ag loading exceeds 14%.
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28

Zhu, Jianhui, Amr Abdelkader, Denisa Demko, Libo Deng, Peixin Zhang, Tingshu He, Yanyi Wang, and Licong Huang. "Electrocatalytic Assisted Performance Enhancement for the Na-S Battery in Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanospheres Loaded with Fe." Molecules 25, no. 7 (March 30, 2020): 1585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071585.

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Анотація:
Room temperature sodium-sulfur batteries have been considered to be potential candidates for future energy storage devices because of their low cost, abundance, and high performance. The sluggish sulfur reaction and the “shuttle effect” are among the main problems that hinder the commercial utilization of room temperature sodium-sulfur batteries. In this study, the performance of a hybrid that was based on nitrogen (N)-doped carbon nanospheres loaded with a meagre amount of Fe ions (0.14 at.%) was investigated in the sodium-sulfur battery. The Fe ions accelerated the conversion of polysulfides and provided a stronger interaction with soluble polysulfides. The Fe-carbon nanospheres hybrid delivered a reversible capacity of 359 mAh·g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A·g−1 and retained a capacity of 180 mAh·g−1 at 1 A·g−1, after 200 cycles. These results, combined with the excellent rate performance, suggest that Fe ions, even at low loading, are able to improve the electrocatalytic effect of carbon nanostructures significantly. In addition to Na-S batteries, the new hybrid is anticipated to be a strong candidate for other energy storage and conversion applications such as other metal-sulfur batteries and metal-air batteries.
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29

Claus, Ana, Alexandra Berkova, Osama Awadallah, and Bilal El-Zahab. "Seawater Battery: Strategies to Enable High Performance." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 64 (October 9, 2022): 2330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02642330mtgabs.

