Дисертації: "Sociodemographics factors"

1

Glover, Evangeline Starks. "Factors Affecting Breastfeeding in Preterm Infants." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7143.

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Even though initiation of breastfeeding among term and preterm infants has increased, the incidence and duration among preterm infants continues to lag because of the unique challenges of breastfeeding preterm infants. African American mothers have the lowest rates of breastfeeding initiation and duration, and their preterm infants are less likely to receive breast milk while in the neonatal intensive care unit. The objective of this cross-sectional quantitative study was to evaluate the relationship between breastfeeding and maternal sociodemographic factors as well as medical and obstetrical conditions for infants born between 32-37 weeks gestational age in South Carolina from 2009 to 2011. The health belief model provided the framework for this study. Secondary data from the South Carolina Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System included 1,752 preterm pregnancies. Results of binary logistic regression and multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that mothers who were African American and those who had lower income, no Medicaid, and lower education level breastfed less frequently. Findings may be used to decrease neonatal, postnatal, and infant morbidity and mortality, and to increase breastfeeding knowledge and support to ensure successful breastfeeding of preterm infants beyond the hospital.

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2

Sassenou, Jeanne. "Dépistage par frottis-cervico-utérin dans la cohorte Constances : Une approche intersectionnelle du sous dépistage et une approche chronologique du sur dépistage." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASR011.

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Le frottis-cervico-utérin (FCU) est un des piliers de la prévention du cancer du col de l'utérus. En France, jusqu'en 2019, il était recommandé tous les trois ans de 25 à 65 ans. De nombreux travaux rapportent des inégalités sociales de dépistage en défaveur des femmes les plus démunies, et des discriminations existent vis-à-vis des femmes en excès de poids ou des immigrées de 1ère ou 2ème génération. Par ailleurs le sur dépistage est encore un phénomène peu étudié en France. Nous proposons ici :1/ de nous pencher sur la façon dont les inégalités sociales varient selon l'indice de masse corporelle (IMC) et l'histoire migratoire ; 2/ d'analyser les trajectoires de dépistage des femmes au cours du temps et d'identifier les caractéristiques sociodémographiques qui leur sont associées. Ce travail s'appuie sur les données de plus de 55 000 femmes de la cohorte Constances. Nos résultats montrent un effet synergique délétère de revenus bas et de l'excès de poids d'une part et de revenus bas et de l'histoire migratoire d'autre part sur le dépistage. Il s'agit ainsi d'une double peine pour ces femmes en surpoids ou immigrées, à la fois moins bien dépistées et soumises à des inégalités sociales plus fortes. Alors que plus de 70 % des femmes de notre échantillon sont sur dépistées, les pratiques de dépistage varient peu au cours du temps. Les femmes sur dépistées en miroir de celles sous dépistées ont des caractéristiques sociales et de santé plus favorables
Cervical cancer screening is one of the pillars of cervical cancer prevention. In France, until 2019, it was recommended every three years between the ages of 25 and 65. Several studies report social inequalities in screening, to disadvantage of the most disadvantaged women, and discrimination against women who are obese and 1st or 2nd generation immigrants. In addition, over-screening is still a little-studied phenomenon in France. We propose here:1/ to look at how social inequalities change according to body mass index (BMI) and migratory history; 2/ to analyse women's screening trajectories over time and to identify associated socio-demographic characteristics. This study is based on data from over 55,000 women in Constances cohort. Our results show a combined influence of low income and excess weight on the one hand, and low income and migratory history on the other, on screening. The result is a double penalty for overweight and immigrant women, who are both less well screened and subject to greater social inequalities. 70% of the women in our sample are over-screened, screening practices vary little over time. Women who are over-screened have more favourable social and health characteristics than those who are under-screened

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3

Martikainen, Pekka Tapani. "Sociodemographic factors and mortality among Finnish women 1981-5." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1994. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1280/.

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The study examines women's mortality according to age and a wide range of socioeconomic indicators, economic activity, marital status, motherhood and children's characteristics. The purpose of this study has been to find better empirical understanding of women's socioeconomic mortality differentials and to show how female mortality varies in the face of conflicting demands of employment, marriage and motherhood. All deaths among 35-64-year-old Finnish women in the period 1981-5 were analysed on the basis of data in which census records were combined with death registration. The empirical data analysis was carried out by means of Poisson regression models. Socioeconomic mortality differentials among 35-64-year-old Finnish women exist for all groups of causes of death analysed in this study. For most diseases the relationship between mortality and socioeconomic status was positive: mortality was higher among women from lower socioeconomic statuses. Mortality differentials were relatively small for other cancers than breast cancer, but large for causes related to circulatory diseases and 'other diseases'. Women from lower socioeconomic statuses had lower breast cancer mortality than other women. For married women mortality differentials according to husband's educational and occupational characteristics were, for most causes of death, comparable to those based on women's own characteristics. Similar results were obtained for men. Socioeconomic mortality differentials were similar in all sub-groups defined by parental status, economic activity and marital status with the exception of single women who had very large differentials for circulatory diseases and 'other diseases'. Socioeconomic mortality differentials were also similar in categories defined by other socioeconomic variables. The study has also shown that marital status, motherhood and economic activity are strongly related to mortality from all causes of death. These relationships can to a large extent be understood in terms of main effects. Only lone mothers with more than one child have higher mortality than expected on the basis of the main effects model; high mortality is mainly attributable to circulatory diseases and accidents and violence. A detailed discussion of the theoretical relevance of these results is included in the thesis.

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4

Gozalka, Katy. "Motivation and Sociodemographic Factors in Organized Physical Activity Events." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5557.

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Adult physical activity is important for prevention of chronic diseases and to minimize health issues; therefore, the motivational influences of sociodemographic variables on participation in organized physical activity events warrant an investigation. The purpose of this quantitative study was to investigate differences in motivational influences between various sociodemographic variables as related to physical activity events in organized settings. The theoretical framework that guided this research study consisted of the theory of reasoned action (TRA), and the health belief model (HBM). The TRA was applied to study the intention of health behavior, while the HBM was used to investigate individuals' motivation to engage in organized physical activity events. A cross-sectional study design in which an online survey consisting of the 40 item Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale was used to collect data from adults who participated in an organized 5K or 10K running or walking event. The inferential statistical tests of the independent t test, one-way ANOVA, and ordinal logistic regression were used to determine the statistical relationships. The main research finding suggested that 6 motivational influences showed statistically significant relationship with organized physical activity events, which consisted of others' expectations (p = .025), competition/ego (p = .001), appearance (p = .001), affiliation (p = .034), mastery (p = .001), and psychological condition (p = .002) as it relates to their age group and gender. The research findings may be used to influence engagement in future organized physical activity events by understanding the sociodemographic variables relating to participation rates that may result in increased physical activity behavior within the community.

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5

Hummel, Daryin Marissa. "Sociodemographic Factors and Residential Location Influence Allostatic Load and Frailty in Poland." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1510940557064425.

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6

Lige, Quiera M. "Ethnic-Racial Socialization, Sociodemographic Factors, and Achievement among African American College Students." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1527607043086608.

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7

Baumhofer, Nicole Kau'i. "Sociodemographic Factors Influencing Island Food Consumption in the Pacific Islander Health Study." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:27201732.

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This dissertation explores the relationships between island food consumption, sociodemographic variables, and cardiovascular risk using data from the Pacific Islander Health Study (PIHS). Chapter 1 explores the associations between self-reported level of island food consumption and key covariates. Island food consumption was modeled using Poisson regression and adjusted for demographic, socioeconomic, and cultural characteristics. Increased Pacific Island cultural affinity was the strongest predictor of increased island food consumption while being formerly married was associated with decreased island consumption. These results speak to cultural norms and lifestyle choices that influence dietary choice. Chapter 2 examines how the associations between Pacific Island cultural affinity and island food consumption is moderated by demographic covariates. Following exploratory factor analysis, two separate factors emerged. The scale was split into two subscales measuring cultural activity participation and culturally relevant media consumption. No significant interactions were found between the activity subscale and any of the covariates, but significant interactions were found between the media subscale and ethnicity and birth country. Differences in media consumption – and therefore food advertising or food portrayal – by birth country may drive the moderation seen in these interactions. Chapter 3 assesses the association between island food consumption and cardiovascular risk using linear regression. A 9-point cardiovascular risk score was constructed. After adjustment for four blocks of covariates island food consumption was not significantly associated with cardiovascular risk. In bivariate analyses, island food consumption was significantly associated with higher fruit and vegetable consumption, but not fast food or sugar sweetened beverage consumption. These findings suggest that the type of island foods consumed by PIHS participants may include high levels of fruits and vegetables that are part of a heart-healthy diet. This dissertation is a first step in understanding dietary patterns of Pacific Islander Americans and has generated several hypotheses that could be used to inform future work. Showing how island food consumption in this small, but growing population will one day inform both policy makers and targeted dietary interventions.

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8

Valenzuela, Delia Vanessa. "PERCEPTIONS OF HOSPICE AMONG SOCIAL WORK STUDENTS: THE INFLUENCES OF SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/315.

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The older adult population is rapidly growing along with the use and continued need for hospice care services. Due to these circumstances there is on ongoing demand for experienced and knowledgeable social workers to meet the unique needs of this population. Research in this study indicates that social workers currently working in the hospice field do not feel adequately prepared to work with dying and bereaved patients. Furthermore, research shows a lack of education within social programs and social work textbooks regarding the subject of end of life care. The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of social work student’ perceptions of hospice and determine if there were any differences depending on their sociodemographics. The sample was comprised of students enrolled in the undergraduate and graduate level social work program at California State University San Bernardino. This project was conducted using a quantitative design and data was collected through the use of an online questionnaire. There were no significant results of this study, however the study did find that while social work students do feel inadequately prepared to handle the unique challenges of hospice, they are knowledgeable in the field of hospice and have a desire to learn more about hospice. Recommendations for future research is for social worker programs to implement more education related to older adults and their unique needs. It is also recommended that social work students seek further education regarding hospice care and social worker development in order to adequately be prepared to work with these individuals and have the tools necessary to meet their needs.

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9

Llamas, Joseph M. "The Perception Gap: Sociodemographic Factors Affecting Teacher Perceptions of Students in Urban Schools." UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE, 2012. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3491034.

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10

Henningsen, Maria. "Dietary Habits in Adolescence Related to Sociodemographic Factors, Physical Activity and Self-esteem." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for sosialt arbeid og helsevitenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-14314.

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Unhealthy eating during adolescence has shown to have multiple negative consequences. The aim of this paper is to acquire knowledge of dietary habits in adolescence and consider how this behaviour varies across different groups of adolescents. Correlations between dietary habits, age and gender have several times been found, in terms of girls eating healthier than boys, and the intake of healthy food decreasing with age. Additionally, adolescents of low socioeconomic position are at higher risk for having unhealthy dietary habits, while adolescents who are physically active seem to eat healthier. Further, it has been shown that low self-esteem in adolescence is associated with eating disorders, representing both restrained eating, but also binge eating. The mentioned correlations can be understood and explained using individual psychological models of health behaviour, like the KAP model and social cognitive theory.

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11

Gutmanis, Iris Austra. "The association of physical health and sociodemographic factors with well-being and alcoholism." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0010/NQ32308.pdf.

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12

Black, Lisa M. "Sociodemographic, market, and political factors that influence nurses who do not work in nursing." Diss., Search in ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. UC Only, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3261232.

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13

Gayle, Riana S. "Sociodemographic and Climatic Factors Shaping the Development of Drought Policies in Major U.S. Cities." DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7325.

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In most parts of the world, drought is an inevitable and natural occurrence. However, as the climate continues to warm, and populations grow and expand, the negative impacts of this extreme weather event are predicted to become more pronounced. This leads many communities and stakeholders to question what is being done to prepare society for widespread drought? The following research determines different social and atmospheric characteristics that affect a city’s likelihood of having a drought policy in place.To do this, a thorough search was conducted at the city level to determine where drought policies are currently located in theU.S. The search included all U.S. cities with a population greater than 100,000. Policies and city plans were identified using a list of search terms ranging from “drought” and “water conservation” to “climate mitigation”. By identifying locations where these policies are currently in place this study explores commonalities between cities that have and have not implemented drought management plans.

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14

Jalloh, Sallieu M. "The Effects of Behavioral Determinants and Sociodemographic Factors on Homeowners' Intent to Conserve Energy." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5014.

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Greenhouse gas emissions are caused, in part, by human activities. However, consumers may assume that the burden of environmental problems, such as carbon emissions reduction through sustainable energy practices, should be borne by the entire society. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to test whether behavioral determinants and demographic factors could influence homeowners' intent to conserve energy. Empirical data were collected from 436 sampled homeowners in the Northeast region of the United States using an online survey questionnaire. The survey instrument was adapted from Ajzen's theory of planned behavior instrument. Variables aligned with the theory of planned behavior, alongside sociodemographic factors, were used to explain any impact the predictors had on the outcome. A multiple ordinary least squares regression model was used to answer the 3 research questions. According to the study findings, the most significant positive relationship was found between homeowners' beliefs about energy conservation and the intent to conserve energy. There was also a significant positive relationship between the other predictors and the outcome at varying levels. Policymakers could generate support for energy efficiency and conservation by educating consumers about alternative energy options as a means of mitigating carbon emissions and air pollution. This study may lead to a positive social change by supporting regional policymakers in designing and promoting cost-effective behavioral solutions and demographic change support systems as an alternative policy tool that could encourage a sustainable energy consumption practice at the household level.

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15

Kamimura-Nishimura, Kelly I. "Rates of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and their Treatment with Psychotropic Medications in a Nationally-Representative Sample: 1994-2009." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1458299462.

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16

Metzger, Jesse S. Siega-Riz Anna Maria. "Classes of physical activity associations with sociodemographic characteristics and risk factors for the metabolic syndrome /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1385.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Apr. 25, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Epidemiology." Discipline: Epidemiology; Department/School: Public Health.

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17

Spears, Gwendolyn Verdelle. "An examination of psychosocial, behavioral and sociodemographic factors associated with substance use among pregnant asolescents." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1428853211&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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18

Yang, Seungmi 1971. "Health beliefs and sociodemographic factors as correlates of human papillomavirus infections and cervical cancer precursor lesions." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33860.

