Дисертації з теми "Socio-history of professional groups"

L’enjeu principal de ce doctorat en STAPS est d’identifier et de comprendre les dynamiques de constitution d’une identité professionnelle en (re)définition, celle du corps arbitral tennistique qui voit ses missions évoluer notamment au regard de la médiatisation et de la professionnalisation croissantes de ce sport depuis les années 1970. Bien que l’arbitre professionnel soit aujourd’hui une profession établie dans les nomenclatures des métiers et des emplois, la reconnaissance du statut d’arbitre professionnel dans le monde tennistique ne semble pas acquise, eu égard à l’activité amateure de l’arbitre devenue progressivement une activité rétribuée puis salariée à la fin du XXe siècle. Parmi les éléments constitutifs des groupes professionnels et de leur reconnaissance, il s’agit notamment de comprendre le processus d’élection au statut d’arbitre international de tennis en identifiant à la fois les enjeux et les ingrédients, les modalités et les leviers de la promotion des différentes strates du corps arbitral dans la transformation progressive du statut d’arbitre international de tennis en France
The major issue of this PhD in STAPS (Sciences and Techniques of Sporting Activity) is to identify and understand the various dynamics that contribute to building a professional identity in (re)definition, that of the tennis refereeing body whose missions are evolving, particularly in light of the media coverage and the increasing professionalization of this sport since the 1970s. Although being a professional referee is now an established profession in the nomenclatures of trades and jobs, the status of professional referee in the tennis world does not seem to be entirely acknowledged, taking into account the fact that referee’s amateur activity had largely replaced a paid then salaried activity during the end of the 20th century. Among the various elements that constitute the professionalism of the tennis refereeing body and its recognition, it is important to understand, in particular, the access process to the status of international tennis referee, identifying both the issues and the ingredients, the modalities and the levers for promoting the different levels of the refereeing body in the gradual transformation of the status of international tennis referee in France

Suivant un double regard, socio-historique et monographique, cette thèse propose une sociologie de la profession d’éducateur de la Protection judiciaire de la jeunesse (PJJ), administration du ministère de la Justice chargée de l’exécution des décisions de justice prises à l’endroit des mineurs dits « placés sous main de justice », notamment des mineurs délinquants. Membres de la fonction publique d’État, les éducateurs de la PJJ constituent une « bureaucratie professionnelle » (Mintzberg, 1982), dont le mandat et les finalités de l’activité sont principalement liés au projet politique fondateur de son institution d’appartenance : participer à la construction et à l’épanouissement d’un modèle de justice au sein duquel la connaissance de la personnalité des justiciables est une condition même de leur éducation. À partir d’une réflexion sur les savoirs, principalement les savoirs issus des sciences du psychisme, qui ont permis de délimiter ce projet politique et d’en légitimer les reconfigurations, nous proposons un regard sur la genèse et l’actualité de cette profession, de fait « placée sous main de justice ». Dans une première partie d’ordre socio-historique, nous mettons en lumière les principales tensions – indissociablement savantes, administratives et juridiques – qui émanent de l’histoire du secteur public de la PJJ, autant qu’elles en structurent le fonctionnement. Dans une seconde partie d’ordre monographique, à partir de plusieurs terrains d’observation (centre de milieu ouvert, centre éducatif fermé, prisons pour mineurs), nous analysons ce que les éducateurs font de ces tensions, et comment ils leur donnent forme, en situation de travail. Cette double méthodologie nous permet, in fine, d’interroger les reconfigurations de la profession d’éducateur de la PJJ, tout en nous frayant un chemin, par le terrain, au cœur des principales transformations qui, en France, agitent la justice des mineurs
Following a double socio-historical and monographicpoint of view, this thesis tackles a sociological study of the profession as educator working for the Judicial Protection of Youth (Protection judiciaire de la jeunesse, PJJ). PJJ is an administration of the French Ministry of Justice applying the decisions taken by the juvenile courts. Educators working for PJJ are members of the State Civil Service. The profession therefore forms a “professional bureaucracy” (Mintzberg, 1982), whose professional mandate and aims are related to the founding political project of PJJ: participating in the development of a model of justice, in which the knowledge on the personality of individuals is a condition of their education. Here, we present a study on the genesis and the evolution of this professional bureaucracy from an analysis of the knowledge, in particular psychological knowledge, which helped to define the founding political project of PJJ and to legitimize the changes of this political project. As a first step, we enlighten from a socio-historical perspective the main intellectual, administrative and legal tensions, that arise from the history of PJJ, and provide its operational framework. Secondly, we analyze from a monographic perspective how educators deal with these tensions in practice. We use for this analysis a suite of observational fields: one open and one close educational institutions, and two juvenile detention centers. Our double point of view allows us to question the reconfiguration of the profession of PJJ’s educator, and to provide a bottom-up framework (i.e. from the field) to analyze the main transformations of juvenile justice in France

C'est au cours des negociations collectives de 1936 39 qu'est definie et nommee la categorie des techniciens dont les contours seront rectifies lors des negociations ulterieures. A partir du debut des annees 1960 cette categorie connait une forte croissance numerique qui s'effectue en parallele avec le developpement d'un enseignement technique. Toutefois le recrutement de jeunes diplomes comme techniciens, notamment a partir du milieu des annees 1970, n' que partiellement modifie les modalites d'acces a cette categorie. Celle-ci demeure encore fortement liees aux ouvriers. De plus, elle ne dispose pas d'instances nationales de representation susceptibles de lui donner une cohesion et de la faire exister comme groupe
It was during the collective bargaining of 1936 39 that the category of technicians was first defined and named ; the outlines of the category were subsequently redefined during later negotiations. Since the early 1960's this category has experienced a strong numerical growth which has taken place simultaneously with the development of technicial education. However, the recruitment of young draguates as technicians - especially from the mid-70's onwards - has only partially changed conditions of entry into this category, which still remains closely linked to the working class. In addition, the category does not have any national representative body that would provide it with some cohesion and a possibility of standing as a unified group

Dans la thèse sont étudiées les particularités lexico-sémantiques et les fonctions stylistiques de l'argot utilisé dans le théâtre et le cinéma français contemporains, les transformations que subit l'argot dans les adaptations des récits littéraires au cinéma. Principalement stylistique, la thèse s'inscrit également dans les problématiques de la sociologie
The thesis is about lexico-semantic properties and stylistic functions of slang used in contemporary French theatre and cinema, its transformations in movies adapted from literature. The research is focused mainly on stylistic aspects, but also refers to sociolinguistics

