Статті в журналах: "Soda pulping process Tasmania"

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Imlauer Vedoya, Camila María, María Cristina Area, Natalia Raffaeli, and Fernando Esteban Felissia. "Study on Soda–Ethanol Delignification of Pine Sawdust for a Biorefinery." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (May 29, 2022): 6660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116660.

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The soda–ethanol process was conceived as a sulfur-free pulping process, which may also be an alternative to conventional alkaline pulping, such as kraft or soda–AQ in the biorefinery context. An in-depth study using two experimental designs was conducted to establish the viability of soda–ethanol delignification of pine sawdust. At first, a simple factorial design involving the ethanol–water ratio (ethanol:water) and the alkaline load (AL, % over dry wood, odw) was applied to define the levels of these variables and their eventual interaction. Then, a 32 experimental design was performed to evaluate the ability of the process concerning the pulping of pine sawdust. The tested conditions were carefully selected to screen a broad range of cooking times (60, 100, and 140 min) and alkaline loads (19.0, 23.3, and 27.6 %odw) to obtain pulps with different extents of delignification (residual lignin contents). Finally, the kraft, soda–AQ, and soda–ethanol treatments were compared. Soda–ethanol pulping was shown to be a suitable delignification stage for a biorefinery scheme of Pinus elliottii and Pinus taeda sawdust. It has many advantages over traditional processes regarding its environmental impact, harmless chemicals, and selectivity. The tested conditions were similar to those frequently used in conventional pulping at an industrial scale, suggesting the technical feasibility of the soda–ethanol process for pine sawdust processing.

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Saleh, Tharwat M., Mohammed H. Fadl, Ahmed E. El-Ashmawy, and Soheir A. El-Meadawy. "Bagasse pulping by the soda-nitrobenzene process." Journal of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 26, no. 1 (May 29, 2007): 585–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5020260182.

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Henry Okwudili Chibudike, Nelly Acha Ndukwe, Eunice Chinedum Chibudike, Nkemdilim Ifeanyi Obi, and Olubamike Adetutu Adeyoju. "Comparative assessment of the pulping potentials of soda and mea processes for the development of paper-pulp from sugarcane bagasse." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 12, no. 1 (October 30, 2021): 230–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.12.1.0497.

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Pulping trials were carried out using MEA and the soda process comparing their pulping potentials. The operating conditions such as the concentration of the cooking liquor (50%, 75%, 100%) for MEA and (10%, 15%, 20%) for NaOH, the maximum cooking temperature (150oC, 160oC, 170oC) and cooking time (60, 90, 120minutes) for both processes were investigated systematically to establish optimal pulping conditions. The agro-biomass used in this investigation is Sugarcane Bagasse viewed as alternative raw material for pulp and paper production. The lignin content of Bagasse (19.5%) was low; indicating that Bagasse should be easier to pulp. The optimum cooking conditions (independent variables) for MEA pulping were 75% MEA concentration, 150oC cooking temperature and 90 minutes cooking time. Excel 2013 was used to analyze the effect of independent variables on yield of bagasse pulp and properties of furnished paper from MEA process in comparison with the Soda process which include tear index, tensile index, burst index and folding endurance with errors less than 15% in all cases. The Kappa number range (12.7-16.9), viscosity (270-870 ml/g) and brightness (62.1-93.2%) of bagasse pulp are appropriate for high-brightness printing and writing papers. The physical properties of furnished paper, tear index (13.4 mN.m2/g), tensile index (71Nm/g), Burst index (4.8 KN/g) and folding endurance (82) recommend the cellulosic pulp from Sugarcane Bagasse obtained from the MEA process for strengthening the virgin fiber in recycled papers and also for developing certain types of printing and packaging papers. Due to the awareness towards the negative impact of kraft mill’s effluent to the environment recently, soda pulping started to regain its popularity among the pulp mills especially non-wood based pulp mills. MEA process is more economically attractive given its high pulp yield, despite the significant increase in chemical demand for bleaching. MEA pulping is a good alternative to soda pulping furnishing high pulp yield with less cooking temperature, i.e. 150oC, thereby saving a considerable amount of energy with less odoriferous pollutants and pollution load associated with the soda process.

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Loaiza, Javier M., Ascensión Alfaro, Francisco López, María T. García, and Juan C. García. "Optimization of Laccase/Mediator System (LMS) Stage Applied in Fractionation of Eucalyptus globulus." Polymers 11, no. 4 (April 22, 2019): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11040731.

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In a biorefinery framework, a laccase/mediator system treatment following autohydrolysis was carried out for eucalyptus wood prior to soda-anthraquinone pulping. The enzymatic and autohydrolysis conditions, with a view to maximizing the extraction of hemicelluloses while preserving the integrity of glucan, were optimized. Secondly, pulping of solid phase from Eucalyptus globulus wood autohydrolysis and the enzymatic process was carried out and compared with a conventional soda-anthraquinone (AQ) pulping process. The prehydrolysis and enzymatic delignification of the raw material prior to the delignification with soda- Anthraquinone (AQ) results in paper sheets with a lower kappa number and brightness and strength properties close to conventional soda-AQ paper and a liquid fraction rich in hemicellulose compounds that can be used in additional ways. The advantage of this biorefinery scheme is that it requires a lower concentration of chemical reagents, and lower operating times and temperature in the alkaline delignification stage, which represents an economic and environmental improvement over the conventional process.

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FERDOUS, TASLIMA, M. A. QUAIYYUM, KAZI M. YASIN ARAFAT, and M. SARWAR JAHAN. "Characterization of chia plant (Salvia hispanica) for pulping." October 2020 19, no. 10 (November 1, 2020): 511–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj19.10.511.

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In this paper, chia plant was characterized in terms of chemical, morphological, and anatomical properties. Chia plant was characterized with low α-cellulose (30.5%); moderate lignin (23.2%) with syringyl to guaiacyl ratio of 1.41; and shorter fiber length (0.67 mm) with thinner cell wall (1.91 μm) and good flexibility coefficient (71.44). Anatomical features showed that chia plant consists of vessels, fibers, parenchyma cells, and collenchyma cells. Chia plant pulping was evaluated in soda-anthraquinone (soda-AQ) and formic acid/peroxyformic acid (FA/PFA) processes. Chia plant was difficult to delignify in the alkaline process. The FA/PFA process produced higher pulp yield at the same kappa number than the soda-AQ process. Unbleached soda-AQ chia pulp exhibited good proper-ties in terms of tensile, bursting, and tearing strengths, even at the unrefined stage, due to high drainability of the pulps. Alkaline peroxide bleached FA/PFA pulp exhibited better papermaking properties and 2% higher brightness than the D0(EP)D1 bleached soda-AQ pulp.

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Wang, Wei, Gui Hua Yang, and Jia Chuan Chen. "Process of Soda-AQ Pulping of Fast-Growing Poplar and Defibration Point." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 3500–3504. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.3500.

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Fast-growing Poplar cooked by Soda-AQ process was studied, by determining the lignin contents including Klason lignin and acid soluble lignin, the yield of pulping, the rate of carbohydtare degradation and the rate of delignification.Results indicated that the delignificaton of Fast-growing Poplar in Soda-AQ pulping can be divided into three distinguishable stages. (a)The initial delignification stage before 140°C,the rate of delignification reaches to 30.87%;(b)The bulk delignification stage, the rate of delignification reaches to 86.97%，in the period from 140°C to 170°C and for 30 min;(c)The residual delignification stage,the rate of delignification exceeds 91.60%. The defibration point was reached when cooking temperature raised to 170°C and for 30 min with 57.50% pulping yield ,24.94 kappa nomber.