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Relatively little is known about psychological and social factors as potential determinants for developing cervical cancer. Health related beliefs and detailed sociodemographic information were compared among women with different stages of cervical cancer precursor lesions, and among women with HPV infections from a high-risk area for cervical cancer. Both cytology and cervicography were used to obtain cervical lesion status of women, and HPV DNA detection was done by a polymerase chain reaction-based protocol (MY09/11). For cervical cancer precursor lesions, three different groups of women were compared to women remaining cytologically normal (N = 841) throughout four years of follow-up: (1) women with any abnormal cytological diagnosis, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, low-grade, and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (ASCUS, LSILs, and HSILs respectively) (N = 487); (2) women with either LSILs or HSILs (N = 420); and (3) women with HSILs only (N = 37). (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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19

Blommer, Susan Elaine Witzeman 1948. "SOCIOECONOMIC AND SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS AFFECTING PARTICIPATION IN GROUP FITNESS ACTIVITY BY RETIRED PERSONS IN TUCSON, ARIZONA." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276604.

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20

Hanna, Katherine Lavina. "Phytoestrogen status in relation to sociodemographic factors and biomarkers of bone health in older Brisbane women." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2006. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16246/1/Katherine_Hanna_Thesis.pdf.

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Background: Phytoestrogens are diphenolic compounds found in plants with a structure and molecular weight similar to oestradiol which enables them to bind to the oestrogen receptor. Isoflavonoids occur mainly within the legume family with highest concentration in soybeans. Lignans are found in a range of plant foods and the richest known source is linseed. Few studies have been published on intake of isoflavonoids and none were located on intake of lignans in Australian women. The validity of methods designed to estimate intake can be assessed using urinary excretion of isoflavonoids and lignans as studies have found an association between intake and excretion of isoflavonoids and lignans. It has been proposed that, through their ability to act like oestrogen, phytoestrogens could decrease bone turnover and attenuate the loss of bone mineral density (BMD) at menopause. The aims of this research were to determine the pattern of intake of isoflavonoids and lignans in 500 women from food and supplements and to assess a questionnaire used to estimate intake using excretion in a sub-sample of 141 women. Associations between usual intake or excretion of isoflavonoids and lignans and biomarkers of bone health were also examined. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 500 women aged 40-80 years participating in the Longitudinal Assessment of Ageing in Women (LAW), a 5 year study being conducted in the Betty Byrne Henderson Centre at the Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital. Subjects were randomly selected from the electoral role and stratified into ten year age groups. Intake of isoflavonoids and lignans from food and supplements was assessed using a specially designed questionnaire containing 110 items. Values for individual items were obtained from published literature and summed to provide average daily intakes of isoflavonoids and lignans (mg/d). A sub-sample of 141 women was recruited to take part in the assessment of the association between phytoestrogen intake and excretion. Participants collected three 24-h urine samples spaced over one week. Samples were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography MS/MS for seven isoflavonoids and four lignans. Bone mineral densities (BMD) of the femur neck, total hip and lumbar spine were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Bone formation was assessed using serum bone alkaline phosphatase (bone ALP) and osteocalcin (OC) and bone resorption was assessed using deoxypyridinoline (DPD) and urinary excretion of N-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type-I collagen (NTX). Potential confounding factors were also evaluated. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS for windows (version 10). Participants were defined as consumers if they reported intake of one or more serves of soy or linseed in the prior month. Differences in socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics between groups were assessed using ANOVA and Chi Square tests. Associations between intake and excretion of phytoestrogens were assessed using Spearman's rank-order correlations () for non-normal data. Phytoestrogen intake was categorised into four groups for the assessment of the association with markers of bone health. Associations between phytoestrogen excretion and markers of bone health were assessed using Pearson's product moment correlations for normal data (r) and Spearman's rank-order correlations for non-normal data. A value of P < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results: Consumption of soy food was reported by 40% and consumption of linseed by 34% of women. Median (range) intakes among soy/linseed consumers for isoflavonoids, 3.87 (0-173) mg/d, and lignans, 2.40 (0.1-33) mg/d, were significantly higher than corresponding intakes among non consumers of 0.005 (0-2.6) and 1.57 (0.4-4.7) mg/d, respectively (P < 0.001). Soy/linseed consumers reported higher intakes of energy (P=0.043), dietary fibre (P=0.003) and polyunsaturated fat (P=0.004); and a higher level of physical activity (P=0.006), SEP (P < 0.001), education (P < 0.001) and supplement use (P < 0.001). Use of non-prescription supplements for menopause in the previous month was reported by 13% of women. A review of supplements available for treatment of menopause indicated that use of soy, red clover, black cohosh and sage could have a role in treatment of menopause symptoms. Evidence supporting the presence of oestrogenic components was available for soy and red clover isoflavonoids only. There was a significant association between intake and excretion of isoflavonoids within the total group (r=0.207, P < 0.05), with a stronger association in soy consumers (r=0.364, P < 0.01). Excretion of isoflavonoids was detected in women who did not report known intake of soy foods, suggesting isoflavonoids could be derived in small amounts from other plant foods or use of soy as an ingredient in processed foods. There was no significant association between intake and excretion of lignans, however both intake and excretion were associated with dietary fibre (r=0.303 and r=0.230, respectively, P < 0.01 for both). Bone ALP was higher among the very low isoflavonoid intake group (P=0.005) for the total sample (P=0.005) and women with BMI≤25 kg/m2 (P=0.002). Data also demonstrated an inverse association between excretion of isoflavonoids and NTX within women with BMI≤25 kg/m2 (r=-0.33, P < 0.05). There was a positive association between lignan excretion and bone ALP in the total sample (r=0.21, P < 0.05) which was strengthened in women with osteoporosis/osteopenia (r=0.41, P < 0.05) and a positive association between lignan excretion and DPD among women with BMI≤25 kg/m2 (ρ=0.28, P < 0.05) All associations remained significant after adjustment for confounding. Conclusions: Few women who chose phytoestrogen-rich foods consumed amounts similar to women with traditional soy-based diets although some achieved high intakes with supplements. Women who consumed soy or linseed foods differed in lifestyle and sociodemographic characteristics that could influence the association with disease in epidemiological studies. Results indicated that the phytoestrogen questionnaire was useful for assessment of isoflavonoids but was not acceptably precise for measurement of lignans. Findings suggest that there is an inverse association between isoflavonoid status and bone ALP and NTX although the precise mechanism of action has not been clarified. The association between lignan intake and bone is less well understood; however findings of a positive association with bone ALP indicate that further research on the lignan content of foods and the inclusion of lignans in studies is warranted.

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21

Hanna, Katherine Lavina. "Phytoestrogen status in relation to sociodemographic factors and biomarkers of bone health in older Brisbane women." Queensland University of Technology, 2006. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16246/.

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Background: Phytoestrogens are diphenolic compounds found in plants with a structure and molecular weight similar to oestradiol which enables them to bind to the oestrogen receptor. Isoflavonoids occur mainly within the legume family with highest concentration in soybeans. Lignans are found in a range of plant foods and the richest known source is linseed. Few studies have been published on intake of isoflavonoids and none were located on intake of lignans in Australian women. The validity of methods designed to estimate intake can be assessed using urinary excretion of isoflavonoids and lignans as studies have found an association between intake and excretion of isoflavonoids and lignans. It has been proposed that, through their ability to act like oestrogen, phytoestrogens could decrease bone turnover and attenuate the loss of bone mineral density (BMD) at menopause. The aims of this research were to determine the pattern of intake of isoflavonoids and lignans in 500 women from food and supplements and to assess a questionnaire used to estimate intake using excretion in a sub-sample of 141 women. Associations between usual intake or excretion of isoflavonoids and lignans and biomarkers of bone health were also examined. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 500 women aged 40-80 years participating in the Longitudinal Assessment of Ageing in Women (LAW), a 5 year study being conducted in the Betty Byrne Henderson Centre at the Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital. Subjects were randomly selected from the electoral role and stratified into ten year age groups. Intake of isoflavonoids and lignans from food and supplements was assessed using a specially designed questionnaire containing 110 items. Values for individual items were obtained from published literature and summed to provide average daily intakes of isoflavonoids and lignans (mg/d). A sub-sample of 141 women was recruited to take part in the assessment of the association between phytoestrogen intake and excretion. Participants collected three 24-h urine samples spaced over one week. Samples were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography MS/MS for seven isoflavonoids and four lignans. Bone mineral densities (BMD) of the femur neck, total hip and lumbar spine were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Bone formation was assessed using serum bone alkaline phosphatase (bone ALP) and osteocalcin (OC) and bone resorption was assessed using deoxypyridinoline (DPD) and urinary excretion of N-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type-I collagen (NTX). Potential confounding factors were also evaluated. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS for windows (version 10). Participants were defined as consumers if they reported intake of one or more serves of soy or linseed in the prior month. Differences in socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics between groups were assessed using ANOVA and Chi Square tests. Associations between intake and excretion of phytoestrogens were assessed using Spearman's rank-order correlations () for non-normal data. Phytoestrogen intake was categorised into four groups for the assessment of the association with markers of bone health. Associations between phytoestrogen excretion and markers of bone health were assessed using Pearson's product moment correlations for normal data (r) and Spearman's rank-order correlations for non-normal data. A value of P < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results: Consumption of soy food was reported by 40% and consumption of linseed by 34% of women. Median (range) intakes among soy/linseed consumers for isoflavonoids, 3.87 (0-173) mg/d, and lignans, 2.40 (0.1-33) mg/d, were significantly higher than corresponding intakes among non consumers of 0.005 (0-2.6) and 1.57 (0.4-4.7) mg/d, respectively (P < 0.001). Soy/linseed consumers reported higher intakes of energy (P=0.043), dietary fibre (P=0.003) and polyunsaturated fat (P=0.004); and a higher level of physical activity (P=0.006), SEP (P < 0.001), education (P < 0.001) and supplement use (P < 0.001). Use of non-prescription supplements for menopause in the previous month was reported by 13% of women. A review of supplements available for treatment of menopause indicated that use of soy, red clover, black cohosh and sage could have a role in treatment of menopause symptoms. Evidence supporting the presence of oestrogenic components was available for soy and red clover isoflavonoids only. There was a significant association between intake and excretion of isoflavonoids within the total group (r=0.207, P < 0.05), with a stronger association in soy consumers (r=0.364, P < 0.01). Excretion of isoflavonoids was detected in women who did not report known intake of soy foods, suggesting isoflavonoids could be derived in small amounts from other plant foods or use of soy as an ingredient in processed foods. There was no significant association between intake and excretion of lignans, however both intake and excretion were associated with dietary fibre (r=0.303 and r=0.230, respectively, P < 0.01 for both). Bone ALP was higher among the very low isoflavonoid intake group (P=0.005) for the total sample (P=0.005) and women with BMI≤25 kg/m2 (P=0.002). Data also demonstrated an inverse association between excretion of isoflavonoids and NTX within women with BMI≤25 kg/m2 (r=-0.33, P < 0.05). There was a positive association between lignan excretion and bone ALP in the total sample (r=0.21, P < 0.05) which was strengthened in women with osteoporosis/osteopenia (r=0.41, P < 0.05) and a positive association between lignan excretion and DPD among women with BMI≤25 kg/m2 (ρ=0.28, P < 0.05) All associations remained significant after adjustment for confounding. Conclusions: Few women who chose phytoestrogen-rich foods consumed amounts similar to women with traditional soy-based diets although some achieved high intakes with supplements. Women who consumed soy or linseed foods differed in lifestyle and sociodemographic characteristics that could influence the association with disease in epidemiological studies. Results indicated that the phytoestrogen questionnaire was useful for assessment of isoflavonoids but was not acceptably precise for measurement of lignans. Findings suggest that there is an inverse association between isoflavonoid status and bone ALP and NTX although the precise mechanism of action has not been clarified. The association between lignan intake and bone is less well understood; however findings of a positive association with bone ALP indicate that further research on the lignan content of foods and the inclusion of lignans in studies is warranted.

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22

Lett, Kevin S. J. "The Pharmacist Supply in the United States, 1994-2009: A Population Ecology Perspective." VCU Scholars Compass, 2012. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2885.