Cette recherche inductive, menée au sein de différents centres d’hébergement destinés à accueillir des personnes sans-abri, part du constat que les enjeux tenant à la santé occupent une place centrale dans ces espaces relevant traditionnellement du travail social. En réalisant la monographie d’une association du nord-ouest de la France disposant d’un des plus vieux asiles de nuit de France, la thèse vient interroger le renouvellement des frontières entre le social et le sanitaire. En l’espace d’un siècle, le sans-abri est passé d’un individu dont la société cherchait à se protéger à une personne qu’il convient de secourir. On sait toutefois peu de choses sur la façon dont les travailleurs sociaux, historiquement engagés dans la prise en charge de ces personnes, se sont emparés de la redéfinition de cette question sociale. Cette ethnographie, menée en position d’insider en tant qu’ancienne éducatrice spécialisée, analyse alors « par le bas » la redéfinition sanitaire – conceptualisée comme un processus de sanitarisation – de la prise en charge des sans-abri, en interrogeant à quelles conditions le registre de la santé en est-il venu à s’imposer de manière si évidente, et ce que cela implique pour les professionnels comme pour les hébergés.Nuançant l’idée d’un tournant dans la prise en charge de la santé des sans-abri, l’étude sociohistorique menée met d’abord en lumière combien la prise en compte des affections sanitaires des hébergés a structuré l’histoire de cette association, marquée cependant par une vigilance constante à résister à toute forme d’emprise médicale. La recherche interroge ensuite ce qu’il en est de la matérialité de cette considération du soin. Qui accomplit le travail de care auprès des sans-abri ? L’étude des trajectoires et pratiques professionnelles augure une réflexion sur l’importance d’adosser une perspective intersectionnelle à l’analyse du processus de sanitarisation, dans la mesure où le soin porté aux sans-abri s’inscrit dans une division genrée du travail de care. Puis, la thèse se consacre à l’ethnographie de situations concrètes d’accompagnement d’hébergés. En analysant les effets de cette prégnance sanitaire dans leur prise en charge, l’enquête propose une réflexion sur la correction et la production des inégalités sociales de santé auxquelles sont surexposées ces personnes. À partir du cas des centres d’hébergement et de ses acteurs peu visibles, mais néanmoins centraux dans le soin porté aux sans-abri, cette recherche s’inscrit à la croisée d’une sociologie de la santé et du travail social pour interroger plus largement les enjeux contemporains des recompositions de l’État social
This inductive research project, carried out in various homeless shelters, is based on the premise that health-related factors occupy a central position in these spaces which traditionally revolve around social work. By monographing an association in north-western France that runs one of the country’s oldest night shelters, the thesis examines the redefining of the boundaries between social and healthcare. In the space of a century, the homeless person has gone from being an individual whom society sought to distance itself from to a person who must be helped. Little is known, however, about how social workers, historically engaged to take care of these people, have addressed the reevaluation of this social issue. This ethnography, conducted from an insider’s perspective as a former specialised educator, takes a “bottom-up” look at the sanitary redefinition – conceptualized as a sanitarization process – of care for the homeless, questioning the conditions under which the realm of healthcare came to impose itself so prominently and what this implies for professionals and the sheltered alike.Qualifying the idea of a turning point in the care of homeless people’s health, this sociohistorical study first highlights the extent to which care to sheltered people’s health ailments has structured this association’s history, marked as it is, however, by relentless caution to resist any form of medical control. The research then examines the materiality of this consideration of care. Who is actually performing the care giving for the homeless? The study of professional trajectories and practices suggests reflecting on the importance of an intersectional perspective in the analysis of the sanitarization process, insofar as the care provided to the homeless is part of a gendered division of care work. The thesis then turns to the ethnography of concrete situations of assistance for homeless person. By analyzing the effects of this health bias in their care, the study proposes a reflection on the rectification and production of social inequalities in health, to which these individuals are overexposed. Based on the case of shelters and their less visible, but nonetheless central, players in the care of the homeless, this research lies at the juncture of a sociology of health and social work to question, more broadly, the contemporary issues at stake in recompositing the social State

Cette thèse retrace la genèse de l'activité de conseil financier à la Poste. Elle analyse l'émergence d’une fonction commerciale au sein d'une administration d'Etat en transformation rapide. La Poste est devenue Société Anonyme en 2010 et, de manière symbolique, la Banque Postale a été autorisée au même moment à distribuer des crédits à la consommation. Cette dernière doit néanmoins encore assurer un certain nombre de missions de service public et faire coexister des tensions organisationnelles anciennes mais non résolues qui se reportent au quotidien sur ses agents. Le but de la professionnalisation analysée dans cette recherche n'est cependant pas de transformer le groupe professionnel en une profession. Elle peut donc être en partie considérée comme atypique. Même si elle réunit les traits fonctionnalistes de la « profession » anglo-saxonne (Wilensky, 1964), elle vise en fait à agir sur le personnel et constitue davantage une stratégie de contournement des résistances par la régulation du groupe professionnel qu'une autonomisation de ce dernier (Boussard, Demazière, Milbum, 2010). Or cette professionnalisation par le haut vise à résoudre les tensions vécues par le personnel soumis à des impératifs, que nous nommerons « prescrits », contradictoires. Cette résolution s'obtient par les changements organisationnels et la «soumission » du personnel postal permis grâce au processus de « professionnalisation par le haut » (professionnalisme from above, Evetts, 2003). Pour étayer cette thèse, la démarche de recherche a reposé sur une articulation de méthodes qualitatives, quantitatives, ethnographiques et archivistiques. Ces différents matériaux ont été rassemblés dans la perspective d’une sociologie des groupes professionnels visant à analyser ce qui se passe au niveau du groupe sans perdre de vue en quoi consiste l'activité de travail et en y intégrant les spécificités liées au contenu du travail (Demazière, Gadéa, 2009)
This thesis retraces the origin of the financial advisor position at La Poste. It analyses the emergence of a commercial position within a rapidly changing State administration. La Poste became a public limited company in 2010; symbolically, La Banque Postale was authorised at the same time to provide credit to consumers. However, it was also required to guarantee a certain number of public service missions and to settle previous, unresolved administrative tensions that were affecting its staff on a daily basis. The aim of the professionalisation process analysed in this research was not, however, to transform the professional group into a profession. Ln that sense it may partly be considered atypical. Even though it brought together the functionalist charaeteristics of the Anglo-Saxon "profession" (Wilensky 1964), it did, in fact, aim to impact on staff, thereby constituting more of a strategy for avoiding resistance through regulating the professional group than an empowerment of that group (Boussard, Demazière, Milbum, 20 10). Yet this professionalism from above was intended to ease the tension experienced by staff that were given orders, which we shall labei "prescribèd" and contradictory. The issue was settled by means of organisational changes and the postal staffs "submission", which took place because of the process of professionalism from above (Evetts, 2003). To support this theory, I have based my research approach on qualitative, quantitative, ethnographic and archival methods that are interconnected. These different types of material have been drawn together in the context of a sociology of professional groups, with the aim of analysing the occurrences that take place at group level without losing sight of what is involved in work activity, while bearing in mind the particularities involved in carrying out that work (Demazière, Gadéa, 2009)