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Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and tide energy have been implemented to decrease air pollution due to common fossil fuel-generated electricity [1]. However, those systems are intermittent; creating the need for an energy storage system (ESS) that stores over-generated energy for later use and effectively matches the power fluctuation generated because of the sporadic demand throughout the day [2]. A possible solution to this problem is to couple renewable sources with rechargeable batteries. The most widespread electrochemical battery in the market is Lithium-ion, owing to its high energy density and lifetime and capability to resist frequent changes in charging-discharging rates [3]. Nevertheless, the current battery industry already requires 50% of the world's available lithium [4]. Foremost, lithium-ion battery is composed of critical metals such as cobalt, nickel, and manganese. The anticipated growing demand for these metals will lead to their scarcity [5]. Therefore, this study aims to develop strategy to enable a sodium-ion battery based on soluble seawater sodium and address the electrochemical and engineering problems. Seawater batteries have an open cathode compartment that can utilizes Na+ infinite source in the ocean as the active material [6]. There are three main components in this open structure seawater battery design. First is the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte facilitating the sodium ions transfer and deposition on the anode compartment [7-8]. Subsequently, the solid-state electrolyte (SSE) enables the flow of sodium ions from the sweater cathode to the anode which is typically copper current collector [9]. Lastly, a current collector that provides reaction sites for cathode reactions that could be made of carbon-based materials, such as carbon paper, carbon felt, or carbon cloth [10]. The Solid-state electrolyte is the component that requires the most attention. It must have high ionic conductivity to increase sodium-ions transfers and maintain good mechanical and physical properties as it represents the interface between cathode and anode, preventing the water from penetrating the anode compartment and short-circuiting the cell. To increase its ionic conductivity, it is necessary to reduce its thickness as much as possible. Through the palletization and sintering process, a ceramic SSE was fabricated with a thickness of ~ 250 µm and ionic conductivity of 0.62 mS/cm. Subsequently, symmetric cells (Na||SSE||Cu) were assembled to further test the pellet's performance. Cells that were tested under continuous charge/discharge cycling for 360 cycles showed stable charge capacity and high Coulombic efficiency (> 95%). Performance of full cells using seawater at the cathode was also demonstrated. Addressing various issues such as water permeation through the SSE, electrode corrosion, Na deactivation in the anode, and catalytic activity of the carbon cathodes are also investigated. Figure 1. Charge/discharge profile of a symmetric Na||SSE||Cu cell at a current density of 0.10 mA/cm2. References: [1] Hussain, Akhtar, et al. “Emerging Renewable and Sustainable Energy Technologies: State of the Art.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Pergamon, 8 Jan. 2017, [2] CAISO, 2016. Fast Facts: What the Duck Curve Tells Us about Managing a Green Grid. https://www.caiso.com/Documents/FlexibleResourcesHelpRenewables_FastFacts.pdf [3] Schmuch, R., Wagner, R., Hörpel, G. et al. Performance and cost of materials for lithium-based rechargeable automotive batteries. Nat Energy 3, 267–278, 2018. [4] Vaalma, C., Buchholz, D., Weil, M. et al. A cost and resource analysis of sodium-ion batteries. Nat Rev Mater 3, 18013 (2018). [5] Prior, Timothy, et al. “Sustainable Governance of Scarce Metals: The Case of Lithium.” Science of The Total Environment, Elsevier, 12 June 2013, [6] Hwang, S. M., Park, J.-S., Kim, Y., Go, W., Han, J., Kim, Y., Kim, Y. “Rechargeable Seawater Batteries—From Concept to Applications” Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1804936. [7] S. Lee, I. Y. Cho, D. Kim, N. K. Park, J. Park, Y. Kim, S. J. Kang, Y. Kim, S. Y. Hong, “Redox-Active Functional Electrolyte for High-Performance Seawater Batteries” ChemSusChem 2020, 13, 2220. [8] Kim, Y., Kim, G.-T., Jeong, S., Dou, X., Geng, C., Kim, Y., & Passerini, S. (2018, April 26). Large-scale stationary energy storage: Seawater batteries with high rate and reversible performance. Energy Storage Materials. [9] Wang, Yumei, et al. “Development of Solid-State Electrolytes for Sodium-Ion Battery–A Short Review.” Nano Materials Science, Elsevier, 21 Mar. 2019, [10] Park, Jehee, et al. “Hybridization of Cathode Electrochemistry in a Rechargeable Seawater Battery: Toward Performance Enhancement.” Journal of Power Sources, Elsevier, 18 Dec. 2019. Figure 1
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Kang, Yao, Shuo Wang, Siqi Zhu, Haixing Gao, Kwan San Hui, Cheng-Zong Yuan, Hong Yin, et al. "Iron-modulated nickel cobalt phosphide embedded in carbon to boost power density of hybrid sodium–air battery." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 285 (May 2021): 119786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.119786.

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31

Deng, Jianqiu, Wen-Bin Luo, Xiao Lu, Qingrong Yao, Zhongmin Wang, Hua-Kun Liu, Huaiying Zhou, and Shi-Xue Dou. "High Energy Density Sodium-Ion Battery with Industrially Feasible and Air-Stable O3-Type Layered Oxide Cathode." Advanced Energy Materials 8, no. 5 (October 9, 2017): 1701610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201701610.

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Nagy, Tibor, Lajos Nagy, Zoltán Erdélyi, Eszter Baradács, György Deák, Miklós Zsuga, and Sándor Kéki. "“In Situ” Formation of Zn Anode from Bimetallic Cu-Zn Alloy (Brass) for Dendrite-Free Operation of Zn-Air Rechargeable Battery." Batteries 8, no. 11 (November 3, 2022): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8110212.