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The U.S. healthcare system is a complex segment of our society that is constantly evolving with changes to various areas such as education, financing, safety, and health. There continues to be a critical examination of how healthcare professionals are trained and utilized as healthcare demands increase. One category of healthcare professionals that has evolved over time to address societal needs is pharmacists. Pharmacists have kept their traditional function of dispensing medications while expanding into multiple areas of expertise and training from patient counseling and drug therapy, to being part of multidisciplinary teams treating acute care patients. According to the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP) in 2009 there were approximately 265,000 licensed pharmacists in the U.S. (NABP, 2010). The Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) reported the settings with the largest number of positions are chain pharmacies (77,300), hospitals (49,200), and independent pharmacies (36,200) (DHHS, 2008). The ratio of pharmacists per 100,000 population is expected to increase from 68.9 pharmacists per 100,000 population to 76.7 per 100,000 between 1995 and 2020 (Gershon, Cultice, & Knapp, 2000). This increase in the pharmacist to population ratio is consistent with a growth rate of 13% during this time period of time. Until 1998, the supply of pharmacists in the U.S. appeared to be in reasonable balance with demand. Market forces gradually upset the delicate balance between the supply of pharmacists and the demand for their services between 1998 and 2009. In particular, a precipitous increase in the volume of prescription written and filled during this time period contributed to upsetting this delicate balance between the supply of pharmacists and demand (Cooksey, Walton, Stankewicz, & Knapp, 2003). Researchers have noted a number of environmental factors affecting the pharmacist supply in the U. S. This inquiry explores these factors within the context of the population ecology theoretical framework. In addition to the volume of prescriptions, additional environmental factors believed to have a discernible impact on the pharmacist supply include, the number of physicians, size of the business industry and insurance coverage. Previous studies on pharmacists supply have pointed to income, physician population, and population among other variables that predict the demand for pharmacists (Walton, Cooksey, Knapp, Quist, & Miller, 2004; Cherry, D.K., Woodwell, D.A., & Rechtsteiner 2007; Walton, Knapp, Miller, & Schumock 2007). U. S. physicians wrote over 4 billion prescriptions in 2007 (Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2008). Physicians are the primary healthcare providers that generate prescriptions to be filled. Consequently, the number of physicians is believed to be a significant environmental factor affecting the supply of pharmacists. There were approximately 940,000 physicians in the U. S. in 2008. Projections call for continuous growth of the number of physicians well into the future (Smart, 2010). Another important environmental factor potentially impacting the demand for pharmacists is the size of the business industry. In 2006, the health plan offer rate for large or medium organizations (50 or more employees) was 96.7% compared to 61.2% for small organizations (50 or less employees) (Sommers & Crimmel, 2008; Crimmel & Sommers, 2008). Insurance cov¬erage has the potential to have a positive impact on the demand for pharmacists because it provides the opportunity to obtain required prescriptions (Ranji, Wyn, Salganicoff, & Yu, 2007; Weinick, Byron, & Bierman, 2005). The population ecology theoretical framework has been used in the study of restaurants, newspapers, and physicians and their interactions with their surrounding environments. The theoretical framework proved to be beneficial in the exploration of the pharmacist supply vis-á-vis the environment. The primary constructs in the population ecology theory are carrying capacity and density. Carrying capacity consists of two sub-constructs: munificence and concentration. Density points to the current pharmacists supply and its impact on the future pharmacist supply. Numerous variables have been used in previous empirical studies of the pharmacist supply. Among the indicators of munificence in previous studies in the extant literature on pharmacist supply are total population, elderly population, hospitals, and median household income. In the present inquiry, total population was found to be a statistically significant environmental factor affecting the pharmacist supply. This was hypothesized that there is a positive linear relationship between total population and the pharmacist supply. The number of hospitals with pharmacies was also found to be a statistically significant environmental factor affecting the pharmacist supply. Hospital pharmacies are important venues wherein pharmacists can demonstrate their unique expertise and make discernible contributions to desirable health care outcomes when pharmaceutical interventions are required. In light of this empirical finding, it seems reasonable that a growth in hospital pharmacies corresponds with an increased demand for pharmacists (Kaboli, Hoth, McClimon, & Schnipper, 2006). Measures of the concentration dimension included the number of hospital beds per 100,000 population, employer volume and size and the number of insured. The only putative indicator of concentration that was found to be statistically significant in this inquiry was the number of employers with 20 or more employees. Previous pharmacist supply was found to be a significant environmental factor affecting the pharmacist supply in the future. Thus, density is a significant environmental factor affecting the pharmacist supply. Five of the 13 hypotheses tested in this inquiry were accepted. These findings are consistent with related findings in the extant literature on the pharmacist supply. Empirical findings from this inquiry are believed to make significant contributions to the literature on the pharmacist supply. The population ecology theoretical framework appears to be a suitable tool for exploring environmental factors affecting the pharmacist supply. Recommendations for future research are presented in the final chapter.

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23

Powell, Priscilla. "Sociodemographic risk factors of glycemic control for youth with T1D: Cross-sectional and longitudinal patterns of HbA1c." VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/529.

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Individual growth curve (IGC) modeling evaluated longitudinal trajectories of glycemic control and diabetes care of youth with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) over three years. IGC modeling allowed comparison of confounded sociodemographic predictors of disease outcomes that included ethnicity, SES, parent marital status, family structure, as well as disease duration, to determine the relative impact of these factors in the evolution of HbA1c and diabetes care throughout adolescence. At baseline, participants recruited from two pediatric endocrinology clinics included 198 youth, ages 9-15 (M age = 12.65, 77% Caucasian, 74% lived with married biological parents, M SES = 45.70) with average HbA1c of 8.43% and reported diabetes care behaviors consistent with ADA recommendations. Glycemic control did not deteriorate significantly, but IGC modeling detected a trend of a steady decline in HbA1c of .01% each year. Youth with married biological parents had HbA1c levels approximately 1.23% lower than youth with alternative parent marital status throughout adolescence, t = 4.03, p < .001, although an age by marital status interaction, t = -2.34, p < .05, indicated the impact of parent marital status on HbA1c decreased at age 17. Analyses revealed significant annual declines in blood glucose monitoring frequency, t = -7.61, p < .001, eating frequency, t = -9.04, p < .001, and exercise frequency, t = -7.87, p < .001. Alternatively, the consumption of carbohydrates and fats remained relatively stable throughout adolescence. Consideration of sociodemographic predictors and disease duration further clarified trajectories of disease care behaviors. Throughout adolescence, African American youth reported lower blood glucose monitoring frequency than Caucasian youth. Youth with lower SES exercised less frequently and demonstrated poorer dietary consumption than youth with higher SES. Youth from families with alternative parent marital status ate and exercised less frequently compared to youth from married biological families. However, youth from single-parent homes exercised more frequently than those from two-parent homes. Longer disease duration related to declines in blood glucose monitoring frequency, yet better dietary consumption. Results may inform development of interventions for youth at risk of poor glycemic control and diabetes management across ethnicity, SES, and parent marital status groups.

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Eyong, Ayuk. "Mediating factors in the relationship between sociodemographic factors and Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases (CLRD) among adult ACBS respondents in the United States." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2018. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/126217/.

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Background: Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases (CLRD), such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis and emphysema are preventable diseases that constitute a serious public health concern. Estimates indicate that there is an increased prevalence of mortality from these diseases worldwide. Low socio-economic positions (SEP) and poor indoor environmental conditions have been identified as risk factors for CLRD among adults. Given the public health burden of CLRD, there is increasing interest among researchers to identify all relevant factors associated with CLRD. However, many studies identified in the literature only controlled for individual or specific risk factors and most of these studies vary in their definition of risk factors. As a result, the evidence was contradictory. Some studies reported statistical associations while other studies reported no statistical association between specific risk factors and CLRD. Furthermore, questions remain on which risk factors mediate the relationships between socio-demographic factors and respiratory health outcomes. Given this, the study will examine if one or more indoor environmental factors and access to healthcare mediates the relationships between socio-demographic factors and CLRD among adult ACBS respondents in the United States (U.S). The study will further examine if the effects of socio-demographic factors on CLRD depend on indoor environmental factors and access to healthcare. Methods: This study examined three different years of secondary cross-sectional data collected from adults 18 years or older by the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) and Asthma Call-Back Survey (ACBS). 15,403 participants from 2009, 17,753 from 2010 and 16,693 from 2011 were included in the study. Bivariate analyses were used to identify significant predictors, and logistic regression models were used to examine mediation and predictor-mediator interaction effects. CLRD was viii the outcome of interest, socio-demographic factors were used as predictors, and indoor environmental factors and healthcare access were used as potential mediators. Results: The bivariate analyses revealed that gender, age, marital status, education, employment status, income, mold, pest infestation, smoking indoors, being a current or former smoker, occupational exposure and medical cost were significant predictors of CLRD. The mediation tests revealed that mold, mice presence, being a current smoker, smoke indoors and occupational exposure fully or partially mediated the relationship between age, education, employment, income and current asthma. Being a current or former smoker, smoking indoors, and occupational exposure fully or partially mediated the effects of age, marital status, education, employment, income on COPD, bronchitis and emphysema. Mold and medical cost were also identified as mediators for bronchitis and mold for emphysema. These findings indicate that indoor environmental factors and medical cost, fully or partially explain the effects of socio-demographic factors on the reporting of CLRD. The statistical significant predictor-mediator interaction effects that were identified revealed that the effects of gender, age, education, employment and income on the reporting of CLRD depends on mold, mice presence, being a current or former smoker, smoking indoors, occupational exposure and medical cost. Conclusion: This is the first study to use rich cross-sectional secondary data from three different years to demonstrate that poor indoor environmental conditions and inadequate access to healthcare play a significant role in explaining the reporting of CLRD among ACBS respondents in different social, economic and demographic groups. These findings have clear implications for related public health policies. These policies should focus on creating more resources in deprived neighborhoods, improving inadequate housing conditions through housing refurbishment and ensuring adequate access to healthcare for all groups regardless of their SEP.

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25

Ng-Sueng, Luis Fernando, Matos Iván Vargas, Percy Mayta-Tristan, Elías Reneé Pereyra, Idrogo Juan José Montenegro, Berrospi Fiorella Inga, Felix Ancalli, et al. "Gender Associated with the Intention to Choose a Medical Specialty in Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study in 11 Countries in Latin America." Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/620667.

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The selection of a medical specialty has been associated with multiple factors, such as personal preferences, academic exposure, motivational factors and sociodemographic factors, such as gender. The number of women in the medical field has increased in recent years. In Latin America, we have not found any studies that explore this relationship.Secondary analysis of the Collaborative Working Group for the Research of Human Resources for Health (Red-LIRHUS) data; a multi-country project of students in their first year and fifth year of study, from 63 medical schools in 11 Latin American countries. All students who referred intention to choose a certain medical specialty were considered as participants.There is an association between the female gender and the intention to choose Obstetrics/ Gynecology, Pediatrics, Pediatric Surgery, Dermatology, and Oncology. We recommend conducting studies that consider other factors that can influence the choice of a medical specialty.

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26

Dubasi, Hima Bindu, and Kiana Rachele Dr Johnson. "Sociodemographic Factors and Health-Risk Behaviors Associated with Recent Utilization of Dental Services Among South-Central Appalachian Adolescents." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2019/schedule/20.

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Background: Oral health is crucial for overall health. Oral health care need is the most prevalent unmet health care need among children and adolescents in the United States. Youth characteristics and socio-demographic factors are known to influence dental health service utilization. While there have been studies listing the factors contributing to the oral health disparities in the Appalachian region, very few studies have inspected the risk behaviours of the youth and their association with dental health care utilization. Methods: A structured questionnaire was administered to high school students in five counties of South-Central Appalachia. The survey included a question on a recent dental visit. The students provided information on socio-demographic characteristics and risk behaviours. Descriptive analysis was performed and the association between recent dental visit as the outcome variable and sociodemographic factors and health risk behaviours as independent variables were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. The analysis was performed using SAS 9.4. Results:80.1% (N= 129) of the adolescents who had admitted to using tobacco products or electronic vapour products reported having visited the dentist in the past 12 months. 87.5% (N= 168) of the females and 80.3% (N=127) of the males reported having visited the dentist in the past 12 months and 81.43% (N=114) of the adolescents who received free or reduced lunch reported having visited the dentist in the past 12 months. Use of tobacco products was the only health risk behaviour significantly associated with dental visit in the past 12 months (p=0.04) after adjusting for covariates with OR=0.5 (95% C I:0.312 -1.01). Conclusion: The findings suggest that health risk behaviours such as using tobacco products may be associated with dental health care utilization and future research should focus on adolescents with health-risk behaviours with the goal of identifying interventions for at-risk populations. Keywords: Oral health, health disparities, youth, health risk behaviours

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Gorovoy, Suzanne Beth. "ASSOCIATIONS OF SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH FACTORS WITH INITIAL ADOLESCENT ADHERENCE AND USAGE PATTERNS TO CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE (CPAP)." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1559927127536236.

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28

Lund, Alexandra. "Determinants of food insecurity among vulnerable White and Latino households: Contextualizing the impact of sociodemographic and household-level factors." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/951.

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Household-level characteristics have been shown to be associated with food insecurity but studies among vulnerable populations are sparse. A food security assessment was developed to determine food security and collect sociodemographic and household level data across San Luis Obispo County. The assessments were administered to vulnerable groups through interviews at multiple sites across the County. Three household characteristics (marital status, number of children in the household and number of workers in the household) were examined in this analysis. A total of 808 surveys were collected, 69% in English and 31% in Spanish. Through ethnicity-stratified sequentially adjusted logistic regression models, the association between food insecurity and household characteristics were tested, controlling for sociodemographic, economic and other potentially mediating variables. In the fully adjusted model for Hispanic/Latino households, associations were observed with number of children in the household and workers in the household, but confidence intervals were wide. In the fully adjusted model for White households, marital status was weakly associated with food insecurity. In both groups, per capita monthly income was strongly associated with food insecurity. Several interrelated household and individual level variables determined a households food security status. Because of this complexity, comprehensive social and economic changes are needed to improve food security in California and the rest of the United States. Also, different processes associated with race/ethnicity and coping strategies with regard to food insecurity should be considered when designing studies, planning policies, and conducting interventions.

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29

Tu, Mai Thanh 1977. "Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in postpartum mothers : the role of infant feeding type, parity, salience of stressor and sociodemographic factors." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102220.

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Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responsiveness to stress is generally blunted in lactating rats, except during situations of pup endangerment, suggesting an important role of salience of stressor in stress response during lactation. Conversely, in women, breastfeeding is associated with reduced HPA responses to physical stress and perceived stress. Yet, HPA responses to a standardized speech and arithmetic task (Trier Social Stress Test, TSST) are not blunted in breastfeeding mothers. Interestingly, greater number of children (parity) increases maternal experience which can enhance responsiveness to child-related stressors. To our knowledge, no study to date has investigated the impact of infant feeding type and parity on basal and reactive HPA secretion in human mothers using an emotional stressor evoking threat to a child. Furthermore, no study has investigated the effect of return of ovarian activity, sleep disturbances, education and income even though these variables are function of infant feeding type. Therefore, in STUDY (1) we assessed the impact of infant feeding type (breast vs. bottle) and parity (primiparous, first-time mother vs. multiparous, second-time mother) on diurnal cortisol secretion. Then, in STUDY (2) we verified whether infant feeding upon waking up would affect awakening cortisol response (ACR), an endogenous stimulation of HPA axis. Finally, in STUDY (3) we investigated the impact of infant feeding type, parity and salience of stressor on salivary cortisol and (sympathetic) alpha-amylase responses to laboratory-induced (exogenous) stressors that were either related or unrelated to child well-being (a home-made emotional film evoking lost and hurt children or the TSST). Breastfeeding mothers presented lower estradiol concentrations, more frequent nocturnal sleep interruptions and higher education and income. We found that greater basal cortisol secretion in multiparous bottlefeeding compared to multiparous breastfeeding mothers at awakening and 4PM, when simultaneous child and infant cares are the most prominent. No impact of breastfeeding was found on ACR. Finally, among multiparous mothers, following both the TSST and the emotional film, cortisol responsiveness in bottlefeeding was greater than in breastfeeding mothers. Alpha-amylase responses were similar across groups. Interestingly, income played a role in the stability of diurnal cycle, and possibly of ACR across days, but not on laboratory-induced stress responses. No effect of other secondary variables was detected. In conclusion, in this dissertation, we show for the first time that during child-related stress, multiparity accentuates the reduction in basal and reactive HPA activity associated with breastfeeding. Furthermore, the evidence of potential association between high socioeconomic indices and healthier HPA function represent a new avenue for implementing support programs for mothers during the highly emotional and stressful period following childbirth.