Views on the nature and relevance of science education have changed significantly over recent decades. This has serious implications for the way in which science is taught in secondary schools, particularly with respect to teaching emerging topics such as biotechnology, which have a socio-scientific dimension and also require novel laboratory skills. It is apparent in current literature that there is a lack of adequate teacher professional development opportunities in biotechnology education and that a significant need exists for researchers to develop a carefully crafted and well supported professional development design which will positively impact on the way in which teachers engage with contemporary science. This study used a retrospective case study methodology to document the recent evolution of modern biotechnology education as part of the changing nature of science education; examine the adoption and implementation processes for biotechnology education by three secondary schools; and to propose an evidence based biotechnology professional development model for science educators. Data were gathered from documents, one-on-one interviews and focus group discussions. Analysis of these data has led to the proposal of a biotechnology professional development model which considers all of the key components of science professional development that are outlined in the literature, as well as the additional components which were articulated by the educators studied. This research is timely and pertinent to the needs of contemporary science education because of its recognition of the need for a professional development model in biotechnology education that recognizes and addresses the content knowledge, practical skills, pedagogical knowledge and curriculum management components.

Views on the nature and relevance of science education have changed significantly over recent decades. This has serious implications for the way in which science is taught in secondary schools, particularly with respect to teaching emerging topics such as biotechnology, which have a socio-scientific dimension and also require novel laboratory skills. It is apparent in current literature that there is a lack of adequate teacher professional development opportunities in biotechnology education and that a significant need exists for researchers to develop a carefully crafted and well supported professional development design which will positively impact on the way in which teachers engage with contemporary science. This study used a retrospective case study methodology to document the recent evolution of modern biotechnology education as part of the changing nature of science education; examine the adoption and implementation processes for biotechnology education by three secondary schools; and to propose an evidence based biotechnology professional development model for science educators. Data were gathered from documents, one-on-one interviews and focus group discussions. Analysis of these data has led to the proposal of a biotechnology professional development model which considers all of the key components of science professional development that are outlined in the literature, as well as the additional components which were articulated by the educators studied. This research is timely and pertinent to the needs of contemporary science education because of its recognition of the need for a professional development model in biotechnology education that recognizes and addresses the content knowledge, practical skills, pedagogical knowledge and curriculum management components.

Les coopératives agricoles sont tantôt présentées comme une alternative au capitalisme financier, tantôt dénoncées pour leurs « résistances » à prendre en charge les problèmes d’environnement. Mais comment, concrètement, intègrent-elles ces enjeux dans leurs stratégies et leurs organisations ? Comment leurs agents sont-ils affectés dans leur travail par la montée des injonctions environnementales et comment font-ils avec ? J’aborde ces questions par l’analyse des dispositifs que ces entreprises déploient pour conseiller les agriculteurs, en m’appuyant sur une enquête socio-historique en Champagne-Ardenne. Je montre que la question de qui prend en charge les questions environnementales, et comment, structure les dynamiques du conseil coopératif. Les dirigeants des coopératives ajustent leur modèle économique et leurs dispositifs de conseil pour faire face à la concurrence et répondre aux critiques environnementales. D’un côté, ils internalisent la compétence de la durabilité dans leurs stratégies de création de richesses, en amont du conseil, afin de défendre des modalités d’écologisation de l’agriculture alignées avec leurs intérêts, tout en permettant aux agriculteurs individuels de déléguer la prise en charge de l’environnement. D’un autre côté, ils développent des démarches de conseil innovantes pour les agriculteurs refusant de déléguer cette compétence. Par ailleurs, les technico-commerciaux ne considèrent pas la prise en charge de l’environnement comme un moyen efficace de captation des clients. Ils font avec cette contrainte via leur expertise réglementaire, et développent de nouvelles compétences techniques pour répondre aux attentes diverses des agriculteurs
Agricultural cooperatives are sometimes presented as an alternative to the excesses of financial capitalism, and sometimes criticized because of their reluctance to cope with environmental concerns. But how, actually, do they integrate these environmental stakes into their strategies and organization? How are their agents affected in their work by the increase of environmental normalization, and how do they deal with them? I address these issues through the analysis of the schemes these organizations build to bring technical advice to the producers, with a socio-historical focus based on an investigation in the French Region Champagne-Ardenne. I show that the question “who handles the environmental concerns, and how” shapes the dynamic of these schemes. Executives of cooperatives adjust their economic model and advisement frame to cope with concurrence and to respond to environmental criticism. On the one hand, they integrate the competence of sustainability into their strategies of wealth creation, upstream of the advice activity, to defend ways of environmental reform of agriculture in line with their interest, and in the same time they let individual producers delegate a part of their environmental responsibility. On the other hand, they develop new advice methods for producers who don’t want to delegate this competence. Otherwise, technical sales advisors don’t think that dealing with environmental concerns is an effective means to strengthen their links with their customers. They do with this constraint through their regulatory expertise, and develop new competences to meet the producers’ request for services