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In this article, the performance of brass electrode was investigated in a Zn-air (charcoal-based cathode) rechargeable battery. The construction of the battery was carried out with biodegradable materials, namely a cotton cloth diaphragm and carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt (CMC-Na) viscosity modifier, while the battery skeleton was printed by 3D printing technology. The brass acted as a collector and a preferable surface for the metallic Zn deposition on the brass anode surface. The electrochemical behavior of the brass anode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). Cyclic performance tests were carried out, which showed stable cell operation even in the presence or absence of additives up to more than 100 cycles. Furthermore, high energy (Eeff) and Coulomb (Ceff) efficiencies, 80% (Eeff), 95% (Ceff), 75% (Eeff), and 95% (Ceff) were obtained, respectively. The Shepherd model was applied to describe the discharging processes of the Zn-air battery containing brass as anode in the presence of additive-free electrolyte or electrolyte with CMC-Na salt additive. It was found that the Shepherd equation described only approximately the resulting discharge curves. In order to attain a more precise mathematical description, stretched exponential function was implemented into the last term of the Shepherd equation. The need for such a correction shows the complexity of the electrochemical processes occurring in these systems. In addition, the surface of the brass anode was also investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the composition of the brass alloys was determined by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). Importantly, the formation of dendritic deposition was successfully suppressed and a smooth and uniform surface was obtained after the cycling tests.
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Rahayu, Theresia Evila Purwanti Sri, Mohammad Nurhilal, and Rosita Dwityaningsih. "Analisis Proksimat dan Bilangan Yodium Sebagai Kajian Awal Aarang Tempurung Nipah Sebagai Bahan Intermediate Karbon Keras." Jurnal Rekayasa Hijau 6, no. 3 (January 16, 2023): 248–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/jrh.v6i3.248-260.

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ABSTRAKKarbon keras sebagai anoda baterai ion sodium memiliki kapasitas penyimpanan ion sodium yang paling tinggi diantara karbon lunak dan grafit karena struktur ikatan karbonnya paling acak sehingga akan menyediakan ruang lebih luas untuk insersi ion sodium. Material karbon keras dapat diperoleh dari biomassa yang murah dan melimpah ketersediaannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan sebagai studi pendahuluan untuk mengetahui potensi nipah sebagai bahan bahan intermediate karbon keras melalui analisis proksimat dan penentuan bilangan yodium. Tempurung nipah diarangkan pada suhu 300 oC selama 1 jam tanpa aktivasi kimia. Arang yang diperoleh dikarakterisasi kadar air, volatile matter, abu, dan fixed carbon sesuai metode ASTM D1762-84 dengan sedikit modifikasi serta penentuan bilangan yodium sesuai metode dalam SNI 06-3730-1995. Kandungan air dan zat anorganik yang cukup rendah ditunjukkan dengan kadar air dan kadar abu masing-masing 5,00% dan 9,97 %, kadar volatile matter dan fixed carbon sebesar 42,93% dan 42,11%, sedangkan bilangan yodium yang dimiliki sebesar 346,86 mg/g. ABSTRACTHard carbon as an anode of a sodium ion battery has the highest sodium ion storage capacity compared to soft carbon and graphite because it has the most random carbon bond structure providing large enough space for sodium ion insertion. Hard carbon materials can be obtained from biomass which is cheap and abundant in availability. This study aims as a preliminary study to determine the potential of nypa shell charcoal as an intermediate material for hard carbon through proximate analysis and determination of iodine numbers. Nypa shells carbonized at a temperature of 300 oC for 1 hour without chemical activation. The charcoal obtained is characterized by moisture, volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon content according to the ASTM D1762-84 method with a slight modification while iodine number is determined according to the method in SNI 06-3730-1995. Low water content and inorganic substance content indicated by moisture and ash content of 5.00% and 9.97% respectively, volatile matter and fixed carbon are 42.93% and 42.11% while iodine number is 346.86 mg/g.
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Lv, Chaonan, Qi Zhang, Yuxin Zhang, Zefang Yang, Pengfei Wu, Dan Huang, Huanhuan Li, Haiyan Wang, and Yougen Tang. "Synergistic regulating the aluminum corrosion by ellagic acid and sodium stannate hybrid additives for advanced aluminum-air battery." Electrochimica Acta 417 (June 2022): 140311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140311.

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Liu, B. H., Z. P. Li, and L. L. Chen. "Alkaline sodium borohydride gel as a hydrogen source for PEMFC or an energy carrier for NaBH4-air battery." Journal of Power Sources 180, no. 1 (May 2008): 530–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.02.058.