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SÃ, Carlos Diego Lopes. "Sociodemographic, clinical and therapeutic factors associated with maxillofacial fractures in a Brazilian population: cross-sectional study in a tertiary hospital." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2016. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=16357.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Objective: Trauma is recognized as a worldwide public health issue with maxillofacial fractures being commonly seen in the most vulnerable populations of undeveloped countries. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the epidemiological profile of oral and maxillofacial trauma patients of a tertiary hospital in the northeast region of Brazil from 2006 to 2015. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was conducted and the data obtained from the patients records were grouped into independent variables (socio-demographic, etiological and therapeutic data) and outcome variables (fracture occurrence). Results: A total 338 patients were identified, most of them male (p<0,001), aged between 21 to 30 years (p<0,001), bearing mainly single fractures (p<0,001) and not wearing safety devices (p<0,001). No statically significant difference was seen related with the geographical place of origin (p=0,644), but motorcycle accidents was significant (p<0,001). Mandibular and orbital-zygomatic complex fractures were prevalent (p<0,001), specifically mandibular angle fractures (p<0,001). The following were also prevalent: open surgical treatment (p<0,001), in the first 14 days following the trauma, by means of an intra-oral approach (p<0,001) and nasotracheal intubation (p<0,001). Conclusion: maxillofacial fractures were significantly associated with socio-demographic, etiological and therapeutic factors.
O trauma Ã reconhecido como um importante problema de saÃde pÃblica mundial, estando as fraturas maxilofaciais comumente associadas a populaÃÃes vulnerÃveis de paÃses em desenvolvimento. Dessa forma, o presente estudo objetivou determinar o perfil epidemiolÃgico dos pacientes com trauma bucomaxilofacial em um hospital terciÃrio do nordeste brasileiro no perÃodo de 2006 a 2015. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo com prontuÃrios hospitalares, e os dados foram agrupados em variÃveis independentes (dados sociodemogrÃficos, etiolÃgicos e terapÃuticos) e variÃveis de desfecho (ocorrÃncia de fratura). Foram identificados 338 pacientes, com maioria do sexo masculino (p<0,001), idade entre 21-30 anos (p<0,001), portando principalmente fratura Ãnica (p<0,001) e relacionados ao nÃo uso de itens de seguranÃa (p<0,001). NÃo houve diferenÃa estatisticamente significativa com relaÃÃo Ã procedÃncia (p=0,644), mas houve significÃncia de acidentes motociclÃsticos (p<0,001). Prevaleceram fraturas de mandÃbula e de complexo zigomÃtico-orbital (p<0,001), notadamente as fraturas de Ãngulo mandibular (p<0,001). Foram estatisticamente significativos o tratamento cirÃrgico aberto (p<0,001), em atÃ 14 dias apÃs o trauma, atravÃs de acesso intraoral (p<0,001), utilizando entubaÃÃo nasotraqueal (p<0,001). Considerando os resultados do presente estudo, conclui-se que as fraturas maxilofaciais associaram-se significantemente com fatores sociodemogrÃficos, etiolÃgicos e terapÃuticos na amostra estudada.

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Mitchell, Oliver Guy. "Sociodemographic risk factors for mild mental retardation, borderline intellectual functioning and specific learning disorders in a South African clinic sample." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10882.

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Early identification of children with cognitive disabilities is crucial for effective intervention. Although international research has identified a number of sociodemographic risk factors that are associated with cognitive disability, there is a lack of South African data that could assist with the development of risk profiles that can help with the early identification of children at risk of having a cognitive disability. The aim of this study was to identify sociodemographic factors associated with a heightened risk of being diagnosed with Mild Mental Retardation (MMR), Borderline Intellectual Functioning (BIF), or a Specific Learning Disorder (SLD), in a clinic sample of South African children

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32

Blount, Stacye A. "Negative Spillover and Mental Health: An Exploration of the Moderating Effects of Sociodemographic Factors, Family Characteristics, Socioeconomic Resources, and Work Characteristics." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1247681035.

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33

Blount, Stacye. "Negative spillover and mental health an exploration of the moderating effects of sociodemographic factors, family characteristics, socioeconomic resources, and work characteristics /." Akron, OH : University of Akron, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=akron1247681035.

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Dissertation (Ph. D.)--University of Akron, Dept. of Sociology, 2009.
"August, 2009." Title from electronic dissertation title page (viewed 9/2/2009) Advisor, C. André Christie-Mizell; Committee members, Cheryl Elman, Dena Hanley, Patricia S. Hill, Robert Peralta, Richard T. Serpe; Department Chair, John F. Zipp; Dean of the College, Chand Midha; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.

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34

Santos, Rebecca Natallie Demarchi dos. "Burnout: um estudo em profissionais de saúde." Master's thesis, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal. Escola Superior de Ciências Empresariais, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/10513.

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Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Gestão Estratégica de Recursos Humanos
Os profissionais da área da saúde são sujeitos a ambientes organizacionais bastante exigentes e stressantes, que podem desencadear a síndrome de burnout. Neste estudo pretendemos analisar a relação entre as variáveis sociodemográficas com a síndrome de burnout nos profissionais da área da saúde. Em concreto, pretendemos verificar se os profissionais de saúde apresentam burnout e analisar se as variáveis sociodemográficas se associam com o burnout. O burnout é definido de acordo com três dimensões: exaustão emocional, despersonalização e realização pessoal (Maslach et. al., 1996). A amostra deste estudo foi composta por 117 profissionais de saúde que desempenham funções em dois hospitais da região de saúde de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: o Human Services Survey – Maslach Burnout Inventory e um conjunto de questões para avaliar os fatores sociodemográficos. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo revelam que os profissionais não apresentam níveis significativos de burnout. Em relação as variáveis sociodemográficas que mais se associam com o burnout, constata-se que são os profissionais que trabalham em turnos rotativos apresentam maior exaustão emocional. No que se refere a idade, verificou-se que são os profissionais com idades compreendidas entre os 30 e os 39 anos que apresentam elevado nível de despersonalização. Verifica-se ainda, que os profissionais casados ou em união de facto são os que apresentam elevados níveis de realização pessoal ao contrário dos divorciados que apresentam baixos níveis de realização pessoal. Em relação ao número de horas trabalhadas por dia, os profissionais que trabalham de 8 a 10 horas por dia apresentam maiores níveis de realização pessoal, o inverso aplica-se aos profissionais que trabalham mais de 10 horas diariamente, que apresentam baixos níveis de realização pessoal.
Abstract: Health care professionals are subject to plenty of organizational environments that are demanding and stressful, which can trigger burnout syndrome. In this study, we intend to analyse the relationship between sociodemographic variables with the burnout syndrome in health professionals. Specifically, we intend to verify if health professionals have burnout and examine whether sociodemographic variables are associated with burnout. The burnout is defined according to three dimensions: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment (Maslach et al., 1996.). The sample consisted of 117 healthcare professionals who hold positions in two hospitals of the health region of Lisbon and Vale do Tejo. The instruments used were: the Human Services Survey – Maslach Burnout Inventory. and a set of questions to assess sociodemographic factors. The results obtained in this study reveal that the professionals do not have significant levels of burnout. In respect to the sociodemographic factors most associated with burnout, it is clear that the professionals who work in rotating shifts are more emotionally exhausted. In regards to age, it was found that practitioners aged between 30 and 39 years present the highest level of depersonalization. It was also found that married professionals or in a non-marital partnership are those with the highest levels of personal fulfilment as opposed to divorced professionals that have lower levels of personal accomplishment. Regarding the number of hours worked per day, professionals who work 8-10 hours a day display higher levels of personal achievement, the reverse also applies to professionals who work more than 10 hours daily, which have lower levels of personal achievement.

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Santos, Quele de Souza Gomes. "O envolvimento paterno em famílias de diferentes níveis socioeconômicos." Instituto de Psicologia, 2015. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/19159.

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O envolvimento paterno é um fenômeno complexo, influenciado por fatores individuais, contextuais e culturais, porém, existem controvérsias acerca do impacto desses fatores sobre a forma como o pai participará das atividades e cuidados que envolvem a criança. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o envolvimento paterno em pais de diferentes níveis socioeconômicos: nível socioeconômico alto, médio e baixo. Esperava-se que os pais de nível socioeconômico alto apresentassem maiores níveis de envolvimento paterno do que os pais de nível socioeconômico médio que, por sua vez, apresentariam maior níveis de envolvimento paterno do que os pais de nível socioeconômico baixo. Participaram do estudo 81 pais de crianças entre 4 e 6 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, recrutados em escolas, organizações públicas e privadas da cidade do Salvador. Os pais foram divididos em três grupos de níveis socioeconômicos (NSE): NSE baixo (n= 31), NSE médio (n= 21) e NSE alto (n= 29). Para mensurar o envolvimento paterno foi utilizado o Questionário de Engajamento Paterno (QEP) e para avaliar o status socioeconômico da família foi utilizada a Escala Hollingshead (1975). A análise dos dados foi realizada através de procedimentos estatísticos descritivos e dos testes correlação de Pearson, ANOVA, ANCOVA e Kruskal-Wallis. Os resultados não indicaram diferenças entre os três grupos de NSE, exceto na dimensão cuidados básicos. Contudo, foram identificadas correlações positivas entre a escolaridade materna e paterna, a renda familiar, a idade paterna e materna e a dimensão cuidados básicos, bem como entre a escolaridade paterna e materna e escore total do QEP. Adicionalmente, foi encontrada uma correlação positiva entre a carga horária de trabalho semanal materna e a dimensão disciplina, assim como correlações negativas entre a quantidade de pessoas que moravam na casa e o envolvimento do pai em atividades de suporte emocional e jogos físico. Apesar de o nível socioeconômico enquanto variável composta por diferentes indicadores combinados, não impactar diretamente na maior parte das dimensões do envolvimento paterno, os componentes específicos do NSE como escolaridade, renda e carga horária de trabalho semanal materna, foram variáveis relevantes para a compreensão do envolvimento paterno. Ressalta-se a importância de se continuar investigando o papel do pai, bem como as crenças e mecanismos culturais que podem mediar as diferentes formas com que os homens têm vivenciado novas atribuições no contexto familiar. Paternal involvement is a complex phenomenon, influenced by personal, contextual and cultural factors; however, there are controversies about the impact of these factors on how fathers participate in activities and care involving the child. In this way, the goal of this study was to characterize the involvement of fathers in families with different socioeconomic status: low, middle and high. It was expected that high socioeconomic fathers related to higher levels of parental involvement than middle socioeconomic fathers, who, in turn, related to higher levels of parental involvement than low socioeconomic fathers. In this study, participated 81 fathers of children from four to six years old, from both sexes, recruited in public and private schools in the city of Salvador, Bahia. The fathers were divided into three groups of socioeconomic status (SES): low SES (n= 31), middle SES (n= 21) and high SES (n= 29). The Paternal Engagement Questionnaire (PEQ) was used to measure the father’s involvement, and the Hollingdshead Scale (1975) was used to measure the socioeconomic status of the family. Data analysis was conducted through descriptive statistics procedures and the Pearson correlation tests, ANOVA, ANCOVA and Kruskal-Wallis. Results show no differences in the groups, with the exception of the dimension basic care. Nevertheless, it was identified positive correlations between the age and education of the mother and the father, the income and the dimension basic care, as well as mother’s and father’s education and the total score on PEQ. Additionally, it was found a positive correlation between the mother’s weekly workload and the dimension discipline, as well as negative correlations between the number of individuals living in the house and the father’s involvement in emotional support activities and physical games. Although the socioeconomic status, as a variable composed by different factors combined, constituted as a factor with no influence in the majority of the father’s involvement dimensions, specific components from the SES, such as education, income and mother’s weekly workload, contributed as important variables for understanding the father’s involvement. The importance to continue investigating the role of the father is emphasized, as well as the beliefs and cultural influences that may play a mediator role on the different ways men have experienced new attributions in the family context. Key-words:

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Vaitkutė, Daiva. "Nėščių moterų požiūrio į maitinimą krūtimi sąsajos su sociodemografiniais rodikliais ir socialiniu palaikymu." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080829_090950-98475.