Sur les côtes du Pays de Retz, la petite pêche fut longtemps considérée comme une activité complémentaire des métiers de la terre, de l’industrie et du petit cabotage, pratiquée par des marins, des ouvriers et des paysans. Dans les années 1950, le perfectionnement des techniques de pêche a permis à des pêcheurs d’améliorer leurs connaissances des milieux de la Baie de Bourgneuf et de l’estuaire de la Loire, et leurs conditions naturelles d’exploitation des ressources halieutiques locales. Ces dernières étant particulièrement appréciées par les gens du Pays de Retz, ces pêcheurs ont pu augmenter leurs revenus et se spécialiser dans l’exercice des métiers de la petite pêche. Ils ont alors conçu leur professionnalisation selon des valeurs et des représentations qui leur ont permis de penser la diversité de leurs pratiques de pêche et de vente de leurs productions comme un facteur de structuration, de distinction et de valorisation de leur groupe professionnel
The inshore fishery on the Pays de Retz coast used to be considered as a complementary activity to farming, industry and coastal traffic, practiced by fishermen, workers and farmers. During the fifties, the improvement of fishing customs allowed fishermen to increase their knowledge of the Bourgneuf Bay and the Loire estuary area, as well as the natural tapping conditions of the local fisheries resources. Since the Pays de Retz inhabitants especially appreciated those resources, fishermen could raise their incomes and get specialized in inshore fisheries. So they based their professionalisation on values and representations that led them to consider the diversity of selling and fishing techniques as a means of providing structure, distinction and value to their socio-professional group

Si l’industrie aéronautique a fait l’objet d’investigations historiques poussées, le versant économique et social semble être resté dans l’ombre pour ce qui concerne l’après Seconde Guerre mondiale. Cette thèse de doctorat, à travers l’exemple d’un établissement de constructions aéronautiques nationalisé, s’intéresse au rôle joué par les salariés dans l’édification de l’entreprise sur une trentaine d’années, au moyen d’une micro-histoire socio-économique. L’analyse des trajectoires suivies par la négociation collective, ainsi qu’une attention portée au développement industriel et à l’activité productive, permettent de mettre en lumière comment se construisent, au quotidien, les relations professionnelles au sein d’une firme relevant de l’autorité de l’État. La politisation des rapports sociaux qui découle de son statut et de son rôle dans la Défense nationale, amène souvent ses acteurs à s’opposer sur les questions sociales, industrielles ou encore politiques tout au long des années 1950 et des années 1960. Dans le dernier tiers de cette décennie, une partie d’entre eux décide finalement de revenir à la table des négociations et de fonder leurs relations sur des pratiques contractuelles, ce qui contribue, au terme de discussions difficiles, à un apaisement durable des relations sociales.Ainsi, s’interroger sur les rapports qui prennent forme dans l’espace usinier, à une échelle multiscalaire – entre local, national et international et entre établissement, société, branche et interprofessionnel – permet de mettre en évidence la capacité qu’ont les protagonistes à réaliser ou non des compromis. Il s’agit de mieux comprendre le rôle des conflits et des consensus dans le développement industriel, afin de démontrer que de la santé de relations sociales peut dépendre, pour partie, son développement socio-économique. L’exemple démontre qu’à rebours des schémas communément admis, il existe une culture de la négociation dans les entreprises, lorsque le compromis est rendu possible par la coopération des diverses parties, et ce, même lorsque les relations professionnelles y sont fondées sur le rapport de forces, ou marquées par l’influence des thématiques politiques et par l’intrication des rôles de l’État
Whilst the aviation industry has been the subject of extensive historical investigations, economic and social topics seem to have remained in the shadows as far as the post-World War II period is concerned. This PhD thesis, through the example of a state-owned aeronautical company, and using a socio-economic micro-history method, focuses on the role played by workers in the building of an aeronautics company over thirty years. By analysing the trajectories followed by collective bargaining, as well as paying attention to industrial development and productive activity, this thesis highlights how professional relationships were built, day after day, inside a firm under the authority of the State. The politicization of industrial relationships, that derived from the company’s status and role in National Defence, often led its actors to oppose each other on social, industrial or political issues throughout the 1950s and 1960s. In the last third of this decade, some of these actors finally decided to return to the bargaining table and base their relations on contractual practices, which contributed, after difficult discussions, to a lasting mollification of these industrial relations.Hence, using a multi-scalar approach to interrogate the relationships that emerged in the factory space, between local, national and international and between plant, firm, branch and inter-professional, makes it possible to evidence the capacity of the protagonists to either succeed or fail in coming to compromises and trade-offs. The aim is thus to understand the role of conflict and consensus in industrial development, in order to demonstrate that the health of industrial relations may depend, at least partly, on a company’s socio-economic development. This example also shows that, contrary to commonly accepted thought, there is a culture of bargaining in French companies, when trade-offs are made possible by the cooperation of the various protagonists, even when professional relationships are based on power dynamics, or influenced by political issues and by the complexities of State intervention
Si la industria aeronáutica fue el objeto de numerosas investigaciones históricas, los aspectos económicos y sociales aun permanecen en la sombra, por el período posterior a la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Esta tesis doctoral, con el ejemplo de una empresa de construcción aeronáutica pública, y mediante una microhistoria socioeconómica, se centra en el papel de los trabajadores en su desarrollo industrial, durante más de treinta años. El análisis de las trayectorias seguidas por la negociación colectiva, así como la atención prestada al desarrollo industrial y a la actividad productiva, permiten destacar la construcción, a diario, de las relaciones profesionales dentro de una compañía que depende de la autoridad del estado. La politización de las relaciones sociales, que se deriva de su estatus y de su papel en la Defensa Nacional, acarrea a sus actores a menudo a oponerse en asuntos sociales, industriales o políticos, a lo largo de las décadas de 1950 y 1960. En el último tercio de esta década, parte de ellos decidieron finalmente volver a negociar y a basar sus relaciones en prácticas contractuales, lo cual contribuye, después de difíciles discusiones, a mejorar el entorno social.Así, preguntarse sobre las relaciones que se establecen en el espacio de la fábrica, con un enfoque multiescalar, – entre local, nacional e internacional, y entre fabrica, sociedad, rama profesional e interprofesional –, permite subrayar la habilidad de los protagonistas de conseguir o no acuerdos. Se trata de mejorar la comprensión del rol de los conflictos y de los consensos en el desarrollo industrial, con el fin de demostrar que de la salud de las relaciones sociales puede depender el desarrollo socioeconómico de las empresas. El ejemplo demuestra que, contrariamente a los patrones comúnmente aceptados, existe una cultura de negociación en el seno de las empresas francesas, cuando el consenso se hace posible gracias a la cooperación de las distintas partes, incluso cuando las relaciones profesionales se basan en el equilibrio de fuerzas, o están marcadas por la influencia de temas políticos y por los papeles intrincados del Estado