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Mostert, Clemens, Berit Ostrander, Stefan Bringezu, and Tanja Kneiske. "Comparing Electrical Energy Storage Technologies Regarding Their Material and Carbon Footprint." Energies 11, no. 12 (December 3, 2018): 3386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123386.

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The need for electrical energy storage technologies (EEST) in a future energy system, based on volatile renewable energy sources is widely accepted. The still open question is which technology should be used, in particular in such applications where the implementation of different storage technologies would be possible. In this study, eight different EEST were analysed. The comparative life cycle assessment focused on the storage of electrical excess energy from a renewable energy power plant. The considered EEST were lead-acid, lithium-ion, sodium-sulphur, vanadium redox flow and stationary second-life batteries. In addition, two power-to-gas plants storing synthetic natural gas and hydrogen in the gas grid and a new underwater compressed air energy storage were analysed. The material footprint was determined by calculating the raw material input RMI and the total material requirement TMR and the carbon footprint by calculating the global warming impact GWI. All indicators were normalised per energy fed-out based on a unified energy fed-in. The results show that the second-life battery has the lowest greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and material use, followed by the lithium-ion battery and the underwater compressed air energy storage. Therefore, these three technologies are preferred options compared to the remaining five technologies with respect to the underlying assumptions of the study. The production phase accounts for the highest share of GHG emissions and material use for nearly all EEST. The results of a sensitivity analysis show that lifetime and storage capacity have a comparable high influence on the footprints. The GHG emissions and the material use of the power-to-gas technologies, the vanadium redox flow battery as well as the underwater compressed air energy storage decline strongly with increased storage capacity.
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Mongird, Kendall, Vilayanur Viswanathan, Patrick Balducci, Jan Alam, Vanshika Fotedar, Vladimir Koritarov, and Boualem Hadjerioua. "An Evaluation of Energy Storage Cost and Performance Characteristics." Energies 13, no. 13 (June 28, 2020): 3307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133307.

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The energy storage industry has expanded globally as costs continue to fall and opportunities in consumer, transportation, and grid applications are defined. As the rapid evolution of the industry continues, it has become increasingly important to understand how varying technologies compare in terms of cost and performance. This paper defines and evaluates cost and performance parameters of six battery energy storage technologies (BESS)—lithium-ion batteries, lead-acid batteries, redox flow batteries, sodium-sulfur batteries, sodium-metal halide batteries, and zinc-hybrid cathode batteries—four non-BESS storage systems—pumped storage hydropower, flywheels, compressed air energy storage, and ultracapacitors—and combustion turbines. Cost and performance information was compiled based on an extensive literature review, conversations with vendors and stakeholders, and costs of systems procured at sites across the United States. Detailed cost and performance estimates are presented for 2018 and projected out to 2025. Annualized costs were also calculated for each technology.
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Deng, Jianqiu, Wen-Bin Luo, Xiao Lu, Qingrong Yao, Zhongmin Wang, Hua-Kun Liu, Huaiying Zhou, and Shi-Xue Dou. "Sodium-Ion Batteries: High Energy Density Sodium-Ion Battery with Industrially Feasible and Air-Stable O3-Type Layered Oxide Cathode (Adv. Energy Mater. 5/2018)." Advanced Energy Materials 8, no. 5 (February 2018): 1870019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201870019.

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Astuti, Fahmi, Bobby Refokry Oeza, Eka Septi Rahmawati, and Darminto Darminto. "NaFePO<sub>4</sub> Particles as a Cathode of Sodium Ion-Battery via Sol-Gel Method: A Review on Synthesis." Key Engineering Materials 950 (July 31, 2023): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-as34nm.