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Kūdikio maitinimas krūtimi yra natūralus fiziologinis procesas, bet turintis svarbų biologinį bei emocinį poveikį motinos ir vaiko sveikatai, tačiau daugelis besilaukiančių moterų renkasi kūdikių maitinimą pieno pakaitalais. Maitinimas krūtimi - sąmoningas procesas, kuriam būtinas motinos apsisprendimas. Šį pasirinkimą daugiausia lemia būsimosios mamos požiūris į kūdikio maitinimo būdus. Remiantis nėščiųjų asmeninio požiūrio modeliu, analizuojamas maitinimo krūtimi ar buteliuku privalumų ir trūkumų suvokimas bei socialinis palaikymas, kuris galimai įtakoja moters asmeninį požiūrį. Tikslas - nustatyti nėščių moterų požiūrio į maitinimo krūtimi sąsajas su sociodemografiniais rodikliais ir socialiniu palaikymu. Tiriamieji – 103 nėščiosios, besilankančios Mažeikių pirminės sveikatos priežiūros centre „Sveikata šeimai“. Tiriamųjų amžiaus vidurkis – 24 metai, vidutinė nėštumo trukmė – 20 savaičių. Matavimo priemonės – naudota penkių klausimynų anketa. Pirmoji sudaryta iš klausimų apie moters sociodemografinius rodiklius. Požiūrio įvertinimui skirtas Dungry požiūrio į kūdikio maitinimą krūtimi klausimynas (Dungry, 1994, pagal Shaker ir kiti, 2004), o įvairiems požiūrio aspektams nustatyti naudotas Chabrol (Chabrol ir kiti, 2004) požiūrio į maitinimo būdus klausimynas. Ketvirtas – Glazier (2002) sukonstruotas suvokiamo galimo socialinio palaikymo klausimynas, kuris kaip ir McLeod (2006) sukurtas medicinos specialistų suvokiamo palaikymo klausimynas yra pritaikyti specialiai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Breastfeeding is natural physiological process, which have significant biological and emotional impact on mother’s and infant’s health but a lot of pregnant women choose to bottle-feed. Breastfeeding -conscious process, requireing mothers’s decision. This decision is influenced most by expectant woman’s attitude. According to pregnant women’s personal attitudes model was analized perception of breastfeeding or bottlefeeding advantages and disadvantaged and social support as it may possibly influence mother’s personal attitude. Purpose – to identify interface of pregnant women attitudes toward breastfeeding with sociodemographic factors and social support. Contingent – 103 pregnant women, attending prime health care center “Sveikata šeimai“ in Mažeikiai. Respondent’s mean age – 24 years, mean pregnancy term – 20 weeks. Measures – Used five questionnaire form. First – questions about women’s sociodemographic indexes. Dungry’s infant feeding attitude scale was used to assess women’s attitude toward breastfeeding, Chabrol infant feeding quoestionary helped to identify various attitude aspects. Forth – questionary of perceived social support, made-up by Glazier (2002), adapted specialy for pregnant women as questionary of perceived social support of health care providers (McLeod, 2006). Results – it was observed that 30% respondents sure or surely will bottlefeed their infant. After analysis, results showed that decision to breastfeed is linked with more positive attitude... [to full text]

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Schwartz, Abby J. "Moderators of the impact of sociodemographic and economic factors on the well-being of caregiving men: Implications for social work practice and policy." Thesis, Boston College, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/3934.

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Thesis advisor: Kathleen McInnis-Dittrich
A vast amount of caregiving literature focuses on the well-being of caregivers of older adults, and is primarily focused on the experiences of caregiving women who have traditionally assumed this role. However, the number of male caregivers is growing related to the increase in the number of older adults requiring care, as well as changing sex roles in the family. It is important to examine the impact caregiving has on men to determine the similarities or differences from women in order to inform social work policy and practice. This dissertation begins to answer the question of whether or not there are differences between male and female caregivers through the completion of a secondary data analysis using the Caregiving in the U.S. Study, 2009, conducted by the National Alliance for Caregiving in collaboration with AARP, and funded by the MetLife Foundation. Women are included in the analyses as a comparison group to the male caregivers to identify what similarities or differences exist in the caregiver's well-being. Ordered logistic regression and logistic regression analyses were used to test if caregiver's age and employment status predicted the well-being of caregivers. Moderation analysis was employed to determine what factors moderated the relationship between the predictors and well-being. Seemingly unrelated regression and Chow tests were used to determine if the impact of caregiving on men was unique or the same as female caregivers. Some key findings included that low-income group caregivers reported greater odds of higher financial hardship and physical strain. Caregiving men reported decreased emotional stress, physical strain, and negative impact on social interaction with others since beginning caregiving compared to females. Caregiving men also sought help from unpaid help (e.g., family and friends) more than female caregivers. With several provisions under the Patient and Protection Affordable Care Act of 2010 centered on addressing caregiver needs, it is an appropriate time to consider how to meet the needs of underserved caregivers. Based on the findings in this dissertation, social work policy and practice recommendations are suggested to address specifically low-income and male caregiver needs
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2013
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Social Work
Discipline: Social Work

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Liz, Carla Maria de. "Fatores socioeconômicos, sociodemográficos e motivacionais relacionados à prática de exercícios físicos em academias." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2015. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/647.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This thesis has the purpose of investigating the socioeconomic, sociodemographic and motivational factors of people who practice physical exercises (PE) in gyms. In order to accomplish that, seven studies were written, two theoretical reviews, two systematic literature reviews and three empirical studies. The first theoretical review of the literature contextualizes the Brazilian socioeconomic scene, pointing to the existing social differences and highlighting socioeconomic, sociodemographic and motivational factors that influence the practice of PE. The second theoretical analysis describes how the relation between the marketing of health through the practice of PE in gyms and the role of the physical education professional occurs. The systematic reviews observed the standards of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. In the first one, the scientific production on the relation between socioeconomic class (SEC) and the practice of PE in gyms was investigated. In the second one we investigated how the SEC may influence the practice of PE in gyms. Regarding the empirical studies, these are transversal and comparative descriptive field studies. 328 individuals who practice PE, selected out of convenience in three gyms in Florianópolis/SC participated in the study. They belong to different SECs, 78 (23,8%) low class (LSEC), 174 (53%) middle class (MSEC) and 76 (23,2%) high class (HSEC). Four instruments were used for data collection, as follows: 1) Characterization questionnaire for gym clientes (adapted from Andrade (2001) and Liz and Andrade(2011)); 2) Questionnaire for socioeconomic classification from the Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa (ABEP, 2015)/Brazilian Association of Research Companies (BARC, 2015); 3) Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2) (MARKLAND and TOBIN, 2004); 4) Exercise Motivation Inventory (EMI-2) (adapted, translated and validated by Guedes, Legnani and Legnani (2012)). The data were processed in the program Statistic Package for Social Sciences SPSS version 20.0 and analyzed through descriptive and non-parametrical inferential statistics. The bibliometric analysis and the systematic literature review were developed from 24 selected studies. These display how recent the studies that investigate the relation between the SEC and the practice of PE actually are, and how rare they are in Brazil. The bibliometric review identified a greater number of publications in the United Kingdom, followed by the United States, and that many health areas, specially medicine, investigate and publish on the subject. From the systematic review it was verified that, as a method to identify SEC, researchers use the income, employment, educational level, value of the real estate in the areas, race, ethnicity and economical characteristics of the areas, along with specific instruments for such task. The practice of PE in gyms is influenced by SEC due to the fact that richer neighborhoods have more gyms than poorer ones and to the costs involved in the practice of PE. The empirical studies allowed to verify that sex, ge, family income and marital status are associated to the SEC of the people who practice PE in gyms. More PE practitioners aged over 35 years old, with higher family income and who are living with a partner were found in the HSEC. More women from HSEC and more men from the low socioeconomic class LSEC practice PE in gyms. The time of practice and the number of modalities practiced were associated to the SEC of the practitioners, being that the ones from HSEC present more practice time and practice more modalities than the ones from MSEC and LSEC. The HSEC presents an elevated number of practitioners with high extrinsic and intrinsic motivations, on the other hand, LSEC and MSEC present an elevated number of practitioners with more internal than external motivations, which, according to the Self Determination Theory, favors the adhesion to the practice of PE. However, na elevated number of practitioners of the LSEC with low internal and external regulations must be highlighted. These results indicate that the LSEC practitioners are less motivated to the practice of PE than the ones from MSEC and HSEC. As the SEC of the practitioner increases, the more intrinsic motives (physical condition, body weight control, fun/well being, affiliation) start to influence more the practice of PE. In conclusion, the socioeconomic, sociodemographic and motivational factors influence the practice of PE in gyms. Studies with different methods and approaches must be developed aiming to deepen the knowledge of this subject, with the assumption that the socioeconomic, sociodemographic and motivational factors are fundamental to the understanding of the lifestyle and of the decision possibilities for the practice of PE in diferente population groups, especially in Brazil.
A presente tese tem por objetivo investigar os fatores socioeconômicos, sociodemográficos e motivacionais de praticantes de exercícios físicos (EF) em academias. Para tal, foram realizados dois estudos de revisão teórica, dois de revisão sistemática da literatura e três estudos empíricos. A primeira análise teórica da literatura contextualiza o cenário socioeconômico brasileiro, apontando para a desigualdade social vigente e destacando fatores socioeconômicos, ociodemográficos e motivacionais que influenciam a prática de EF. A segunda análise teórica descreve como se dá a relação entre a mercadorização da saúde por meio da prática de EF nas academias e o papel do professor de Educação Física nesta relação. As revisões sistemáticas seguiram os critérios da Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Na primeira é analisada a produção científica sobre a relação entre classe socioeconômica (CSE) e prática de EF em academias. Na segunda se analisou como a CSE pode influenciar a prática de EF em academias. Quanto aos estudos empíricos, estes são descritivos de campo transversais e comparativos. Participaram do estudo 328 praticantes de EF selecionados por conveniência em três academias de Florianópolis/SC, pertencentes a diferentes CSE, sendo 78 (23,8%) de classe baixa (CSEB), 174 (53%) classe média (CSEM) e 76 (23,2%) de classe alta (CSEA). Quatro instrumentos foram utilizados para coleta de dados, a contar: 1) Questionário de caracterização dos clientes de academias (Adaptado de Andrade (2001) e Liz e Andrade (2011)); 2) Questionário de classificação socioeconômica da Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa (ABEP, 2015); 3) Questionário de Regulação de Comportamento no exercício físico / Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2) (MARKLAND e TOBIN, 2004); 4) Exercise Motivation Inventory (EMI-2) (adaptado, traduzido e validado por Guedes, Legnani e Legnani (2012)). Os dados foram tabulados no programa Statistic Package for Social Sciences SPSS versão 20.0 e analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e inferencial não paramétrica. A análise bibliométrica e a revisão sistemática da literatura foram desenvolvidas a partir de 24 estudos selecionados. Estes demonstram a recenticidade de estudos que tratam sobre a relação entre a CSE e prática de EF em academias e a escassez de estudos desta natureza no Brasil. A revisão bibliométrica identificou maior número de publicações no Reino Unido, seguido dos Estados Unidos e que diversas áreas da saúde, especialmente a medicina, investigam e publicam sobre o tema. A partir da revisão sistemática foi verificado que são utilizados como método para identificar a CSE a renda, emprego, escolaridade, valor dos imóveis do bairro, raça, etnia e características econômicas dos bairros, além de instrumentos específicos para tal finalidade. A prática de EF em academias é influenciada pela CSE devido aos bairros mais favorecidos economicamente apresentarem mais academias do que os menos favorecidos e aos custos envolvidos na prática de EF. Os estudos empíricos permitiram verificar que o sexo, faixa etária, renda familiar e estado civil estão associados à CSE dos praticantes de EF em academias. Mais praticantes de EF com mais de 35 anos de idade, maior renda familiar e que vivem com um parceiro foi verificado na classe socioeconômica alta (CSEA). Mais mulheres da CSEA e mais homens da classe socioeconômica baixa (CSEB) praticam EF em academias. O tempo de prática e a quantidade de modalidades praticadas se associaram à CSE dos praticantes, sendo que os de CSEA apresentam maior tempo de prática e praticam mais modalidades do que os da CSEM ou CSEB. A CSEA apresenta elevado número de praticantes com motivações extrínsecas e intrínsecas altas, por outro lado, a CSEB e CSEM apresenta número elevado de praticantes com motivações mais internas do que externas altas, o que de acordo com a teoria da autodeterminação, favorece a maior adesão a prática de EF. Entretanto, destaca-se o elevado número de praticantes da CSEB com motivações internas e externas baixas. Estes resultados indicam que os praticantes da CSEB são menos motivados para a prática de EF do que os da CSEM ou CSEA. Conforme aumenta a CSE do praticante os motivos mais intrínsecos (condição física, controle do peso corporal, diversão/bem-estar, afiliação) passam a influenciar mais a prática de EF. Conclui-se que os fatores socioeconômicos, sociodemográficos e motivacionais influenciam a prática de EF em cademias. Estudos com diferentes métodos e abordagens devem ser desenvolvidos buscando aprofundar o conhecimento, tendo como pressuposto que os fatores socioeconômicos, sociodemográficos e motivacionais são fundamentais para a compreensão do estilo de vida e das possibilidades de decisão para a prática de EF de diferentes grupos populacionais, especialmente no Brasil.

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Arechavala, Roe Teresa 1987. "Exposición al humo ambiental de tabaco en población infantil : prevalencia, intensidad y factores asociados a la exposición en casa." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665010.

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El objetivo principal de esta tesis es estimar la prevalencia de exposición al humo ambiental de tabaco (HAT) en la población infantil y caracterizar la exposición en casa. Para ello, se han diseñado 4 estudios a partir de los cuales se estimó la prevalencia de menores de 12 años expuestos al HAT en distintos ámbitos públicos y privados en España, se analizó la validez de preguntas de los cuestionarios que valoran la exposición al HAT en casa, se midieron los niveles de nicotina ambiental a los cuales los menores están expuestos en el hogar y se analizaron los factores sociodemográficos asociados a la exposición al HAT en casa. Los resultados muestran que un 71,8% de los menores está expuesto al HAT y el 25,8% lo está en casa. De entre los indicadores analizados para estimar la exposición al HAT en casa, el indicador “número de personas que habitualmente fuma en casa” presentó los mejores resultados de validez. Los niveles de nicotina ambiental en el hogar son de <0,02µg/m3 cuando no hay fumadores en el hogar y de 1,04 µg/m3 en presencia de fumadores. Finalmente, los factores asociados a la exposición al HAT son la estructura familiar, el nivel de estudios, el lugar de origen de los progenitores y la edad de los progenitores
The aim of this thesis was to estimate the prevalence of SHS exposure among children and to characterize the SHS exposure at home. We designed 4 studies: in the first one we estimated the prevalence of SHS exposure in children under 12 years in different public and private settings in Spain; in the second study we assessed the validity of self-reported SHS exposure indicators that regarded home, in the third study we measured the levels of airborne nicotine at which children are exposed at home; in the fourth and last study we assessed the sociodemographic factors potentially associated with SHS exposure at home. The results show that 71.8% of the children are exposed to SHS and 25,8% are exposed at home. Among the indicators analyzed, the “number of people usually smoking at home” presented the best results in terms of validity to assess SHS exposure at home. Children living without smokers are exposed to levels of environmental nicotine below 0.02µg/m3 while in homes with smokers are 1.04 µg/m3. SHS exposure at home was associated with family structure, educational level, birthplace of their parents and parental age.

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Karlsson, Jonas. "Public Opinion on Tobacco, Alcohol, and Sugar Policy and its Economic Implications in Sweden : A study on sociodemographic factors’ effects on health policy attitudes of Swedes." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Jönköping University, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-48515.