Linha de pesquisa: Educa??o, Sujeitos, Sociedade, Hist?ria da Educa??o e Pol?ticas P?blicas Educacionais.
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Este presente estudo se insere no campo investigativo da hist?ria da educa??o, tem como tem?tica, o exerc?cio da profiss?o de professor no Grupo Escolar de Diamantina (GED), entre os anos de 1907 a 1909, per?odo escolhido por se tratar da fase inicial das atividades dessa institui??o e por configurar a primeira mudan?a no corpo docente. O objetivo geral ? compreender a atua??o dos professores nesse recorte temporal em Diamantina, Minas Gerais, sendo os espec?ficos, o de identificar o primeiro corpo de professores do GED, evidenciar a trajet?ria e atua??o de dois professores, descrever as atribui??es do cargo de diretor, em di?logo com a legisla??o educacional neste educand?rio. Esta investiga??o foi fundamentada com a metodologia da pesquisa documental, com etapas de revis?o de literatura sobre o tema: exerc?cio da profiss?o de professor e grupos escolares na rep?blica, tendo como suporte os autores Faria Filho (2014), Gon?alves (2012), Klein (s/d), N?voa (1991), Contreras (2012) e Vieira (2009) entre outros. Foi realizada a coleta, identifica??o e cataloga??o das fontes e por fim, as devidas an?lises. Na etapa de coleta de dados foi realizado um levantamento das fontes, na Escola Estadual Matta Machado, antigo Grupo Escolar de Diamantina e foram encontrados os livros de promo??o, folha de pagamento e de caixa escolar, todos produzidos em 1907, al?m de fotografias de alguns professores. Na Biblioteca Ant?nio T?rres foram identificados livros liter?rios produzidos por Arno (1949) e Rabello (1964), ambos docentes da institui??o, al?m de jornais circulantes na imprensa diamantinense. No Arquivo P?blico Mineiro foram encontrados os relat?rios enviados pela dire??o e a legisla??o educacional da ?poca. Os resultados obtidos apontam o Grupo Escolar de Diamantina, fruto da Reforma Jo?o Pinheiro (1906), que estabeleceu uma legisla??o educacional republicana para o Estado de Minas Gerais, sendo um dos emblemas dessa nova educa??o. Na fun??o do diretor escolar, cabia ser o representante do governo mineiro, como atribui??es de disciplinar alunos e funcion?rios, desenvolver essa nova cultura escolar na localidade, produzir os documentos da institui??o e ser um meio de comunica??o com as autoridades. O primeiro diretor C?cero Arpino Caldeira Brant, durante a gradua??o em direito lecionou em um col?gio na cidade de S?o Paulo, estando ? frente do GED reivindicou ao governo o cumprimento de suas obriga??es, para manter a ordem financeira do educand?rio. Deixando o exerc?cio em 1909, assumiu a professora normalista Mariana Corr?a de Oliveira Mour?o. Ela possu?a experi?ncia em uma escola isolada, no grupo lecionou para o primeiro ano masculino, e como diretora teve as mesmas atribui??es que C?cero, permanecendo no cargo at? a sua aposentadoria.
Disserta??o (Mestrado Profissional) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Educa??o, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017.
This study is part of the research field of the history of education, the theme of which is the exercise of the profession of teacher in the Diamantina School Group (GED) between 1907 and 1909, the period chosen for the initial phase of activities is the first change in the teaching staff. The general objective is to understand the role of teachers in this temporal cut in Diamantina, Minas Gerais. The specific objective is to identify the first group of teachers in the GED, to highlight the trajectory and performance of two teachers, to describe the roles of the directorial role in dialogue with the educational legislation in this school. This research was based on the methodology of documentary research, with stages of literature review on the subject of the profession of teacher and school groups in the republic, supported by the authors Faria Filho (2014), Gon?alves (2012), Klein (s / d), N?voa (1991), Contreras (2012) and Vieira (2009) among others. The collection, identification and cataloging of the sources were carried out and, finally, the appropriate analyzes were made. In the data collection stage, a survey of the sources was carried out at the Matta Machado State School, the former School Group of Diamantina, was found the promotion books, payroll and school box, all produced in 1907, as well as photographs of some teachers. At the Ant?nio T?rres Library, literary books produced by Arno (1949) and Rabello (1964), both teachers of the institution, were identified as well as newspapers circulating in the press of the city. In the Public Archive Mineiro, the reports sent by management and the educational legislation of the time were found. The results obtained point to the Diamantina School Group fruit of the Jo?o Pinheiro Reform (1906), which established a republican educational legislation for the state of Minas Gerais, being one of the emblems of this new form of education. In the role of the school director, it was incumbent upon the representative of the Minas Gerais government, such as disciplinary assignments for students and staff, to develop this new school culture in the locality, to produce the institution's documents and to be a means of communication with the authorities. The first director C?cero Arpino Caldeira Brant, who was at the head of the institution, during his law degree, taught at a college in the city of S?o Paulo, being in charge of the GED, he demanded that the government satisfy his obligations to maintain the financial order of the student. Leaving the exercise in 1909, the normalist teacher Mariana Corr?a de Oliveira Mour?o assumed. She had experience in an isolated school, in the group taught for the first male year, and as director had the same attributions as Cicero, remaining in the position until his retirement.