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NaFePO4, which is analogue to LiFePO4, has been expected to show similar properties as LiFePO4 that has a good cycle stability and excellent electrochemical performances. Here we report the synthesis of NaFePO4 via sol-gel method and the structural study of NaFePO4 as a cathode material for sodium-ion battery (SIB). The as-synthesized NaFePO4 samples were calcined under air and argon atmosphere at the constant holding time of 10 hours with the variation of calcined temperature. In this report, we present the successfully synthesized NaFePO4 based on XRD and SEM result. XRD results show the presence of NaFePO4 as a major phase and some amount of secondary phase. SEM result indicates the plate-like particle which tends to agglomerate with the size range 2-5 .
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Xiao, Yao, Tao Wang, Yan-Fang Zhu, Hai-Yan Hu, Shuang-Jie Tan, Shi Li, Peng-Fei Wang, et al. "Large-Scale Synthesis of the Stable Co-Free Layered Oxide Cathode by the Synergetic Contribution of Multielement Chemical Substitution for Practical Sodium-Ion Battery." Research 2020 (October 19, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/1469301.

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The O3-type layered oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as one of the most promising systems to fully meet the requirement for future practical application. However, fatal issues in several respects such as poor air stability, irreversible complex multiphase evolution, inferior cycling lifespan, and poor industrial feasibility are restricting their commercialization development. Here, a stable Co-free O3-type NaNi0.4Cu0.05Mg0.05Mn0.4Ti0.1O2 cathode material with large-scale production could solve these problems for practical SIBs. Owing to the synergetic contribution of the multielement chemical substitution strategy, this novel cathode not only shows excellent air stability and thermal stability as well as a simple phase-transition process but also delivers outstanding battery performance in half-cell and full-cell systems. Meanwhile, various advanced characterization techniques are utilized to accurately decipher the crystalline formation process, atomic arrangement, structural evolution, and inherent effect mechanisms. Surprisingly, apart from restraining the unfavorable multiphase transformation and enhancing air stability, the accurate multielement chemical substitution engineering also shows a pinning effect to alleviate the lattice strains for the high structural reversibility and enlarges the interlayer spacing reasonably to enhance Na+ diffusion, resulting in excellent comprehensive performance. Overall, this study explores the fundamental scientific understandings of multielement chemical substitution strategy and opens up a new field for increasing the practicality to commercialization.
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Xie, Geng, Fuwei Wen, Qichao Wu, Xiang You, Geng Xie, and Lingzi Sang. "In-Situ Characterization of Molecular Processes at the Anode/Na3SbS4 Electrolyte Interface in All-Solid-State Sodium Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 4 (July 7, 2022): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-014541mtgabs.

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Sulfur based solid-state Na+ conductors exhibit high ionic conductivity and are promising candidates for electrolytes used in the next generation all-solid-state sodium-ion batteries. Sodium thioantimonate (Na3SbS4), for example, shows an ionic conductivity of 1 mS/cm, comparable to its liquid counterparts. In contrast to the well-known thiophosphate solid-state electrolytes, Na3SbS4 is chemically stable in dry air. However, solid-state Na-ion batteries assembled using Na3SbS4 as the electrolyte show a decaying performance over the charge and discharge cycles. This work characterized the molecular processes occurring at the interface between Na3SbS4 solid electrolyte and the anode. This interfacial chemistry was probed in real-time (in-situ) using Raman spectroscopy while the battery was in operation. Combined with the characterization results obtained from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we observed a largely irreversible decomposition of SbS4 3- while Na3SbS4 was directly exposed to negative potentials (vs. Na/Na+). Sb2S3 and elemental Sb are the two major decomposition byproducts formed and accumulated at the Na3SbS4/anode interface. This result unravels the decomposition mechanism at the Na3SbS4/anode interface in all-solid sodium batteries. It provides deep molecular insights into designing ideal protective layers at this critical interface.
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Salvini, Coriolano, and Ambra Giovannelli. "Techno-Economic Comparison of Utility-Scale Compressed Air and Electro-Chemical Storage Systems." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 11, 2022): 6644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186644.