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KALYONCU, EVREN ERSOY. "ECO-FRIENDLY PULPING OF BANANA PSEUDO-STEM WASTES WITH POTASSIUM-BASED PROCESSES." Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 56, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2022): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35812/cellulosechemtechnol.2022.56.12.

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This study aimed to investigate the usability of banana pseudo-stem wastes, remaining from banana cultivation, with eco-friendly K-based pulping processes. Three different K-based pulping processes, KOH, KOH-K2SO3, KOH-NH4OH, and soda process as control were studied. The temperature and the total alkali ratio were kept constant, while the cooking time was varied (60 min and 120 min) for each K-based pulping method. It was found that 60 min at 165 °C with 20% alkaline charge (calculated as Na2O) are the optimum conditions for all K-based pulping processes of banana pseudo-stems. K-based pulps produced under the same pulping conditions were compared with the control soda pulp. The pulp samples were characterized in terms of their mechanical, physical, morphological and optical properties. Also, their Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis was performed. Among the eco-friendly K-based pulping processes investigated here, the KOH process can be considered as a promising alternative for pulping banana pseudo-stem waste, due to the excellent papermaking properties achieved.

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8

Sun, Yi Jia, Hai Ming Li, Jing Hui Zhou, Guang Wei Sun, and Zhang Hong Xie. "Reed Soda Pulping Modified by Green Liquor Pretreatment." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 2628–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.2628.

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The soda pulping modified by green liquor pretreatment was adopted to explore optimal green liquor pretreatment conditions. Results shows that optimum pretreatment conditions are as follows: max temperature, 130°C; holding time, 90min; wood to liquor ratio, 1:4; and green liquor charge, 0.9L/kg. Pretreated reed was pulped under following conditions: heating-up time, 60min; maximum temperature, 160°C; holding time, 60min; NaOH charge, 20% (pretreatment alkali included). Results shows that this process produces pulp with screened yield of 49.05%, Kappa number of 14.6, and viscosity of 1274mL/g. Compared with the results of industrial simulation pulping (21% NaOH), screened yield increases by 2.14%, Kappa number decreases by 5.6 and viscosity rises by 556 mL/g. Therefore, green liquor pretreatment before soda pulping improves pulp performance and yield. Meanwhile the pretreatment utilizes material effectively, thus has practical significance to decrease alkaline consumption and pulping cost.

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Hurter, Robert, and Medwick Byrd. "Pulping and bleaching of Malaysian oil palm empty fruit bunches." June 2017 16, no. 06 (2017): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj16.6.361.

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Oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) was evaluated as a raw material for papermaking pulp production. The EFB was chopped, screened, and washed before cooking. Preliminary bench-scale trials were carried out using soda and soda-anthraquinone cooking followed by bleaching using elemental chlorine free and totally chlorine free sequences. Pilot-scale soda cooking was carried out in a 2300 L spherical digester using the soda process followed by a three-stage elemental chlorine free bleaching sequence. Unbleached and bleached EFB pulps were tested for physical and optical properties. Comparisons were made between the properties of the EFB pulps and bleached kraft eucalyptus pulp. The EFB unbleached and bleached pulps were acceptable for papermaking.

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García, Juan Carlos, Minerva A. M. Zamudio, Antonio Pérez, Manuel Javier Feria, José Lívio Gomide, Jorge Luiz Colodette, and Francisco López. "Soda-AQ pulping of Paulownia wood after hydrolysis treatment." BioResources 6, no. 2 (February 15, 2011): 971–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.2.971-986.

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A trihybrid clone of Paulownia fortunei x tormentosa x elongata was used for pulp and paper production using the soda-anthraquinone (AQ) process, comparing the results with those from Paulownia fortunei. An autohydrolysis process had been previously carried out on this raw material. A composite central experimental design and a multiple regression were used for modeling and optimizing the process. A valuable liquid phase could be obtained from the autohydrolysis process of Paulownia, trying to minimize cellulose degradation for pulp and paper production. A compromise to maximize the glucan and minimize the xylan contents in the postautohydrolysis solid phase could be achieved at 187.5ºC and 15 minutes. A suitable cellulosic pulp with kappa number ranging from 12.2 to 69.2 and ISO brightness from 18.2 to 30.6% presented better results than those from other studies. Regarding handsheets physical properties (tensile index 37.3 N·m/g ) and viscosity (848 cm3/g), significant improvements could be obtained when compared with previous results of a similar process using Paulownia fortunei or Paulownia elongata.

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López, F., A. Pérez, J. C. García, M. J. Feria, M. M. García, and M. Fernández. "Cellulosic pulp from Leucaena diversifolia by soda–ethanol pulping process." Chemical Engineering Journal 166, no. 1 (January 2011): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.08.039.

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Wagih, Ahmed, Merima Hasani, Stephen A. Hall, and Hans Theliander. "Micro/nano-structural evolution in spruce wood during soda pulping." Holzforschung 75, no. 8 (January 7, 2021): 754–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2020-0113.

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Abstract Alkaline delignification of wood tissue is the core of the global pulping technology and the most prominent large-scale separation of the main wood components. This work aims at improved understanding of the interplay between the topochemistry of alkaline pulping and the associated morphological changes. Morphology and chemical structure of partially soda-delignified wood chips were studied combining X-ray tomography (XRT), X-ray diffraction analysis and compositional characterization (lignin and carbohydrate content). The XRT studies of wet samples (providing 3D structural information without interfering drying effects), allowed observation of the cell wall separation as an increasing amount of lignin was removed with the increasing pulping time. Comparison between the microstructure of the surface and the central parts of the treated chips showed a more delignified microstructure at the surface, which highlights the dependence of the delignification process on the mass transport (hydroxide ions and lignin fragments) through the wood tissue. The crystallite size of cellulose increased in the <200> crystal planes during the early stage of pulping while there was little effect on the <110> plane.

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Vargas, R., J. R. Sanjuán D., J. A. Silva G., J. Rivera P., F. J. Fuentes T., and H. G. Richter. "Properties of bleached pulp sheets of avocado wood (Persea americana Mill.) pulped by Kraft and Soda processes." Madera y Bosques 12, no. 1 (August 31, 2016): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21829/myb.2006.1211248.

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Chips of avocado wood (Persea americana Mill.) were pulped by means of conventional Soda and Kraft pulping processes. The pulps were bleached with an elemental-chlorine-free sequence OD1-Eop-D2, pre-setting reaction conditions for the first chlorine dioxide stage (D1) . The results show that during the chemical pulping process, avocado wood is easier to cook than other hardwoods such as eucalyptus. The avocado pulp also showed a very good bleachability, reaching brightness levels of up to 92% ISO compared to 84% for eucalyptus after the ECF bleaching sequence. The avocado Kraft pulps required more chemical input in the bleaching sequence than the Soda pulps. On the other hand, the physico-mechanical properties of the pulp were not notably reduced by the bleaching process, the Kraft pulp being stronger than the soda pulp. Strength properties of avocado are similar to those of eucalyptus; therefore this raw material constitutes a worthwhile choice for cellulosic fiber supply.