Pour penser les visiteurs médicaux comme un groupe professionnel à la frontière du monde médical et du monde de l’industrie pharmaceutique, l’auteur a dû avoir recours à des méthodes historiographiques (archives et presse associatives et syndicales), statistiques (enquêtes de l’INSEE, de l’Assurance Maladie, ad hoc), ethnographiques (observations des visiteurs médicaux dans leur pratique professionnelle et entretiens non directifs). Il montre comment l’industrie pharmaceutique a construit, et continue de construire, un marché à prescripteurs sous son contrôle afin de répondre à ses propres objectifs. Trois espaces sont considérés : l’espace public, c’est-à-dire les rapports entre patronat, syndicats de visiteurs médicaux et pouvoirs publics ; les entreprises pharmaceutiques ; les interactions entre visiteurs médicaux et médecins. Au sein du premier espace, cette recherche retrace une sociohistoire de l’action des visiteurs médicaux, des entreprises pharmaceutiques et de l’État, visant à déterminer les contours du dispositif de mise en relation industrie-médecins. On souligne l’échec des mobilisations des visiteurs médicaux – un groupe né au début du XXe siècle – pour s’émanciper du monde de la vente et le peu d’effet de l’action publique. Cette thèse éclaire la façon dont cette industrie met en œuvre de dispositifs de gestion pour « rationaliser » ses services de vente, adapte la main d’œuvre au marché, contrôle ses salariés « hors les murs » et impose la performance commerciale. Enfin, cette recherche examine la relation visiteurs-médecins. Elle cherche à identifier ce qui s’échange, ce que les acteurs en tirent et la façon dont ils interagissent, dans cette situation ambiguë de démarchage d’un prescripteur socialement dominant. Cette relation mouvante, où l’aspect économique s’exprime sous la forme d’euphémismes, est le lieu de rapports de force contradictoires où les médecins se trouvent influencés tout en dominant les visiteurs médicaux dans les interactions. L’analyse des rapports hétérogènes des médecins aux visiteurs médicaux permet de dégager des lignes de partage au sein des médecins, notamment entre ceux privilégiant le refus et l’exit et ceux profitant de la relation pour favoriser leur intégration au groupe professionnel
To think the pharmaceutical representatives as a professional group at the boundary of the medical world and the world of the pharmaceutical industry, the author had to make use of different methods: historiographical (archives and press from associations and trade-unions), statistical (surveys from INSEE, Assurance maladie and ad hoc), ethnographic (observations of pharmaceutical representatives at work and non-directive interviews). He shows how the pharmaceutical industry has built, and continues to build, a prescriber’s market under its control in order to meet its own objectives. Three spaces are taken into consideration: the public space, that is the relationship between employers, trade-unions and public authorities; the pharmaceutical companies; the interactions between pharmaceutical representatives and doctors. In the first space, this research tells a social history of the action of the pharmaceutical representatives, the pharmaceutical companies and the state, trying to fix the shape of the system building the industry-doctors relationship. The failure of the mobilizations of the pharmaceutical representatives – a social group born in the early XXth century – and the lack of effects of the public action are underlined. This thesis shed light upon the way the industry uses managements systems to “rationalize” its sales services, adjusts the labor to the market, controls its “outdoor” employees and imposes the commercial performance. Finally, this research investigates the representative-doctor relationship. It tries to identify what is exchanged, what benefits draw the actors, and the way they interact, in this equivocal situation where a socially dominant prescriber is being canvassed. In this unsettled relationship, where the economic aspect is expressed by euphemisms, opposing power relations take place: doctors are influenced whereas dominating the pharmaceutical representatives in the interactions. The analysis of the heterogeneous relationship between doctors and representatives allow to shed light upon the lines dividing doctors, in particular between those choosing the refusal and the exit and those taking advantage of the relationship to favor their integration within their professional group

Em 1962 a Psicologia foi regulamentada como profissão pela Lei 4119, porém só em 1971 deferiu-se a Lei 5766 que criou os Conselhos Regionais e Federal de Psicologia (sendo que os regionais só foram instalados em 1974). Em 20/08/1973 o Ministro do Trabalho deu a carta sindical à Associação Profissional dos Psicólogos de São Paulo para transformar-se em Sindicato dos Psicólogos. Portanto, compreendemos que há longa história subjacente à constituição da Psicologia como profissão regulamentada no país, porém na pesquisa bibliográfica realizada, encontramos pouco registro que se refere à construção da Psicologia a partir de suas entidades. Dessa forma, visamos fazer uma reflexão sobre as práticas das entidades de classe da Psicologia de São Paulo durante o período da ditadura militar à redemocratização do país (1969-1986) por meio de pesquisa documental e depoimentos de ex-participantes. Constatamos diferenças nas práticas das entidades no período da ditadura militar (anos 60/70) e o da abertura política (a partir de 1979), quando grupos da "esquerda" assumiram as entidades. Notamos que as práticas eram reflexos da conjuntura política do país mediada pela concepção da função social da Psicologia onde, nos anos 70, as entidades defendiam a Psicologia como fim, enquanto profissão e, a partir dos anos 80, com a redemocratização do país, começou a se problematizar a função política da Psicologia na sociedade brasileira. Observamos que a entrada da "esquerda" nas entidades acompanhou o mesmo movimento de transição das sociedades disciplinares para as sociedades de controle.
In 1962, Psychology was regulated as a profession by the Law 4119, but only in 1971, did the Law 5766 create the Regionals and Federal Council of Psychology (the Regionals were open only in 1974). On August 20, 1973, the work minister gave the Union "letter" to the Psychologists' Professional Association of São Paulo in order to transform it into the Psychologists' Union. Thus, we understand that it has been a long history for the constitution of Psychology as a regulated profession in the country, but in the bibliography review, we have found few registers about the construction of Psychology from the view of its entities. Therefore, we intend to reflect about the practices of Psychology's class entities of São Paulo from the military dictatorship to the political overture in the country (1969-1986) through documental research and interviews with former participants. We found differences in the practices of the entities in the military dictatorship (the 1960s/1970s) and in the political overture (since 1979), when "left side" groups took over the entities. We noted that the practices were a reflex of the political conjuncture of the country mediated by the conception of the social function of Psychology, where, in the 1970s, the entities defended Psychology as a goals in itself, solely as a profession, and, since the 1980s, with the country redemocratization, they started to discuss about the political function of Psychology in Brazilian society. We could observe that the entry of the "left side" in the entities was accompanied by the same movement of transition from the disciplinary societies to the controlled societies.

This thesis examines whether and how historians’ reliance on medical treatises has limited the historiography of contagion as it relates to fourteenth through sixteenth century England. It analyses the context, contents, audience, and codicology of six English tractates, four on the plague and two on the sweating sickness. Before the early seventeenth century, most English tractates were translations/adaptations of Continental works, with ‘uniquely English’ content added. Although the plague dominates studies of pre-modern disease, focusing on the plague hinders comparative analyses that can reveal much about contemporary understanding of contagion. The socio-political-professional contexts in which the tractates were written and disseminated affected their contents, circulation and, ultimately, audiences. Although largely ignored by historians, the tractates’ prefatory dedications, together with their codicology, reveals that the texts were likely accessible to non-elite audiences. Rather than being limited to its medical sense, contagion formed part of the larger discourse about the human condition.