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The paper deals with a techno-economic comparison between utility-scale diabatic compressed air energy storage (D-CAES) systems equipped with artificial storage and Battery Energy Storage (BES) systems based on consolidated technologies, such as Sodium-Sulfur (Na-S) and Lithium-ion (Li-Ion). The comparison is carried out on the basis of the levelized cost of storage (LCOS). Analyses have been performed by varying key inputs, such as the rated power, the storage capacity, the price of electricity absorbed from the grid during the charging phase, and the cost of fuel fed to D-CAES during the discharge phase. Na-S technology-based systems always show better techno-economic performance in respect to Li-Ion based ones. The economic performance of both D-CAES and BES improves by increasing the storage capacity. The D-CAES performance improvement rate, however, is higher than that estimated for BES based systems. Moreover, the economic performance of D-CAES systems is less sensitive to the price of electricity in respect of BES based storage facilities. As a result, D-CAES based solutions can reach a LCOS lower than that of Na-S batteries if the size of the system and the price of electricity are large enough.
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Su, Fengmei, Xuechao Qiu, Feng Liang, Manabu Tanaka, Tao Qu, Yaochun Yao, Wenhui Ma, et al. "Preparation of Nickel Nanoparticles by Direct Current Arc Discharge Method and Their Catalytic Application in Hybrid Na-Air Battery." Nanomaterials 8, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8090684.

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Nickel nanoparticles were prepared by the arc discharge method. Argon and argon/hydrogen mixtures were used as plasma gas; the evaporation of anode material chiefly resulted in the formation of different arc-anode attachments at different hydrogen concentrations. The concentration of hydrogen was fixed at 0, 30, and 50 vol% in argon arc, corresponding to diffuse, multiple, and constricted arc-anode attachments, respectively, which were observed by using a high-speed camera. The images of the cathode and anode jets were observed with a suitable band-pass filter. The relationship between the area change of the cathode/anode jet and the synchronous voltage/current waveform was studied. By investigating diverse arc-anode attachments, the effect of hydrogen concentration on the features of nickel nanoparticles were investigated, finding that 50 vol% H2 concentration has high productivity, fine crystallinity, and appropriate size distribution. The synthesized nickel nanoparticles were then used as catalysts in a hybrid sodium–air battery. Compared with commercial a silver nanoparticle catalyst and carbon black, nickel nanoparticles have better electrocatalytic performance. The promising electrocatalytic activity of nickel nanoparticles can be ascribed to their good crystallinity, effective activation sites, and Ni/NiO composite structures. Nickel nanoparticles prepared by the direct current (DC) arc discharge method have the potential to be applied as catalysts on a large scale.
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Gao, Haixing, Siqi Zhu, Yao Kang, Duc Anh Dinh, Kwan San Hui, Feng Bin, Xi Fan, et al. "Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-Derived Co-Fe@NC for Rechargeable Hybrid Sodium–Air Battery with a Low Voltage Gap and Long Cycle Life." ACS Applied Energy Materials 5, no. 2 (February 2, 2022): 1662–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.1c03073.

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45

Wang, Lei, Jianxing Hu, Yajuan Yu, Kai Huang, and Yuchen Hu. "Lithium-air, lithium-sulfur, and sodium-ion, which secondary battery category is more environmentally friendly and promising based on footprint family indicators?" Journal of Cleaner Production 276 (December 2020): 124244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124244.

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Hadi, Abdul, Iskandar Idris Yaacob, and Cheah Seok Gaik. "Synthesis of Nanocrystalline CeO2 Using Mechanochemical Method: The Effect of Milling Time on the Particle Size." Materials Science Forum 517 (June 2006): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.517.105.