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JHT, Admin. "KAJIAN PULPING SODA BEBAHAN BAKU PELEPAH PISANG (Musa paradisiaca) (A Study on Pulping Chemical Methods Based of Banana Leaves (Musa paradisiaca)." HUTAN TROPIKA 10, no. 2 (August 29, 2019): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36873/jht.v10i2.56.

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ABSTRACTStem of the banana bunch could to be used as basic material to the making of pulp in order to substitute the basic material of wood. This research was aimed to know the cooker solution concentration of NaOH to produce the best pulp rendement. The research using soda process with NaOH as the cooker solution in the three variation of concentration, i.e. 5%, 10%, and 15%. Research result showed that NaOH with concentration of 5% produce the best pulp rendement, namely 85.58%, they were comprised 39.98% of pulp rendement filtrate and 44.6% of uncooked rendement. Keywords: Concentration of NaOH, pulping soda, stem of banana

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Masrol, S. R., Mohd Halim Irwan Ibrahim, Sharmiza Adnan, Muhammad Safiuddin Syah Amir Shah, N. M. Main, Esa Faizal, and M. H. Othman. "Soda Anthraquinone Pulping of Oil Palm Male Flower Spikes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 660 (October 2014): 373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.660.373.

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This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of pulp and paper produced from oil palm oil male flower spikes (OPMFS). The evaluation of the pulping process was studied based on the chemical Soda Anthraquinone pulping process. 60 gsm papersheet of oil palm male flower spikes were prepared from unbeaten and unbleached OPMFS Soda-AQ pulp. All optical, physical and mechanical characteristics were investigated according to TAPPI and MS ISO standards. OPMFS pulp recorded value of 6.42 s, 353 ml, 76.5 %, 36.7 % and 9.35 for drainage time, freeness, moisture content, screened yield percentage and Kappa number respectively. OPMFS paper sheet recorded value of 56.99 g/m2, 131.11 µm and 0.43 g/m3 for grammage, bulking thickness and apparent bulk density respectively. Unbleached OPMFS paper also recorded 26.49 % and 43.50 % for brightness and opacity. For mechanical characteristics, OPMFS paper recorded 39.10 N.m/g, 8.32 mN.m2/g, 3.15 kPa.m2/g and 38.50 for tensile index, tear index, burst index and folding endurance (no.) respectively. This research demonstrate some potential characteristics of oil palm male flower spikes (OPMFS) paper to be investigated as a newly explored non-wood based raw material for papermaking.

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Yaguchi, Tokiya, Masahiro Sesaki, Katsuhiro Oda, and Michihiro Nakura. "Studies on the technology of direct causticizing process by ferric oxide. Part 1. Studies on soda quinone pulping. 3. Soda quinone pulping conditions." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 40, no. 9 (1986): 870–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.40.870.

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Sutradhar, S., M. Sarkar, J. Nayeem, M. Sarwar Jahan, and C. Tian. "Potassium hydroxide pulping of four non-woods." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 53, no. 1 (March 11, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v53i1.35903.

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Four non-woods such as, dhaincha (Sesbania bispinosa), jute stick (Corchorus capsularis), wheat straw (Triticum aestivum) and corn stalks (Zea mays) were cooked by potassium hydroxide (KOH) at the optimum conditions of soda pulping. Dhaincha, wheat straw and corn stalks were delignified to kappa number 19.4, 13.6 and 19, respectively, while jute stick was not delignified sufficiently (kappa number 32.5). All these four raw materials maintained good yield in KOH process. Dhaincha produced the highest pulp yield (50.5%) and wheat straw had the lowest pulp yield (44.7). All pulps were bleached by D0EpD1 bleaching sequences in identical bleaching conditions. Final pulp brightness reached to above 80% ISO except jute stick pulp. Jute stick pulp reached to 74.9% brightness only after the consumption of 30 kg ClO2/ ton of pulp. The overall bleaching yields were 92.6%, 88.4%, 90.1 and 90.8% for dhaincha, jute stick, wheat straw and corn stalks pulps, respectively. The oSR of these four non-wood bleached pulps was above 20, consequently improved papermaking in the unrefined state. Beating rapidly increased papermaking properties, as for example, the tensile index of dhaincha pulps increased from 49 N.m/g in the unrefined pulp to 90 N.m/g in the beaten 50 oSR. It can be seen that KOH is a good substitute to soda process for non-wood.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.53(1), 1-6, 2018

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JAHAN, M. SARWAR, SUMON GOSH, M. MOSTAFIZUR RAHMAN, and YONGHAO NI. "Nonwood pulping: use of jute cuttings and caddis in Bangladesh." September 2013 12, no. 9 (October 1, 2013): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj12.9.41.

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Utilization of jute cutting and caddis is of social and economic importance in Bangladesh. In this study, soda-anthraquinone, alkaline sulfite-anthraquinone, and neutral sulfite-anthraquinone processes were evaluated for jute-cutting and caddis pulping. The NS-AQ process showed favorable pulp yield and kappa number for both of these raw materials: 66.1% for jute cuttings and 59.9% for caddis at kappa no. 11. The physical properties of NS-AQ pulps were also better than those of soda-AQ and AS-AQ pulps. At 0SR 44, the tensile index of NS-AQ pulp was about 100 N.m/g for jute cutting and 70 N.m/g for caddis, and the tear index was similar. All pulps were bleached by D0EpD1 bleaching sequences. The NS-AQ pulp showed excellent bleachability. Its brightness reached 89.0% for jute cuttings and 85.0% for caddis using total chlorine dioxide of about 15 kg/ton. After bleaching, the strength properties of NS-AQ pulp were slightly better compared to soda-AQ and AS-AQ pulps.

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Yaguchi, Tokiya, Masahiro Sesaki, Toshio Taki, and Michihiro Nakura. "Stadies on the technology of direct causticizing process by ferric oxide. Part 1. Studies on soda quinone pulping. 1. Soda quinone pulping of softwoods." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 40, no. 5 (1986): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.40.469.

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Yaguchi, Tokiya, Haruo Tsukamoto, Tatsuo Nakano, and Michihiro Nakura. "Studies on the technology of direct causticizing process by ferric oxide. Part 1. Studies on soda quinone pulping. 2. Soda quinone pulping of hardwoods." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 40, no. 8 (1986): 770–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.40.770.

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Cheng, Heli, Huaiyu Zhan, Shiyu Fu, and Lucian A. Lucia. "Alkali extraction of hemicellulose from depithed corn stover and effects on soda-AQ pulping." BioResources 6, no. 1 (November 30, 2010): 196–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.1.196-206.