In this thesis, I explore the impact and effectiveness of clinical supervision provided by external clinical supervisors, on workers from a variety of practice backgrounds in a residential rehabilitation centre, in the AOD sector. This thesis uses the framework of social work supervision, as defined by Kadushin (1985; 2002), with the administrative, educative and supportive elements. The research focuses closely on the latter two elements. For this purpose, I employ qualitative research methods, via a triangulation of methods, being guided by Participatory Action Research (PAR) and then conducting semi-structured interviews and focus groups as well as acting as a participant observer, to gather the data. The data was analysed using grounded theory. This research was based upon a clinical supervision project that was fully funded and provided free clinical supervision by external supervisors, providing both individual and group supervision, for a period of 10 months. There were a total of 16 respondents with varied roles and training backgrounds as well as an additional six supervisors, interviewed throughout different stages of the project. The various roles undertaken by me throughout the research process provided essential viewpoints on supervision, as well as the place of boundaries and need for support. The power of such a large scale intervention is discussed and ultimately highlights and identifies the particular benefits of supervision in this research arena. This thesis places clinical supervision in the context of workforce development in the Alcohol and Other Drug (AOD) sector. Thus, while this research elucidates a number of benefits and the factors involved with this experience, the clear separation of other modalities such as training, mentoring and Critical Incident debriefing are seen as integral additional avenues of support and professional development. This research concludes also with what the difficulties and hindrances were for people to continue with regular ongoing clinical supervision, and warrants the argument for interminable supervision in this setting. This research points to an overall paucity of literature on efficacy studies, especially in the AOD context in Australia. This research significantly adds to this dearth and examines the factors unique to the AOD sector in Australia, as well as what factors make for effective supervision. The particular impact of external supervisors and group supervision are explored, which underwrites the forwarded concept of a customised supervision for this setting. By making explicit in this research what the efficacy is on those new to supervision, it provides greater clarity for future studies. A number of recommendations are proposed as result of this research. New definitions of the supportive function of supervision and of clinical supervision are forwarded, as is a new look at the evolving history of social work supervision. This thesis highlights the impact of external supervisors and the unique contribution they offer.

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O objetivo desta dissertação consiste em investigar o processo de construção da identidade profissional de médicos que se dedicam à assistência a pacientes que apresentam doenças progressivas e ameaçadoras da continuidade existencial e que têm contribuído para o desenvolvimento dos Cuidados Paliativos no Brasil. Buscamos conhecer a trajetória profissional destes médicos desde a escolha da medicina como profissão até o encontro com a filosofia e a prática dos Cuidados Paliativos. Com este intuito, realizamos entrevistas semiestruturadas,colhidas segundo a metodologia de História Oral de Vida. Foram entrevistados seis médicos de diferentes especialidades que ocupam cargos diretivos em uma das associações profissionais voltadas para a disseminação e legitimação política e social dos Cuidados Paliativos no Brasil. Os depoentes se destacam no cenário nacional no que diz respeito às discussões sobre esta temática e mantêm contato com importantes instituições internacionais. Por esta razão, chamamos o conjunto de entrevistados de elite médica paliativista. Percebemos uma pobre interlocução entre os médicos paliativistas, o que se reflete na ausência de uma identidade integrada desse grupo profissional. Os entrevistados acentuaram as competências humanitárias necessárias ao bom exercício da Medicina Paliativa, mas, no entanto, não foram explicitadas as competências específicas a este campo profissional, que justificariam seu reconhecimento pelas entidades médicas competentes comouma nova área de atuação ou especialidade.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Psicologia apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação
Since the beginnings of human life difference has been used as a mean to exclude and discriinate people from society, in favor of what is considered to be normal at every moment in our history. This dissertation aimed to deepen the knowledge about the social representations of university students about people with intellectual disabilities and their integration into society and the world of work through the use of focus groups. A complete transcription of the collected results was carried out and a thematic analysis of the output was done, identifying the main themes and sub-themes. The results show that the perception about people with intellectual disabilities is, to some extent, ambivalent when it comes to their socio-professional integration, which can be explained by several factors found in the literature, such as age, gender, schooling level and previous contact with people with intellectual disabilities. Although the results of this study can not be generalized to the general population, it is concluded that, due to the lack of general information on this subject, and although there is optimism in the participants' view, social representations about intellectual disability and socio-professional integration still face many psychosocial barriers. It is also suggested carrying out future studies in which the effect of several variables in the social representations is studied such as previous contact with people with intellectual disabilities and eventually the participants' field of studies.
Desde os primórdios da vida humana que a diferença tem sido utilizada como motivo de exclusão e discriminação, em favor daquilo que é considerado normal a cada momento na nossa história. A presente dissertação teve como objetivo aprofundar o conhecimento acerca das representações sociais de estudantes universitários sobre as pessoas com deficiência intelectual e sua integração na sociedade e no mundo do trabalho, através da utilização de grupos focais. Realizou-se a transcrição na íntegra dos resultados recolhidos e procedeu-se a uma análise temática dos mesmos, identificando-se os principais temas e subtemas. Os resultados demonstram que a perceção das pessoas com deficiência intelectual é, de certa forma, ambivalente no que diz respeito à sua integração socioprofissional, o que pode ser explicado por vários fatores encontrados na literatura, como a idade, o género, o nível de escolarização e o contactvo anterior com pessoas com deficiência intelectual. Apesar de os resultados deste estudo não poderem ser generalizados para a população em geral, conclui-se que, devido à falta de informação geral acerca deste tema, e apesar de se verificar algum otimismo na visão dos participantes, as representações sociais acerca da deficiência intelectual ainda enfrentarão muitas barreiras psicossociais. Sugere-se ainda a realização de trabalhos futuros em que se estude o efeito de variáveis variáveis como o contacto anterior com pessoas com deficiência intelectual nas representações sociais acerca das mesmas e, eventualmente, a área de estudos dos participantes.