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Nanocrystalline cerium dioxide (CeO2) has been successfully synthesized by mechanochemical technique at 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 hours milling times. The starting materials, hydrated cerium carbonate and sodium hydroxide, were mixed in a weight ratio of 4:1 and were milled in a planetary ball mill with ball to powder ratio of 10:1. The high energy impact forces provided by the milling media caused collision of starting materials and allowed the chemical reaction to occur thus produced nanocrystalline cerium dioxide. The products were characterized using a battery of characterization methods, including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and gas adsorption-desorption measurement. The nanocrystalline CeO2 with 6.7 nm of crystallite size and specific surface area of 66.66 m2/g was obtained when the sample was milled for 60 hrs and they annealed in air at 350 oC. The result showed that the crystallinity of nanocrystalline CeO2 decreased with increasing milling time.
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47

Sengupta, Abhinanda, Ajit Kumar, Aakash Ahuja, Gayatree Barik, Harshita Lohani, Pratima Kumari, and Sagar Mitra. "Nano-Crystallites of P2-Type Layered Transition Metal Oxide High Voltage Cathode for Sodium-Ion Battery." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 64 (October 9, 2022): 2332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02642332mtgabs.

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In this era of transitioning from conventional sources of energy to non-conventional, sodium-ion battery research has been burgeoning as an indigenous solution to energy storage applications, considering the sustainability, cost effectiveness, high availability and a familiar redox chemistry 1. P2-type Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 is one of the preeminent cathode for sodium-ion batteries because of their environmental friendliness, open framework, superior specific capacity, higher operating voltage and air-moisture stability. However, rapid capacity decay on charging it to a higher voltage because of P2 to O2 phase transition and a large volume change leading to exfoliation of the layers have impeded the practicability of this as an electrode material for Na-ion battery 2,3,4. Here in this work, we report the preparation of hexagonal nanocrystals of P2-type Na2/3Ni1/3Mn1/2Ti1/6O2, which is titanium doped in pristine Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 via a novel and quick microwave synthesis technique. This provides sharp and clear facets that allows accelerated sodium-ion migration within the crystal during extraction and insertion of Na-ions, making this material a highly efficient cathode. Unlike conventional heating, which requires around 12-20 hours of synthesis time and high energy consumption, microwave radiation induces rapid solid-state reaction that heats the material on molecular level leading to uniform heating, thus retaining the nanocrystallinity of the structure 5. The distinctive hierarchical nanostructure having large surface area could efficiently facilitate the transportation of Na+ ions, fast utilization of active materials, overcome the effect of internal strain generated inside and reduces the pulverization of active materials, thereby restraining the P2 to O2 phase transition at higher voltage 6. Aiding from the combined effect of titanium doping at manganese site and designing hierarchical nanocrystrals of P2-type Na2/3Ni1/3Mn1/2Ti1/6O2, we obtained a rate capability of 145 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C and a prolonged cycling life (87.3% capacity retention after 500 cycles at 1C) within a voltage range of 2.5 – 4.2 V, restraining the P2 to O2 type phase transition at higher potential. The combined analysis of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy along with density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated the optimization of the structure and the physical properties of pristine Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 and Ti doped structure along with their Bader charge analysis and electronic properties. Further the mechanical integrity of the nano Na2/3Ni1/3Mn1/2Ti1/6O2 and micro Na2/3Ni1/3Mn1/2Ti1/6O2 were analyzed through micro-compression test of the as prepared pellets. The underlying mechanism for the suppression of phase transition in Na2/3Ni1/3Mn1/2Ti1/6O2 was elucidated by ex-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ex-situ Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The electrochemical kinetics regarding Na+ diffusion coefficient was further studied through galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT). An analytical model was established to probe deeper into the reason for exfoliation and thus, support our hypothesis. In addition, a sodium-ion full cell was constructed by pairing the as-prepared P2-type Na2/3Ni1/3Mn1/2Ti1/6O2 with a hard carbon anode. This modification of P2-type Na2/3Ni1/3Mn1/2Ti1/6O2 nanocrystallites with comprehensive electrochemical performance can be a path breaking, highly efficient cathode material for large-scale energy storage applications. References: Larcher, D. & Tarascon, J. M. Towards greener and more sustainable batteries for electrical energy storage. Chem. 7, 19–29 (2015). Lu, Z. & Dahn, J. R. In Situ X-Ray Diffraction Study of P2-Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2. Electrochem. Soc. 148, A1225 (2001) Delmas, C., Fouassier, C. & Hagenmuller, P. Structural classification and properties of the layered oxides. B+C. 99, 81 – 85 (1980) Stansby, J. H., Sharma, N. & Goonetilleke, D. Probing the charged state of layered positive electrodes in sodium-ion batteries: Reaction pathways, stability and opportunities. J. Mater. Chem. A 8, 24833–24867 (2020) Muraligantha T, Murugan A. V, Manthiram A. Facile synthesis of carbon-decorated single-crystalline Fe3O4 nanowires and their application as high performance anode in lithium ion batteries. Commun. 7360 – 7362 (2009) Sun Y, Liu N, Cui Y. Promises and challenges of nanomaterials for lithium-based rechargeable batteries. Nature Energy. 1, 16071 (2016)
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Demchenko, V. G., A. S. Trubachev, V. J. Falko, and S. S. Hron. "MOBILE ACCUMULATORS FOR DISCRETE SYSTEMS HEAT-COLD SUPPLIES. Part 2." Industrial Heat Engineering 40, no. 3 (September 7, 2018): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ihe.3.2018.08.