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A biorefinery using the process of hemicellulose pre-extraction and subsequent pulping provides a promising way for the utilization of straw biomass and resolution of problems related to silicon. In this work, hemicellulose was extracted from depithed corn stover with sodium hydroxide solution before soda-AQ pulping. Components of the extracts were quantified by ion chromatography. The parameters (alkali concentration and temperature) affecting hemicellulose pre-extraction were optimized. The main constituent of hemicellulose in corn stover was xylan, which accounted for 18.1% of the depithed raw material. More than 90% of the xylan can be extracted under the optimal conditions: NaOH concentration of 10%, temperature of 75ºC, and time of 2h. Solid fractions after extraction were subjected to soda-AQ pulping. In comparison with control pulp obtained without extraction, it was found that alkali pre-extraction could improve the brightness and decrease kappa number of the subsequent pulp, causing a slight loss of yield, viscosity, density, and burst strength, but an obvious improvement of tear strength. Moreover, the silicon content was decreased by 79.8% when the extraction conditions were set at 75 ºC with alkali concentration of 8%, suggesting that pre-extraction of hemicellulose is a potential way to solve silicon problems associated with alkaline pulping of stover.

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Ahvazi, Behzad C., Gerry Pageau, and Dimitris S. Argyropoulos. "On the formation of diphenylmethane structures in lignin under kraft, EMCC®, and soda pulping conditions." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 76, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 506–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v98-060.

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This paper describes our efforts focused at defining the formation of diphenylmethane moieties in lignin during conventional kraft and soda pulping conditions. This objective was realized by confirming, initially, the assignment of a 31P NMR signal as being due exclusively to the presence of phosphitylated diphenylmethane (DPM) phenolic hydroxyl groups. More specifically, softwood milled wood lignin (Picea mariana) was subjected to kraft pulping conditions in the presence and absence of varying amounts of formaldehyde. After quantitative recovery of the lignin, the 31P NMR spectra were recorded and the spectra revealed selective signal growth in the region confined between 142.8 and 144.3 ppm, in accordance with previous model compound work and detailed calculations based on the Hammett principles. To further substantiate our conclusions we also carried out two series of isothermal (120°C) kraft and soda pulping experiments followed by quantitative determinations of the DPM moieties, and correlated our findings with the differences in chemistry known to occur between the two processes. Finally, diphenylmethane phenolic moieties were determined in isolated residual lignins from two western hemlock kraft pulp samples produced via an EMCC® mill protocol and a laboratory batch digester, respectively. These structures prevailed amongst the condensed phenolic units of the conventional pulp, providing additional evidence to support the fact that modern modified pulping technologies beneficially alter the structure of residual kraft lignin.Key words: phenyl groups, kraft pulping, modified kraft process, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), phosphorus spectroscopy.

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Shtirc, Liudmila, Svetlana G. Vlasova, and Dmitry Meshcherskikh. "Porous Material Production and Material Properties." Materials Science Forum 946 (February 2019): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.946.84.

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In our work we defined two directions for synthesizing porous material: pulping selected experimental glass compositions and using caustic soda as a foaming agent. We studied the foaming temperature settings, investigated the porous material properties. The intensity of the foaming process was estimated from the value of the foaming coefficient.

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Ristianingsih, Yuli, Hero Islami, and Muhammad Sarwani. "THE PAPER CHARACTERISTICS FROM COMBINATION OF RICE HUSKS AND EMPTY FRUIT BUNCHES." Konversi 6, no. 2 (March 28, 2018): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/k.v6i2.4759.

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Abstract- Rice husk and empty fruit bunches are agricultural and plantation wastes which have fiber cellulose and hemicellulose, it can be converted to pulp and paper. This research aims to study the effect of NaOH concentration (2, 4, 6 and 8% w/v) and raw material composition to pulp yield and to study characteristics of the paper combination of rice husk and empty fruit bunches using soda process based on SEM and XRD analysis. This research using soda process because it is suitable for non-wood raw materials, low cost operations and not use sulfur compounds. Dry raw materials are mixed with NaOH and digesting using autoclave (100°C, 1 atm) for 60 minutes. NaOH concentration optimum used in the pulping process a combination rice husk and empty fruit bunches (1:3, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1) and then cooled for 30 minutes. Pulp is bleached with NaClO 5.25% (v / v), then formed and dried as paper. The lowest pulp yield obtained in a ratio of 2: 1 is 27.6%. Based on the observation of SEM known the fiber of rice husk and empty fruit bunches is 5.88 to 9.8 μm and 8.82 to 14.71 μm, while based on XRD observations, chemical treatment can improve the characteristic of peak intensity on paper combination. The highest advances of peak intensity in the 1:3 ratio is 71.28% (cellulose I) dan 83.33% (cellulose II). Keywords: rice husk, empty fruit bunches, chemical pulping, soda process

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25

Yotwadee, H., A. Duangduen, and S. Viboon. "Lignin Isolation from Black Liquor for Wastewater Quality Improvement and Bio-material Recovery." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 11, no. 8 (2020): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2020.11.8.1277.

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Spent pulping chemicals along with liberated lignin called black liquor are a major liquid waste stream from wood digestion process. For wastewater quality improvement, lignin residue could be isolated via various techniques. According to difference in chemical pulping process (kraft and soda), variations of organic and inorganic substance were suspended in waste stream. This research aims to investigate the effects of the cooking chemical on organic waste (lignin) in black liquor. Organic waste in black liquor was isolated as soda lignin (SL) from soda black liquor (SBL) and kraft lignin (KL) from kraft black liquor (KBL) by acidic precipitation. In addition, lignin model compound (LMC) was used to establish base case measurement. The elemental analysis revealed the similarity of C, H, and O content of samples in range of 32-33%, 3-4%, and 35-38%, respectively. FTIR results showed that structures of lignin, functional group and guaiacyl to syringyl ratio were vary depended on type of chemical pulping with β-O-4 as the primary composition of the samples. Moreover, Py-GC/MS technique was applied for analyzing the degradation products in order to corroborate the result with the structure and thermal behavior analysis. The TGA results showed high stability of lignin up to around 400°C. Main degraded compounds of all samples were phenol, vanillin, catechol, and guaiacol. This finding suggested that not only lignin which caused high BOD and COD could potentially be isolated for value added product but also the discharge quality could be improved. In addition, different chemical processes effect residual lignin in black liquor and underscore the importance of lignin in black liquor as a potential material for renewable energy and chemical production.

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Moezzipour, Bita, Sahab Hedjazi, Hossein Yousefi, and Mohammad Ahmadi. "The Influence of Pulping Process and Energy Consumption on Properties of Nanofibrillated Lignocellulose (NFLC) Films Isolated from Wheat Straw." Drvna industrija 72, no. 4 (November 24, 2021): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2021.2025.

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The present research has primarily focused on the production of nanofibrillated lignocellulose (NFLC) instead of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), which could be produced with less energy and is expected to have similar uses as NFC, especially in the sectors where the transparency is not important. Furthermore, the effect of energy consumption needed for NFLC production and also the influence of pulping methods on the produced NFLC properties has been surveyed. Through mechanical refining and different passes in microfluidizer, the results showed the average diameter of NFLC declined from around 19000 nm to 36 nm. Soda-NFLC films had higher calliper and lower roughness, compared to those of MEA at given energy consumption in refiner and microfluidizer. For both kinds of pulps, the optimum level of energy consumption to reach the best tensile index of NFLC films was 258 kWh/t, with three passes through microfluidizer. More increase in the number of passes and pressure only resulted in increasing of energy consumption without any positive effect on improving the tensile index. The maximum tensile indices of NFLC films obtained from soda and MEA pulping processes were 113.5 and 119.86 N·m/g, respectively. The burst index of 8.5 kP·m2/g and the energy consumption of 458 kWh/t were obtained for five passes through microfluidizer. With the increase of the number of passes of soda and MEA samples through microfluidizer, the opacity decreased but transparency increased.