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Using paired samples t-tests, this study examines attitudes toward government intervention to decrease the consumption of tobacco, alcohol, and sugar to improve public health in Sweden. The effects of the four sociodemographic variables gender, age, education, and income on attitudes toward health policies are tested using Ordinary Least Squares and ordered probit regressions. The research is performed using cross-sectional data which is supplied by a national survey. The results show that tobacco should be regulated the most, followed by alcohol and lastly sugar. According to the respondents, tobacco and alcohol consumption need clear societal restrictions while individuals should be responsible for their sugar consumption. This implies that tobacco and alcohol restrictions introduced by the government should be effective and should, therefore, reduce the consumption and subsequently decrease a country’s economic costs. The opposite is true for sugar policy. Women, younger people, highly educated people, and people with higher incomes are positively related to support toward tobacco restrictions. Women, younger people, and highly educated people show more support for alcohol restrictions. Lastly, respondents with higher levels of education are more supportive of sugar restrictions.

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Ferreira, Sara Ariana Martins. "Factores influenciadores na selecção de uma instituição de ensino superior em Portugal." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11060.

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Mestrado em Marketing
O processo de seleção de uma instituição de ensino superior é um processo complexo e com impacto no futuro do candidato. O presente estudo procura compreender os fatores que influenciam a escolha de uma instituição de ensino superior em Portugal, as principais fontes de informação e recomendações utilizadas neste complexo processo de decisão. Igualmente, pretende-se compreender a influência das variáveis sociodemográficas do candidato, nomeadamente o sexo, idade e nível de formação na sua escolha. Neste sentido, recorreu-se a uma análise quantitativa, tendo sido realizado um inquérito por questionário a uma amostra não probabilística por conveniência constituída por 538 inquiridos, em 2015. Através da presente pesquisa foram encontradas evidências que indicam que as oportunidades profissionais, a localização, a oferta formativa e o prestígio são os fatores mais importantes na escolha de uma instituição de ensino superior. Por outro lado, constatou-se que as fontes de informação e recomendações provenientes do ensino superior são as que apresentam maior impacto na decisão. Conclui-se também que a tradição académica, nomeadamente o ano de fundação da instituição de ensino superior, é o fator com menos relevância no processo de escolha da instituição a frequentar. Por fim, foram ainda encontradas diferenças entre os géneros na importância atribuída aos custos, sendo as mulheres quem mais valoriza este fator. Tendo sido igualmente encontradas diferenças na idade relativamente à importância atribuída à oferta formativa, sendo os inquiridos com mais de 22 anos os que atribuem maior importância à componente da oferta formativa.
The process of choosing a university has to be carefully analyzed for it can be complex and seriously impact on the student's future. It is essential, therefore, to understand the Portuguese context. In view of the above, this study aims at identifying the factors influencing the choice of a university in Portugal, to know about the main information sources, recommendations and opinions students have to consider when faced with the complex process of choosing a university. Likewise, our purpose is clarify how the social and demographic variables of the candidate such as gender, age and level of education influence on the final choice. A quantitative analysis and a survey to a non-probabilistic convenience sample of 538 respondents was conducted in 2015. We found evidence that job opportunities, university location, the offer of courses and the university reputation are drivers that count the most when choosing a university. The information sources and the opinions mostly impacting on the final choice of the university come directly from higher education sources. The least relevant aspect of the choice is the academic tradition, especially the year when the higher education institution was founded. Lastly we also found that the importance assigned to costs is different between genders; women tend to value cost issues more when choosing a university. In terms of age differences, we found that respondents with more than 22 years value course offer more when applying for and choosing a university.

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Pinto, Gabriel Vitor da Silva. "Determinantes do clearance da infecção pelo Papilomavírus Humano (HPV) em mulheres em idade reprodutiva influência de fatores comportamentais, coinfecções sexualmente transmissíveis e resposta imune inata /." Botucatu, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/190647.

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Orientador: Márcia Guimarães da Silva
Resumo: Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar determinantes do clearance da infecção pelo Papilomavírus Humano (HPV) em mulheres brasileiras em idade reprodutiva. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo de coorte denominado HPV-UNESP, no qual 1638 mulheres em idade reprodutiva foram recrutadas no período de setembro de 2012 e janeiro de 2013. Desse total, 544 mulheres positivas para a infecção pelo HPV participaram do seguimento longitudinal durante 30 meses, em mais 4 visitas. A infecção por HPV foi definida como detecção de qualquer um dos 36 genótipos testados pelo Linear Array Genotyping Test (Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.) e o desfecho de interesse foi o clearance da infecção, definido como a eliminação da infecção pelo HPV por, pelo menos, duas visitas consecutivas. Um questionário estruturado com 58 questões relativas à dados sociodemográficos, características comportamentais e ginecológicas foi aplicado em cada visita. Imediatamente após a entrevista, todas as mulheres realizaram exame ginecológico, no qual, após inserção de espéculo de Collins, não lubrificado, foi aferido o pH vaginal com fita (pH 4.0-7.0, Merck, Germany) no terço médio da parede vaginal. Para avaliação da microbiota vaginal, amostras foram coletadas com swab da parede vaginal e o padrão de microbiota foi classificado de acordo com os critérios de Nugent et al. (1991). O whiff test realizado por adição de solução de 10% de KOH ao conteúdo vaginal foi interpretado como positivo, negativo ou duvidoso. A... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Objective: The objective of the present study was to identify determinants of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection clearance in Brazilian women of reproductive age. Methods: This is a cohort study called HPV-UNESP, in which 1638 women of reproductive age were recruited from September 2012 to January 2013. Of this total, 544 women positive for HPV infection participated in longitudinal follow-up for 30 months, in 4 more visits. HPV infection was defined as detection of any of the 36 genotypes tested by the Linear Array Genotyping Test (Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.) and the outcome of interest was infection clearance, defined as the elimination of HPV infection by least two consecutive visits. A structured questionnaire with 58 questions regarding sociodemographic data, behavioral and gynecological characteristics was applied at each visit. Immediately after the interview, all women underwent a gynecological exam, in which, after insertion of the non-lubricated Collins speculum, the vaginal pH with tape (pH 4.0-7.0, Merck, Germany) was measured in the middle third of the vaginal wall. For vaginal microbiota evaluation, samples were collected with vaginal wall swab and the microbiota pattern was classified according to the criteria of Nugent et al. (1991). The whiff test performed by adding 10% KOH solution to the vaginal content was interpreted as positive, negative or doubtful. Endocervical samples were collected with cytobrush for molecular analysis of HPV, Chlamydia trachom... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Wade, D. "What explains the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety and poor quality of life after intensive care? : an investigation of clinical, psychological and sociodemographic risk factors." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2011. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1218099/.

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Although many lives are saved in intensive care, patients frequently fail to make a good recovery. In addition to physical weakness and cognitive impairment, patients suffer from clinical anxiety, depression and PTSD. The aim of this PhD was to establish the prevalence of poor mental health after intensive care and identify clinical, psychological and socio-demographic risk factors. First I carried out a systematic review of post-ICU psycho-social outcomes but found the quality of studies was variable and few consistent risk factors were identified. I subsequently conducted a prospective cohort study of 157 intensive care patients who were assessed for mood, stress, delirium and memory in the ICU. Clinical and socio-demographic data were recorded. At three months, 64% completed valid measures of PTSD, depression and anxiety, and socio-economic circumstances (SEC). Incidence of mood disturbance, delirium and physical stress in the ICU were 78%, 66% and 77% respectively. At three months, prevalence of PTSD was 27.1% (95%CIs: 18.3, 35.9%), depression 46.3% (95%CIs: 36.5, 56.1%) and anxiety 44.4% (95%CIs: 34.6%, 54.2%). A total of 55% of patients had at least one outcome. PTSD was predicted by number of organs supported, drug groups used and sepsis bio-markers. Strongest clinical predictors were days of sedation (PTSD), benzodiazepine usage (depression), inotropes (anxiety) and steroids (better physical HRQL). SEC was a risk factor for depression, anxiety and mental HRQL. Psychological predictors including ICU mood, stress, delirium and memories were highly correlated with outcomes and partially mediated the relationships between clinical factors and outcomes. A qualitative study of 17 patients with intrusive memories of ICU at three months revealed patients had highly disturbing hallucinatory flash-backs or distressing recurring images of bleeding, choking, tubes and pain. The PhD highlighted the need to reduce ICU stress and identified modifiable risk factors that could inform clinical interventions to help patients.

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Alaraudanjoki, V. (Viivi). "Erosive tooth wear and associated factors in Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2018. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526217802.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the status of erosive tooth wear (ETW) in Finnish middle-aged adults and its association with dental caries and sociodemographic and intrinsic factors. In addition, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify whether genetic polymorphism (single nucleotide polymorphism) could explain some of the individual variance in the ETW status. Another aim of the study was to validate the use of the erosion index, the Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE), on 3D models. Of the total Northern Finland Birth Cohort (NFBC1966), a convenience sample of 3,181 people was invited for an oral health examination in 2012–2013, of whom 1,962 participated, thus comprising the study group for the present study. ETW was assessed by sextants using the BEWE index. The clinical data was supplemented by information collected by means of postal questionnaires in 1997–1998 and 2012–2013, blood samples, and 3D models of the dentition. Of those clinically examined, 586 participants were randomly selected for the validation study of the BEWE index on 3D models. ETW was a common finding among the Finnish adult population, and almost half of the population needed at least preventive measures against the condition, and almost one in ten had severe ETW. Male gender and restorative treatment need due to dental caries were associated with ETW, unlike sociodemographic factors. Of the intrinsic factors, daily reflux symptoms and hyposalivation were the most significantly associated with severe ETW. According to the results from the GWAS, susceptibility to ETW could be partly explained by genetic polymorphism. The BEWE index was found reliable for recording ETW clinically and on 3D models, and 3D models were especially sensitive in detecting initial ETW. In conclusion, ETW seems to be common among Finnish adults, especially among males. In addition to risk factors, individual susceptibility should be kept in mind when assessing the risk for the condition. Early diagnosis of ETW is important in maintaining good oral health, and the BEWE seems to be a reliable index for that purpose both clinically and on 3D models
Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää hampaiden erosiivisen kulumisen yleisyyttä ja vakavuutta suomalaisilla keski-ikäisillä aikuisilla, sekä erosiivisen kulumisen yhteyttä hampaiden reikiintymiseen sekä sosiodemografisiin ja sisäisiin tekijöihin. Lisäksi selvitettiin koko genomin kartoitusta hyödyntäen, voidaanko geneettisellä polymorfismilla (yksittäisillä emäsparin vaihdoksilla) selittää yksilön alttiutta erosiiviselle kulumiselle. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli myös validoida erosiivista kulumista arvioiva indeksi (The Basic Erosive Wear Examination, BEWE) 3D-malleilla. Koko Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1966 syntymäkohortista kutsuttiin 3 181 henkilöä suun terveystarkastukseen vuosina 2012–2013. Kutsutuista 1 962 osallistui tutkimukseen muodostaen lopullisen tutkimusjoukon. Erosiivista kulumista arvioitiin käyttäen BEWE-indeksiä. Kliinistä tutkimusta täydensivät vuosina 1997–1998 ja 2012–2013 tehdyt postikyselyt, verinäytteet ja hampaiston 3D-mallit. Kliinisesti tutkituista osallistujista yhteensä 586 henkilöä valittiin satunnaisesti BEWE-indeksin validointitutkimukseen 3D-malleilla. Erosiivinen kuluminen oli yleistä suomalaisilla aikuisilla, ja lähes puolella oli erosiivista kulumista, joka vaatisi vähintään ennaltaehkäiseviä toimia. Vakavaa erosiivista kulumista on lähes joka kymmenennellä. Miessukupuoli ja korjaavan hoidon tarve hampaiden karioitumisen vuoksi olivat yhteydessä erosiiviseen kulumiseen, toisin kuin sosiodemografiset tekijät. Sisäisistä tekijöistä päivittäiset reflux-oireet ja vähäinen syljeneritys olivat vahvimmin yhteydessä vakavaan erosiiviseen kulumiseen. Koko genomikartoituksen perusteella vaikuttaa siltä, että alttius erosiiviselle kulumiselle saattaa selittyä osittain geneettisellä polymorfismilla. BEWE-indeksi näyttää olevan luotettava menetelmä niin kliinisessä arvioinnissa kuin arvioitaessa erosiivista kulumista 3D-malleilla. Alkava erosiivinen kuluminen oli helpommin havaittavissa 3D-malleilta kliiniseen arviointiin verrattuna. Tutkimuksen perusteella voidaan sanoa, että erosiivinen kuluminen on yleistä suomalaisilla aikuisilla, etenkin miehillä. Jo tiedettyjen riskitekijöiden lisäksi yksilöllinen alttius erosiiviselle kulumiselle tulisi pitää mielessä riskikartoitusta tehdessä. Erosiivisen kulumisen aikainen diagnosointi on tärkeää hyvän suun terveyden ylläpitämiseksi, ja BEWE-indeksi vaikuttaa soveltuvan diagnosointiin niin kliinisesti kuin 3D malleillakin