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The purpose of this article is selection and substantiate the construct materials for a mobile battery of thermal energy. To evaluate the impact of chemical corrosion on the structural materials of the tank-battery, and researching the strength of the tank-battery during transportation and determination the feasibility of introducing and effectiveness of investments in environmental measures on the example of the implementation of the discrete heating / cooling systems. A comparison has been made of the technical characteristics chosen for our studies of heat storage material - bischofite and sodium acetate trihydrate, which showed that both substances have certain advantages and limitations in their application. An experiment was carried out to determine the stability of the material for corrosion, after the 10 cycles of heating-cooling, the metal parts that were deposited in the bischofite solution remained virtually unchanged, no corrosion marks were observed. While specimens that were in the melt of sodium triacetate have obvious corrosion marks (except for a stainless steel sample). Particularly noticeable corrosion of samples that were on the verge of air and sodium triacetate. Thus, it has been confirmed that the use of hydrated salt melts requires additional measures to protect against corrosion of metals, and the use of polymer materials is limited by the temperature of their application. Calculations of the strength of the tank-accumulator at static and dynamic loads with the account of transportation are carried out. Taking into account the obtained results of Mises stress, the tensile stresses in the cut and stresses of bolted joints during rolling during transport under conditions of use of steel constructions are higher. In the course of determining the feasibility of implementing the project, it was tested and proposed to supplement the methods of calculating the investment of energy saving measures and projects by a fundamentally new method of strategic rapid analysis "3E". This method allows you to get a graphical representation of the result of the analysis and with a high degree of probability to determine the strategy of financing the implementation projects. The analysis is based on three main criteria, namely: energy, environmental and economic. These weighting criteria consist of a number of values that are necessary to obtain a likely return on the payback of the implementation project. The results of express analysis are clearly represented in the form of the area of permissible values on the triangular diagram, which we are invited to call the "3E triangle" in the initial words of words: Energy, Ecology and Economics. An economic analysis has also been conducted, which showed that the estimated payback period of the project is less than five years, and the volume of annual revenue from the sale of thermal energy and cold is 1470000 UAH. Thus, the project is attractive for investment.
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Ma, Cheng, Yuehong Shu, and Hongyu Chen. "Leaching of Spent Lead Paste by Oxalate and Sodium Oxalate Solution and Prepared Leady Oxide Powder in Nitrogen and Air for Lead Acid Battery." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 163, no. 10 (2016): A2240—A2247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0501610jes.

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Chen, Ting-Ru, Tian Sheng, Zhen-Guo Wu, Jun-Tao Li, En-Hui Wang, Chun-Jin Wu, Hong-Tai Li, et al. "Cu2+ Dual-Doped Layer-Tunnel Hybrid Na0.6Mn1–xCuxO2 as a Cathode of Sodium-Ion Battery with Enhanced Structure Stability, Electrochemical Property, and Air Stability." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 10, no. 12 (March 5, 2018): 10147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b00614.

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