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27

Melesse, Emiru Yidnekew, Tesfaye Kassaw Bedru, and Beteley Tekola Meshesha. "Production and Characterization of Pulp from Banana Pseudo Stem for Paper Making via Soda Anthraquinone Pulping Process." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 58 (January 11, 2022): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.58.63.

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The need for pulp and paper currently in the whole world has become shooting up massively. The generation of the pulp, as well as paper from woody materials, has a challenge due to deforestation, huge chemical and energy consumptions. Now, an alternative source for paper is lignocelluloses wastes, because of low cost, low energy, and chemical consumption. Among them, the banana pseudostem was best for the input of pulp and paper production. This investigation was on the production and characterization of pulp from Banana Pseudo Stem for Paper Making via Soda Anthraquinone pulping process. The amount of cellulose (41.45%), ash (12.4%), hemicellulose (23.37%), extractive (12.72%), and lignin (10.46%) contents were obtained at the initial compositional evaluation of the pseudostem. It has excellent fiber length (1.75mm), fiber diameter (22.15μm), an acceptable Runkle ratio (0.55), and flexibility coefficient (159.64). The effect of temperature (130,140 and 150 °C), cooking time (45, 60, and 75 minutes), the concentration of soda (10, 12.5, and 15%), were examined. The maximum pulp yield and kappa number was 36.7% and 22.8 respectively obtained at 10% of soda concentration, at 150 °C, and 63 minutes of cooking time from oven-dried raw material. The produced paper from the banana pseudostem has a tensile index, tearing index, smoothness, and porosity were 78.75 Nm/g, 19.1 mN.m2/g, 500-530μm, and 50 sec/100ml air respectively. This study indicates that high strength mechanical property and good surface properties paper can be produced from banana pseudostem pulp with a more environmentally friendly pulping process.

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Soo Kwan, Leong, and Rakmi Abd Rahman. "Potentiality of Banana (Musa) Stem as Raw Material in Chemical Nonwood Pulping." Scientific Research Journal 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2007): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v4i2.5660.

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Wood is not sufficient in many countries to meet the rise demand for paper and pulp. In recent years, a lot of researches have been done to find a new, non-wood raw material for paper production especially using agricultural waste. Agriculture industry is one of the main industries in Malaysia which has generated a large amount of waste every year such as banana stem, rice hull, sugarcane bagasse and wheat straw. These are regarded as abundant, inexpensive and readily available natural resources for pulping industry. The purpose of this paper is to study of the pulping potentialities of banana stems which are growing in Malaysia. In this research the banana stem is used as raw material in the pulping process for the purpose of producing cellulose as pulp. The chemical pulping method which is used in the study is soda pulping, where NaOH is the main chemical substance used in cooking and with anthroquinone as the additive. Temperature, residence time and dosage of chemical were the parameters to be manipulated in this non-wood chemical pulping process to get an optimum condition for pulping. A 3 litre batch reactor was used in this non-wood chemical pulping process. The concentration of NaOH used was varied from 10 – 45 % and cooking temperature was varied from 100 – 200 °C. The ratio of solid to liquid is set at 1:8 and also the cooking period was varied from 30 – 210 minutes. The result shows that the optimum yield of pulp from this study is at 20 % w/w NaOH, cooking at 160 °C with 120 minutes. The yield of pulp is around 30 %. The cellulose content in the pulp produced is as high as 90 %.

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Leong, Soo Kwan, and Rakmi Abd Rahman. "Potentiality of Banana (Musa) Stem as Raw Material in Chemical Nonwood Pulping." Scientific Research Journal 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2007): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v4i2.9344.

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Анотація:

Wood is not sufficient in many countries to meet the rise demand for paper and pulp. In recent years, a lot of researches have been done to find a new, non-wood raw material for paper production especially using agricultural waste. Agriculture industry is one of the main industries in Malaysia which has generated a large amount of waste every year such as banana stem, rice hull, sugarcane bagasse and wheat straw. These are regarded as abundant, inexpensive and readily available natural resources for pulping industry. The purpose of this paper is to study of the pulping potentialities of banana stems which are growing in Malaysia. In this research the banana stem is used as raw material in the pulping process for the purpose of producing cellulose as pulp. The chemical pulping method which is used in the study is soda pulping, where NaOH is the main chemical substance used in cooking and with anthroquinone as the additive. Temperature, residence time and dosage of chemical were the parameters to be manipulated in this non-wood chemical pulping process to get an optimum condition for pulping. A 3 litre batch reactor was used in this non-wood chemical pulping process. The concentration of NaOH used was varied from 10 – 45 % and cooking temperature was varied from 100 – 200 °C. The ratio of solid to liquid is set at 1:8 and also the cooking period was varied from 30 – 210 minutes. The result shows that the optimum yield of pulp from this study is at 20 % w/w NaOH, cooking at 160 °C with 120 minutes. The yield of pulp is around 30 %. The cellulose content in the pulp produced is as high as 90 %.

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30

Qin, Cheng Rong, Lei Jiang, Xi Yao Fu, Qing Wang, and Hong Gui Yi. "The Study on Pulping and Papermaking Performance of Banana Stem and Leaf." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 760–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.760.

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The chemical composition of various parts of banana stem and leaf were analysed. The soda cooking and kraft cooking process of banana stem were optimized. The bleaching performance of the banana stem pulp was discussed. The results showed that the banana stem and leaf kraft pulp were good fiber material for pulping and papermaking. The brightness of banana stem bleached pulp can reach above 80%ISO through ClO2 bleaching.

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31

Ogunsile, B. O., and F. I. Uba. "Optimization of Process Variables for the Soda Pulping of Carpolobia Lutea (Polygalaceae) G. Don." Journal of the Korean Chemical Society 56, no. 2 (April 20, 2012): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5012/jkcs.2012.56.2.257.

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32

López, F., J. C. García, A. Pérez, M. M. García, M. J. Feria, and R. Tapias. "Leucaena diversifolia a new raw material for paper production by soda-ethanol pulping process." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 88, no. 1 (January 2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2009.06.016.

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Yilmaz, Y. "Effect of oxygen pressure on beating time in the lime-soda-oxygen pulping process." Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 52, no. 5 (October 1994): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02621424.

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34

González-García, Sara, M. Teresa Moreira, Gerardo Artal, Lluis Maldonado, and Gumersindo Feijoo. "Environmental impact assessment of non-wood based pulp production by soda-anthraquinone pulping process." Journal of Cleaner Production 18, no. 2 (January 2010): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.10.008.

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35

Syahbirin, Gustini, Ani Suryani, and Tesar Dzikrulloh. "STUDI PENGARUH PERBANDINGAN REAKTAN LIGNIN NaHSO3 DAN pH TERHADAP NATRIUM LIGNOSULFONAT (NaLS)." Jurnal Riset Kimia 1, no. 2 (February 12, 2015): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jrk.v1i2.43.