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Heikura, U. (Ulla). "Intellectual disability in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2008. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514287114.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate intellectual disability (ID) in children, with focus on occurrence, associated biomedical and sociodemographic factors, probable psychiatric problems and temporal variations in the occurrence of ID and the associated factors in an interval of 20 years. The study population consisted of two birth cohorts of children born in northern Finland, the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC 1986, N = 9,432 live-born children) and the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC 1966, N = 12,058 live-born children). Temporal changes in ID were studied by comparing NFBC 1986 with NFBC 1966. The same definition of intellectual disability (intelligence quotient ≤70), time of follow-up (up to 11.5 years), case ascertainment methods and data sources were used. Data were collected from questionnaires, registers and records. In NFBC 1986 the incidence of ID was 12.62/1,000 by age 11.5 years and prevalence 11.23/1,000 live-born at age 11.5 years. Associated biomedical aetiology could be found in two thirds of the cases. Genetic disorders were the largest aetiological category (36.1%) associated with ID. Maternal disadvantage (unskilled worker, basic education only) had the largest impact on the incidence of ID, while among single independent factors, maternal prepregnancy obesity (body mass index ≥30) showed the highest risk for ID (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.5, 5.3) in the offspring. According to the assessments by the teachers at school children with ID had 4.9 times more likely probable behavioural problems than their peers not having ID. In an interval of 20 years, there was no change in the incidence or in the prevalence of ID between NFBC 1986 and NFBC 1966. However, a shift occurred from more severe levels of ID towards mild ID, so that both the incidence and prevalence of mild ID increased by 50% whereas more severe ID decreased by 50%. Temporal changes appeared in the proportions of aetiological categories (NFBC 1986 vs. NFBC 1966) with a statistically significant decrease of Down syndrome and paranatally originating causes (traumas/asphyxia). The proportion of chromosomal disorders other than Down syndrome increased, as did malformations of the central nervous system. Among sociodemographic factors associated with ID, indicators of socio-economic disadvantage retained their status as having the largest impact on the incidence of ID. Over the 20 years, the mother being single, living in a remote area and mother's older age at time of delivery had lost their association with ID. Only one new maternal sociodemographic factor, prepregnancy obesity, had emerged as having an association with ID with a statistically significant difference between NFBC 1986 and NFBC 1966. In conclusion, these results indicate that although the occurrence of ID remained the same in northern Finland over a period of 20 years, temporal changes have taken place in the biomedical and sociodemographic factors contributing to the incidence and prevalence of ID. There are also factors that have retained their status as associated disadvantageous factors. Studies like this with repeatedly collected data in the same geographical area, describing the occurrence of ID, and analysing associated biomedical and sociodemographic factors, are valuable for evaluating developments in the health care and service system. They are also of value for future planning of services for individuals with ID
Tiivistelmä Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää kehitysvammaisuuden esiintyvyyttä lapsilla, siihen liittyviä lääketieteellisiä etiologisia ja sosiodemografisia tekijöitä, mahdollisia psykiatrisia ongelmia sekä kehitysvammaisuuden esiintyvyydessä ja siihen liittyvissä tekijöissä tapahtuneita muutoksia 20 vuoden aikana. Tutkimusjoukko muodostui kahden syntymäkohortin lapsista, jotka olivat syntyneet Pohjois-Suomessa, Pohjois-Suomen syntymäkohortti 1986 (NFBC 1986, N = 9432 elävänä syntynyttä lasta) ja Pohjois-Suomen syntymäkohortti 1966 (NFBC 1966, N = 12058 elävänä syntynyttä lasta). Kehitysvammaisuudessa tapahtuneita ajallisia muutoksia tutkittiin vertaamalla Pohjois-Suomen syntymäkohortti 1986:ta Pohjois-Suomen syntymäkohortti 1966:een. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin samaa kehitysvammaisuuden määritelmää (älykkyysosamäärä ≤70, seuranta-aika 11.5 vuoteen saakka), tiedonkeruun menetelmiä ja tietolähteitä. Tiedot kerättiin kyselylomakkeista, rekistereistä ja asiakirjoista. Pohjois-Suomen syntymäkohortti 1986:ssa kehitysvammaisuuden ilmaantuvuus oli 12.62/1000 11.5 vuoden ikään mennessä ja vallitsevuus 11.23/1000 11.5 vuoden iässä. Kehitysvammaisuuteen liittyvä lääketieteellinen etiologia pystyttiin selvittämään kahdessa kolmasosassa tapauksia. Geneettiset häiriöt muodostivat suurimman etiologisen luokan (36.1%). äitiin liittyvillä epäedullisilla sosiaalisilla tekijöillä (kouluttamaton työntekijä, vain peruskoulutus) oli suurin vaikutus kehitysvammaisuuden ilmaantuvuuteen, kun taas yksittäisistä sosiodemografisista tekijöistä korkein riski (vaarasuhde 2.8, luottamusväli 1.5, 5.3) oli äidin lihavuudella (painoindeksi ≥30) raskauden alussa. Koulussa opettajien arvioiden mukaan kehitysvammaisilla lapsilla esiintyi mahdollisia käytöshäiriöitä 4.9 kertaa useammin kuin ei-kehitysvammaisilla lapsilla. 20 vuoden aikana Pohjois-Suomen syntymäkohorttien 1986 ja 1966 välillä ei ollut tapahtunut muutoksia kehitysvammaisuuden kokonaisilmaantuvuudessa eikä -vallitsevuudessa. Kuitenkin tuli esiin siirtymä vaikeammasta lievempään asteeseen siten, etta lievän kehitysvammaisuuden ilmaantuvuus ja vallitsevuus lisääntyivät noin 50%, kun taas vaikeamman väheni 50%. Lääketieteellisten etiologisten luokkien osuuksissa tuli esiin ajallisia muutoksia (Pohjois-Suomen syntymäkohortti 1986 vs. Pohjois-Suomen syntymäkohortti 1966) siten, että Downin syndrooman sekä syntymän aikaan ajoittuvan vamman ja hapenpuutteen osuudet vähenivät tilastollisesti merkitsevästi. Keskushermoston epämuodostumien sekä muiden kromosomihäiriöiden kuin Downin syndrooman osuudet kasvoivat. Kehitysvammaisuuteen liittyvistä sosiodemografisista tekijöistä sosioekonomisen huono-osaisuuden osoittimet säilyttivät asemansa suurimpana ryhmänä. 20 vuoden aikana äidin naimattomuus, asuminen syrjäseudulla sekä korkeampi ikä lapsen syntymän aikaan olivat menettäneet yhteytensä kehitysvammaisuuteen. Pohjois-Suomen syntymäkohortti 1986:n ja Pohjois-Suomen syntymäkohortti 1966:n välillä tuli esiin vain yksi uusi kehitysvammaisuuteen tilastollisesti merkitsevästi liittyvä sosiodemografinen tekijä, äidin lihavuus raskauden alussa. Yhteevetona voidaan todeta, etta vaikka kehitysvammaisuuden kokonaisesiintyvyys oli pysynyt samana Pohjois-Suomessa 20 vuoden aikana niin esiintyvyyteen liittyvät etiologiset ja sosiodemografiset tekijät olivat osittain muuttuneet. Tämänkaltaiset tutkimukset, joissa peräkkäisinä ajanjaksoina kerätään tietoja samalla maantieteellisellä alueella ja jotka kuvaavat kehitysvammaisuuden esiintyvyyttä sekä analysoivat siihen liittyviä lääketieteellisiä ja sosiodemografisia tekijoitä, ovat hyödyllisiä arvioitaessa terveydenhoidossa ja palvelujärjestelmässä tapahtunutta kehitystä. Niitä voidaan hyödyntää myös suunniteltaessa tulevaisuudessa palveluja kehitysvammaisille henkilöille

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Fhon, Jack Roberto Silva. "Queda e sua relação com fatores sociodemográficos e de saúde em idosos de uma comunidade brasileira: estudo de seguimento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22132/tde-30092016-164859/.

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No decorrer do processo de envelhecimento há uma diminuição das habilidades físicas, psicológicas e sociais na pessoa o que aumenta o risco de sofrer de múltiplas síndromes, uma delas é a queda. O presente estudo é analítico, observacional de coorte retrospectivo com o objetivo de determinar a prevalência de queda em um seguimento de cinco anos em duas avaliações (2007/2008 - 2013) de idosos que vivem no domicílio e a sua relação com as variáveis sociodemográficas, doenças autorreferidas, número de medicamentos, estado cognitivo, síndrome da fragilidade e capacidade funcional. A pesquisa foi realizada na cidade de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, com população de idosos com 65 anos ou mais de idade. A amostra foi por conglomerado em duplo estágio sendo a amostra final de 515 idosos, sendo que a primeira etapa ocorreu de agosto de 2007 a março de 2008 e a segunda realizada de julho a dezembro de 2013. O instrumento utilizado para a coleta de dados foi composto por questões sociodemográficas; doenças autorreferidas e número de medicamentos; Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM); avaliação da queda; Edmonton Frail Scale (EFS); Medida de Independência Funcional (MIF) e Escala de Lawton e Brody (AIVD). Foram pareadas as informações dos 262 idosos, sendo que houve predomínio do sexo feminino (66,4%), média da idade de 73,3 (dp=6,3) anos sendo que 56,9% foram categorizados como idoso mais jovem (70 - 79 anos), média de escolaridade de 5,0 (dp=4,9) anos e 49,2% eram casados. Verificou-se que em ambas as avaliações, o estado cognitivo diminuiu de 24,87 para 22,90 pontos com aumento do déficit cognitivo de 44,7 para 58,4%. Nas AIVD a média também diminuiu de 19,41 para 17,39 pontos, aumentando a dependência funcional de 44,7% para 66,1%. Quanto a MIF, a média diminui de 120,33 para 112,49 pontos com aumento da dependência de 4,2% para 15%. Verificou-se que a média da fragilidade aumentou de 4,16 para 6,53 pontos sendo que a categoria fragilidade aumentou de 17,5% para 50,4%. Por outro lado, a média das doenças autorreferidas diminuiu de 5,63 para 5,16 dos quais tanto na primeira como na segunda avaliação 5,7% não sofrem de doenças mas na primeira avaliação 46,2% sofrem mais de cinco doenças e na segunda 41,2%. Porém quanto ao consumo de medicamentos a média aumentou de 3,59 para 4,03, sendo que 22,5% na primeira avaliação consomem mais de cinco medicamentos e na segunda 28,6%. Em relação com o idoso que sofreu queda, na primeira avaliação 57 caíram e na segunda 99, a prevalência aumentou de 21,8% para 37,8%, sendo que em ambas as avaliações 82,5% e 73,7%, respectivamente, caíram da própria altura, trazendo consequências como fraturas, feridas e escoriações, além do medo de novas reincidências. Os idosos que sofreram queda apresentaram diminuição do estado cognitivo, maior fragilidade e incapacidade funcional com um aumento das doenças autorreferidas e número de medicamentos. Na associação da queda com as diferentes variáveis, verificou-se que no período do estudo, o número de doenças autorreferidas, o maior consumo de medicamentos e o aumento da fragilidade o idoso apresenta maior risco de queda. Conclui-se que a queda é uma síndrome que está relacionada com múltiplas causas (variáveis sociodemográficas e de saúde) o que leva a maior necessidade de implementar programas com planejamento para a prevenção de queda e suas consequências por meio da educação à população idosa e seus cuidadores
During the aging process there is a decrease in physical, psychological and social skills in the person which increases the risk of suffering from multiple syndromes, one of these are accidental fall. This study is analytical, observational retrospective cohort with the aim to determine the prevalence of accidental falls in a follow-up of five years in both assessments (2007/2008 - 2013) of elderly people living at home and their relationship to sociodemographic variables, self-reported diseases, number of medications, cognitive status, frailty syndrome and functional capacity. The research was conducted in the Ribeirão Preto city, São Paulo, in elderly people aged 65 or older. The sample by conglomerate in double stage with the final sample of 515 elderly people, on the first stage was from August 2007 to March 2008 and the second stage was from July to December 2013. The instrument used for data collection consists of sociodemographic questions; self-reported diseases and medications numbers; Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE); evaluation of the accidental fall; Edmonton Frail Scale (EFS); Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and Lawton and Brody Scale (IADL). They were matched information from 262 elderly, and there was a predominance of females (66.4%), mean of age 73.3 (sd = 6.3) years of which 56.9% were categorized as younger elderly (70-79 years), average schooling of 5.0 (sd = 4.9) years and 49.2% were married. It was found that in both assessments, the cognitive status declined from 24.87 to 22.90 points with increased cognitive deficit from 44.7 to 58.4%. IADL average also decreased from 19.41 to 17.39 points, increasing the functional dependence from 44.7% to 66.1%. The MIF average decreases from 120.33 to 112.49 points with increasing dependence from 4.2% to 15%. It was found that the frailty average increased from 4.16 to 6.53 points of which the category frailty increased from 17.5% to 50.4%. On the other hand, the average self-reported disease decreased from 5.63 to 5.16 which both the first and the second evaluation 5.7% did not suffer from diseases but in first evaluation suffered 46.2% over five diseases and second 41.2%. But with the consumption of drugs the average increased from 3.59 to 4.03, and 22.5% in the first evaluation consumed more than five drugs and the second 28.6%. In relation to the elderly who suffered fall, the first assessment fell 57 and the second 99, the prevalence increased from 21.8% to 37.8%, and in both evaluations 82.5% and 73.7%, respectively, fell from height, bringing consequences such as fractures, wounds and abrasions, and the fear of new falls. Elderly people who suffered falls had decreased cognitive status, increased frailty and functional impairment with an increase in self-reported diseases and number of medications. In the fall of association with different variables, it was found that during the study period, the number of self-reported diseases, the highest consumption of drugs and the increased frailty the elderly had a higher risk of falls. We conclude that the fall is a syndrome that is associated with multiple causes (socio-demographic and health variables) which leads to greater need to implement planning with programs for the prevention of fall and its consequences through education to the elderly and their caregivers

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Hespanha, Caroline Koehler. "Avaliação da adesão ao tratamento com medicamentos e a qualidade de vida entre idosos em Porto Alegre e Bagé." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/61780.