Les immigrants à Montréal (Québec, Canada) connaissent des difficultés d’insertion en emploi. Parmi eux, ceux originaires de l’Afrique subsaharienne constituent des «groupes racisés» et, à ce titre, sont susceptibles d’éprouver davantage de discriminations et de difficultés que les autres (Hadiri, 2008; Nikuze, 2011). Grâce à une sociologie des "trajectoires de réussites" et grâce à des questions mobilisant l'apport de plusieurs disciplines dans une perspective de résolution de problèmes pratiques, cette thèse a pour but de proposer de possibles solutions aux différents problèmes de ces immigrants montréalais. La recherche de terrain, basée sur des entretiens compréhensifs au sens où l’entend Kaufmann (1996, 2008), propose une sociologie qualitative des "trajectoires de réussites", soit des expériences socioprofessionnelles vécues comme « valorisantes » ou « valorisées. » L’échantillon a été formé d’immigrants africains vivant de telles expériences. À travers leurs différentes trajectoires, la recherche a reposé sur cet objectif appliqué premier : partir du questionnement central sur les facteurs de réussite, rechercher des solutions et des instruments d'intervention destinés à une meilleure intégration socioéconomique des nouveaux immigrants, ou même des anciens immigrants qui connaissent encore des difficultés d’insertion en emploi. Les résultats laissent entrevoir trois catégories de facteurs contributifs à la base de la «réussite socioprofessionnelle», tous rangés au titre de « valeurs », ou façons de voir le monde capables de contribuer à cette « réussite » en s’harmonisant mieux au contexte québécois : il s’agit de valeurs personnelles, d’apports socioculturels africains ou encore de ressources socioculturelles de type québécois. Si les valeurs personnelles relèvent des caractéristiques propres à chacun, les ressources socioculturelles africaines et québécoises résulteraient plutôt de traditions ou de mœurs inhérentes aux cultures des pays concernés. L’analyse et l’interprétation de ces facteurs propices à l’intégration socioprofessionnelle des immigrants ont révélé plusieurs pistes capables de faciliter l’insertion en emploi des immigrants et cette thèse en fait état. Il demeure certain, face à des résultats qui mettent en évidence surtout le facteur individuel, que la « réussite » et l’insertion « réussie » ou vécue comme telle demeurent aussi fonction des actes des autorités publiques : quelles que soient les valeurs et les dispositions individuelles des immigrants, ces facteurs positifs demeurent sans effets si lois et politiques du domaine de l’immigration font obstacle de quelque façon.
Immigrants in Montreal, Quebec, Canada are experiencing job integration difficulties. Some racialized groups are experiencing even more problems, and specifically those from sub-Saharan Africa are considerate as "racialized groups" which opens the door to greater discrimination and other difficulties (Hadiri 2008; Nikuze, 2011). Drawing from a sociology of "success trajectories" through questions and mobilizing the contribution of several disciplines with a view to solving practical problems, I seek to propose possible solutions to various problems of these immigrants. Field research, based on comprehensive interviews of Kaufmann (1996, 2008), offers a qualitative sociology of "trajectory of success" or socio-professional experiences as "rewarding " or " enhanced." The sample was composed of African immigrants living through such experiences. Through their different paths, the research was based on this primary objective: begin with the central question of the success factors; search for solutions and policy instruments for better socio-economic integration of new immigrants; or even less-recent immigrants’ still experiencing difficulties integrating into employment. The results suggest three categories of contributing factors to the base of the "social and professional success," all arranged under "values," or ways of seeing the world can contribute to this "success" in better harmonizing the Quebec context. This includes personal values, African sociocultural contributions, and Quebec sociocultural resources. If personal values are drawn from an individual’s specific characteristics, African and Quebec sociocultural resources would result from inherent traditions or customs of the cultures of the countries concerned. The analysis and interpretation of these factors conducive to the socio-professional integration of immigrants revealed several tracks that can facilitate employment integration of immigrants as this thesis reported. It remains certain in the face of results that highlight especially the individual factor, the "success" and inserting "successful" or experienced as such remain a function of the actions of public authorities: whatever the values and provisions of individual immigrants, these positive factors remain without effect if laws and policies in the field of immigration impede in any way.

Dans le contexte social actuel, l’identification et la compréhension de la représentation que les intervenants ont des soins palliatifs constituent l’un des points d’ancrage de l’agir professionnel, de la formation et des modifications de structures de soins. Le but de cette étude était de décrire et de comprendre la représentation qu’un groupe d’intervenants travaillant en CLSC a des soins palliatifs, puis de proposer des interventions éducatives et organisationnelles susceptibles de favoriser une plus forte adhésion à la philosophie qui sous-tend ce type particulier de soins. Des entretiens semi dirigés et une analyse de contenu ont révélé un univers de représentations à la fois similaires et différents dans chaque sous-groupe. On constate que chaque thème exploré peut prendre des sens divers. On peut dire que la représentation des soins palliatifs chez le groupe de professionnels de CLSC ayant participé à la présente étude constitue un ensemble de savoirs à portée pratique très élevée faisant intervenir en grande majorité des savoirs de sens commun. Un point se révèle crucial : celui de la formation dans l’appropriation de la philosophie des soins palliatifs qui devrait être à la base de cette pratique; une formation qui doit prendre en compte les multiples composantes non scientifiques et les ambiguïtés du travail quotidien en soins palliatifs comme faisant partie intégrante des dynamiques du processus d’appropriation de la philosophie des soins palliatifs.
In the present social context, the identification and the comprehension of palliative care workers representations is at the base of their professional education and behaviours as well as of the many changes occurring in health care institutions. The aim of the present research is to describe and better comprehend the representations of a group of health care professionals working in a continuum of palliative care services in the Quebec health care and social services network. It is also to propose educational and organizational interventions in order to bring workers closer to the palliative care philosophy. Semi directed interviews and a content analysis revealed a large variety of representations that were both similar and different in each group as well as in the different groups. Many different meanings were given to each theme explored. The health care workers palliative care representations contain a variety of highly practical knowings and knowledges that bring together a vast majority of common sense meanings. One point is crucial: palliative care philosophy education should be at the base of palliative care interventions. The education content should take into account the multiple non scientific and ambiguous components of daily work in a palliative care settings since they are part of the process conducting to the appropriation of the palliative care philosophy.

The early professional history of black South African nurses has not been the principal focus of local historians. Consequently, a qualitative historical inquiry was conducted into the available literature on the economic, social, political and cultural factors that influenced the professional development of black South African nurses from 1908–1994. Non-probability, purposive sampling assisted in assembling a corpus of historically rich data for analysis using time-specific a priori codes. The findings revealed that; culturally, black South African nurses had to adapt to a Western-dominated scientific health view; educationally, they had to master specialised formal Western terminology presented in a ‘foreign’ language (English) and, socio-politically, they had to adapt to being regarded as an elitist middle-class in the black community while remaining marginalised in the white-dominated workplace. Recommendations include expanding the historical research base, designing more effective strategies for promoting cultural sensitivity, and prioritising the focus on teaching and student retention.
Health Studies
M.A. (Health Studies)