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ABSTRACT Lignin was isolated from waste black liquor of soda pulping process. Sulfonation of soda lignin produced Sodium Lignosulfonate (NaLS) which can be used as dispersants, and concrete admixtures. In this research, sulfonation was carried out towards lignin with ratio of lignin-NaHSO3 of 1.0:0.4; 1.0:0.5; and 1.0:0.6, and initial pH of 5.00; 6.00; 7.00. Parameters observed were purity, final pH, and yield of NaLS. The upsurge of initial pH increased the final pH and NaLS yield, but decreased its purity. The upsurge of ratio of lignin-NaHSO3 increased NaLS yield and decreased its purity, but did not affect the final pH of NaLS. The chosen optimum condition was on pH of 6.00 and ratio of lignin-NaHSO3 of 1.0:0.6. Characterization of functional group using FTIR, and purity of NaLS using UV-Visible Absorption Spectrophotometer. Keywords: soda lignin, sulfonation of lignin, sodium lignosulfonate

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36

Yusnimar, Evelyn, Azka Aman, Chairul, Suci Rahmadahana, and Amun Amri. "Manufacturing of high brightness dissolving pulp from sansevieria-trifasciata fiber by effective sequences processes." Communications in Science and Technology 7, no. 1 (July 31, 2022): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21924/cst.7.1.2022.681.

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The need of dissolving pulp (DP) for rayon fiber production is increasing rapidly in recent years. Sustainable sources of DP raw materials and an effective manufacturing process are urgently required. This study aims to manufacture dissolving pulp (DP) with high brightness from Sansevieria-trifasciata (ST) fiber through the pre-hydrolysis, soda-Anthraquinone (Soda-AQ) cooking, and chlorine-free bleaching processes. The cellulose content, kappa number, pulp yield, and viscosity were analyzed. The results showed that the ?-cellulose content in ST raw material (39.43%) was relatively similar to the ?-cellulose content in Acacia pulping kraft (39.2%). Furthermore, the variations in pre-hydrolysis time affected the Kappa number, pulp yield, and viscosity. The DP obtained by the elementary chlorine-free (ECF) bleaching process had a viscosity of 9.3 cP, ?-cellulose content of 97.7%, and the brightness of 90.1% which was higher than the ISO standard of pulp brightness. The high DP brightness obtained from this unique combination of pre-hydrolysis, soda-AQ cooking and chlorine-free bleaching sequences has great potential for further development, as it can be used in viscose rayon staple fibers production.

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Yaguchi, Tokiya, Haruo Tsukamoto, Tatsuo Nakano, and Michihiro Nakura. "Studies on the technology of direct causticizing process by ferric oxide. Part 1 Studies on soda quinone pulping. 5 Soda quinone pulping with direct causticized white liquor by ferric oxide." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 41, no. 3 (1987): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.41.241.

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Mohd Hassan, Nurul Husna, Suhaimi Muhammed, and Rushdan Ibrahim. "Properties of Gigantochloa scortechinii Paper Enhancement by Beating Revolution." Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 2, no. 2 (November 27, 2014): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v2i2.497.

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The effect of bamboo portions and beating revolution on paper made from Gigantochloa scortechinii was determined. The bamboo was pulped using soda- anthraquinone (AQ) pulping comparing two pulping conditions (alkali 15 & 20%, temperature 160 & 170°C) for different bamboo portions consisted of top, middle and bottom. Hand sheets from unbeaten bamboo paper were made and the tensile index, tearing index, bursting index and folding endurance ranged from 16.35 - 32.54 Nm/g, 9.6 - 13.45 mN.m2/g, 0.81 - 1.54 kPa.m2/g and 3 - 9 double folds respectively. After that the bamboo pulp went through beating process and the tensile, tearing and bursting index and folding endurance for bamboo paper rose tremendously from 41.23 - 83.9 Nm/g, 16.64 - 27.13 mN.m2/g, 2.58 - 6.67 kPa.m2/g and 48 - 1769 double folds respectively. This revealed that bamboo paper strength can be enhanced by beating process without adding any additives.

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Wulandari, Asri Peni, Zulfa Illiyyin, and Hendro Risdianto. "Optimization of Laccase Production from Penicillium sp. LX/08 for Biodelignification of Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 898 (May 2020): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.898.29.

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Ramie solid waste as chips can be used as raw material for pulp. Ligninolytic enzymes of laccase widely used for pretreatment of the pulping process of ramie chips by biodelignification using laccase produced by Penicillium sp. LX/08 has been done. This study aims to obtain optimal concentrations of lignin and CuSO4 as enzyme inducers to increase laccase production from Penicillium sp. LX/08 during biodelignification process and its effect on the quality of ramie pulp. The biodelignification process of ramie chips was carried out by solid state fermentation (SSF) method with six days incubation time. Two inducer type treatment factors (CuSO4 and lignin), and variations in the concentration of each lignin (0.25 g/L, 0.5 g/L, 0.75 g/L) and CuSO4 (0.25 mM, 0.5 mM, 0.75 mM) were investigated in this study. The pulping process was carried out by the soda process in a digester under conditions: 12% active alkaline, temperature of 165°C for 3.5 hours. The results showed that 0.75 mM and 0.5 g/L of lignin were the optimal concentrations which could increase the laccase activity of Penicillium sp. LX/08 by 343 U/L and 25,8 U/L, respectively. The quality of ramie pulp showed a decrease in Kappa Number of 9,34% with an increase in pulp yield to 55,43%. Based on these results, the pretreatment method using laccase produced by Penicillium sp. LX/08 can assist the pulping process of ramie.

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Umair, Muhammad, Norhafiz Azis, Rasmina Halis, and Jasronita Jasni. "Examination on the physical properties of untreated kenaf insulation paper at different beating degrees." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 17, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v17.i2.pp759-766.

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<span>This paper examines the physico-mechanical properties of untreated kenaf based insulation paper with consideration on different beating degrees. Kenaf bast fibers were first processed through soda pulping process. Different beating degrees were subjected to the processed pulps. Physical parameters of the paper were measured for each of the beating degrees. It is found that as the beating revolution increases, the kenaf based insulation paper’s density, tensile index and burst index increase while thickness and tear index decrease. </span>

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Suhaimi, Nur Musfirah, Nurul Husna Mohd Hassan, Rushdan Ibrahim, and Latifah Jasmani. "Pulping Yield and Mechanical Properties of Unbeaten Bamboo Paper." Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology 30, no. 2 (March 28, 2022): 1397–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/pjst.30.2.30.

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One way to minimize emissions of greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change is to reduce the use of wood as the main material for pulp and paper production. Therefore, non-woody plants such as bamboo can be alternatives as raw materials for pulp and paper. This study aims to determine the effect of the different bamboo species and age on the bamboo pulping yield and bamboo mechanical paper properties. Bambusa vulgaris, Gigantochloa levis, and Gigantochloa scortechinii bamboo species or locally known as Aur, Beting, and Semantan bamboo at the age of 1, 3, and 5-year old, were pulped using Soda-Anthraquinone (AQ) pulping. No beating process was conducted to all the papermaking processes to evaluate the basic mechanical properties of the bamboo paper. Pulping yield ranged from 35.7 to 51.7% at different bamboo species and age, with the pulping conditions at 20% of NaOH, 170ºC pulping temperature, 90 min time to reach pulping temperature and 90 min time at pulping temperature, 1:6 of bamboo to liquor ratio and 0.1% of AQ based on bamboo oven-dried weight. The paper was made according to TAPPI Standard T205 sp- 95. The paper mechanical properties for burst index, tear index, tensile index, and folding endurance ranged from 1.32 to 2.36 kPa.m2/g, 7.48 to 14.9 Nm2/g, 16.02 to 29.68 Nm/g, and 2 to 28 double folds, respectively, at different bamboo species and age. It was found that Beting bamboo has the potential to be a viable raw material for pulp and paper products as it shows the highest mechanical properties compared to Aur and Semantan.