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Objetivos: Identificar características da adesão do paciente idoso para que cumpra o tratamento com medicamentos através da construção de uma nova escala. Comparar a escala Morisky, outras escalas e a elaboração de uma nova escala de adesão com variáveis: sexo, idade, saber ler e escrever, freqüentar grupo de idosos, renda, consultas, especialistas, consultas de emergência e internações hospitalares; Analisar se a qualidade de vida interfere nessas variáveis e verificar se a qualidade de vida interfere nas escalas de adesão em estudo. Método: a pesquisa consiste em um estudo transversal, constituindo-se na aplicação de 245 questionários em idosos de Porto Alegre e Bagé. Resultados: do questionário aplicado foram selecionados objetivos para elucidar a adesão: conhecimento dos medicamentos, lembrança do regime terapêutico, apoio para melhoria da adesão e acesso aos serviços de saúde e aos medicamentos. Esses objetivos compõem as escalas Morisky, Adesão 1, Adesão 2 e Hespanha categorizada. Ao se comparar essas escalas com fatores sociodemográficos e as variáveis em questão há significativa associação da escala Adesão 1 com as pessoas que: sabem ler e escrever (p= 0,006), vão a consultas médicas (p= 0,000) e consultas com especialistas (p= 0,020). Ao comparar a escala Morisky com a escala Hespanha categorizada as pessoas que aderem mais são aquelas que consultam, Morisky (n= 164) e Hespanha categorizada (n= 124) e que procuram especialistas, Morisky (n= 177) e Hespanha categorizada (n= 136). Quanto à qualidade de vida, há diferença significativa no domínio global para sexo (p= 0,016), saber ler e escrever (p= 0,002) e consultas de emergência (p= 0,000). Para o domínio físico há diferença significativa em sexo (p= 0,035), saber ler e escrever (p= 0,038) e consultas de emergência (p= 0,007). Para o domínio psicológico há diferença significativa em saber ler e escrever (p= 0,008). Para o domínio meio ambiente, há diferença significativa em saber ler e escrever (p= 0,000), consultas com especialistas (p= 0,047) e consultas de emergência (p= 0,010). Na qualidade de vida comparada às escalas, a adesão foi significativa na escala Adesão 2 para o domínios: global, físico, psicológico e meio ambiente (todos com p= 0,000), e para o domínio relações sociais (p= 0,009). E na escala Hespanha categorizada a adesão foi significativa para o domínio meio ambiente (p= 0,004). Conclusões: os objetivos relacionados afetam a adesão ao tratamento com medicamentos em idosos. Por isso, houve a elaboração da escala Hespanha categorizada. Observa-se que há uma grande relevância quando se trata de saber ler e escrever que pode estar relacionada a questão do letramento em saúde (health literacy). Assim, a compreensão correta das prescrições médicas e uma boa relação médico-paciente fazem com que o indivíduo entenda o porquê de seu seguimento terapêutico. A melhoria da qualidade de vida está pautada principalmente por fatores sociais e ambientais que sustentam os demais domínios. Comprova-se que os fatores de apoio (relações sociais, parentes, amigos) ao idoso melhoram sua qualidade de vida.
Objectives: To identify characteristics of the accession of elderly patients to keep the treatment with medicines through the construction of a new scale. Compare the scale Morisky, other scales and the drafting of a new scale with variables: gender, age, knowing how to read and write, attend group of elderly, income, consultations, specialists, emergency consultations and hospital admissions; Examine whether the quality of life interferes in these variables and see if the quality of life interferes with the scales of membership under study. Method: The study consists of a cross-sectional study, constituted in the implementation of 245 questionnaires in the elderly of Porto Alegre and Bagé. Results: of selected questionnaire was applied to elucidate the membership goals: knowledge of medicines, remembering the therapeutic regimen, support for membership and improving access to health services and medicines. These goals make up the scales Morisky, Accession 1, Accession 2 and Hespanha categorized. While comparing these scales with sociodemographic factors and variables in question there are a combination of scale Accession 1 with people that can read and write (p = 0006), go to medical appointments (p = 0000) and consultations with specialists (p = 0020). By comparing the scale with the scale Morisky Hespanha reduced categorized people who adhere most are those who consult, Morisky (n = 164) and Hespanha categorized (n = 124) and seeking experts, Morisky (n = 177) and Hespanha categorized (n = 136). As for the quality of life, there is a significant difference in total for sex (p = 0016), knowing how to read and write (p = 0002) and emergency consultations (p = 0000). For the physical domain there are significant differences in gender (p = 0035), knowing how to read and write (p = 0038) and emergency consultations (p = 0007). For the psychological field there is a significant difference in learning to read and write (p = 0008). For the domain environment, there is a significant difference in learning to read and write (p = 0000), consultations with specialists (p = 0047) and emergency consultations (p = 0010). The quality of life compared to the scales, the accession was significant in scale Accession 2 for areas: overall physical, psychological and environmental (all with p = 0000), and the field social relations (p = 0009). And in small-scale Hespanha categorized the accession was significant for the field environment (p = 0004). Conclusions: The objectives related affect adherence to treatment with medications in the elderly. Therefore, there was the development of small scale Hespanha categorized. It is observed that there is a very important when it comes to knowing how to read and write may be related to the issue of literacy in health (health literacy). Thus, the correct understanding of medical prescriptions and a good doctor-patient relationship mean that the individual understands the reason for its therapeutic action. The improve the quality of life is guided mainly by social and environmental factors that sustain the other areas. Shows that the factors supporting (social relations, relatives, friends) to the elderly improve their quality of life.

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Magalhaes, Walteir Alves. "Perfil epidemiológico e o grau de incapacidade física dos casos novos notificados de hanseníase no período de 2007 a 2013 em Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brasil." Universidade Vale do Rio Doce, 2015. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/6177.

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PROQUALI (UFJF)
A Hanseníase é uma doença causada pelo bacilo Mycobacterium leprae. É considerada um problema de Saúde Pública devido ao seu poder incapacitante, atingindo, principalmente, a faixa etária economicamente ativa. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo descrever o perfil epidemiológico e o grau de incapacidade em casos novos notificados de Hanseníase no período de 2007 a 2013 em Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo observacional, descritivo, de corte transversal, que utiliza uma abordagem quantitativa. A amostra foi constituída por 986 casos notificados com Hanseníase no referido município. Foram incluídos todos os registros de casos novos, encontrados entre o período de 2007 e 2013, e excluídos os registros detectados com erro de diagnóstico no momento da investigação. As variáveis sociodemográficas utilizadas foram: Ano de notificação; Gênero; Faixa etária; Escolaridade; Local de residência. As clínico-epidemiológicas foram: Número de lesões; Forma Clínica; Classificação operacional no diagnóstico e na cura; Grau de incapacidade no diagnóstico e na cura; modo de entrada; modo de saída. Para análise um banco de dados foi estruturado a partir do programa estatístico Epiinfo, versão 6.0. Como resultado obteve-se que os aspectos sociodemográficos dos casos notificados com Hanseníase no período determinado revelam uma população de indivíduos adultos (85.6%) acima de 20 anos, com equilíbrio entre o gênero feminino e masculino ambos 50%, pardos (42.1%), predomínio de baixa escolaridade (fundamental I, 24.2% e fundamental II, 23.4%) e provenientes da região urbana do município estudado (94.2%). Em relação às características clínico-epidemiológicas houve predomínio da forma clínica Tuberculóide (38.2%), destaca-se também a presença da forma clínica Dimorfa (34.2%). A classificação operacional paucibacilar teve o diagnóstico clínico identificado em 53.9% dos casos. Verificou-se que ocorreu um maior número de detecção de casos novos/ entrada (87.6%) do que alta por cura (72.1%). Foram identificados entre os casos notificados de Hanseníase os três tipos de grau de incapacidade física (Grau zero, I e II). Entretanto, o Grau zero foi o mais frequente (79,7%). Esses casos em geral, apresentaram baixa predominância de incapacidade física quando da admissão para o esquema terapêutico. Os graus de incapacidades físicas dos casos notificados nos dois momentos (notificação e alta por cura) foram considerados baixos, mantendo abaixo de 15%. Conclui-se que o município estudado parece possuir serviços de saúde eficientes em realizar o diagnóstico precoce da doença, pois apresentou baixos percentuais de casos com incapacidades físicas. Além de prevenir a ocorrência de novos casos da doença, há outro grande desafio a ser enfrentado na prevenção do desenvolvimento/agravamento das incapacidades a fim de minimizar os impactos negativos da doença.
Leprosy is a disease caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium leprae. It is considered a public health problem due to its disabling power, reaching mainly the economically active age group. This research aimed to describe the epidemiological profile and the degree of disability in new cases reported of Leprosy in the period 2007 to 2013 in Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil. This is an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, using a quantitative approach. The sample consisted of 986 reported cases of leprosy in the municipality. We included all the new cases of records, found between the period 2007 and 2013 and excluded the records detected with diagnostic error at the time of investigation. The sociodemographic variables were: Year of notification; gender; Age; education; Place of residence. The clinical and epidemiological were: Clinical form; Operational classification for diagnosis and cure; Degree of disability in the diagnosis and cure; input mode; output mode. To analyze a database was structured by the statistical program Epiinfo, version 6.0. A descriptive analysis of data was performed. As a result was obtained that the sociodemographic aspects of the reported cases with leprosy in the given period reveal a population of adults (85.6%) over 20 years, with balance between males and females both 50%, mulatto (42.1%), low education predominance (elementary school level I, 24.2% and elementary school II, 23.4%) and from the urban area of the city studied (94.2%). Regarding the clinical and epidemiological there was a predominance of clinical Tuberculoid (38.2%), also stands out the presence of the clinical form Dimorph (34.2%). The paucibacillary operational classification was the clinical diagnosis identified with the highest percentage (53.9%). It has been found that a higher number of new cases detected / input (87.6%) than for high cure (72.1%). Were identified among the reported cases of leprosy the three types of physical disability (zero, I and II degree). However, the zero degree was the most frequent (79.7%). These cases generally had lower prevalence of disability at admission to the treatment regimen. The degrees of physical disabilities of cases reported in the two periods (notification and high cure) were considered low, keeping below 15%. It is concluded that the city studied seems to have efficient health services to perform early diagnosis of the disease, it showed low percentage of cases with physical disabilities. In addition to preventing the occurrence of new cases of the disease, there is another major challenge to be faced in preventing the development / worsening of disabilities in order to minimize the negative impacts of the disease.

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49

Garcia, Acosta Xavier. "Nous processos d'urbanització i consum d'aigua per a usos domèstics. Una exploració de relacions a l'àmbit gironí." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/109220.

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This thesis aims to expand knowledge about the management of domestic water consumption. Among the various factors that influence water consumption, price and other economic variables have already been addressed by much research on this topic, obviously because of their implications for demand management. However, other factors such as the dominant urban model, the demographic structure and certain social values may also play a very important mediating role. This thesis aims to explore the factors (demographic, regional, socioeconomic, cultural, etc.) that influence domestic water consumption in two different but complementary scales: a local scale (municipalities in the Girona counties of Alt Empordà, Baix Empordà, Gironès, Pla de l’Estany and Selva) and a household scale (in suburban areas in the municipalities of Blanes, Caldes de Malavella, Lloret de Mar, Maçanet de la Selva, Santa Coloma de Farners, Sils, Tossa de Mar, Vidreres and Vilobí d’Onyar)
La present tesi té com a objectiu principal ampliar els coneixements la gestió de l’aigua per a usos domèstics. Entre els diferents factors que influeixen en el consum d’aigua, els preus i altres variables econòmiques han estat objecte de bona part de les investigacions sobre el tema. No obstant això, altres factors com, per exemple, el model d’ocupació urbana dominant, l’estructura demogràfica o certs valors socials, poden tenir també un rol molt rellevant. En aquesta tesi es proposa aprofundir sobre els factors (demogràfics, territorials, socioeconòmics, culturals, etc.) que incideixen en la demanda d’aigua per a usos domèstics, a dues escales diferents però complementàries: la municipal (municipis de les comarques gironines de l’Alt Empordà, Baix Empordà, Gironès, Pla de l’Estany i La Selva) i la llar (urbanitzacions dels municipis de Blanes, Caldes de Malavella, Lloret de Mar, Maçanet de la Selva, Santa Coloma de Farners, Sils, Tossa de Mar, Vidreres i Vilobí d’Onyar)

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Almeida, Michele Scortegagna de. "Transtornos mentais em uma amostra de gestantes da rede de atenção básica de saúde no sul do Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/26129.

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Objetivo: Medir a prevalência de prováveis diagnósticos psiquiátricos durante a gravidez e os fatores sociodemográficos associados em mulheres gestantes atendidas na rede básica de saúde no sul do Brasil. Método: Estudo transversal, em uma amostra de 712 gestantes entre a 16ª e 36ª semana de gestação, realizado em 18 Unidades Básicas de Saúde em Porto Alegre e Bento Gonçalves. Foram aplicados questionário sociodemográfico e instrumento para Avaliação de Transtornos Mentais na Atenção Primária (PRIME-MD). Na análise dos dados, foi utilizada Regressão de Poisson com variância robusta para o estudo de associação e determinação das Razões de Prevalência bruta e ajustada. Resultados: A prevalência de provável transtorno mental ocorreu em 41,7% das gestantes. O diagnóstico mais prevalente foi o transtorno depressivo maior (21,6%), seguido pelo transtorno de ansiedade generalizada (19,8%), transtorno do pânico (9,3%), transtorno depressivo maior em remissão parcial (9,0%), distimia (8,4%), e bulimia nervosa (0,6%). Após realizar a análise multivariada, os seguintes fatores mantiveram significância: não trabalhar nem estudar RP 1,25 (IC 95% 1,04-1,51), não morar com o companheiro RP 1,24 (IC 95% 1,01-1,52), e ter dois ou mais filhos RP 1,21 (IC 95% 1,01 – 1,46). Conclusão: Evidenciou-se que as gestantes da amostra atendidas na atenção primária à saúde apresentaram alta prevalência de provável transtorno mental. Abordagens para diagnóstico e tratamento deverão ser implementadas no período do pré-natal.
Objective: Measure the prevalence of probable psychiatric diagnoses during pregnancy and sociodemographic factors associated in pregnant women in primary care in southern Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional study in a sample of 712 pregnant women between 16 and 36 weeks of gestation, conducted in 18 Basic Health Units in Porto Alegre and Bento Gonçalves. The Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD) and sociodemographic questionnaire was used for evaluating the probable psychiatric diagnoses. In the data analysis, Poisson regression was applied with robust variance for the association study and determination of crude and adjusted prevalence ratios. Results: The prevalence of probable mental disorder occurred in 41.7% of pregnant women. The most prevalent diagnosis was Major Depressive Disorder (21.6%), followed by Generalized Anxiety Disorder (19.8%), Panic Disorder (9.3%), Major Depressive Disorder in partial remission (9.0%), Dysthymia (8.4%) and Bulimia Nervosa (0.6%). After performing a multivariate analysis the following factors remained significant: neither working nor studying PR 1.25 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.51), not living with partner PR 1.24 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.52), and having two or more children PR 1.21 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.46). Conclusion: This study revealed that pregnant women in the sample treated in primary care had a high prevalence of probable mental disorder. Approaches to diagnosis and treatment should be implemented during the prenatal period.

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