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Henry O Chibudike, Nelly A Ndukwe, Eunice C Chibudike, Olubamike A Adeyoju, and Nkemdilim I Obi. "MEA-conversion of agro-wastes to paper-pulp: Optimization of pulping conditions." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 11, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 337–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.11.2.0312.

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This paper investigates the potentials of a novel environmental friendly pulping (Monoethanoleamine-MEA) process in comparison with conventional Soda and Kraft pulping processes in furnishing high yield pulp from agro-biomass for the formation Papers and other paper products. The pulping investigation had three (3) factors at three (3) different levels each: Factor 1, MEA concentration (50, 75 and 100%); Factor 2, cooking time (60, 90 and 120minutes); Factor 3, liquor-biomass ratio (4, 6 and 8) at a fixed temperature of 123±5oC. Consequently, the experimental design had 27 treatments (3×3×3) and 2 replicates. By using a central composite factorial design, equations relating the dependent variable (pulp yield) to the different independent variables (cooking temperature, cooking time and liquor concentration) were derived; reproducing the experimental result for the dependent variable with errors less than 15%. Models were evaluated to analyze the effect of experimental pulping conditions on pulp properties and evaluate the effect of these properties on furnished paper samples. Pulp Screened Yields was in the range of 42.45 to 49.18% calculated on oven dry (O.D) basis. The resultant pulps obtained from the cooking operation had very good appearance, exhibiting fairly bright color, with slow tendency to felt, thereby making drainage and consequent paper making time short. It is recommended that the cellulosic pulp obtained from MEA pulping of EFB is appropriate as virgin fiber for strengthening secondary fibers in recycled papers and also for developing certain types of writing, printing and packaging paper materials. Conclusive investigation on EFB fiber in this research study asserts that it has a promising future (when used in blend with certain long fiber plant i.e. kenaf) in substituting wood in the pulp, paper and fiber- board industry. Conclusive investigation also asserts from over-all parameter achieved that monoethanolamine-MEA when used as the main de-lignifying agent furnished pulp and subsequent paper with good strength properties that can adequately match those from conventional (i.e. kraft and soda) processes and because it works without the use of sulphur compounds, it attributes a particular benefit of simple MEA recovery by distillation, allowing black liquor combustion to be dispensed and the dissolved lignin recovered without negative impact on the environment.

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Curmi, Hélène, Christine Chirat, Marie-Christine Brochier Salon, and Dominique Lachenal. "Effect of autohydrolysis on alkaline delignification of mixed hardwood chips and on lignin structure." Holzforschung 72, no. 8 (July 26, 2018): 631–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2017-0196.

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AbstractAutohydrolysis (AH) prior to the kraft process is one way to valorize hemicelluloses. The presented results show that AH also has a beneficial effect insofar as kraft cooking can be substituted by soda cooking, and higher brightness levels can be achieved under the same bleaching conditions. The lignin has more free phenolic groups after AH, which is attributable to depolymerization, and which could partly explain the better pulping and bleaching results. Another explanation could be the lower amount of lignin involved in lignin carbohydrate complexes after an AH step.

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44

Gong, Chen, Jian-Ping Ni, Shu-Jie Fan, Yu Zhang, Bin Yang, Zhen-Hua Su, and Chao Tian. "Value-added utilization of caustic soda lye from cold caustic extraction process in the pulp mill." BioResources 16, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): 1854–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.1.1854-1862.

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Three approaches were examined for the reutilization of cold caustic extraction (CCE) lye. The term CCE lye refers here to the used NaOH solution with relatively high alkali content, which could be wasted if not reused properly. The results showed that CCE lye can be effectively applied in deinking, alkaline hydrogen peroxide bleaching, and oxygen delignification processes. The CCE lye improved the physical strength of the dried sheet of pulp, as the tensile index increased by 17.9% to 40.5%, the tear index increased by 2.9% to 22.2%, and the burst index increased by 10.5% to 41.0%. The results demonstrated the feasibility of integrating the CCE process of dissolving pulp production with regular pulping and bleaching processes.

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Pratiwi, Wieke, Andoyo Sugiharto, and Susi Sugesty. "The Effect of Pulping Process Variable and Elemental Chlorine Free Bleaching on the Quality of Oil Palm Trunk Pulp." JURNAL SELULOSA 8, no. 02 (December 31, 2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25269/jsel.v8i02.218.

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Oil Palm Trunk (OPT) is a non-wood cellulosic raw material which is not yet widely utilized in pulping and papermaking. Research on the utilization of abundant Oil Palm Trunk (OPT) from Sabah (Malaysia) and Lebak (West Java Province) for pulp production was carried out using kraft and soda anthraquinone processes with active alkali (AA) of 13-17%. The raw material was chipped and depithed as pretreatment. Bleaching of pulp was carried out using Elemental Chlorine Free (ECF) process. Analysis of raw material covered physical and chemical properties, and fiber morphology. Both OPT fibers were classified into the moderate fiber length (1.05-1.37 mm). Sabah OPT were very bulky with the chips pile density of 102.16 kg/m3 and 62.91 kg/m3 for undepithed and depithed OPT, respectively. The physical properties of OPT pulps were comparable to that of Acacia mangium pulp. With respect to the bleachability and physical properties, pulping of Lebak OPT using kraft or soda-anthraquinone process with AA of 15% were considered as optimum condition. Depithing on Sabah OPT with high pith content could increase physical properties of pulp. ODEoDnD bleaching sequence on pulps from Sabah OPT gave satisfactory results with respect to the physical properties. Since Sabah OPT had a high pith content, the yields of bleached pulp were relatively low (24.67-26.73%). However, the physical properties of the undepithed and depithed Sabah OPT bleached pulp were higher compared to those of the SNI of Leaf Bleached Kraft Pulp (LBKP).Keywords: depithing, Elemental Chlorine Free, bleached pulp, physical properties, LBKP Pengaruh Variabel Proses Pulping dan Pemutihan Elemental Chlorine Free pada Kualitas Pulp Batang Kelapa SawitAbstrakBatang Kelapa Sawit adalah bahan baku selulosa non-kayu yang belum banyak digunakan dalam pembuatan pulp dan kertas. Penelitian tentang pemanfaatan Batang Kelapa Sawit (BKS) dari Sabah (Malaysia) dan Lebak (Provinsi Jawa Barat) yang berlimpah untuk produksi pulp menggunakan proses kraft dan soda antrakuinon dengan alkali aktif (AA) kisaran 13-17% telah dilakukan. Penyerpihan dan proses depithing bahan baku dilakukan sebagai perlakuan awal. Pemutihan pulp dilakukan menggunakan Elemental Chlorine Free (ECF). Analisis bahan baku mencakup sifat fisik dan kimia, serta morfologi serat. Kedua serat BKS dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai serat moderat dengan panjang 1,05-1,37 mm. BKS dari Sabah sangat ruah dengan densitas tumpukan serpih masing-masing 102,16 kg/m3 untuk yang belum di-depithing dan 62,91 kg/m3 untuk yang telah di-depithing. Sifat fisik pulp BKS sebanding dengan pulp dari Acacia mangium. Sehubungan dengan kemampuan pemutihan dan sifat fisik, pembuatan pulp BKS dari Lebak menggunakan proses kraft atau soda-antrakuinon dengan AA 15% adalah kondisi optimal. Depitihing BKS dari Sabah dengan kandungan pith yang tinggi dapat meningkatkan sifat fisik pulp. Pemutihan dengan urutan ODEoDnD untuk pulp BKS dari Sabah memberikan hasil sifat fisik yang memuaskan. BKS dari Sabah memiliki kandungan pith yang tinggi sehingga rendemen pulp yang diputihkan relatif rendah (24,67-26,73%). Namun, sifat-sifat fisik pulp putih BKS dari Sabah yang belum dan telah di-depithing lebih tinggi dibandingkan SNI Pulp Kraft Putih Kayudaun (LBKP).Kata kunci: depithing, Elemental Chlorine Free, pulp putih, sifat fisik, LBKP

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Lee, Tai-Ju, Jaegyoung Gwon, Won-Jae Youe, Yu-jin Oh, Byeong-Jun Ahn, and Jin-Ho Seo. "Effect of soda-ethanol cooking with caustic extraction prior to bleaching on the properties of hardwood pulp." BioResources 17, no. 2 (April 5, 2022): 2884–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.2.2884-2895.

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Pulping using organic solvents is an alternative to kraft pulping and can reduce environmental pollutants. Ethanol is a potential cooking liquor, as it improves the penetration of the cooking chemical due to its low surface tension, and it can be recovered via distillation. The chemical structure and alpha-cellulose content need to be controlled during cooking and bleaching processes to prepare dissolving pulp. Therefore, the effect of ethanol on the cooking efficiency and caustic extraction prior to sequential bleaching on the alpha-cellulose content of the pulp were analyzed. The cooking yield was 50.2% in cooking liquor with 20% NaOH and 50% ethanol at 160 °C for 120 min. The delignification extent was 83.2%, which was better than that of kraft cooking. Caustic extraction was effective in removing the hemicellulose content, and the removal rate of xylan was 61.1% with 10% NaOH added to 1.5% pulp slurry and reacted at 60 °C for 90 min. The alpha-cellulose of bleached pulp could be improved to over 94% by a sequential bleaching process consisting of chlorine dioxide, sodium hydroxide, and hydrogen peroxide.

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Masrol, S. R., Mohd Halim Irwan Ibrahim, Sharmiza Adnan, Muhammad Safiuddin Syah Amir Shah, Nor Mazlana Main, M. F. Esa, and M. H. Othman. "Effect of Beating Process to Soda Anthraquinone Pulp of Oil Palm Male Flower Spikes Fibre." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.158.

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This study was carried out to investigate the effect of beating process to the characteristics of pulp and paper produced from oil palm oil male flower spikes (OPMFS). OPMFS pulp was prepared according to chemical Soda-AQ pulping process. 60 gsm handsheet of oil palm male flower spikes paper were prepared from OPMFS pulp with four different beating times which are 0 revolution, 1000 revolutions, 2000 revolutions and 3000 revolutions. All physical and mechanical characteristics were investigated according to TAPPI and MS ISO standards. The results show that overall physical and mechanical characteristics of POMFS paper were influenced and enhanced by beating process between 0 until 3000 revolutions. This research demonstrate some potential characteristics of palm oil male flower spikes (OPMFS) paper to be investigated as a newly explored non-wood based raw material for papermaking raw material for papermaking.

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Ng, Guo Tong, and Chui Kim Ng. "Development of Natural Bio-Plantation Waste as Pulp for Paper Making." Advanced Materials Research 1043 (October 2014): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1043.209.

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This project investigated the use of facile pulping methods to produce pulp from mixed bio-plantation waste fibres using sodium hydroxide, ethanol and garbage enzyme. Papers were successfully made from mixture of corn husk fibres with other bio-based green fibres such as banana stems and pineapple leaves. Soda pulping was found to be efficient in converting the cellulosic bio-fibres to the pulps used for paper making. The papers produced have low tensile strength, high water absorption, high bio-decomposition and degradation rate, as compared to commercial papers. SEM observation revealed that paper made from mixed bio-fibres have lightly cross-linked structures compared to heavily cross-linked or compact network structures found in commercial papers. The paper can be used in applications that require high water absorbency. The paper making process is more environmental friendly as it reduces the usage of wood fibres and hence reduces the environmental problem caused by deforestation.

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Li, Pei Yi, Mei Yun Zhang, Xin Xing Xia, and Chun Tao Lin. "Research on Kraft Pulping Delignification of Bamboo (Neosinocalamus)." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 2241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.2241.

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Bamboo, as a kind of non-wood raw material, has a long, thin fiber with wide distribution and rich abundance in China. Its pulping properties are between softwood and hardwood. Adapting to the Chinese situation, developing bamboo pulp industrialization, according to the local conditions, is an available way to solve the shortage of fiber material for paper-making. Delignification of bamboo (Neosinocalamus) was carried out by conventional kraft and soda pulping under varying conditions to determine the relationships between selected cooking parameters (EA 14~20%, sulfidity 0~40%, maximum temperature 160 and 165°C, and time at maximum temperature 60~110 min) and pulp properties (kappa number and yield). Results indicated that in order to obtain relatively low kappa numbers(17~27), high sulfidity(20~40%) at lower EA(14~16%) increased pulp yield compared to the case of low sulfidity(0~10%) at higher EA(16~18%). Pulp with lower kappa numbers (13~15) and acceptable yield can be obtained at a sulfidity level of 20~30% with 18% EA or at a sulfidity level of 10~30% with 20% EA. Meanwhile, bamboo pulp in this condition not only helps to decrease kappa number in the subsequent oxygen delignification process, but also reduces the cost of chemicals in the bleaching process.

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ANDRADE, MARCELA FREITAS, JORGE LUIZ COLODETTE, RUBENS CHAVES DE OLIVEIRA, CAROLINA MARANGON JARDIM, and HASAN JAMEEL. "Production of printing and writing paper grade pulp of sugar cane bagasse." June 2014 13, no. 6 (July 1, 2014): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj13.6.35.

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The main goal of this study was to evaluate the potential of depithed bagasse for the production of printing and writing paper. Industrial whole bagasse was separated into two fractions: pith and depithed bagasse. The depithed bagasse was cooked by the soda process to two different degrees of delignification. The resulting pulps were fully bleached by the O-D*-(EP)-D sequence and characterized for their beatability, drainability, and physical-mechanical properties. Bleached soda pulps cooked to kappa 17.5 and 10.8 showed similar refinability and resistance to drainage, but the strength properties (tensile, burst, and tear) were slightly higher for the kappa 17.5 pulp at beating energy consumptions in the range of 2-7 W•h. We concluded that both pulps from depithed sugar cane bagasse would be suitable for the production of printing and writing paper grade pulps, but the higher kappa pulp is more economically attractive given its higher pulping yield, without significantly increasing the bleaching chemical demand.

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